INTRODUCTION TO THE ACADEMIC BOOK PART 2

The Academic Book Part 2 is a textbook intended for learners of

English who are interested in polishing up their language skills. It
focuses principally on academic English and is perfect for students who
intend to study in an English-speaking university or who would like to
perfect and practice their language use. The book is part two in a
series of four parts, each integrating the communication skills –
listening, speaking, reading, and writing – within a carefully planned
and recently revised syllabus of functions, notions, and grammar. The
Academic Book Part 2 also helps students develop their vocabulary
through authentic reading activities and exercises which incorporate
new terms and expressions.
The Academic Book Part 2 uses a learner-centered approach,
attempting to involve students in all aspects of the lesson. It is not,
however, a substitute for the teacher. It is the teacher’s right to use
any activity that seems to benefit the class, and activities and
explanations can be discarded or reinvented as the teacher sees fit.
Also, teachers are encouraged to employ their own warm ups, games,
and conversation activities in order to complement those in the book.
This new edition features some new approaches to learning. Each
grammar section is followed by a variety of exercises, which may be
used as homework or in-class activities depending on the needs of the
students. Each grammar exercise is clearly labeled, in order to quickly
assess whether the activity is appropriate for that moment. Within the
grammar explanations are two sections: Grammar First Aid, which
gives students extra information or rules about the topic in question,
and Zoom, which explores an aspect of the grammar topic in further
detail.
Aside from each grammar section, listening and reading activities
have been included, along with activities to test the students’
comprehension, ability to understand the main idea, and ability to
listen for specific details. Communication activities which promote
speaking in the classroom are included, and may be used as warm ups
to introduce the unit’s topics and get students interested in what is
coming up. In the new edition there are pronunciation activities
which give students the opportunity to learn to speak like natives.
Punctuation rules have also been added in order to help students with
their writing. Writing activities are in each unit to develop written
expression and increase vocabulary and can be used in class, worked
on in groups, or sent home to be done individually. The newest
addition to the book is an Internet section, which intends to give both
teachers and students ways to integrate new technology with
language-learning by offering ideas for activities which can be done on
the Internet in class or at home as extra language reinforcement.
The Academic Book Part 2 is divided into eight units. Each unit
takes about ten hours to complete. On the next page is a chart which
contains the icons used to represent each of the sections of the book.
This book is copyrighted. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any
part may take place without the written permission of

author: Kari L. Miller Bauer

Licensed to Escuela Politécnica Nacional - Centro de Educación Continua

Quito, Ecuador, 2014

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1: THE TUBE .................................................................................. 1
Reading: Reality TV.................................................................................. 1
Affirmative Agreement: Too, So................................................................ 4
Listening: Pictures vs. Words................................................................... 6
Negative Agreement: Either..................................................................... 7
Neither..................................................................................................... 8
Vocabulary............................................................................................... 9
Reading: TV Guide.................................................................................... 10
Prepositions.............................................................................................. 11
Prepositions of Time.................................................................................. 12
For, Since, During..................................................................................... 13
By and Until.............................................................................................. 14
Pronunciation: /b/ and /v/........................................................................ 15
Prepositions of Place................................................................................. 16
Listening: Two Opinions............................................................................ 20
Prepositional Phrases............................................................................... 22
Internet..................................................................................................... 24

UNIT 2: FOR A RAINY DAY ..................................................................... 25

Vocabulary............................................................................................... 25
Reading: Internet Language...................................................................... 27
Adjectives/Word Order............................................................................. 29
Listening: Be Censored.............................................................................. 31
Participial Adjectives................................................................................ 32
Reading: How to be a Good Conversationalist........................................... 35
Nouns as Adjectives.................................................................................. 37
Listening: And the Winner is..................................................................... 39
Comparative Adjectives............................................................................ 40
Superlative Adjectives.............................................................................. 41
Punctuation: The Comma ......................................................................... 45
Internet..................................................................................................... 48

UNIT 3: SHOPAHOLICS .......................................................................... 47

Listening: Shopaholics............................................................................... 49
Adverbs.................................................................................................... 50
Viewpoint Adverbs................................................................................... 51
Vocabulary............................................................................................... 52
Focus Adverbs.......................................................................................... 53
Reading: How to Spot a Compulsive Shopper............................................ 56
Frequency Adverbs................................................................................... 57
Listening: Complaints................................................................................ 58
Linking Verbs........................................................................................... 59
Reading: How to Write a Complaint Letter................................................ 62
Enough...................................................................................................... 63
Pronunciation: /j/ and /zh/........................................................................ 65
Adverbs.................................................................................................... 67
Internet..................................................................................................... 68

UNIT 4: CYBER AGE .............................................................................. 69

Comparisons............................................................................................. 70
Listening: The Future of Flight.................................................................. 71
Vocabulary............................................................................................... 72
Reading: Hydrogen Fuel............................................................................ 73
Equal Comparisons................................................................................... 74
Unequal Comparisons............................................................................... 77
Reading: High-strung Fish........................................................................ 80
Multiple Number Comparisons................................................................ 81
Punctuation: The Comma.......................................................................... 82
Listening: Computer-processed Reality.................................................... 84
Double Comparatives............................................................................... 84
Internet.................................................................................................... 90

UNIT 5: HEROES ................................................................................ 91

Adjective Clauses...................................................................................... 92
Relative Pronouns..................................................................................... 93
Listening: Everyday Heroes...................................................................... 94
Vocabulary............................................................................................... 95
Reading: Mentoring................................................................................... 96
Whose........................................................................................................ 97
Which/That............................................................................................... 97
Non-identifying and Identifying Clauses.................................................... 101
Non-identifying Clauses............................................................................. 104
Reading: Dr. King’s Beloved Community................................................... 106
Identifying Clauses.................................................................................... 107
Listening: Creators of Super Heroes.......................................................... 111
Adjective Clause Reduction....................................................................... 112
Pronunciation: /sh/ and /ch/..................................................................... 116
Internet..................................................................................................... 117

UNIT 6: HEALTH NUT ........................................................................... 118

Adverb Clause........................................................................................... 119
Subordinating Conjunctions....................................................................... 120
Reading: Headaches.................................................................................. 123
Listening: Symptoms................................................................................. 125
Vocabulary............................................................................................... 125
Reduced Adverb Clauses........................................................................... 126
Listening: Pain Tolerance.......................................................................... 129
Reading: The Genome and Medication....................................................... 130
Cause Connectors...................................................................................... 131
Punctuation: The Comma.......................................................................... 134
So That...................................................................................................... 135
Internet..................................................................................................... 139

UNIT 7: FOR ART’S SAKE ...................................................................... 142

Reading: What is your Color Personality?................................................. 142
Make/Do.................................................................................................... 144
Vocabulary............................................................................................... 146
Listening: Types of Art.............................................................................. 147
So/Such..................................................................................................... 148
Listening: Artists Who Questioned Art...................................................... 151
Negatives.................................................................................................. 153
Reading: Do you Have the Blues?............................................................. 154
Listening: Unusual Museums.................................................................... 156
Negative Words at the Beginning of a Sentence........................................ 157
Negative Adverbials................................................................................. 157
Pronunciation: Vowels............................................................................... 160
Internet..................................................................................................... 161

UNIT 8: LIT ......................................................................................... 162

Vocabulary............................................................................................... 164
Discourse Connectors................................................................................ 165
Reading: The Billion-dollar Author............................................................ 169
Listening: Rhyming................................................................................... 171
Parallel Structure..................................................................................... 172
Listening: Story Time................................................................................ 176
Listening: Biographies.............................................................................. 177
Punctuation: The Comma.......................................................................... 178
Reading: Charts........................................................................................ 180
Internet..................................................................................................... 182

APPENDIX ........................................................................................... A1
 —key

ICON REPRESENTATION

[] CONVERSATION
V pronunciation
@ grammar tools
! listening
® reading
§ writing
ß punctuation
G vocabulary
' aPpendix
L zoom
Î note:
h grammar first aid

Æ role play
- exercise
. activity
ø internet
 ® Reality Tv
Do you like to watch reality shows?
What reality shows are popular now?
REALITY TV: HERE TO STAY?
u
You would have to be living on a deserted island not to have heard of
the recent wave of reality television. Shows with themes from falling in
love with total strangers to eating a bucket of cockroaches have begun
to proliferate like the roaches themselves. In fact, some people are
beginning to complain about an overdose of reality TV. Knockoffs
haven’t helped, either. From The Bachelor to The Bachelorette to Joe
Millionaire to Average Joe to... well, you get the picture. Once a series
is successful a number of copycat series are produced.
n
Reality shows cover a number of subjects. In some, like Survivor,
which started the current mania of “reality” TV, participants are asked
to survive inhospitable conditions on their own in deserted areas. They
must find and cook their own food, build their own dwellings, light their
own fires (without the help of Zippos), and get along together like an
ancient jungle tribe. As if this weren’t enough, participants are also
asked to accomplish different feats (in the form of contests) in order to
remain on the show.
i
t
Joe Millionaire is the story of a group of women who are all vying for
the love and attention of one man – handsome, refined, cultured. The
audience is supposed to ignore the fact that such a terrific catch would
still be available and having problems finding a partner. But there is a
unique twist: the millionaire just so happens not to be a millionaire in
real life. The show, however, surprises everyone in the end. After the
man chooses his woman and his dirty little “secret” is revealed, the two
are awarded a check of $1,000,000 from the producers, making the
fake millionaire a real millionaire in the blink of an eye!

American Idol invites people of all ages to come and sing, then be
criticized in front of an international audience. Some go on to become
famous, landing record deals and giving concerts, but most simply fade
into oblivion after their humiliation.

Surprisingly, reality TV is not a new concept. TV has been following the

lives of real people since the medium itself began!

As early as 1955, CBS experimented with this format in a series called

Wanted. Here the crimes of fugitives were outlined, and the fugitive’s
family, along with the people working on the case, were interviewed.

The granddaddy of the reality TV genre, however, is Candid Camera, a

1
show which began in 1948 and “caught” people being themselves.
Candid Camera followed people as they made mistakes, or captured
their reactions to ridiculous events that were pre-planned and staged.
For instance, the hidden camera would tape a person at a restaurant
where the waiter, who was actually an actor, was instructed to
perform a series of ridiculous acts in order to anger or embarrass the
The
“victim.” In the end, the scam would be revealed as someone would
announce, “Relax! You’re on Candid Camera!” Tube
1
 And that’s not all. MTV’s Real World has been putting a group of twenty-somethings
together under the same roof for more than a decade. The more conflicts that erupt,
the better for the show’s ratings. It seems like the more we can make fun of someone
else’s problems, the better we like the show. America’s Funniest Home Videos, for
instance, has been asking for people to send in their home-video bloopers for almost 14
years.

So, if reality TV has been around for so long, why all the hype now? It has to do with
money and fame. Shows offer cash rewards to their participants. People who would
have remained in anonymity forever become celebrities overnight. Networks make
millions of dollars on the lives of people who, as they are not professional actors, work
for free.

Is reality TV here to stay? For those of you who are fans, have no fear. Producers are
busy coming up with innovative new takes on the genre in order to keep your interest
up. In fact, don’t be surprised that what used to be called documentaries, with a few
new twists, are now called reality shows.

COMPREHENSION
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the trend in reality TV?
a. more shows
b. copycat shows of popular programs
c. hidden cameras taping unsuspecting victims
d. a and b
2. Which show had a surprise ending?
a. Joe Millionaire
b. Candid Camera
c. Survivor
d. American Idol
3. Which show depicts a group of people living together in the same
house?
a. Candid Camera
b. Real World
c. Survivor
d. Wanted
4. Which show gives talented singers the chance to shine?
a. Wanted
b. Joe Millionaire
c. America’s Funniest Home Videos
d. American Idol
5. What was the first reality TV show?
a. Joe Millionaire
b. Survivor
c. Wanted
d. Candid Camera
6. How long has reality TV been around?
a. since 1948
b. since 1955
c. since Survivor started
d. the article does not say

2
7. What are some reasons why viewers prefer reality TV, according to
the article? (more than one answer is possible)
a. fame and money for the “regular” guy
b. the networks make lots of money
c. badly paid participants
d. meet aspiring new, talented actors
8. Which programs involve showing someone in an embarrassing
moment?
a. Candid Camera and Joe Millionaire
b. Survivor and Real World
c. Candid Camera and America’s Funniest Home Videos
d. Joe Millionaire and American Idol

DISCUSSION
1. Do you think reality TV is a passing fad or something that will stay
around for a long time? Why?
2. What are some of the reasons reality TV has become so popular?
3. Many reality shows give regular people the chance to become famous.
Do you think this is a positive or negative quality of this type of
programming?

. activity
(For this activity, one person in the class should volunteer to be the
producer. This person does not participate in the scriptwriting.)

Write the idea for a new sitcom or game show. Provide some sort of twist
for your show.

A famous producer has come to town, with enough money to sponsor one
show. Which show will get the chance to go on the air?

[] Class survey
1. Approximately how many hours a week do you spend
watching:
news programs: ____ educational programs: ____
soap operas: ____ cartoons/children’s shows: ____
comedies/sitcoms: ____ other(specify): ____

2. How many television sets are there in your house?

______________

3. Do you have cable? _______________

4. If you could change your television viewing habits, what

would you do differently?
______________________________________________________

3
 @ affirmative agreement
too
I am happy, and Bert is, too.
Lucy bought some fresh tomatoes at the market, and Jack did, too.
Polly has seen that movie twice, and I have, too.

affirmative statement , + and + subject + verb, + too

• Too is used to show affirmative agreement, when someone agrees

with an affirmative statement.
• The verb preceding too should be the corresponding auxiliary verb,
when applicable.
• Remember that verbs like can and be do not use auxiliary verbs.
• A comma precedes too.

- exercise 1: Affirmative agreement-too

Complete each sentence.
1. Ms. Green fell in love, and her daughter _________, too.
2. Minneapolis is a beautiful city, and Seattle _________, too.
3. I had five dollars, and Jack _________, too.
4. Gracie bought a new computer, and I _________, too.
5. Carmen is going to call you tonight, and Brent _________, too.
6. Mary knows all the students, and Henry _________, too.

so
Bert was late, and so was Sally.
Polly saw that movie six years ago, and so did he.
Lucy had a flat tire on her way to work, and so did we.
She can swim very well, and so can her daughter.

affirmative statement, + and + so + verb + subject

• So is used to show affirmative agreement, when someone agrees
with an affirmative statement.
• The verb following so should be the corresponding auxiliary verb,
when applicable.
• Remember that verbs like can and be do not use auxiliary verbs.
• Use a subject pronoun after so + verb (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

4
• - exercise 1: Affirmative agreement-so
Complete each sentence.
1. I’ll give you some money, and so _________ your father.
2. We have seen this movie, and so _________ she.
3. They plan to bake a cake for my birthday, and so _________ my mother.
4. He bought some shoes, and so _________ I.
5. I could see the volcano from my room, and so _________ my husband.
6. April is a lovely month, and so _________ May.

- exercise 2: Affirmative agreement

Show affirmative agreement in the following sentences.
1. My sister hates going to the market on Sundays, and ____________ I.
2. Our English teacher loves pizza, and I ________________.
3. Your birthday is in April, and ___________________ mine.
4. I was able to read the whole book last night, and he ________________.
5. All the students came on time, and ___________________ the teacher.
6. Liga won the Championship twice in a row, and Barcelona ____________.
7. Minneapolis is a Midwestern city, and __________________Saint Paul.
8. He bought the Barney tape, and she _____________________.
9. Cartoons are fun to watch, and _____________________ sports.
10. We ate at Domino’s on Tuesday, and __________________ Julie.

- exercise 3: Affirmative agreement

Find 5 things you have in common with another student. Use affirmative
agreement.

[] be someone else for a day

If you could be any celebrity or TV character, who would you be and
why?
Conduct interviews in class with the assumed identities.
Possible interview questions:

What do you like about your job?

Who is your role model?
What is the most interesting fact about you?
What aspect of your career has been the most difficult?
What is your worst quality?

5
 ! pictures vs. words
Do you agree with this saying: a picture is worth a thousand words?

After listening to the speaker, answer the questions below.

1. What attitude does the speaker convey about television news

programs from the first few sentences?

2. According to the speaker, what is more trustworthy: pictures or

words? Do you agree or disagree?

3. Violence and destruction are often part of TV news stories. How do

you think the speaker would explain this phenomenon? Do you agree
or disagree?

4. According to the author, what would be some kinds of news events

that might not get covered sufficiently on TV? What current news
events would get more coverage than necessary?

5. What form of news coverage do you think the speaker prefers?

6. If the speaker could change the way TV news programs covered the
news, what do you think he/she would change?

. activity
Write a news program that covers a current event of the day, or choose
from one of the topics below.

a mud slide kills 17 after heavy rains beat the capital

three bodies are found in a quiet neighbor’s house
science discovers a way to lose weight without exercise, diet, or pills

How does your program compare to the speaker’s opinion of news?

[] activity
What is happening in the scenes below? What are the characters doing?
Why? What will happen next?
1. 2. 3. 4.

6
 [] the tube
POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS

_________________ __________________
_________________ __________________
_________________ __________________
_________________ __________________

Do you have any positive experiences about watching TV?

@ negative agreement
either
I didn’t talk to my mother this morning, and Harry didn’t, either.
She can’t believe that she won the lottery, and I can’t, either!
Pat had never seen so many people, and Terry hadn’t, either.
I am not happy about that policy, and you aren’t, either.

negative statement, + and + subject + negative

verb, + either.

• Either is used to show negative agreement, when someone

agrees with a negative statement.
• Use a negative verb with either.
• The verb preceding either should be an auxiliary verb if
applicable.
• Remember that verbs like can and do do not use auxiliary
verbs.
• A comma usually precedes either.

- exercise 1: negative agreement-either

Complete each sentence.
1. I don’t like scary movies, and Tina _________, either.
2. Barry hasn’t heard from his parents, and Helen and her cousin _________,
either.
7
3. Olivia didn’t do her homework, and Larry _________, either.
4. Mrs. Spice wasn’t at work yesterday, and her husband _________, either.
5. I couldn’t find my other shoe, and my mother _________, either.
6. The dog wasn’t on a leash, and the cat _________, either.

@ neither
Yolanda wasn’t very satisfied with her meal, and neither were we.
Gertrude didn’t follow the directions carefully, and neither did her
sister.
Jessie couldn’t believe that they were so late, and neither could I.

negative statement, + and + neither + affirmative

verb + subject.

• Neither is used to show negative agreement, when someone

agrees with a negative statement.
• Use an affirmative verb with neither.
• The verb following neither should be an auxiliary verb if
applicable.
• Remember that verbs like can and do do not use auxiliary
verbs.
• With neither, use a subject pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

- exercise 1: negative agreement-Neither

Complete the sentences.
1. I don’t like my haircut, and neither _________ my girlfriend.
2. Our neighbors didn’t pay their rent, and neither _________ we.
3. She hasn’t called me for weeks, and neither _________ you.
4. The book wasn’t on the shelf, and neither _________ the papers.
5. Your sister doesn’t like salsa music, and neither _________ I.
6. I shouldn’t gossip about Rebecca, and neither _________ you.

- exercise 2: negative agreement

In the following sentences show negative agreement.
1. You don’t pay attention to the class, and Maggy _________________.
2. She can’t stay quiet for more than a minute, and ___________________ he.
3. You haven’t seen the new movie, and ___________________ I.
4. I couldn’t find her house, and he ________________.
5. She didn’t finish her work, and I _____________________.
6. I don’t care about her, and ______________________ you.
7. You haven’t brought my money yet, and ___________________ your sister.
8. I can’t stand salsa music, and she _____________________.
8
9. She didn’t wash her uniform, and ________________________ he.
10. You don’t write very often, and I ___________________.

[]what kind of a program is it?

sitcom game show
drama/suspense news
romance documentary
reality show cooking program

TITLE TYPE OF PROGRAM

1. The $20,000 Question ____________
2. Criminal Intent ____________
3. Saving Susan ____________
4. Into the Wild: Africa Exposed ____________
5. A Night at the Clubs – Real-life Stories of Teenage Addicts ____________
6. Fashion Faux Pas of the Rich and Famous ____________
7. Name that Voice ____________
8. Fire it up with Tony ____________
9. Live from the Studio of Channel 5 ____________
10. The Pet Psychic – Reviving the Dead ____________

What examples of these types of programs do you have on your local

stations?

G vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the words below.

rerun turn it up networks static

remote screen fast-forward record
prime time eject child-oriented rewind

1. ____________! I want to hear what she says.

2. Oh, I didn’t see that part! Please _________ the tape.
3. I’ve seen this episode before. It’s a __________.
4. Some of my favorite programs are on _____________ television.
5. I think the satellite went out because all you get is _________.
6. Please move the antennae. The __________ is flickering.
7. When I tried to _______ the tape, it didn’t come out.
8. I need programs for my kids, but there are few __________ programs on air.
9. I want to tape that show while we’re gone. Could you please ______ it for me?
10. All the television __________ are passing the game.
11. This part of the tape is boring. _______________ it.
12. I can’t change the channel because the_________ is lost!

9
 ® Tv guide
What is your favorite program on TV? Write a small description of it.
Can the class guess which show it is?

TV GUIDE
“The Last Hippy Standing” – ABS, Monday 8:30 pm

This season there is a new comedy to hit the air. With actors such as Malcolm Lewis and
Cheri Riftkin, ABS’s “The Last Hippy Standing” guarantees to get a few laughs. In a new
twist to the “boy meets girl” plot, Lewis, who plays a recent divorcee whose wife leaves
him after discovering she wants to be an astronaut, goes back to college. There he falls in
love with his radical sociology teacher, played by Riftkin. The plot revolves around
Lewis’s many odd, and often ridiculous, antics, which he employs in order to get his
professor’s attention. For instance, in the first episode, we find Lewis picketing a
government agency with his class, only to be arrested for disturbing the peace. Riftkin’s
charm with the audience and Lewis’s comical mannerisms provide the recipe for success
for this new sitcom.

“Murder by Night” – WBC, Sunday 9 pm

Once upon a time, Sunday nights were for an older group, people who watched “20/20”
and “60 Minutes.” But Sundays are getting a fresh face with the season’s hottest new
drama, “Murder by Night.” With a focus on forensic science, this series provides
audiences with a weekly dose of murder and suspense. A New York team of doctors and
law enforcement officers investigate real crimes which have never been solved. It is a
gory show, with viewer discretion advised, but the characters are quirky and fascinating
in their own right. Like ER, which took drama to new lengths by exposing the personal
lives of each character much like a soap opera, “Murder by Night” will have you waiting
on pins and needles from week to week in order to follow not only the crimes, but the
problems of the characters, also.

“Jessie’s Life” – Wolf TV, Tuesday 9 pm

It’s been years since a network has brought programs geared toward – and suited for –
children to prime time. Not since “The Simpsons” has anyone introduced an animated
series which can be enjoyed by the whole family to prime time TV. “Jessie’s Life” is
bringing a breath of fresh air to Tuesday nights, however. With its unique blend of
sarcastic, yet clean-cut, humor, parents can sit alongside their children and watch,
without having to worry about inappropriate language, sexual innuendoes, or discreet
violence. In “Jessie’s Life,” the typical American family meets an afterschool special.
Parents will appreciate the show’s morals, while children will love the graphics.

COMPREHENSION
Which program would you watch if
you liked cartoons?
you liked mysteries?
you were fascinated by criminology?
you liked ER?
you liked The Simpsons?
you wanted romance?
you liked graphic images?
you wanted to laugh?
10
On which program will you find ...
liberal viewpoints?
often ridiculous situations?
sarcasm?
inappropriate images?
cliffhangers?
clean-cut comments on the American family?
suspense?

Which program is for ...

children?
mature audiences?
families?
people who like drama?

. activity
Write a TV review for a show on a local channel.

@ prepositions
• Indicate a relationship between a verb and noun.

Her checkbook fell out of the purse at the bus station.

If you go up those stairs, you will see the restrooms.
If the bus driver doesn’t stop, you will have to jump off the bus.

• Are part of phrasal verbs (must be memorized)

come back hear of try out step on

take back make up hang out play down

• Are part of other idioms or special expressions which are not

phrasal verbs, but are not predictable or intuitive, either.

opposed to accustomed to careful of ready for

excited about intrigued by/at safe from good at
responsible for famous for aware of slow at
fed up with nervous about related to ashamed of

11
 @ prepositions of time
at on in for
since from to before
after by during until

At
We will be there at six o’clock.
At lunchtime you have an hour break.

• At is used with specific times (clock time, time of the day).

• We say at Easter, at Christmas
• Certain expressions of time use at:
at present at the moment at the same time
at the beginning at the end at night
• Use at with age: at the age of

on
On Thanksgiving Day our families get together.
On Monday she went to the hair dresser’s.
They got married on April 15, 1999.
On Saturday nights we usually have friends over.
I don’t have to work on weekdays.

• On is used for dates and days.

in
In August we will have a family reunion.
He was born in 1987.
In the twentieth century technology became very important.
I usually stay at my grandparent’s farm in the summer.

• In is used for longer periods of time, like years and months.

• In is used in expressions:
in the morning in the afternoon in the evening.
• If used with a period of time, it refers to a time in the future.
In three weeks he will retire.
I’ll be back in a few minutes.

12
- exercise 1: in, on, or at?
Choose from in, on or at to complete each sentence.

1. ____ the morning ____ Sunday, I’m going to plant the flowers.
2. She was born ____ 1973, and her sister was born ____ 1976.
3. ____ March 1, we celebrate our 21st wedding anniversary.
4. I have class ____ the early evening, but you have class ____ night.
5. ____ six years I plan to have paid off my house.
6. Every day ____ 6 a.m. sharp the baby wakes up.
7. It is really difficult for me to get up ____ Monday mornings because after
the weekend I am usually very tired.
8. ____ the moment I don’t have any nice shoes, but ____ Christmas my
parents usually give me some.
9. ____ nine o’clock the show is going to start.
10. I met my husband ____ June, ____ a warm, sunny day.
11. Susan studies, and ____ the same time works full time.
12. There will be many new inventions ____ the next century.
13. I expect to graduate ____ the year 2005.
14. ____ a beautiful day ____ July, ____ 9:00 ____ the morning, Laura was
born.
15. Helen was already manager of a supermarket ____ the age of twenty.

@ for, since, during

I have known her for three years.
I have known her since 1990.
We were friends during our childhood, but then lost touch.

for + period of time (two years, six weeks, three minutes)

• For is used to say how long something lasted.

since + specific time (1678, Friday, 4:00)

• Since is used to say when something started.

during + noun (the fair, class, the last century)

• During is used to say when something happens (not how long).

- exercise 1: for, during, or since?

Complete the sentences with for, during, or since.
1. ______ the last five years she has worked for Microsoft.
2. The U.S. has been an independent country ______ 1776.
3. ______ the night the baby woke up four times.
4. Marlene has had romantic feelings for Dennis ______ the last two years.
5. It’s amazing! Amber hasn’t complained about anything ______ ten minutes.
13
6. Rose and Mike have been dating ______ the day they first met.
7. Morgan hasn’t come to class ______ last Friday.
8. George works the third shift, so he sleeps ______ the day and works
______ the night.
9. The doctor told my mother that she needs to exercise ______ thirty
minutes each day.
10. ______ many years Jenny and Alana were best friends.

@ by and until
You have to give me the report by Friday.
She should be here by now.
I can’t play until it stops raining.
I slept until noon.

by + time
until + time/clause

• By is used to indicate “not later than.”

• Until is used to say how long a situation continues.

- exercise 1: prepositions of time

Use any of the prepositions of time discussed in this chapter to complete the
sentences.

1. ______ 6:00 tomorrow, we will have heard the answers.

2. ______ Sunday we are going to go to Nayon to buy flowers.
3. ______ 6:00 tomorrow she will tell us the answers.
4. We have known each other ______ 1990.
5. Barb has been married to Alex ______ April, and plans to stay with him
______ the day she dies.
6. Mary has been in El Salvador ______ Monday.
7. Carmen has been living in Rio ______ twelve years.
8. You liked that book ______ Greg said that it was his favorite.
9. ______ the course of the week, Karen found out that she had been
adopted.
10. I was driving ______ a snowstorm when I crashed.

14
[] tv show review
Outside of class, watch a half-hour program. Write a review about it, using the
format below.

Name:
Actors:
Storyline:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Main conflict and solution:

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

What a future show would be about:

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Rating:HHHHH (excellent, highly recommended)

HHHH
HHH
HH
H (poor, don’t waste your time)

V pronunciation
• The sounds made by the letters b and v are similar, yet different.
Both are both voiced sounds, which means that when pronounced
there is a vibration in the vocal cords.
/b/
• Pronounce this sound with your lips closed. Pressing them firmly
together, push the sound out. Practice.

ball both bother believe

bubble basketball berry rob

/v/
• Pronounce this sound by pressing your top row of teeth to your
bottom lip. Push the sound out, keeping teeth and lips in contact.
Practice.

reveal velvet very envelope

volleyball verify villain vex

15
!PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE: B OR V?
Listen. Circle the word that was said. Check your answers with a
partner.

1. valet ballet
2. bolt volt
3. very berry
4. revel rebel
5. vest best
6. vine bind
7. vigor bigger
8. bet vet
9. veer beer
10. bent vent

@ prepositions of place
at on in over
under beside beneath next to
above on top of by (near) at the bottom of

• There are few clear-cut rules for the use of many of the
prepositions of place, especially at/in/on.

in
in a room in the water/ocean
in a building in a row/line
in a garden/park in the corner (of a room)
in a town/country in a picture
in a mirror in the sky
in back of in front of

• When we use in, we are usually emphasizing the place.

• In also refers to being enclosed, for example my clothes are in the
closet.

16
 on
on the floor on the grass
on the roof on the chair
on the left on the desk
on the ground on the wall
on page seven on the road
on the coast on the corner (of a street)
on the back of (a book) on the back of (a piece of paper)

• When we use on, we are often speaking of a surface.

at
at the corner (of a street) at the light
at the bus stop at the window
at work at the front of the room
at the top/bottom at the end (of a street)

• When we use at we are usually thinking of where an event takes

place.
at the hotel at a restaurant at the theater

• We also use at to speak of the event itself.

at the movies at a concert at a party

by (Near)
He is standing by(near) your car.
Angie lives near me.

• By means near when used for place.

• Do not use to with near.

17
 L zoom
IN, AT: SPECIAL CASES

Tom is in school until four.

I dropped him off at the school this morning.
At Lakewood Community College, we strive to be the best.

• We say at school/college or in school/college.

• We use at when we use the name of the school.

She was at Richard’s house yesterday.

In Richard’s house there are three bathrooms.

• We say at someone’s house/apartment/office.

• When we are thinking of the house/building itself, we use in.

I live in Cuenca.
The Parthenon is in Athens.
Does this train stop at Pine City?
We stopped at a small village near the lake on our way to Chicago.

• In is usually used for towns and cities.

• At may be used when the town or city is a
point on a journey.

Notice the use of the verb arrive.

When did he arrive in Quito? (IN for a country or
Înote: town)
What time did he arrive at work this morning? (AT
with other places/buildings)
He arrived home on Friday. (NO preposition with home)

- exercise 1: in, at, or on?

Complete each sentence with in, on or at.
1. He has a pimple ____ his chin.
2. Of all the people ____ the room, she was the only one ____ red.
3. He sat ____ the couch while his wife sat ____ the armchair.
4. The name of the author was written ____ a page ____ the beginning of the
book.
5. Don’t leave the papers ____ the desk; put them ____ my bag.

18
6. She is ____ the library ____ the moment.
7. I work ____ a bakery ____ the weekend.
8. When you put the clothes ____ the drawer, be careful not to wrinkle them.
9. The child wrote ____ the desk and made his father angry.
10. When you enter his house, the bathroom is ____ the right.
11. Did you take off the label that was ____ the bottle?
12. Who is the man ____ that picture?
13. Please put the cover ____ the back of the couch.
14. Sally is ____ the pool, playing ____ the water.
15. I will meet you ____ the bus stop.

- exercise 2: prepositions of place

Complete each sentence with one of the prepositions of place discussed in
this unit.
1. I live ______ the mall, ______ a neighborhood called “Las Farsalias.”
2. He arrived ______ Loja after midnight, and went directly to his hotel.
3. Mr. Evers lives ______ Pennsylvania, but his family lives ______ Iowa.
4. You can find my hat ______ the dresser ______ my bedroom.
5. ______ my house there is a library.
6. ______ Wanda’s house there are six bedrooms!
7. Tyrone was ______ Wanda’s house last night.
8. The metro train stops ______ Rush City and Cloquet.
9. There are some children playing ______ the street; I wish they would go
and play ______ the park.
10. The groceries are ______ the counter ______ the kitchen.

h grammar first aid

The disk is in the computer.
As I was putting the disk into the computer the screen froze.

• Some prepositions of place are static (e.g. in), while others indicate
movement or direction (e.g. into).

He goes to work by taxi.

This present is for Mary.
He works as a waiter on weekends.

• Other types of prepositions indicate means, give descriptions, or have

other functions:
with despite in spite of by as

19
 ! two opinions
In general, do you think TV has had an overall positive or negative
effect on society?
A. CUT BACK ON TV!
Finish the ideas below, based on the first opinion.

1. Before television began to monopolize our ___________ ___________,

families would actually sit down together and share _______________.
2. In the middle of the last century, suddenly families were required to
look at a _______________ instead of one another.
3. TV can be _______________, and even _______________ at times.
4. Most American children have watched over _________ hours of
television programming by first grade.
5. Some parents use the TV as a _______________ for their children.
6. TV is taking the blame for America’s increasing _______________ in
teens.
7. Some studies say that by the time our youngest hit 70, they will have
watched about _____ to ______ years of television.
8. Because we see so much of it, TV also desensitizes us to
_______________ twenty-four hours a day.

B. TV: THE TRUE CULPRIT?

Finish the ideas below, based on the second opinion.

1. In the U.S. there is a trend right now to _______________ TV for

everything.
2. It’s time TV stopped being blamed for the shortcomings of
_______________ _______________.
3. The truth is that without TV our lives would be extremely
_______________.
4. Television gives us a unique opportunity to see how others live and to
learn from them, and to experience the beauty of ____________
____________.
5. TV is a more effective medium than a _______________.
6. TV is guilty of teaching us _______________, decorating, home-
improvement, and _______________.
7. TV entertains us by providing comic relief, suspense, and a form of
_______________ after a long day at work.
8. TV can help us forget our _______________.

COMPREHENSION
Which speaker (1 or 2) would probably say each sentence below?
_____TV is harmless.
_____TV makes it difficult for children to learn.
_____Social problems are a direct result of violence and sexual references
seen on TV.
20
_____TV is an activity that has a relaxing effect.
_____TV is a healthy activity.
_____Children watch too much TV.
_____TV enriches our lives.
_____TV helps us understand that which is incomprehensible otherwise.
_____TV is more efficient than a teacher.
_____TV encourages passivity.
_____People get fat because of TV.
_____The institution of the family is deteriorating because of TV.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What is the general viewpoint of each speaker?

2. What are some of the aspects discussed?

Positive Negative
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________

3. Which opinion do you agree with? Why?

Æ role play
What are some characteristics that classify all soap operas?

Invent a soap opera. Use any of the ideas below to prepare a scene
from your soap.

CHARACTERS SITUATIONS
a serial killer in love for the wrong reasons
a pregnant CEO an innocent man goes to jail
a cancer victim betrayal of best friends
a recovering alcoholic a poor family comes into money

How do you feel about the role soap operas play in general culture?

21
 @ prepositional phrases
After leaving us, Vincent went to work.
There were three people in the room whom I knew.

• A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a

noun or noun phrase.
• Prepositions must be followed by a noun.
• To use a verb after a preposition, it must be in the gerund form (the
noun form of a verb).

- exercise 1: prepositional phrases

Choose the correct preposition from the list for each of the blanks below. In
some cases, there may be more than one answer. When you finish,
underline the prepositional phrases.

by on for with about during

in front of in near next to at until
after since

1. _____ the time we left for school, the sun was already out.
3. The woman waited _____ the corner _____ three hours _____ only a light
jacket.
4. _____ now her plane should have landed.
5. _____ class it began to snow.
6. _____ the last decade he got rich.
7. I was standing _____ line when the boy _____ me spilled milk _____ my
jeans.
8. Chicago is _____ Lake Michigan.
9. _____ listening to the baby cry _____ a few minutes, the mother finally
got up and laid it _____ its back.
10. We had fun _____ our vacation _____ the mountains.
11. Have you seen the notice _____ the bulletin board _____ the dance that is
_____ five weeks?
12. Please don’t write _____ these receipts.
13. _____ the beginning of last year, we lived _____ the mall _____
Jamestown.
14. He was supposed to be here _____ seven o’clock.
15. While she was driving _____ the highway, a big skunk came out of the
forest and stopped _____ her car.

22
- exercise 2: prepositions-special uses
Decide which preposition should follow each of the expressions below.

of to into in
at with on by

1. Nobody knows what the cause ____ his problem is.

2. She reacted violently ____ what I said.
3. The disadvantage ____ driving is that it is difficult to see the landscapes.
4. I have a picture ____ my father in my wallet.
5. I ran ____ an old friend last night.
6. The television caught ____ fire last night!
7. She called Stan ____ his middle name ____ mistake.
8. Are you going to pay ____ cash or check?
9. I was very proud ____ the way you handled that bully.
10. Christian was very rude ____ the customer.
11. It was incredibly foolish ____ you to forget to lock your car door.
12. Why is Cindy so jealous ____ everyone else? She should be ashamed
____ the way she has been acting.
13. Brenda is excellent ____ telling stories to children.
14. What are you so angry ____?
15. She is very fond ____ children.
16. The mall was crowded ____ last-minute shoppers.
17. I would like to complain ____ the manager about the lousy service here.
18. A bicycle crashed ____ me on my way to work this morning.
19. The dish she made consisted ____ potatoes and ham.
20. Can you take care ____ my dog while I am on vacation?

[] television programming

most violent programs _______________ ______________

funniest programs _______________ ______________
most educational programs _______________ ______________
most pointless programs _______________ ______________

Take a class survey of the answers. Based on the survey, which programs
should be taken off of the air immediately?

23
 § writing
Think of a time that television has impacted your life in a negative or
positive way. Write a few paragraphs about this experience.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

[] commercials
What are some of the characteristics all commercials have?
What makes a commercial successful?
Do you have a favorite commercial?

Make a television commercial. What are you trying to sell? What

techniques are you going to use in order to convince viewers to buy
your product?

ø internet
Have you ever wanted to know more about your favorite soap stars? Do you
like to watch television game shows, always wishing that you could
participate? Now you can, at www.abc.com. On this web site you can learn
more about ABC’s television shows and stars. Play Who Wants to be a
Millionaire (even take the “fastest finger” challenge!), download video
games based on the hit show Alias, and predict endings to your favorite
shows, like The Bachelorette. Surf this web site for more fun trivia and
games.

. Write some trivia questions about your favorite show. Can anyone in
the class answer them?

24
 G I’m bored!
Put the following words into the correct category.
u
amusement park live jazz performance
puppet show
Internet
movie theater
play or musical
dog races
museum
coffee house
horse show
sports
board games
go clubbing
loitering
n
hang out at the malls drive-in

CHILDREN
poetry reading restaurant

DATING COUPLES
i
t
ACTIVITIES FOR...

FAMILY YOUNG ADULTS

2
SENIOR CITIZENS For
a
Rainy
Day
25
. Use the vocabulary words to finish the sentences below.

1. My father used to gamble at the __________ in Wisconsin, where he would

often place bets for just $1!
2. Every Friday, my family sits around and plays _____________, like
Monopoly.
3. I love to go on the roller coaster and Ferris Wheel at the
___________________.
4. This weekend a group of us plan to _____________ at the dance club.
5. Wilson’s parents don’t let him surf the ____________ unsupervised.
6. We got tickets to see the __________ Les Miserables on Broadway.
7. The sign says, “No ___________” because having a group of kids standing
around the storefront intimidates the customers and is bad for business.
8. As a child, I loved to go to ______________.
9. My favorite part of a _____________ is when the ribbons are awarded.
10. In the winter, it is too cold to see a movie at a _______________.

[] the world of internet

Make a list of some of the dangers of Internet, speaking from:

a parent’s point of view

a social point of view
a medical point of view

Some English-speaking people believe that the Internet will eliminate

the need to learn other languages. Do you agree or disagree? Is the
Internet “English only”?

If you could develop your own Internet forum, what would your site be
like? What issues would you want to address?

26
® :-) or :-(? internet language
Rewrite the following exchange from a chat room into “normal”
English.
“WB. How R U? BTW, have we met F2F B4? G2G. LOL. *KOTC*
CU!”
See page 48 for the “translation.”

:-) OR :-( ? INTERNET LANGUAGE

With the advent of Internet, acronyms and abbreviations have become prized aspects
of language. Where else can you find asterisks (*) to indicate an action and a bevy of
every possible phonetic shortening under the sun to represent words too long to write
out? Since when has a colon, dash, and parenthesis come to mean happy or sad?

The Internet has suddenly sped up the rate at which our language changes. On the
Internet, spelling a word correctly is a sign of the sluggish and inarticulate. Using a
new abbreviation is a sign of the creative and sharp. Through e-mail we can
communicate in the written word almost instantaneously. On the web, those of us
who would never pick up a pen and write a book can self-publish virtually any
opinion or idea we have – regardless of how accurate or ill-founded. The question is:
is Internet invigorating our language or robbing it of its power of expression?

Language experts are divided. Some lament over the turn our language is taking, as
the necessity for quick communication by Internet makes correct spelling optional
and encourages users to drop all capitals and punctuation marks. Communication by
e-mail has become too easy, too quick – no longer do people reread what they’ve
written. We bang out our message, hit SEND, and never worry or think about what
we may have unintentionally said. According to some, the seductive
instantaneousness of Internet is steadily impoverishing our language.

Yet not all language gurus agree with this interpretation. Linguistics professors
teach that language is a tool, that people must use language in order to help them
express themselves or the whole concept of language is worthless. This means that
language must adapt and change in order to keep up with the demands of technology
and society.

Many teachers praise Internet for providing their students with the opportunity to
hear other people’s opinions and incorporate these opinions and resources into their
own. By communicating through Internet, people are forced to quickly formulate an
argument into written language. These experts agree that, even though some polish
and formal organization is lost in the exchange, the benefits far outweigh the negative
aspects: students are gaining fluency in writing.

Should we grieve over the loss of formality that comes with instant communication?
Not according to a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. The move to less
formal language represents a society inching towards less institutional control and a
more democratic environment for the sharing of ideas. Although politeness is often
jeopardized, complexity of thought has not been.

What is the future of language on the Internet? It is hard to say. Like any new
technology, it may take years for the world wide web to find its niche. In the
meantime, we will all be LOL as we learn the new language of the Internet. I wish
you GL. CU!

27
. COMPREHENSION
This article discusses the arguments for and against the validity of
“Internet language.” Write A (agree) or D (disagree) for each statement
below, based on the probable responses of someone who believes that
“Internet language” is valuable.

_____1. There are correct and incorrect ways to use language.

_____2. Internet allows people to become better writers.
_____3. The purpose of language is for communication, regardless of how
this is accomplished.
_____4. The Internet is bastardizing our language.
_____5. Students should not communicate through Internet because it will
make them lazy.
_____6. Punctuation and correct spelling is not as important as being able
to convey a thought.
_____7. The Internet is making communication more difficult.
_____8. The informality of communication on the Internet encourages
democracy and less institutional control.

. FOLLOW-UP
Common abbreviations found on the Internet:

WB = welcome back
LOL = laughing out loud
KOTC = kiss on the cheek
BTW = by the way
F2F = face to face
CU = see you
G2G = got to go
ASAP = as soon as possible
PAW = parents are watching
GMAB = give me a break
GL = good luck
GAL = get a life
GF = girlfriend
SUP = what’s up?
SU = shut up
BFN = bye for now
A/S/L? = age/sex/location?

. Use these abbreviations/acronyms and any others to send an e-mail

message to someone else in the class.

28
 @ adjectives
cautious nice kind black wonderful
• Words used to describe nouns, pronouns, or linking verbs.
• Come before the nouns they describe.
• May follow a linking verb.
• Answer the question: What kind...?
• They are never in the plural (exception: these and those).
• There are two types of adjectives: descriptive and limiting.
• Descriptive adjectives describe color, size or quality of a noun or
pronoun.
beautiful big green silly
dangerous careful fat ugly
• Limiting adjectives place restrictions on the nouns they modify (quantity,
distance, possession, etc.).
cardinal numbers one, two...
ordinal numbers first, second...
possessives my, his, our...
demonstratives this, that, these, those
quantity few, many
articles a, an, the

@ adjectives: word order

LIMITING OPINION FACT NOUN
a beautiful old clock
the ugly brown skirt
an amazing terror movie

• Some adjectives come before others.

• Limiting adjectives always go before descriptive adjectives.
• Opinion adjectives come before fact adjectives.

a big old dog

a large red house
Italian rubber riding boots
wonderful old white curtains

• Fact adjectives have their own order when there is more than
one modifying the same noun.
size ---> age ---> color ---> origin ---> material ----> purpose ---> NOUN

29
- exercise 1: word order
Add the adjectives in parentheses to the underlined part of the sentence.
1. While in the Middle East, my friend bought a Persian rug. (red /
intricate)
__________________ ___________________________________________
2. Be sure to bring a sweater when you go to St. Paul in October.
(warm / wool / nice)
______________________________________________________________
3. At the flea market, I found a bed frame. (antique / nice / metal)
______________________________________________________________
4. The newest addition to her living room is a table. (oak / gorgeous / round)
______________________________________________________________
5. I can’t believe that my husband sold our car without consulting me!
(pea-green / ugly / British)
______________________________________________________________
6. On Sunday afternoons, my father usually makes his bread.
(warm / delicious / wheat)
______________________________________________________________
7. She pulled a box out from under her chair. (black / metal / small)
______________________________________________________________
8. My great-grandmother left me a beautiful necklace when she died.
(gold / rare)
______________________________________________________________
9. When I awoke, the morning sky was sunny! (dreary / gray)
______________________________________________________________
10. A monk once told me to treat others as you would like to be treated in
order to find my inner peace. (Chinese / wise / old)
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 2: word order

Make sentences using the noun and adjectives given.
1. city: Russian, scenic, little
______________________________________________________________
2. breakfast: cold, small
______________________________________________________________
3. hair: long, shiny
______________________________________________________________
4. restaurant: smoky, local, large
______________________________________________________________
5. desk: wooden, small, antique
______________________________________________________________
6. store; furniture, huge, new
______________________________________________________________
7. coat: warm, leather, long
______________________________________________________________
8. high heels: red, Italian, new
30
______________________________________________________________
9. couch: soft, green, beautiful
______________________________________________________________
10. man: young, good-looking, Belgian
______________________________________________________________

[] Class web site

Develop a class web site. Submit biographies of the different people
in the class, including the teacher. Raise important issues that will be
addressed in the class. Have links that take visitors to other places of
interest. Include tips, games or grammar exercises that could help
future students.
If possible, put your web site up on the Internet.

! be censored
Should students be censored in school? Why or why not?

CENSORSHIP IN U.S. SCHOOLS

Listen to the talk about censorship in schools. Answer the questions.

COMPREHENSION
1. What concerns do U.S. schools have after the shooting incident at
Columbine High School?
2. Describe the fundamental conflict regarding school censorship in
each of the court cases.
3. What can schools do to maintain the safety of their students and
staff and prevent another Columbine?
4. When is censorship acceptable? When is it unacceptable?
5. Post 9/11, the U.S. government has buckled down on censorship
laws. Do you think this is beneficial to U.S. society? Why?

[] Censorship
What needs to be censored on TV (e.g. bad language, sexual
innuendoes, nudity)? Which shows on local television would you
censor?
How would you do it? (e.g. bleeping out obscene language, taking
them off the air, previewing them, parental warnings before the
programs, changing their time slot)

31
 @ participial adjectives
PAST PRESENT PAST PRESENT
amazed amazing interested interesting
astonished astonishing shocked shocking
confused confusing tired tiring
exhausted exhausting surprised surprising
excited exciting terrified terrifying
depressed depressing embarrassed embarrassing
disgusted disgusting worried worrying
frustrated frustrating frightened frightening

• Adjectives that come from verbs.

• There are two possible endings for participial adjectives: - ed
and - ing .

@ present participial adjectives

It’s an amazing story.
He’s such a boring storyteller.
The movie had a surprising twist on an old plot.

• The present participial ends with -ing.

• The -ing adjective is active: it describes the people or things
that cause feelings in people.
• It can be used for things or people.

@ past participial adjectives

I was fascinated by his anecdote.
Martha was shocked when she heard that you had been fired.
How many times have you been frustrated this last week with
something at work?

• The past participial ends with -ed.

• The -ed adjective is passive: it describes how people feel.
• The past participial is generally not used for inanimate objects
(although there are some exceptions).

32
 L zoom
The only painted house on the block is for sale.
(PASSIVE: Someone painted the house.)

• Depending on the meaning, it is possible to use the past participial

adjective with an inanimate object.

The boiled water is on the stove.

(PASSIVE: The water was boiled by someone.)
She placed the eggs in the boiling water.
(ACTIVE: The water is boiling at this moment.)

• Often the meaning of the sentence will determine which

participial adjective should be used.

- exercise 1: participial adjectives

Choose the correct participial adjective (-ed or -ing) in each sentence.
1. The child’s parents were absolutely (horrified / horrifying) when the
child broke the thousand-dollar vase.
2. Are you (satisfying / satisfied) with the results from this year’s sales?
3. He has some extremely (disgusted / disgusting) habits when he eats.
4. The sound that you make while you sleep is so (annoyed / annoying).
5. I saw a (terrified / terrifying) movie last night on Cable.
6. It was (disappointing / disappointed) to hear that Perez had retired from
the sport he did so well.
7. We were not very (surprised / surprising) by the (shocked / shocking)
news.
8. The hike to the top of the mountain left us (exhausting / exhausted).
9. He is a very (interested / interesting) person, but he is the most
(boring / bored) teacher I have ever had.

- exercise 2: participial adjectives (oral)

Ask and answer the following questions with a partner.
1. Have you ever met anyone interesting?
2. What things make you bored?
3. What makes you annoyed?
4. What do you find astonishing?
5. What has been the most exciting moment in your life?
6. What kinds of things do you find disgusting?
7. What do you think the most embarrassing thing is that can happen to
someone?
8. Have you ever been confused by the way a person acts?
33
!exercise 3: listening-participial adjectives
Listen to each statement. Choose the best participial adjective to complete
the idea.

1. The class is very a) interesting

b) interested
2. This movie is a) intriguing
b) intrigued
3. The child was a) boring
b) bored
4. Class is a) boring
b) bored
5. I am a) shocking
b) shocked
6. Becky is a) disgusting
b) disgusted
7. I am a) exhausting
b) exhausted
8. Mark was a) offending
b) offended
9. The ending was a) surprising
b) surprised
10. I am a) confusing
b) confused

- exercise 4: participial adjectives

Draw pictures representing participial adjectives. Exchange with another
group and guess each other’s words.
Example: ! (disgusting)

1.

2.

3.

4.

34
 [] a city for all ages
How would you make Quito more interesting for people of your age?
What activities would benefit your generation? Make a radio ad
announcing these activities.

® how to be a good conversationalist

What tips can you give someone who wants to meet new people?

HOW TO BE A GOOD CONVERSATIONALIST

The art of conversation is a good one to master. With it, you can meet new people and
make new friends no matter where you are. It can help you in business when you must
make a business transaction. And it is especially great for dating, as it will make you
seem like an interesting person worth the time to get to know.

Having the confidence to speak freely about whatever comes to mind is a gift for some,
but most have to work at it. It does not always come naturally to engage the other
person in a conversation enough to keep him/her interested. But there are some steps
that you can follow in order to develop this skill, and therefore create an interest
between you and anyone else you meet.

• Brush up on current events and news: Find out what the other person likes. For
example, if he loves movies, read up on or go see the latest releases. Is she a sports
fan? Talk about last night’s game or your favorite player’s stats.
• Use compliments: Notice how she looks. Make comments on her clothes, or his tie.
Find something you like about his personality. Just be careful to be truthful,
however – false flattery is transparent and unbecoming.
• Ask questions: Keep the person talking. Most people love to talk about
themselves. If he looks buff, ask him where he works out and how often. If she
seems the intellectual type, ask her if she has read anything interesting lately.
Favorite restaurants and family are also good topics to ask about, and can tell you
a lot about the person you are with.
• Talk about the moment: If all else fails, talk about what is happening right at that
moment. Start by saying how great it is to finally meet him. Comment on the type
of restaurant you are at, and what you like about it. Mention that it is so nice to
finally sit down after a long day at work of being on the go. This is sure to get a
conversation going.

Whatever you do, be sure to be honest with the other person. Talk about your passions.
It will be obvious if you pretend to be interested in something that bores you to tears.
Ask provocative, thought-provoking questions – simple yes/no questions will fizzle out
soon if the other person is not a good conversationalist, too. And be surprising. Inject,
out of the blue, a comment about the Martha Stewart trial. Don’t forget body language.
Looking at your watch every five minutes is a clear sign to the other person that what
they have to say is not interesting.

Being a good conversationalist is not only a skill, it is an art. Active listening is the
first step: pay attention to what the other person says. Make eye contact, paraphrase
what he said, nod from time to time. And most of all, think about what you are hearing.
Ask questions and hear the answers. Because good conversationalists don’t only talk;
they listen, and they listen well.

35
. COMPREHENSION
What would be good to do during a conversation with someone you just
met? What should you try and avoid?

telling the person that you are excited to find out more about him/her.
talking about the last ten years of your life
asking many questions
telling the person what a wonderful friend you are
looking at the people at the other table
slouching in your chair
making an unexpected remark
talking about what happened in Congress last week
asking for the other person’s opinion on the Kobe Bryan trial
using a lot of slang and clichés
asking a question starting with why?
cracking your knuckles
making a nice comment about the person’s blue hair, even though you
don’t approve
talking about something you feel strongly about
agreeing with the person no matter how you really feel
keeping up-to-date on things happening around the world

[] you’re not my type

What qualities do you look for in a person before dating him/her?
What qualities do you avoid?

QUALITIES DESIRED QUALITIES NOT DESIRED

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________

Describe the kind of person who is NOT your type.

36
 [] personality flaws
Rate the following personality flaws: the three worst and the three
that do not seem so bad to you.

miser whiner
bore bully
pervert loser
klutz gossip
bum mooch
slob grump
snob weirdo

What would an example of someone with each flaw be like?

How do you deal with people who exhibit these traits?

@ nouns functioning as adjectives

Put the dough on the pizza pan.
The wine glasses are in the cellar.
Amanda broke the curtain rod.

• A noun can be used to describe another noun.

• Place the noun which is functioning as an adjective directly before
the noun being described.
• Nouns that function as adjectives in a sentence can NEVER be in the plural.

We took a three-week vacation at the end of the semester.

(At the end of the semester we took three weeks for vacation.)

The shoes she bought are forty-dollar loafers.

(She bought shoes that cost forty dollars.)

I wrote a ten-page report on the effects of pollution.

(The report I wrote on the effects of pollution was ten pages long.)

• A number can be combined with a noun in order to describe another

noun: five-week seminar, three-dollar meal.
• When a number-noun combination acts as an adjective, it must be
hyphenated, and the modifying noun cannot be in the plural.

37
- exercise 1: nouns as adjectives
Use the information in each sentence to write another similar sentence
using the noun or noun phrase as a modifier (adjective).
1. I went on vacation for four weeks.
______________________________________________________________
2. Last night I finished my report. It was one hundred pages.
______________________________________________________________
3. Mrs. Russell is a teacher who teaches science.
______________________________________________________________
4. The only thing that got destroyed when I dropped the bag was the box of
crackers.
______________________________________________________________
5. I have one thousand dollars to spend on a car.
______________________________________________________________
6. The journey from here to Winona will take six hours.
______________________________________________________________
7. The two girls in my class that had perfect tests are both seventeen.
______________________________________________________________
8. My brother loves soup with lots of vegetables in it.
______________________________________________________________
9. The course I am taking on art history is worth four credits.
______________________________________________________________
10. My mother is an expert at languages.
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 2: error correction-nouns as adjectives

Is the use of the underlined adjective correct? If not, make the correction
above it.

1. Our fourteen-page report is due in the morning .

2. We just bought a seven-people car.

3. Sam has decided to run the thirty-miles race.

4. It is a two-hour test.

5. “Hungry, Hungry Hippos” is a four-children game.

6. I bought a pair of twenty-dollar glasses.

7. Alyssa hasn’t had time to use her thirty-minutes calling card.

8. We expect our eighteen-years-old daughter to call us if she is going to be late.

38
 [] rude behavior
What is your reaction when someone...?
cuts you off while driving
cuts in line
farts in public
burps at the dinner table
stares at you
in a crowd pushes you
litters
spits/pees on the street
Which type of behavior bothers you the most? Which bothers you the
least?

[] gambling
What are different ways to gamble? Which ones can you do in your
country? in your city?
Is gambling acceptable as a leisure activity? When does it become
unacceptable? Find one thing that you can agree on as a group, and
one thing that you cannot agree on.
AGREE DISAGREE

! And the winner is...

Are any prizes offered to entertainers in your country? Do you have
special awards to honor actors, authors, or sports figures?

COMPREHENSION
Write the name of the award next to the information.
BOOKER PRIZE HALL OF FAME ACADEMY AWARD
____________1. Sean Penn for Mystic River
____________2. DBC Pierre for Vernon God Little
____________3. not awarded to U.S. citizens
____________4. awarded to contributors to the advancement of rock music
____________5. Prince in 2004
____________6. Charlize Theron in Monster
____________7. given a statuette
____________8. increases book sales
____________9. only for the United Kingdom and Ireland
____________10. in Cleveland

39
 @ adjectives:
comparatives and superlatives
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
hot hotter hottest
important more important most important
fat fatter fattest
colorful more colorful most colorful

• Adjectives have three forms: the positive (the adjective itself),

the comparative (compares two things), and the superlative
(compares three or more things).

@ comparative adjectives
She is more cautious than I.
Our classroom is brighter than yours.
Mr. Johnson was more shocked than his wife that he was fired.
Mr. Johnson’s wife was less shocked than he that he was fired.

subject + verb + comparative adjective + than +

noun/subject pronoun

• The comparative compares two entities and shows a greater

or lesser degree between the two.
• A comparative adjective ends in -er or is preceded by the word
more.
• Less is used with the adjective to show a lesser degree
between two entities.
• Than is used to show the comparison.
• When than is followed by a pronoun, it should be the subject
pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

40
- exercise 1: comparative adjectives
Compare yourself to someone that you know well. It may be your friend, a
coworker, classmate, or family member. Discuss how the two of you are
similar, and how you are different.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

@ superlative adjectives
Thomas is the heaviest person in his family.
Maribel had the highest test scores of all the students.
The shirts on the discount table are the cheapest in the store.

subject + verb + the + superlative adjective

• The superlative compares three or more entities, one of which is

inferior or superior to the rest.
• A superlative adjective ends in -est or is preceded by the word
most.
• Least is used with the adjective to show a lesser degree
between the entities.
• The is used to show the comparison.

- exercise 1: superlative adjectives

Circle the correct answer.
1. She is the (goodest/best) dancer I have ever danced with.
2. Frank has the (smelliest/smellier) feet in the room!
3. Andy got the (baddest/worst) test grade.
4. Kristin has always been (the least/the less) dishonest of all her friends.
5. The (most interesting/interesting) play that I have acted in was Rebels
of Our Time.
6. The (furthest/farest) city from here that still belongs to the province of
Pichincha is Machachi.
7. The (taller/tallest) person on my baseball team is Hans.
8. Noriko spoke to the (most important/more important than) of all the
club members.

41
 h
spelling rules for
comparative and superlative adjectives

big bigger biggest

quiet quieter quietest
ugly uglier ugliest
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
dry drier driest
happy happier happiest
interesting more interesting most interesting
exciting more exciting most exciting
bored more bored most bored
cautious more cautious most cautious
useful more useful most useful
foolish more foolish most foolish

. Look at the examples. Tick (√) the correct rules:

_____1. Add the suffix (-er or -est) along with more/most.

_____2. For most 1- and 2-syllable adjectives, add the
corresponding suffix (-er or -est).
_____3. For short adjectives ending with
consonant+vowel+consonant, double the final consonant
before adding the suffix (-er or -est).
_____4. For adjectives with 3 or more syllables, add more or most.
_____5. The suffix (-er and -est) mean the same as more and most.
_____6. Use more/most with one-syllable adjectives.
_____7. For 2-syllable adjectives ending with -y, change the -y to -i
and add the suffix (-er or -est).
_____8. Use more/most for words ending in
consonant+vowel+consonant.
_____9. For adjectives ending in other suffixes such as -ed, -ful,-
ing,-ish,-ous, use more/most, regardless of the number of
syllables.
_____10. Use more/most for all two-syllable words.

42
 L zoom

Cynthia has the better of the two quilts stored in her

house.
Mr. Wilson wrote the more interesting of the two stories.
Of the two cities, Guayaquil has the more exciting night
life.

subject + verb + the comparative adjective + of the two + noun

Of the two + noun, + subject + verb + the comparative adjective

• The expression of the two compares two things without using than.
• Use the comparative adjective.

One of the angriest teachers in the school was Mrs. Carter.

One of the greatest navies of all time was the British navy.
One of the best days of my life was my wedding day.
one of the + superlative adjective + singular verb

• The expression one of the compares three of more things.

• Use the superlative adjective.
• The noun following one of the is plural but the
corresponding verb is singular.
• One of the may come in the middle of the sentence,
also.

This CD is one of the best CDs I own.

- exercise 1: comparative and superlative adjectives

Choose the correct word(s) in the parentheses in order to complete each
sentence.
1. Even the (more / most) concerned parent was enthusiastic about the
field trip.
2. His sandwich is (less / fewer) appealing than Margaret’s.
3. Of the four books, I like the one in your hand (better / best).
4. Andrea has always been the (crabbier / crabbiest) of the two sisters.
5. Please tell me which car is the (less / least) expensive of the two.
6. You seem to me the (greater / greatest) piano player ever.
7. Wesley is the (most / more) spoiled child in his whole family.
8. Philip is (friendlier / the friendliest) member of our team.

43
- exercise 2: superlative shopping mall
Design a shopping mall for your city. Draw the mall on a separate piece of
paper.
Post it, its name, cost and any special features/purposes it may have (office
space, museum, etc.) on the classroom walls. Compare the buildings of your
classmates and write superlative sentences using the ideas below.

1. big
2. ugly
3. best
4. elegant
5. innovative
6. conservative
7. interesting
8. worst
9. expensive
10. most ____________________________

[] movie stars
Acting is a difficult job. Actors and actresses often put in twenty-hour
days in order to finish a movie on time. Most people who want to get
into acting never even make it; the competition is fierce and, unless
you have a stroke of luck and land something big, most of the time the
pay is terrible. Still, when TV and movie stars make it, they are
rewarded not only with fame but also with money. Each member of
the cast of the popular TV show Friends, for example, pulls in one
million dollars per episode.

Should TV/movie stars be paid so much?

How do you justify your answer?

§ writing
Write a letter to the newspaper editor of your hometown paper
expressing your concern about the well-being of youth in your city.

44
 ß the comma
• A comma indicates a pause or a variation in voice pitch.
• Sometimes a comma is required because of special grammar
structures, for example, when a sentence begins with a dependent
clause (like an adverb clause).
• Occasionally, a comma can help clarify the meaning of a written
sentence, just as a pause will help clarify meaning in spoken
language.

When the teacher helps, John Jay cries.

When the teacher helps John, Jay cries.

• Use commas before and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet when they link
main clauses.

I went to the store on Friday afternoon, but I didn’t buy anything.

Jessica did not tell me when she would be back from Egypt, nor did her
father.

• Commas are not necessary when the main clauses are short and their
meaning clear.

I went to the store and James came with me.

It started raining yet the students didn’t mind.

• Use commas after introductory elements: adverb clauses, long

phrases, transitional expressions (first, next), interjections (oh!,
hey!), and introductory yes or no .

When she doesn’t come to class, Luis is sad.

No, I do not want to go with you.
For example, Quito has high atmospheric pressure.
Well, I’m not sure if I believe you.

45
- exercise 1: the comma
Add commas where needed.

1. No she didn’t come to work today.

2. Hey you have to pay for that!
3. Monica met Tracy at a party that her college held but they didn’t get
married until seven years later.
4. Oh I know who she is.
5. Yes I have the information you need.
6. The city set aside money to build the community library but construction
on it hasn’t even begun yet.
7. We could go out to eat at that new Mexican restaurant that everyone is
talking about or we could order Chinese.
8. For instance Bolivia has two capital cities.
9. Thomas and his girlfriend got married about three years ago and now
they have a beautiful baby boy.
10. Well Doris isn’t very happy about the idea.

- exercise 2: the comma-finding errors

Are the commas used correctly? Write yes or no.

_______1. You know, she isn’t that difficult to get along with, but she is
difficult to make friends with.
_______2. Ivonne said that she, and her classmates thought the test was too
hard.
_______3. No one, but Sarah knew where the teacher lived.
_______4. By the way, can you tell me where the station is?
_______5. Yes she, is my good friend, and an excellent student.
_______6. No, one except Mark has a car.
_______7. Well Agustin has one last idea, yet no one knows what it is.
_______8. Charlie took all of the papers that you asked for, but he forgot the
books.

46
 [] board games
Create a board game.
What is it called?
What are the rules?
Do you need any special game pieces to play it (a timer, dice, etc.)?

47
 ø internet
Practice your English and vocabulary by playing the board games Scrabble®
and Boggle®. Scrabble® is a game where opponents build off of each others’
words for points, much like a giant crossword problem. Boggle® is a game
of scrambled letters – all you have to do is find words in the scramble. You
can play these games online at www.games.com, in the “traditional games”
category, and even see the “official” rules. Play against the computer or an
anonymous online opponent; you be the judge of just how far your
competitiveness can go!

. Think of a game that is a tradition in your country. Write the rules in

English.

Answer to reading warm up, “Internet Language,” p. 27

“Welcome back. How are you? By the way, have we met face to face before?
Gotta go. Laughing out loud. (action) Kiss on the cheek. See you!”

48
 Æ pet peeves
A pet peeve is something small or insignificant that annoys
u
you enormously. What are some of your pet peeves when
shopping?
when the cashier doesn’t have change
long lines
____________________

____________________
n
____________________

Use a variety of the pet peeves discussed and develop a

small skit. The rest of the class should watch for the pet
peeves and take note of those illustrated in each role play.
i
! shopaholics
Do you think shopping could be dangerous?
t
How do you think a shopaholic could get into the news?

1.
a) What are some of the cases regarding shopaholics that
have gotten into the news?
b) What reasons do the experts give for the recent increase
in compulsive shopping?
c) According to the experts, is compulsive shopping
3
considered a disease or a social problem?
d) Approximately how many people call the CSCS each Sh
year?
e) Why do people call the CSCS? o
2.
a) Who is most likely to get into debt shopping: women or
pa
men?
b) What percentage of people have a problem keeping their ho
spending from going out of control?
c) What hope does the drug Cipramil bring for
shopaholics?
li
d) Compulsive shopping is similar to what other diseases? cs
49
. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Do you believe compulsive shopping is a disease? Why or why not?
2. What could the drug Cipramil mean for shoppers in the future?
3. Do you think taking a drug is enough to solve the growing problem of
shopping debt?
4. Why do you think women are bigger shopaholics than men?

@ adverbs
He was writing fast. (How was he writing?)
She angrily knocked at the door. (How did she knock?)
I don’t read very well. (How do you read?)
Last night Edward drank too much. (How much did he drink?)

• Adverbs often answers the question : How...?

• Adverbs express time or frequency: tomorrow, today, never,
seldom, etc.
• Adverbs modify adjectives, other adverbs, and/or any verb but
a linking verb (verbs of condition or state, such as be or
become: see page 59 for more about linking verbs).
• Often an adverb can be formed by adding -ly to the adjective.

Adjective Adverb
careful carefully
safe safely
angry angrily

• Other adverbs do not follow this pattern.

so well very always often
already soon too never fast

- exercise 1: identifying adverbs

Identify the adverbs in each sentence below by underlining them.
1. Yesterday we hungrily ate sea bass on a large boat.
2. I was so excited about winning the lottery that I forgot to tell Andy that
I never deposited his money in the bank.
3. We had already left when Jack excitedly called us.
4. You often stutter when you speak too quickly.
5. Theo always goes to the soccer game on Sunday.
6. Sometimes we watch the game on TV.
7. Tomorrow he will gladly cook us dinner.
8. I certainly understand your problem, but I don’t understand your anger.
50
- exercise 2: adverbs (oral)
Ask your partner the questions below. Answer each one in a complete
sentence, using an adverb.
1. How often do you go to the movies?
2. How many times do you spend more than one hour getting ready in the
morning?
3. How often do you study?
4. How often do you take the bus to class?
5. How often do you go to the mall?
6. How often do you wash the dishes?
7. How often do you cook?
8. Have you ever cheated on a test?

@ viewpoint adverbs
The use of violence against children is evidently decreasing in this
area.
I am not so sure about his role in this family, actually.
Perhaps you had better not say anything yet.
Unfortunately, I didn’t know that she felt so strongly about her
religion.

• Viewpoint adverbs modify the entire sentence rather than just

certain elements within it.
• Maybe and perhaps can only go at the beginning of the sentence.
• All other viewpoint adverbs except maybe and perhaps may go at
the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence.
• When at the end, a comma must precede them.
• When at the beginning of the sentence, they are often separated by a comma.

fortunately unfortunately clearly

obviously certainly luckily
maybe perhaps surely
evidently frankly actually

- exercise 1: viewpoint adverbs

Add the viewpoint adverbs in parentheses to each sentence.
1. (perhaps) I will call you tonight after work.
2. (fortunately) Erin didn’t sprain her ankle when she fell.
3. (luckily) Crystal didn’t lose much money at the casino.
4. (evidently) She felt bad about lying about her age, because later she
apologized.

51
5. (frankly) He only visits his grandmother on the weekend.
6. (obviously) The test was too hard, because no one was able to finish
in the time given.
7. (actually) Sara was not the only one to send me an e-mail.
8. (surely) She cannot be serious about her father making a living
as
a clown in the circus.
9. (maybe) I will be late to the meeting tomorrow.
10. (clearly) She was joking when she said that she had proposed to
her boyfriend.

G vocabulary
Match the noun or noun phrases on the left to a definition on the right.
Use each word only once.

a. window shopping 1. Someone who doesn’t like to spend money.

b. refund 2. To pay less than something’s value.
c. return / exchange 3. To go shopping without money.
d. strip malls 4. An outdoor area where you can buy fresh food.
e. department store 5. If a product is faulty you may do this.
f. shopaholic 6. To go shopping only for sales or promotions.
g. get a deal 7. When the store returns all of your money.
h. cheapskate 8. Someone who shops a lot and loves it.
i. farmer’s market 9. A series of stores connected by a common area.
j. bargain hunting 10. A large store that sells a variety of products.

[] slogans
Match the slogans in Column A to the products in column B.

Column A Column B
Domino’s Pizza It relieves kids as well as colds.
Dimetapp Cough Syrup Like magic for your skin.
Miller Lite Beer Never have an ordinary day.
Johnson and Johnson Baby Powder Tastes great. Less filling.
Listermint Make life rewarding.
Lancôme Make-up Products Because nobody delivers better.
American Express Credit Cards Believe in beauty.
Pepperidge Farms Cookies Make your mouth a cleaner place.

TURN TO PAGE 68 FOR THE ANSWERS.

. Invent a product and write a slogan for it.

52
 @ focus adverbs
Shelley even complained about her in-laws.
(Focus on complained = it was one of the many things that she did.)

Even Shelley complained about them.

(Focus on Shelley = she was not expected to complain.)

I almost told June about the surprise party.

(Focus on told = I was about to but changed my mind.)

I told almost everybody about the surprise party.

(Focus on everybody = I told many people.)

• Focus adverbs place the focus, or emphasis, on specific words.

• They generally go before the word(s) they are modifying.
• Their position strongly affects their meaning.
• Typical focus adverbs are:
only, just, really, simply, merely, almost, e v e n .
• In spoken English, their meaning is made clear by stress or intonation.
I ONLY asked Kim where she was going. (That is all I did.)
I ONLY asked KIM where she was going. (Kim is the only person I
asked.)
I ONLY asked Kim WHERE she was going. (I didn’t ask her for other
information.)

- exercise 1: focus adverbs

Choose the best answer to complete the sentences in the following dialog.

Mother: Alice, do you know what time it is? (It almost is / It is almost)
three a.m.! (Really, we were / We were really) worried. I was
(going to call just / just going to call) the police when I heard your
car pull up.
Alice: I was at Kim’s house. (We were only talking / Only we were
talking) and watching movies, and I guess (we lost track of just the
time / we just lost track of time). I am (sorry, really / really sorry).
Father: But why didn’t you (simply call us / call us simply)?
(A child even knows / Even a child knows) that if he is going to be
late, he should call to explain.
Alice: I knew you would probably be worried, so I (called almost / almost
called) five times, but I couldn’t get through.

53
Mother: Then you should have come home immediately. How do we know
if we can trust you when (even you don’t call us / you don’t even
call us), knowing that we would be worried? (Only your actions
can / Your actions can only) show us whether or not we can trust
you.
Alice: I know. I feel so bad. It won’t happen again, I promise.
Father: (I just hope you / I hope you just) have learned a lesson from all of
this. (Fortunately, nothing bad / Nothing fortunately bad) came
from it.

!exercise 2: listening-focus adverbs

Listen to the following sentences, then choose the letter of the best
meaning for each.

1. a. Erica told the class many things, including the secret.

b. Erica told a few people the secret.

2. a. Erica didn’t tell anyone the secret.

b. Erica told only a few people the secret.

3. a. The only day this class meets is Thursdays.

b. No other classes meet on Thursdays.

4. a. The only day this class meets is Thursdays.

b. No other classes meet on Thursdays.

5. a. Matt wouldn’t tell me anything except what he was studying.

b. Matt didn’t tell anyone but me what he was studying.

6. a. Matt wouldn’t tell me anything except what he was studying.

b. Matt didn’t tell anyone but me what he was studying.

7. a. The baby cries whether she is hungry or not.

b. The baby only cries when she is hungry.

8. a. The most recent place I visited was Alaska.

b. The only thing that happened yesterday was that I returned from Alaska.

9. a. Dell was the only person I called.

b. The only thing I did yesterday was call Dell.

10. a. Alex gets upset by many things, including the news.

b. Many people, including Alex, were upset by the news.

54
 [] gimmicks
Look at the gimmicks below. Discuss why each one works. What are the
“gimmicks” in these gimmicks?

Buy one get one free

Act fast! Call now and receive 20% off!

Scientifically formulated

10% more free

It gives you more.

New and improved

- are you a shopaholic?

ARE YOU A SHOPAHOLIC?

Answer true (T) or false (F).

1. I shop when I am depressed. _____

2. Shopping makes me feel satisfied, as if my life were complete. _____
3. I feel out of control when I shop. _____
4. I often spend more than I have. _____
5. When I make a purchase, I get a rush, but soon afterwards regret
my purchase. ____
6. After buying many things, I often feel disoriented and depressed.
_____
7. I buy clothes and gadgets I do not need or even use. _____
8. I lie to my loved ones about how much money I spend on certain
items. _____
9. My shopping habits emotionally worry and upset me. _____
10. My shopping habits have interfered in my personal life in one
way or another. ___

55
®how to spot a compulsive shopper
What are some tips that could help compulsive shoppers?

Without a shadow of a doubt, we are living in a “spend happy” society. With the
proliferation of credit cards, more and more people are spending more than they
have, putting themselves deeper into debt with each day that passes. To make
things worse, many people nowadays think of shopping as a hobby. Shopping is no
longer a necessity, an action we do in order to acquire the basic needs for our
existence. Now people spend whole weekends shopping, run up credit they could
never manage to pay off, and are filled with guilt and regret the next day.

It is no wonder that people have begun to view shopping as a leisure activity.

Shopping malls strive to make the shopping experience equal to that of a spa. The
Mall of America in Bloomington, MN – the nation’s largest, with over 525 specialty
stores, 50 restaurants, and boasting an amusement park, mini-golf course, 14
theaters, and a sea aquarium – provides women with a program called “Exceptional
Evenings.” Here, women are encouraged to come to the mall, not only to shop but to
find new careers, learn how to refine their lifestyle, and experience other one-of-a-
kind events. The Mall also offers free concerts (Britney Spears came most recently),
a walking club, and Toddlers Tuesdays, a day which offers special deals and
attractions for families with young children. As if these attractions were necessary
in a mall that would take you the whole day to get to know!

Even with all the temptation that surrounds us each day, most of us are not out of
control when it comes to shopping. Yet, compulsive shoppers, or shopaholics, shop
out of emotional compulsion. For them, shopping is a coping mechanism, a way to lift
their spirits when they are feeling distressed, a way to deal with depression, a way
to deal with everyday life. They do not shop because they need something, or even
for fun. Shopaholics feel they have to shop. They are out of control in a very real,
often frightening, sense. For shopaholics, shopping dictates their lives.

If you answered TRUE to more than half of the questions in the quiz, you may have a
problem with your spending. Here are some tips to help keep your spending under
control:
1) Use cash. Do not bring credit cards, checkbooks, or ATM cards on your shopping
excursions. Better yet – get rid of them all together.
2) Practice the art of “delayed gratification.” If you see something you would like, do
not buy it on the spot. Wait a few days. If you still want it after the waiting period
you have established, go back to make the purchase.
3) Make a budget and stick to it! Be sure to allow yourself a small amount of money
each month to spend frivolously, however, or you may feel deprived, which could lead
you to break your budget.
4) Keep a shopping journal. Write down everything you purchase for two weeks –
gas, groceries, electricity, a stick of gum. This will make you more aware of how
much you are spending and on what.

If these tips don’t help, and you still feel out of control or your debts keep growing,
contact the experts. Consider an agency or professional that can give you credit-
counseling. They can help you consolidate your bills, plan budgets, improve your
credit, and suggest ways to modify your destructive behavior. Also, being
responsible to a third party keeps some people in line.

If you are a shopaholic, remember that you are not alone. Many compulsive
shoppers suffer from depression or other disorders. There is help. You just need to
take the first step.

56
. Write the main idea of each paragraph.
#1 __________________________________________________________________
#2 __________________________________________________________________
#3 __________________________________________________________________
#4 __________________________________________________________________
#5 __________________________________________________________________
#6 __________________________________________________________________

. Fill in the blanks using the words below.

budget necessity depression
leisure activity counseling self-improvement
1. All around the world, shopping has stopped being a chore and has
started to become a _____________.
2. Malls are offering a variety of activities unrelated to shopping, such as
_________________ or free concerts.
3. For shopaholics, shopping is a ___________.
4. Compulsive shoppers often have other disorders, such as ______________.
5. In order to assure that shopaholics do not spend more than they have,
they should stick to a ______________.
6. People who are not able to curb their spending on their own should get
_________________.

. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
What are the signs of a shopaholic?
Do you know any shopaholics or compulsive shoppers?
How can the tips given in the article help people who have shopping debt?
In your opinion, is this advice enough?

@ frequency adverbs
I always know when Frank comes home because his car is so loud.
Wes has often been caught speeding.
As a child, Carl was seldom told how smart he was.
I have never been so embarrassed!

• Frequency adjectives express how often something happens.

• The following words are common frequency adverbs:
always usually often sometimes
seldom rarely hardly (ever) never
• Frequency adverbs go before the main verb. If an auxiliary verb is
present, they go after the first auxiliary verb.
• Frequency adverbs go after be.
• Sometimes can go at the beginning of a sentence.

57
- exercise 1: frequency adverbs
Place the adverb in parentheses in the correct place in each sentence.

1. (always) Dave has been allergic to shellfish.

2. (seldom) My husband goes to bed before ten.
3. (hardly ever) Blake goes to the dentist.
4. (usually) Ronald will study for a test the night before.
5. (sometimes) Bill reads the newspaper.
6. (never) His girlfriend has kissed him.
7. (almost always) Terrence was on time last semester.
8. (rarely) My parents spoke to each other after they got a divorce.

!exercise 2: listening-frequency adverbs

Listen to each question. Write an answer to the question using one of the
frequency adverbs listed below.
always usually often sometimes
seldom rarely hardly ever never
1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________

! complaints
Have you ever bought something that didn’t work, or that didn’t deliver
what was promised of the product?

Listen to some people trying to return specific items. Fill in the chart.

PRODUCT REASON FOR ABLE TO WHY OR WHY

RETURNING RETURN RETURN? NOT?
1
2
3
4
5
Which of these customer’s complaints seem like legitimate reasons to
return the product?
What are the policies in your country regarding returns or exchanges?
Is there anything that could be done to improve this service?
58
 [] the role of money
Choose one of the expressions that you feel strongly about, whether it
is because you disagree or agree. How does your partner feel about the
expressions? Explain your position and how the expression relates, or
does not relate, to your own life.

Time is money.
Money talks.
Money makes the world go ‘round.
You can’t take it with you when you go.
The best things in life are free.
Save your pennies for a rainy day.

@ linking verbs
The owner of the dog felt bad about the incident.
I am happy that you decided to go.
The coffee smells good. (not well)

• Linking verbs belong to a special category of verbs that

connect (or “link”) the subject with the subject complement
(predicate adjective).
• They are not action verbs, and therefore, may not be modified
by an adverb, but by adjectives.
• Common linking verbs:

be seem taste stay

sound appear become remain
feel look smell turn (as in become)

h grammar first aid

Feel, look, smell, and taste can also be action verbs. When they are, they may
be modified by an adverb. In order to determine if one of these verbs is active,
look to see if the verb has an object.

I tasted the snails cautiously before I ordered more.

object
The nurse felt Albert’s ankle carefully before he decided to take the x-ray.
object

59
- exercise 1: adjectives and linking verbs
Use an adjective to finish each sentence.
1. I became very ___________ when I heard that she had betrayed me.
2. Marsha felt __________ when she saw herself on TV.
3. After living in Los Angeles for three years, Therese was ________ to
return to Duluth.
4. The dish that Rachel cooked for us tasted __________.
5. After the operation, Thomas looked ___________.
6. The couch appears too __________ for the living room.
7. She remained _________ after the teacher asked her not to interrupt.
8. When we asked Sally if she needed help, she seemed __________.

- exercise 2: adjective or adverb?

Supply the correct word from each adjective / adverb word pair below to
complete each sentence. Only use one word from each pair.

adverse / adversely intriguing / intriguingly

rude / rudely slow / slowly
patient / patiently quick / quickly
glad / gladly rough / roughly
lofty / loftily distrustful / distrustfully

1. You should be more ________________ with your wife. She only means
well.
2. She was really _____________ that I gave her some money.
3. He spoke very ________________ to the flight attendant. I hadn’t realized
that he could be so impolite.
4. Drive ________________! You’re going to get into an accident.
5. The ________________ movie left me spellbound.
6. That company has a policy that is ________________ to ours.
7. When the teacher came into the room, the student ________________ hid
his cheat-sheet.
8. He looked at me ________________. I don’t think he trusts me.
9. The girl’s brother ________________ tackled her when she didn’t do what
he told her.
10. She has ________________ plans for the future. I hope she’s not being too
unrealistic.

- exercise 3: adjective or adverb?

Choose the correct word in parentheses for each sentence.

1. The milk smells (sour / sourly) so I am not going to drink it.

2. As she is allergic to many things, she (hesitantly / hesitant) smelled the
flower.
3. The nurse felt my neck (ginger / gingerly), looking for abnormalities.
4. She speaks (fluent / fluently) English.
60
5. She plays the sax very (good / well), and plans to continue her lessons
on
through college.
6. My father looked (suspicious / suspiciously) when my sister said that she
had quit her job.
7. Bob became (alert / alertly) when the owner mentioned a reward.
8. I (quick / quickly) got dressed before our company arrived.
9. That man was looking at me (curious / curiously). For a moment, I
thought that I knew him.
10. Mark always turns (red / redly) when his wife tells that joke.
11. Clark remained (tired / tiredly) for two days after the marathon, but
was ready to run again come the weekend.
12. We became (ecstatically / ecstatic) when we heard that our father had
won the lottery!
13. I was (exasperated / exasperatedly) with my best friend’s child by the
time they left my house.
14. The union workers protested (vehement / vehemently) when the
company refused to grant their request.
15. The teacher looked at him (sad / sadly) as she handed him back his test.

- exercise 4: error analysis-linking verbs

Look at the underlined parts of the sentences below. Decide if it is the
correct form of the word or if it is incorrect. If it is correct, write correct on
the line. If incorrect, change the word so that it is correct.

1. The person in the passenger seat was very serious injured in the car
accident.
___________________

2. I speak well English since I studied in London for two years.

___________________

3. My French teacher speaks three other languages fluently.

___________________

4. He doesn’t play many sports good, but he loves to watch them.

___________________

5. The appraiser looked careful at the ring in order to determine its value.
___________________

6. Talk softly, please, or the baby might wake up.

___________________

7. If you don’t drive more careful next time, your mother and I will take
away your driving privileges.
___________________
61
8. It wasn’t too difficulty to find a bilingual secretary. In fact, it was easy.
___________________

9. The policeman was very serious when he explained how close I had been
to getting into an accident.
___________________

10. The fire chief’s report stated that the fire had probably been set
intentionally.
___________________

®how to write a complaint letter

Letter writing is an important form of communication in the U.S. How
important is letter-writing in your country?

HOW TO WRITE A COMPLAINT LETTER

Unsatisfied with the exercise equipment that you bought? Feeling ripped off by the
company’s promises that your new car will never stall in the winter, as you try for
the fifth time to get it to start? Upset by the way the postal service handled your
package? If so, don’t rant and rave about how you feel you’ve been wronged, but do
something about it: learn how to write a complaint letter.

Go to the top: It is better to send a request for action directly to the top, as
complaints receive more attention as they move from the top down. Find out who has
the power to meet your request. Usually it is the owner or president of the company.
Call first and find out who the “big cheese” is.

Stick to the facts: State your complaint calmly and logically. Don’t muddle what
happened with unnecessary details. If the airline lost your luggage, state the problem
in your letter, including the date, flight, color and model of the lost piece, copies of your
baggage claim tickets or other receipts, statements from witnesses, and a list of the
names of people from the company who helped you. Don’t insult or degrade – merely
state the problem as simply as possible.

Get to the point: Make your terms as clear as possible. Say what you want done and
when. It is possible to overshoot a little, but be reasonable. In the case of the luggage,
perhaps you could be reimbursed for the items lost, or given an upgrade on your next
ticket, but don’t expect the airline to provide free round-trip tickets to the Bahamas
for your whole family.

Have a plan: Establish what your next step will be if the company ignores your
request. It may be calling the Better Business Bureau, posting a complaint on a
public web site, or going to the competition. Only involve a lawyer in extreme cases,
or you may not be taken seriously.

62
. Answer TRUE or FALSE.
_____1. Address the letter to anyone in the company; the employees will
make sure it goes to the right person.
_____2. Include important product information.
_____3. The owner of a company is usually too busy to address your
complaint.
_____4. When you write a complaint letter, it is acceptable to ask for
whatever you want.
_____5. Always contact a lawyer.
_____6. Let the company know what you will do if your terms are not met.
_____7. Let the company know how upset you are by insulting the
employees and products.
_____8. Writing a complaint letter is a good way to inform the company
about your problem.

. Think of something that you have bought that you were not satisfied
with. Write a complaint letter to the company using the advice from the
article.

[] CONVERSATION
What products do you think would be easy to sell by phone?
What techniques do people who sell by phone, telemarketers, need to use
in order to keep their customers interested in their product?

Imagine that you are a telemarketer. Call another classmate and try to
get him/her to buy your product. Keep the client on the phone for as
long as possible.

@ Adjectives/adverbs
and nouns with enough
Ian makes enough money for both of us.
Do you have enough groceries to last you the rest of the week?
She is modest enough not to brag when she gets the highest marks.
At the peak it was cold enough for it to snow.

adjective / adverb + enough

enough + noun
• The position of enough varies.
• Place enough after an adjective or adverb.
• Place enough before a noun.

63
 It possible to delete the noun following enough when
Înote: the meaning is clear.
Jeff forgot to buy the eggs for breakfast. Do you have
enough for the five of us?

- exercise 1: enough (oral)

Your partner will ask you the following questions. Answer them using
enough plus the word in ( ) following each question. You may need to use
the negative.
Example: Were you on time for your appointment? (early)
Yes, I arrived early enough.

1. Are you going to buy a new car this year? (money)

2. Do you like your coffee as it is? (sugar)
3. Are you satisfied with your new place? (modern)
4. Does your car seat five people? (big)
5. How is the new secretary working out? (hard)
6. Is your steak okay? (cooked well)
7. How did Luis take the news? (well)
8. How did the meeting go? (people)

- exercise 2: enough
Add enough to each sentence by placing an asterisk (*) where it should be.

Example: I don’t have * money to go with you on your trip.

1. There are students to open up three more courses.

2. Is your new boss patient with his employees?
3. Do you have information to tell the police?
4. The bus was too crowded because there weren’t seats.
5. We don’t have food for so many guests. Would you please run
to the store?
6. There isn’t drinking water in this town.
7. Does Byron play the piano well to give me lessons?
8. My apartment is big for a family of five.
9. Her cooking is good for me.
10. Do you believe this class is challenging?

64
 V pronunciation
/j/
With a partner, think of four words that contain a /j/ sound, like the sound
in jar.
___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

What are some possible spellings for the /j/ sound?

_______ _______ _______

• The following spellings are possible for the /j/ sound (voiced). Listen
and then practice.
-j- -g- -du-*
juice generic individual
join age graduate
jump generous procedure

The -du- spelling sounds like /j/ only when it occurs

within the middle of a word, but not at the beginning.
Înote: Even in the middle of the word, sometimes it does not
produce the sound.
EXCEPTIONS
dual dumb duty production

/zh/
• The spellings -su- and -si- produce the /zh/ sound (voiced). This sound
never occurs at the beginning of words. Listen and practice.

-su- -si-
usual collision
measure revision
pleasure Asia
leisure division

65
! PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE: /J/ VS. /ZH/
Listen to each word in a sentence. One time the word will be pronounced
correctly. Another time it will be pronounced incorrectly. Circle the
number of the sentence (1 or 2) in which the word was pronounced
correctly.

1. casual 1 2
2. rage 1 2
3. erosion 1 2
4. division 1 2
5. leisure 1 2
6. residual 1 2
7. individual 1 2

[] advertising to kids
Is it true that nowadays, more than ever, children have spending
power?

Answer TRUE or FALSE.

_____The typical child sees about 20,000 commercials per year.
_____At 20 months, children can already recognize brand names.
_____By the age of 12, children in the U.S. are often sent coupons in the
mail.
_____Children represent the largest consumer market.
_____Kids 14 and under spend an estimated $20 billion a year on
products.

TURN TO PAGE 68 FOR THE ANSWERS.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. How do advertisers market their products to kids?

2. What are some gimmicks advertisers use to “trap” kids into buying
their product?
3. Think of examples of commercials that advertise towards children
in order to reach the parents.
4. Why would U.S. companies rather have children 18 and under as
consumers of their products than adults?

66
 @ adverbs

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

carefully more carefully most carefully
cautiously less cautiously least cautiously
quickly more quickly most quickly

• Like adjectives, adverbs also have three forms.

• Adverbs usually are not followed by the suffix (-er or -est), but
instead use more/less for the comparative, and most/least for the
superlative.
• Use comparative and superlative adverbs in the same way you use
comparative and superlative adjectives.

I drive more cautiously than my father.

Sally behaved more recklessly than George at the party last night.
She arrived sooner than we thought she would.
Bertha reads the newspaper the most slowly of anyone in her family.

• Some adverbs use the suffix (-er or -est).

faster sooner later

• Some adverbs and adjectives are irregular.

far further furthest

farther farthest
little less least
much/many more most
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst

You played better yesterday than today.

Carl’s sister is the worst student of all the children in the family.
It is further to go to L.A. than to Las Vegas.
I have less money in my bank account than in yours.

67
- exercise 1:adverbs-comparatives and superlatives
Finish each sentence with the correct form of the adverb in parentheses.

1. He spoke _____________ about his sister today than yesterday. (good)

2. Noriko left _____________ than her sister. (soon)
3. In our class, Shelly studies the _____________. (diligently)
4. Rachel ran the _____________. (fast)
5. I will call you _____________, if that’s all right. (late)
6. William writes the _____________ of anyone I know. (illegibly)
7. Kimberly and Ann drive _____________ now that they have insurance.
(carefully)
8. Javier spoke _____________ about his photography class than his math
class. (mysteriously)

§ writing
Would you consider Ecuadorian culture to be a shopping culture? Why
or why not?
What is the role of shopping in our world today?

ø internet
Have you ever been to an auction? At an auction, you can sometimes get a
good deal; people bid on items for different prices, and the highest bidder
gets the product. Of course, sometimes you end up paying more than what
the owner had hoped – but that’s all part of the “game.” You can attend an
online auction at www.ebay.com. Use this web site to sell anything you
have. Maybe you will bring in more than you were expecting. Or, go to e-
bay and buy anything your heart desires: art, rare coins, antiques, books,
pottery, cars, even real estate. E-bay could easily be the world’s largest
shopping mall!
. Look for something online that you would like to buy, at a couple of
different web sites. Compare prices and shipping information. Prepare a
brief report about the differences in price and web sites.

Answers to “Advertising to Kids,” page 66.

All are TRUE.
Answers to “Slogans,” page 52.
Dimetapp Cough Syrup (It relieves kids as well as colds.)
J & J Baby Powder (Like magic for your skin.)
Pepperidge Farms Cookies (Never have an ordinary day.)
Miller Lite Beer (Tastes great. Less filling.)
American Express Credit Cards (Make life rewarding.)
Domino’s Pizza (Because nobody delivers better.)
Lancôme Make-up Products (Believe in beauty.)
Listermint (Make your mouth a cleaner place.)

68
[] technology survey
HOW DO YOU USE TECHNOLOGY? HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT
TECHNOLOGY?
u
1. Rank the following appliances in order from the most important for
you (1) to the least important (5):
microwave, washing machine, blender, telephone, TV

2. If you could only have one of the following – a computer, a telephone,

or a car – which would you prefer? Why?
n
3. Do the devices below help us save time, or do they make us waste
time? Why?
computer
e-mail
Internet
cell phone
i
4. If you had the possibility to work from home by computer and never
have to go into the office again, would you take it? Why or why not?

5. Would you consider dating someone that you met only on the
Internet? Why or why not?
t
How did others answer? Fill in the chart below with their information.

NAME HOW FEELS ABOUT TECHNOLOGICAL

TECHNOLOGY PREFERENCES

4
Who had similar answers to you? Cyber
Age
69
[] advancement through technology
How has science most advanced society?
What is the negative impact that science has had on society?
What has been the greatest medical advancement in the past century?
What will be the greatest medical advancement in the next ten years?
What will be the representative technology or device fifty years from
now?

@ comparisons
My watch is more expensive than yours.
The temperature in St. Paul was higher than that of Madison.
The people of Winona are friendlier than those of Grand Fork.

• When making comparisons, also be sure that like entities are being
compared.
• If comparing possessives, use the possessive form.

His grades aren’t as good as his brother.

(Compares his grades and his brother: incorrect -– unlike entities.)
His grades aren’t as good as his brother’s.
(Compares his grades and his brother’s grades: correct – like entities.)

• For other subjects, make sure the subjects are of the same class.
• For singular subjects, use that of to avoid repetition.

The motor of a Japanese car is more reliable than an American car.

(incorrect: compares a motor to a car)

The motor of a Japanese car is more reliable than that of an American car.
(correct: compares a Japanese motor to an American motor)

• For plural subjects, use those of to avoid repetition.

The students of Blair University presented more interesting projects than

the University of Hopkins.
(incorrect: compares the projects to a university)

The students of Blair University presented more interesting projects than

those of the University of Hopkins.
(correct: compares the projects of Blair to the projects of Hopkins)

70
- exercise 1: comparisons
Make sentences comparing the following items:
1. you and one of your family members
_____________________________________________________________
2. your class and the class next door
_____________________________________________________________
3. Ecuador and the U.S.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Ecuador and Peru
_____________________________________________________________
5. German shepherds and chihuahuas
_____________________________________________________________
6. planes and automobiles
_____________________________________________________________
7. juice and soda pop
_____________________________________________________________
8. wine and beer
_____________________________________________________________
9. fast food and home-cooking
_____________________________________________________________
10. an ostrich and a hummingbird
_____________________________________________________________

! the future of flight

What are the different ways humans have conquered the phenomenon of
flight?

Finish the sentences after listening to “THE FUTURE OF FLIGHT.”

1. Michael Moshier invented _______________________________________.

2. The Solo Trek is a machine that ___________________________________.
3. Riding the Solo Trek would be like _________________________________.
4. Moshier has sold his invention to _____________, which plans to use it
for _______________________________.
5. Moshier’s dream has always been to _______________________________.
6. It took Paul Moller _______ years to invent a
_________________________.
7. Moller’s invention can reach speeds of _____________, and costs about
$________________.
8. Another person who invented the same thing as Moller was
_________________.

Would you be willing to use any of these inventions if they were

accessible to the public?

71
 G vocabulary
What do the bold-faced expressions mean? Use the examples to help
you.

1. While she was studying the metabolism of fish, the scientist came
across a bacteria that produces an indigo-colored substance.
2. Would you please look over my thesis and check for typographical
errors?
3. I am reading up on the mission to Mars because I don’t know
anything about it.
4. It took scientists a while to figure out how to model natural images
on a computer, but when they did they were able to make more believable
animated characters.
5. The student didn’t carry out the teacher’s directions, and so she
wasn’t able to finish the homework properly.
6. Did the project you proposed at work go over well?
7. Environmental toxicologists are going to carry on with their
research about the effects of chemical substances on fish.
8. The criminal science investigator is looking into the causes for the
woman’s death, and has come to the conclusion that it was a murder.
9. How is your thesis coming along? Have you made any progress yet?
10. Adela is researching the marketing of herbal medicine.

Match the definition to the word.

WORDS
research (a topic) ______________ look over ______________
come along ______________ read up on ______________
come across ______________ figure out ______________
carry on with ______________ go over ______________
carry out ______________ look into ______________

DEFINITIONS

examine, review continue

succeed discover by accident
progress solve something
complete/accomplish research a topic for a reason
investigate,explore learn/examine something new about a topic

72
 ® hydrogen fuel
What are the most common sources of energy used nowadays?

What are alternative sources of energy that might be used in the future?

HYDROGEN FUEL
Pollution produced by cars and other forms of transportation, such as buses, has
been a major concern for environmentalists and inhabitants of large cities. The more
cars produced each year and released onto our roads and highways, the more the
quality of our air deteriorates. Pollution and its effects on the future environment of
our planet are not our only worries, however. A growing concern is our depleting oil
supplies. Once gone, there will be such a great need for another form of energy that –
if not found quickly – the world as we know it will change forever.

There is a new alternative, however, which is beginning to get some attention. It is

hydrogen, the planet’s most abundant element. With special technology, hydrogen
could be chemically broken down in order to generate electricity. One of the
process’s major benefits is that it does not produce any harmful byproducts or
emissions. In fact, the only byproduct from the chemical reaction is water.

This technology could change nonchalant attitudes toward environmental awareness,

and even change politics, as countries would no longer rely on foreign-produced oil.

So how does the technology work? It all depends on something called a fuel cell. Fuel
cells are not new – rocket scientists used fuel cells as long ago as the first trip to the
moon. Until recently, they have been too complicated or expensive to produce on a
large scale. This is about to change, however.

A fuel cell is basically a power generator. It makes electricity by combining

hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is passed through a special membrane which only
allows the hydrogen proton to go through. As a result, the electron is forced to hurry
around the membrane in order to catch up with the proton on the other side. This
creates electricity. Heat and water are also produced, but no harmful exhaust
emissions.

The technology is complex, and there are many things that will need to be changed
before it can be released into the mainstream, such as building hydrogen stations
where drivers can fill up with the flammable gas. But don’t be surprised if some time
in the near future you hear: “Fill ‘er up with $20 of hydrogen, please.”

. COMPREHENSION
Match the two clauses together to form ideas from the reading.

Environmentalists are worried and will require many other changes.

Hydrogen is a good fuel source
A fuel cell makes electricity
Every year more cars are produced,
Fuel cell technology is complex
Water is the only byproduct,
Fuel cells were first used
The technology creates electricity
which makes it ideal as an energy source.
which increases pollution.
by scientists for the first trip to the moon.
by combining hydrogen and oxygen.
by forcing the hydrogen electron around a membrane
because the quality of air is decreasing.
because it is the most abundant element.

73
. DISCUSSION
1. If hydrogen replaced gasoline, what effect would this have on your
country?
2. How would the replacement affect your personal life?
3. What could be possible drawbacks of this change?

@ equal comparisons
Tony is as worried about the situation as I.
Tony drives as well as I do.
Natalie can run as fast as her brother.
That book isn’t as difficult to read as yours.
Her mother is as understanding as mine.

subject + verb + as + adj./adv. + as + noun/subject pronoun

• An equal comparison shows that two entities are exactly the

same (or, in the case of the negative, are not).
• Use as to show the equality of the comparison.
• If using a pronoun after the expression, the subject pronoun
should be used.
• To compare nouns, use as much/little or as many/few.

There weren’t as many people at the concert as we were expecting.

I have as much information as he does.
Tracy’s apartment has as little furniture as yours.

• With a negative verb, it is possible to use so + adj./adv. + as.

Hank isn’t so tall as Mark.
Nicole is not so impatient as her father.

- exercise 1: equal comparisons

Find another way to say it using an equal comparison.

1. Clark has six brothers. So do I.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Simon is handsome. So is his father.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Angela is tall. Her sister is, too.
_____________________________________________________________
4. My necklace was expensive. My bracelet was, too.
_____________________________________________________________
74
5. Jessica is reliable. So is Sarah.
_____________________________________________________________
6. Como Lake is deep. Phalen Lake is, too.
_____________________________________________________________
7. I drive fast. My sister also drives fast.
_____________________________________________________________
8. The movie The Others was scary. So was Independence Day.
_____________________________________________________________

Lzoom
The new building on Seventh Street is the same height as
our apartment building.
My dog is the same size as Mary’s cat.
These exercises are the same as the ones we did yesterday.
Andy’s address is the same as it always was.

subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun

• The expression the same as is another way to express an equal

comparison.
• The same as can be followed by a noun, but not an adjective or adverb.
• The opposite of the same as is different from. Do not say different
than.

Our answers are different from hers.

Minnesota’s climate is different from Florida’s.

- exercise 1: equal comparisons-same as

Change the equal comparison to a similar comparison using “the same.”
1. I am as tall as she.
_____________________________________________________________
2. Jack isn’t as heavy as James.
_____________________________________________________________
3. My car is as fast as yours.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Irene’s hair is as long as Merle’s.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Our house is as large as yours.
_____________________________________________________________
75
 [] what a waste!
How do you feel about the importance of the inventions below? Rate
your feelings about each invention’s importance on a scale of 1-5.

1 – Very strongly agree

2 – Agree
3 – Don’t agree or disagree
4 – Disagree
5 – Very strongly disagree

the atomic bomb

chemical and biological weapons
submarines (for deep-sea exploration)
the Hubble Space Telescope (for space exploration)
cloning and genetic manipulation
satellites
chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Cable TV

What do you feel never should have been invented?

[] mad scientists
When has technology gone too far?
Taking drugs:
to be prettier
to be smarter
to live longer
Modifying DNA:
to prevent baldness
to make taller
to fight disease
Plastic surgery:
to see better/hear better
to put language chips in the brain
to install memory chips in the brain
to eliminate wrinkles
Does science have a moral obligation to society? Can science indeed
“go too far”?

76
 @ unequal comparisons
My jokes are funnier than yours.
Karen is taller than you, but shorter than I.
The shoes that are on sale are more expensive than the pair you have in your
hand.

subject + verb + comparative adj./adv. + than + noun

• Unequal comparisons show that two entities are comparable to a

greater or lesser degree.
• Use the comparative structure.
• To intensify an unequal comparison, add much or far (not both)
before the comparative form.

Jessie’s car is much more expensive than James’s.

The English department is far more organized than the Science
department.
Your necklace is much prettier than Lucy’s.

subject + verb + far/much + comparative adj./adv. + than + noun

• To use nouns in an unequal comparison, use as more/fewer/less.

There are fewer students in our school than in yours.

Sally has less homework tonight than last night.
We need more examples than the ones in the book.

subject + verb + {more,fewer,less} + noun + than + noun

- exercise 1: unequal comparisons

Compare the following pictures.

1. % &
_____________________________________________________________
2. E C
_____________________________________________________________
3. t T
_____________________________________________________________
4. h p
_____________________________________________________________

77
5. S G
_____________________________________________________________
6. a _
_____________________________________________________________
7. ( b
_____________________________________________________________
8. % )
_____________________________________________________________
9. H B
_____________________________________________________________
10. I M
_____________________________________________________________

- exercise 2: unequal comparisons-nouns

Fill in the blank with one of the nouns below. Use a comparison
(more/less).
research coins homework
friends space bird varieties
children furniture

1. Do you have enough change? There are ________ _________ on my

dresser.
2. This university has conducted _________ _________ than the other one I
worked for.
3. The trunk of my car has _______ ________ than your trunk.
4. There are far _______ ______________ in Ecuador than in France.
5. Compared to my house, yours has much ________ ___________ than mine.
All of my rooms are so full that I don’t have anywhere to put anything
else!
6. Kellogg High School has gotten bigger since I was a kid. There are far
________ _________ now.
7. Because we have to study for finals tomorrow, we got _________
___________ today than yesterday, so we thanked the teacher.
8. Debbie has _______ _________ than I because she is so shy. It is really
hard for her to meet new people.

- exercise 3: equal vs. unequal comparisons

Supply each sentence with as, than or from.
1. When she learned of her husband’s affair, she got angrier __________ I
had ever seen her.
2. Your shyness is so different __________ your sister’s outgoing
personality.
3. I don’t think I will ever be as tall __________my mother is.
4. My wife makes more money __________ I do.
5. I wish I could figure out if my new job is going to be more exciting
__________ my old one.
6. We are far more excited about the trip __________ you will ever be.
78
7. The twins are so different __________one another that you’d think they’re
not even related!
8. A new house in your neighborhood is the same price __________an old
one in mine.
9. Nobody is as generous __________ Veronica.
10. I’d have as many problems __________ you if I had those kinds of friends.

- exercise 4: equal vs. unequal comparisons

Choose the correct word(s) in ( ) to complete each sentence.

1. He is not (so tall, so tall as) his grandfather.

2. The climate in Quito is (different than, the same as) the climate in your
hometown.
3. Please drive (fast, faster). I am going to be late if you continue at this
speed.
4. It was (hotter, hottest) today than it has been in a long time.
5. Peter is as old as (me, I) but he looks much (young, younger).
6. Mark’s car works (more good, better) than mine.
7. The (most incredible, incrediblest) thing I’ve ever heard is that you’re
finally getting married!
8. Myra’s apartment building isn’t (the same comfortable, as comfortable
as) yours.
9. Amy’s grades have always been very different (from, than) those of her
brothers.
10. Sharon is (more happy, happier) to be home than she was at camp.

[] overpopulation
Plan a trip to Mars!
It is the year 2304. The Earth has quickly become too small for its
growing population. You are part of a team that plans to populate Mars.
Your group is in charge of deciding what is needed for the first
inhabitants of the red planet. Due to space and weight restrictions, you
may take no more than three items from each of the categories below.

food _____________ _____________ _____________

animals _____________ _____________ _____________
tools _____________ _____________ _____________
entertainment _____________ _____________ _____________
liquids _____________ _____________ _____________
educational materials _____________ _____________ _____________
weapons _____________ _____________ _____________

Another group has joined your mission, but you still may only take three
items from each category. What are you going to take?

79
 ® high-strung fish
Where does all the waste we produce go? What can we do differently to
prevent the pollution of our rivers and oceans?

HIGH-STRUNG FISH

Have you had your caffeine dose today? Maybe you haven’t, but some of the
fish in the rivers around your house probably have. Our pharmaceutical drugs
and toxins are showing up in the environment and in animals. A recent study
in a town in northern Norway, for example, discovered that the seawater near
the town had extremely high concentrations of caffeine. It is not an
exaggeration to say that soon the fish living in that seawater may experience
the caffeine shakes and insomnia.

It isn’t just caffeine that is showing up in waters around the world. Ecologists
are finding contraceptives, ibuprofen, synthetic masks, among many other
items, in waters near treatment plants. In a stream in a Dallas suburb,
environmental toxicologists have found fluoxetine, the active ingredient in the
antidepressant Prozac, in brain and liver tissues of the fish. The levels of this
drug are so high that scientists are becoming concerned about the
physiological effects they might have.

Because fluoxetine blocks nerves and creates a sense of relaxation and well-
being, it is reasonable to suspect that fish on Prozac would experience
behavioral changes. But it isn’t just fluoxetine that is a concern. Even the
chemical substances that come from personal care items such as soap and
shampoo can have an effect on fish. The bottom line is that fish should not
have any level of these substances, and so we do not know if any level is safe
for them. In the future, scientists hope to understand the effects of manmade
compounds and pollutants on our animals.

. DISCUSSION
1. Does anything in this article scare you? How could contamination of
this type affect us in the future?

2. What is the responsibility of companies in terms of pollution? Who is

responsible for keeping our environment clean: the government or the
companies?

3. What should the government do to companies who pollute or

contaminate the environment?

80
 @ multiple number comparisons
I have half as much work as you do.
In L.A. there are three times as many people now as there were ten years ago.
Carol found twice as much information on the subject as I, but she lost it all.

subject + verb + number multiple + as + much/many + noun + as

+ noun

• Multiple number comparisons compare the number of a certain item.

• They use number multiples: half, twice, three times, four times, etc.
• Use the phrase as much/as many as.

- exercise 1: multiple number comparisons

Use the information to write multiple number comparisons.
1. I have five books. My sister has ten.
______________________________________________________________

2. You have three cars. Your cousin has one.

______________________________________________________________

3. Jenny has two hours of homework. Kim has ten hours of homework.
______________________________________________________________

4. Sally makes $3/hr. Mike makes $6/hr.

______________________________________________________________

5. Mary wrote six pages of the report. Her partner only wrote two.
______________________________________________________________

6. I have three pages of information, but you have nine pages of

information.
______________________________________________________________

7. She bought two bags of potato chips, whereas her mother only bought
one bag.
______________________________________________________________

8. Jill ate four pieces of bread, but her brother ate eight pieces!
______________________________________________________________
81
 [] future of technology
What is the future of technology? Fifty years in the future, how will
these inventions be different? Will they look different?

cell phone
computer
television
fax machine
video games

ß the comma
ITEMS IN A SERIES

• Use commas to separate items in a series (adjectives, nouns, verbs).

Place the screwdrivers, wrenches, hammers, and nails on the top shelf.
My bed was hard, cold, narrow.
My bed was hard, cold, and narrow.

Înote: It is possible to omit the comma before and.

• Phrases in a series must also be separated by commas.

Put the cake in the oven, turn the oven on, and wait five minutes.
Call George, ask him if he can attend, and then call me back.

• Do not use commas if two items are linked by and.

It is a dark, rainy day. (yes)

It is a dark and rainy day. (no)

• Do not use commas after expressions that introduce a series of

items: such as, for example, like. A comma is often used before
these expressions, however.
Rachel loves to read classic novels, like Moby Dick and David Copperfield.
She has a few character flaws that keep her from finding a boyfriend, such
as being impatient and selfish.

82
- exercise 1: items in a series
Combine the items in a sentence, using them in a series.

1. dogs/cats/birds
______________________________________________________________
2. take out the trash/do the dishes/dust
______________________________________________________________
3. study/read/write
______________________________________________________________
4. beautiful/empty/deep
______________________________________________________________
5. interesting/exciting/new
______________________________________________________________
6. three pencils/five markers/seven erasers/two folders
______________________________________________________________
7. nouns/adjectives/verbs
______________________________________________________________
8. large/refreshing
______________________________________________________________
9. Coke/Fanta/Sprite
______________________________________________________________
10. spell your last name/state your address/give your birth date/tell me
where you were born
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 2: adding commas-review

Add commas where necessary.

1. You’ll need your social security number account number and birth
certificate in order to process your request.
2. Warren knew how to play the flute the drums and the piano.
3. Hey there are three people on the bus: Karen Michael and Brooke.
4. Dominique left the institute angry and distraught so she decided to call
her boss immediately and explain what had happened.
5. No books were on the table when I came home but there were some on
the floor.
6. No I don’t want to hear his dirty jokes again.
7. Well I am probably going to spend some time this weekend shopping
reading and relaxing.
8. There are some things I would never do to a friend such as betray his
trust steal his money and spread rumors about him.

83
 !computer-processed reality

Have you ever seen an animated film? How are animated movies today
different from those ten years ago?

COMPREHENSION
Answer the questions after listening to the talk about computer
modeling.

1. What is the biggest difficulty animators have when reproducing

digital images?
2. Define ray-tracing.
3. What are the two principal steps in computer modeling?
4. Which image would be more difficult to digitally reproduce – a car or
the fur of a cat? clouds or a building? Why?
5. How do you feel about digitizing objects in nature? When they
appear false, does it make you enjoy the movie any more or less?

@ double comparatives
The funnier she is, the harder I laugh.
The colder it is, the more miserable Jenny gets.
The sooner you go to the doctor, the better you will feel.
The more dangerous the sport is, the more enjoyable for her.

the + comparative + subject + verb, + the + comparative + subject +

verb

• Use comparative adjectives/adverbs when comparing the relationship

between two clauses.
• For verbs or other expressions that are not adjectives or adverbs, use the
more.

The more it snows, the more dangerous it is to drive.

The more you study, the better your grades are.
The more I worked, the more irritable I became.

the more + subject + verb, + the + comparative + subject + verb

84
 Lzoom
It is becoming harder and harder these days to find a job.
Every day there are more and more people without jobs.
Prices get higher and higher every day.
I get more and more confused the more the teacher talks.

• Two comparatives may be placed side by side in order to show

emphasis.

- exercise 1: double comparatives

Match the following phrases from Column A to those in Column B. Write
the resulting sentence on the line provided.

Column A
the more money you spend
the more he eats
the more Tom talks
the easier the test
the more I do homework
the earlier you leave
the bigger they are
the longer my boss makes me wait
Column B
the more tired I get
the faster you can finish
the more nervous I get
the sicker he feels
the harder they fall
the more impatient I become
the poorer you will become
the sooner you will arrive

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________________

7. ____________________________________________________________

8. ____________________________________________________________
85
- exercise 2: double comparatives (oral)
Ask the following questions to your partner. He / She should answer using
a double comparison.

Example: Did you have any luck finding a job?

No, it’s getting more and more difficult to find jobs.

1. What size envelope do you need for the card?

2. How is your English improving?
3. How is the economic situation of the country coming?
4. When do you like to wake up?
5. What do you think about the situation of garbage control in our city?

- exercise 3: error analysis-comparisons

In each sentence there are four underlined parts. Choose the part that is
INCORRECT and circle it. When you finish, check your answers with your
partner.

1. The trees in front of your house are the same kind as the ones in front of our.
A B C D
2. Their house is the same size as their cabin, but it is most elegant.
A B C D
3. Although we speak the same language and have some customs in common,
A B
my nationality is different than hers.
C D
4. We took a ten-minutes break an hour after class had begun since we
A B C
were so tired.
D
5. The methodology that our teacher is using this time is different from the one
A B C
that our another teacher used.
D
6. I didn’t get much sleep yesterday because my neighbor, along with his
A B C
relatives, were having a party.
D
7. My grandmother was always friendly as my grandfather, but they had
A B
different ways of expressing it.
C D
8. The dresser in the back room is the same heavy as the one in the living
A B C
room, but it is smaller.
D
86
9. Susanna is more prettier than I can ever hope to be.
A B C D
10. It doesn’t seem possible that Mary and her son are more better at
A B C
making trouble than at solving problems.
D
- exercise 4: comparisons
Look at the following ads in the Classifieds section of the newspaper. Write
sentences comparing the two items.

1. Computer 1 Computer 2
New computer for sale. Only Older, two-year computer in
been used once. Must sell for tiptop shape. PC. Price of $400
trip. Four software programs includes printer and six software
included. Large memory. programs. CD-ROM available
Price: $1000. With printer: for an additional $100. Small
$1100. Call now! Best oppor- memory, but can be expanded.
tunity. 344-9754 Call 234-9534 for more info.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

2. Apartment 1 Apartment 2
Large, modern 3-bdrm apt. Older, 2-bdrm, multileveled
with plenty of space and light. duplex in safe, convenient neigh-
Located in wooded area 30 min. borhood. 10 min. from downtown.
from downtown. 2 garage Perfect for families with small
parking. 2 bath., clean, cable, children. Cats allowed. Near
$990 / mo. Smoke / pet free. park. Parking on street. $605/mo.
481-3585 Call 692-7737 to rent.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

3. Gym membership 1 Gym membership 2

Get in shape for only $100/mo. Want to gain muscle? Harry’s
Come to Jim’s Gym. We have 3 Sweatshop is for you! New,
aerobic sessions per day. Capacity modern, up-to-date weight
100 , so act now. Swimming machines. Trained instructors
lessons, sauna, steam bath, run- make a training program that’s
ning track, state-of-the-art right for you. No pool, sauna.
equipment included in price. Grand Aerobics 3 times a day. Open
opening Oct. 27, 10% discount. 6 am-midnight. One-year
Check out our web site at membership only $1500. Capacity
www.jgym.com. for 200 memberships. 693-7298.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

87
- exercise 5: error analysis-comparisons

In each sentence there are four underlined parts. Choose the part that is
INCORRECT and circle it. When you finish, check your answers with your
partner.

1. If you must know the truth, I am much younger and far much wiser than
A B C D
your sister.

2. There are less people in our English class than there were last cycle.
A B C D

3. I have about as many friends from you, but they all live out of town.
A B C D

4. There are few days this month than there were last month, so be sure to
A B C
pay your bills earlier.
D

5. The funnier his jokes became, the most hard we laughed.

A B C D

6. We left as sooner as we had received word that the plane had landed safely.
A B C D

7. The more you talk about your bad luck, the worst you will feel.
A B C D

8. There are twice as many students in the Beginner’s level than in the
A B C D
Academic levels.

9. Your cooking will never be as good as my mother, but you can try.
A B C D

10. You had twice more opportunities as the rest of your brothers, but you
A B C
never tried very hard.
D

88
- exercise 6: rewording comparisons (oral)
Say each sentence in a different way, without changing the meaning of the
original sentence.

1. Jack is shorter than his cousin Emil.

2. I am about the same height as Johanna.
3. It didn’t take as long as I thought it would to get to Anna’s house.
4. There weren’t as many people at the stadium as there were two weeks ago.
5. There isn’t as much pollution in the countryside as in the city.
6. The pool at our hotel is about the same depth as the one we have back home.
7. The test was far easier than we had ever dreamed!
8. My boots cost the same as yours, but mine were on sale.
9. I go out on dates less than I used to.

[] scientist-for-a-day
If you could contribute to the advancement of society through a
scientific invention, what would you like to create?

What would your invention look like?

How would it work?
Who would it be available to?
How much would it cost to manufacture?
How and why is your invention more important and necessary
than those created by your classmates?

§ writing
When inventing and using new technologies, what do you consider
immoral? Should scientists be concerned about playing God? Should
they be worried about breaking the unspoken codes of society and its
values? When has science gone too far? What do you think the role of
science is?

89
 ø internet
What are some of the greatest engineering feats in the world? Where can
you find these manmade wonders? Go to www.engineeringsights.org for a
tour around the U.S. to experience some of these manmade structures. It is
a sightseer’s guide to engineering. Click on any state in the U.S. and you
will be directly transported to some of the most amazing structures created.
For example, see Hoover Dam in Nevada, which holds more than 4,360,000
cubic yards of concrete. Right next door in California is what some
(American) engineers consider one of the seven modern wonders of the
world: the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. One of the largest single-
span suspension bridges ever built, the Golden Gate towers stretch up over
700 feet into the sky. Or go to Chicago to see the Sears Tower, the second
highest building in the world (and first highest in terms of occupiable
space). From this enormous skyscraper you can see four states on a clear
day: Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. But don’t be surprised if
you see the tower sway a bit in the wind. Because of the strong winds
characteristic of Chicago, the Sears Tower was built especially to resist
them, and can sway up to six inches back and forth from its center of
gravity.

. Make a list of some of the greatest engineering feats in your country.

Choose one and prepare a tourist’s brochure with information about the
feat. How tall is it? What is it made of? Who created it? Why is it so
incredible?

90
[] modern-day heroes
Why might some people say that each person below is a
hero?
u
n
Mother Theresa Nelson Mandela Fidel Castro
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________

Describe a person from your country whom you consider a

hero.
_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________
i
_______________________________________________________

Find one classmate who agrees with you. Find one who
does not agree with you. t
[] and the winner is...
Rank the following people in the order of most heroic (1)
to least heroic (5).

____someone who saves a child from child abuse

____someone who saves a hurt animal

5
____someone who donates a kidney to a good friend

____someone who has dedicated his/her life to defending

the consumer He
____someone who gives money and time to a charity
which helps homeless children
ro
es
91
 @ ADJECtive clauses
The man who is standing next to Sally is her husband.
(The man is standing next to Sally. The man is her husband.)

The socks which I gave to Martha cost five dollars.

(The socks cost five dollars. I gave the socks to Martha.)

The books that are on the shelf are mine.

(The books are on the shelf. The books are mine.)

The woman whose car broke down in the parking lot called the car
company.
(The woman called the car company. The woman’s car broke down
in the parking lot.)

• Use adjective clauses to combine two sentences.

• A sentence containing an adjective clause can be separated
into two sentences; therefore, each part must contain a verb.
• Also called relative clauses.
• Use a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom, whose) to
replace one of the duplicate noun phrases which provide the
relationship between the two sentences.

RELATIVE PRONOUN REPLACES

that things (or people)
which things
who people
whom people
whose (+ noun) usually people (possessive)

Înote: The relative pronoun completely replaces the duplicate

noun phrase. There should not be a regular pronoun
that refers to the same noun as the relative pronoun.

Incorrect: The book that I read it is lost. (both that and it refer to the book)
Correct: The book that I read is lost. (only that is needed to refer to the
book)

92
 @ relative pronouns
WHO/WHOM
Mary, whom I saw at the concert last night, has gained a lot of weight.
The little girl who forgot her books on the bus will not be able to do her homework.
My cousins, whom I don’t usually see,were at the party.
The men who were at the party were Nancy’s brothers.

who + verb
whom + noun or noun phrase

• Use who to replace a duplicate noun phrase which is the subject of the
sentence.
The student who used this book was not supposed to write in it.
(The student used this book. The student was not supposed to write in it.)

• Use whom to replace a duplicate noun phrase which is the object of a verb.

The girl whom I saw at the movies is my friend’s daughter.

(The girl is my friend’s daughter. I saw the girl at the movies.)

• In informal English who often replaces whom.

• Whom is often used with a preposition.
• In formal written English, the preposition should come directly
before whom.

h grammar first aid

• If the preposition is part of a phrasal verb, then it cannot be
reasonably separated from the verb. In this case, the preposition
should remain with the verb.

Informal: The group of students whom the teacher is talking to is angry.

Formal: The group of students to whom the teacher is talking is angry.
Cannot separate: The child whom I had to pick up was waiting for me on the
corner.

93
- exercise 1: who or whom?
Choose the correct answer.
1. (Who/Whom) bought you the gift?
2. The woman (who/whom) I work for is from Ireland.
3. The patient (who/whom) the paramedics brought in an hour ago is doing
better.
4. (Who/Whom) was at the door?
5. (Who/Whom) did you call?
6. The little girl (who/whom) I saw in the shopping mall was lost.
7. My father, (who/whom) has always enjoyed playing football, is going to
referee the next match.
8. Would the customer (who/whom) is parked in the “no-parking zone”
please move his car?
9. Peter, (who/whom) was sick last week, is back in class today.
10. It turns out that the man (who/whom) I met at the party is Fran’s
uncle!

! everyday heroes

What makes a regular person a hero?

Listen.
Why is each of these people considered a hero?
a) Kristin Price
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

b) Edith Armstrong
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

c) Thomas Minnick
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Who do you think acted in the most heroic way?

Do you agree that all of these people should be considered heroes? Why
or why not?

94
. ACTIVITY
Imagine that you are a reporter for the NEWS IN BRIEF section of your local
paper. Write a small paragraph of no more than 30 words describing one of
these people. Use two adjective clauses.

[] heroic professions
When you were a child, what professions did you admire?

What are three professions that the majority of the class agrees to be
the most heroic?

Do you still agree that people who dedicate their lives to these
professions are heroic? Why or why not?

G vocabulary
GIFTS
Which words are positive? Which are negative? Write P or N.

____kind ____ostentatious ____decisive

____generous ____selfless ____selfish
____pompous ____charitable ____spontaneous
____self-sacrificial ____straightforward ____humble
____greedy ____stingy ____wishy-washy

Which of the words above are the most important for an everyday hero
to be?

Which words are opposites?

____________ and ____________
____________ and ____________
____________ and ____________
____________ and ____________

95
 ® mentoring
Are mentors for everyone? Who needs a mentor? What good can
mentors do?
MENTORING: MOVING TOWARD THE FUTURE

When you were young, did you ever have a mentor? Someone who was like a big
brother or sister to you, someone whom you could talk to, play sports with, hang out
with? A mentor is a role model, someone who fills an empty space in a child’s life.
Luckily, mentoring is becoming a leisure activity – one that not only helps
disadvantaged individuals but also society as a whole.

The largest mentoring program in the U.S. is Big Brothers Big Sisters of America.
Volunteers at this program are matched with young children between the ages of 5
and 12. “Big brothers” (or “big sisters”) are expected to visit their “littles,” as they
are called, at least once a week. The volunteers are positive forces in the lives of
these children, many of whom suffer from complicated issues such as teen
pregnancy, obesity, bullying, smoking, alcohol or drug abuse, and violence. It is the
mentors’ job not only to help prevent their littles from experiencing these problems,
but also to set good examples themselves.

Studies show that mentoring has a substantial positive effect. Children with
mentors stay in school longer, have better school attendance, exhibit less violent
behavior, and have fewer run-ins with drugs and alcohol than their non-mentored
peers. In the long run, this means crime prevention, the reduction of poverty, and
an overall positive influence on income and social inequality in the U.S. The goal is
to make mentoring a part of the “cultural expectation” by promoting a social norm
where members of a society are expected to give back through volunteer work.

It looks as if there have been results. Mentoring depends on its volunteers, and
volunteers have been stepping forward in record numbers. In 1999 there were
110,000 one-to-one matches for Big Brother Big Sister, but that number had climbed
to 210,000 just four years later. Now, with better screening techniques and
organization, mentoring is easy and safe. And it’s not just individuals who are
getting in on the action. The U.S. Congress is set to approve $100 million in support
for mentoring programs in 2004 – more than twice the amount ever approved for
mentoring programs.

There is no doubt: mentoring brings a human element into the lives of children who
have been orphaned by a parent’s death or incarceration. Mentors have helped
these children at risk to become full-functioning, healthy members of society. Ask
any one of the hundreds of thousands of littles. They’ll tell you the enormous impact
their big brothers and big sisters have had on them.

. COMPREHENSION
1. Describe Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. In less than 20
words, what do you think the organization’s mission is?
2. Who can benefit from a mentoring program?
3. Who are the mentors?
4. What is a little?
5. How do mentors help on a social level?
6. What might happen to these children if they did not have a mentor?
7. Is this program valuable in your opinion? What do you think
these types of programs say about U.S. society and family values?
96
 @ whose
The doctor is with a patient whose shoulder was dislocated in an accident.
The man whose lawyer contacted us yesterday is on line five.

• Whose demonstrates possession.

The girl whose drawing got a ribbon couldn’t come to the ceremony.
(The girl couldn’t come to the ceremony. The girl’s drawing got a ribbon.)

• Whose is mostly used for people. (In some cases, however, it may
be used for objects.)

- exercise 1: whose
Combine the sentences by changing the second one into an adjective clause
using whose.
1. The client is on vacation. His file is on my desk.
______________________________________________________________
2. The woman was sent to jail. Her pants were red.
______________________________________________________________
3. The neighbor is coming for dinner. Her family owns the Shop ‘n Save on
Dale St. ______________________________________________________________
4. The man said he would not go to the wedding. His children were not
invited.
______________________________________________________________
5. My friend is going to Acapulco this August. His parents live in Mexico.
______________________________________________________________
6. This show is about a woman. The woman’s husband leaves her.
______________________________________________________________

@ which/that
The books that/which are on the table are Mary’s.
(The books are on the table. The books are Mary’s.)
I bought the red dress that /which is on display in the window.
(The red dress is on display in the window. I bought the red dress.)

• Which and that refer to things.

• They are often interchangeable.
• In informal English, that also refers to people.

97
- exercise 1: relative pronouns
Fill in the space provided with a relative pronoun.

1. I am going to introduce you to a family _________ average income is

below normal.
2. The woman _________ I greeted was my fifth-grade teacher.
3. The movie _________ I saw last night was very scary but wasn’t very
long.
4. Dogs _________ bark a lot often do not bite.
5. The computer disks _________ I bought last Sunday were defective.
6. The man _________ Sally met turned out to be my best friend’s ex-
boyfriend.
7. You should find a friend _________ likes you just the way you are.
8. The noises _________ kept me awake last night were coming from the
factory near our house.
9. I think that Frank is the man _________ I am going to recommend for the
job.
10. Do you know someone _________ is willing to work weekends?
11. The award _________ the president gave to Millie was for Outstanding
Service to the Community.
12. The clerk gave me a rain check _________ was good for three weeks after
the expiration date.
13. The groceries _________ my father bought were left out in the hot car,
and now everything has spoiled.
14. Is she the person _________ you were telling me about?
15. Would the person _________ car has the license plate number PPR-456
please approach the front desk?

- exercise 2: combining sentences

Combine the sentences by changing the second one into an adjective clause.

1. The concert was last night. We went to it.

______________________________________________________________
2. The radio was on sale. I bought it yesterday.
______________________________________________________________
3. He broke an antique glass. I had inherited it from my great-
grandmother.
______________________________________________________________
4. This is the table. I bought it at a store downtown.
______________________________________________________________
5. The students are from Central University. They are protesting.
______________________________________________________________
6. Jefferson is going to sell the bike. He bought it in Switzerland.
______________________________________________________________
7. You bring a dictionary to class. It is very old.
______________________________________________________________
98
8. I saw a woman. She had very short hair and a tattoo on her arm.
______________________________________________________________
9. I called a client last night. She was worried about the results of her
exam.
______________________________________________________________
10. The employees are very angry about the strike. You don’t get along
with them.
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 3: choosing relative pronouns

Choose the correct word in ( ) to complete each sentence.

1. The Gladys (whom, who) you are calling is not related to me.
2. The year (who, that) Liga lost the championship was the year (whose,
that) I was born.
3. The number of students (who, whom) have not shown up for class is
relatively high.
4. All of the money (which, who) was stolen was recuperated last night by
the police.
5. The neighbor (who, whose) dog is a Doberman was arrested because of
negligence.
6. I’ll give the answers to the person (who, whom) answered all the
questions.
7. The game of solitaire (whom, which) I like the most is called “Idiot’s
Delight.”
8. The committee is composed of people (whom, who) are dedicated to the
advancement of science.
9. The clock (that, whose) is on the table belonged to my father.
10. This letter is addressed to the woman (who, whom) is in the front row.

- exercise 4: combining sentences using

adjective clauses(oral)
Your partner will read you two sentences. Your book should be closed.
After you have heard the two sentences, make a new sentence by combining
the two with a relative pronoun. Then switch roles.

1. I did a puzzle with my uncle. It was very difficult.

2. You bought me some perfume. It smelled like roses.
3. John is the man. We are going to hire him next week.
4. We ate at a Thai restaurant. It was extremely fancy.
Switch roles:
5. We played games all night. They seemed childish.
6. Francis is the student. The university is going to nominate him for a
scholarship.
7. The man is my uncle. He is wearing a police uniform.
8. The teacher is talking to the student. The student’s paper was the worst
in the class.
99
- exercise 5: ADJECTIVE clauses
Fill in the ideas below. Then write sentences with the ideas using adjective
clauses.

Something
that scares you
that you can’t stand
that interests you
that makes you sad
that gives you the creeps
that disgusts you

Someone
whom you think is corrupt
whom you could love forever
whom you hate
whom you think is a genius

[] role models
Would you consider each of these celebrities to be role models?

Michael Jackson Britney Spears Hillary Clinton Maradona

Should celebrities be role models?

Do you believe that celebrities make good role models?
How important to you is a celebrity’s personal/private life?

[] what would you do...

to reduce crime in your neighborhood?
to help a needy neighbor with a terminally-ill child?
to help prisoners rehabilitate?
to fight racism in your child’s school?
to keep city parks clean?
to help with the homeless?

You belong to a nonprofit community organization that has enough

funds to spend on one of these projects. Which project is the most
important? How will you convince the rest of the community that it
is?

100
 @ non-identifying and
identifying clauses

• Every adjective clause is either non-identifying or

identifying.
• Identifying clauses directly identify which person or thing is
being referred to.
• Non-identifying clauses provide extra information about a
person or thing.

- exercise 1: distinguishing ADJECtive clauses

Look at the pairs of sentences below. Decide if the underlined adjective

clause identifies the person or thing it refers to, or if it is just additional
information.

1. a. The woman who cleans my house just came back from Chile.
b. Doris, who cleans my house, just came back from Chile.

2. a. I lent Harry a book which has a surprise ending.

b. I lent Harry The River Runs South, which has a surprise ending.

3. a. Did you like the chicken that we had last night?

b. I served him a second helping of chicken, which he ate quickly.

4. a. He’s dating a woman who he met through a chat group.

b. He’s dating Jane, who he met through a chat group.

5. a. The professor who teaches biology is absent today.

b. Mr. Tanis, who teaches biology, is absent today.

101
 [] survey
How would you react in the following situations?

1. You see a thief pick-pocketing an elderly man on the bus.

a) You look the other way. It is none of your business. Plus, the thief might
pickpocket you if you say something.
b) You get closer to the man and make a lot of noise, hoping that it will attract
attention and stop the thief.
c) You directly confront the thief and threaten to call the police.
2. You happen to notice a kitten stranded in a tall tree.
a) You keep on walking. It might have rabies, and you are not athletic enough to
climb the tree.
b) You point to the kitten as a group of people walk by, hoping that they will take
some action and save the animal.
c) You call the fire department and demand that they come with a high ladder and
rescue the small animal.
3. You notice a bus driver give a young child the wrong change on purpose.
a) You silently make a note of the license plate and bus driver and vow never to
take this particular bus again.
b) You approach the child and ask him to count his change.
c) You try to involve the whole bus by shouting out for everyone to hear, “You
should be ashamed of yourself, stealing money from a young child!”
4. You see a group of teenagers shoplifting clothes from a department store.
a) You don’t say anything. It isn’t your store, so why should you care? You were
a child once, and remember how thrilling it was to get away with something illegal.
b) You approach the teenagers and let them know that you saw them take the
clothes. You tell them that if they don’t put the clothes back, you will tell the
cashier to check their bags.
c) You immediately yell out “THIEVES,” and march the teenagers to the cash
register. While waiting for the manager to come, you give the kids a lecture on civil
responsibility.
5. You see some children drawing and writing on the backs of the seats in the trolley
bus while their parents look the other way.
a) You don’t do anything. If the children’s own parents don’t care about what
they are doing, why should you get involved?
b) You stare at the children and make sure that they notice that you are watching
what they do.
c) You tell the trolley bus driver and ask him to stop the bus. After giving the
parents a lecture on who owns public property, you tell them that they should either
clean the seats or pay a fine to have them cleaned.
6. You see someone’s wallet fall out of his back pocket while crossing the street.
a) You yell out to the person, but he doesn’t hear you. You kick the wallet to the
side of the street. The person is too far away and you are too tired to run after
him. Someone else will find it.
b) You stop to pick up the wallet. You look inside. There is no money in it, but
there is an ID. You plan to contact the man later and tell him that you have his
wallet.
c) You shout out to the man, hoping to get his attention. When he doesn’t
respond, you grab the wallet and run after him.

102
7. You see a burning house and a woman outside of it crying that her child is still
inside.
a) You call 911 from your cell phone and keep on going. You are going to be late for
work.
b) You stop and console the woman, who tells you that she called 911 five minutes
ago. You call 911 again and report the fire, telling them that a child is trapped
inside. You wait on the sidewalk with the woman, telling her that everything will be
OK.
c) You immediately rip off your jacket, wet it and put it over your nose. Without a
second thought, you rush into the house, screaming out for the child.
8. You go to the zoo and the guard says that he will give you a discount if you pay
him secretly instead of the cashier.
a) You give him the money and get in for half price. Why shouldn’t you take
advantage of the guard’s proposal, even if it is underhanded? The tickets to get in
are overpriced, anyway.
b) You tell the guard no thank you, then go to the cash register to pay. While there,
you tell the cashier that she should pay more attention to what the guard is doing,
but you don’t tell her why.
c) You make a scandal in front of the other workers and visitors. You then demand
that the guard be fired and threaten that if he isn’t, you will not come back to the zoo
again.

If you answered:
mostly a’s: You are the kind of person who minds his/her own business. This
does not always mean that you don’t care about others, but simply that you are
not willing to go out of your way to help them. You have your own family to take
care of, and know that if something were to happen to you, the results would be
disastrous. Therefore, you rarely help a person whom you don’t know, and rely on
others to solve the problem for you. You do not like to get involved, but someday
this careless attitude could backfire on you. Someday you might need the help of
another person.

mostly b’s: You would like to help people who find themselves in difficult
situations, but sometimes lack the courage to fight back. You are practical,
however, and do not put yourself at unnecessary risk. You rely on others to help
you solve problems, and do not like to face trouble alone. While you are not
completely nonchalant in a crisis, you do not generally take charge of the
situation. You could stand to be a little more assertive in order to be true to your
principles.

mostly c’s: You are very proactive. You immediately take charge of a situation,
looking for the best and fastest solution. You often put yourself at risk to help
others, and rarely ignore a situation that might be uncomfortable or difficult.
Your philosophy on life is to help as many people as possible, regardless of how
that might affect you. You might want to be careful, however, that you don’t put
yourself in a situation that is very dangerous. You should also be aware that
some people might try to take advantage of your willingness to help in the time of
a crisis.

Do you think most people would act in the same way as you? Why or why not?

103
 @ non-identifying clauses
My car, which consumes too much gasoline, is being repaired this week.
(You do not need to know this to know which car I am referring to)

Our students, who were all in the top twenty-five percent of their graduating
classes, have the best grades in the city.
(All of our students were in the top twenty-five percent of their graduating
classes.)

Provolone cheese, which I bought while I was in Wisconsin, is difficult to find

here.
(The cheese is identified by its name, Provolone, not by where it was bought.)

The concert was very good, which surprised us.

(It surprised us that the concert was very good.)

• A non-identifying clause provides additional information to

the sentence about a person or thing.
• It does not contribute to the meaning of the sentence, and
therefore may be removed with no consequence.
• Use non-identifying clauses when a person or thing has already
been clearly identified (by a proper name, for example.)
• Use commas to set off a non-identifying clause from the rest of
the sentence.
• Do not use that in a non-identifying clause.

- exercise 1: non-identifying clauses-commas

Add commas to the adjective clauses below.
1. Our teacher who is from Canada is absent today.
2. Otis whose children attend St. Mark’s is going to call you.
3. Jonathan who just finished his degree got a job as a physicist.
4. This beer which I bought in Jamaica is very bitter.
5. His jacket which is on the back of the chair is too small for me.

- exercise 2: non-identifying clauses

Combine the sentences, making the second sentence into a non-
identifying clause.
1. Mrs. Stewart was sent to court. She hired very expensive lawyers.
______________________________________________________________

104
2. Rachel is hosting my baby shower. She is my best friend.
______________________________________________________________
3. My car is in the shop. It can reach speeds of over a hundred miles
per hour.
______________________________________________________________
4. Martin Short is my favorite actor. He was in the movie Innerspace.
______________________________________________________________
5. We played tennis yesterday. It was fun.
______________________________________________________________
6. The book that she wrote was very good. It surprised me.
______________________________________________________________
7. Olivia took apart the computer. The computer was not working
properly.
______________________________________________________________
8. The race was over by 11:00. The race started at 9:00.
______________________________________________________________

[] human interest story

You are a reporter for the local news section of a TV station. Each week
you report on a human interest story. This week the topic is “Everyday
Heroes.” Choose one of the stories below for your report. In your
report, which airs tonight, you may interview the people involved, ask
opinions from the public, or ask eyewitnesses to the event to testify
about what they saw.

a woman who fights for the rights of the handicapped

a dog that saves a family in a fire

a mother who risks her life to save her child

a man who challenges the police force in order to seek justice

a child who saves a trapped animal

a toddler who calls 911 and saves his big brother’s life

105
 ® dr. king’s beloved community
What would be a perfect society?

DR. KING’S BELOVED COMMUNITY

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. made history in the
fight for racial equality. He also fought, however, for equality and justice for all. he
believed in the term “The Beloved Community,” first coined by the philosopher-
theologian Josiah Royce, founder of the Fellowship of Reconciliation. Dr. King
expanded the idea of The Beloved Community to make it a concrete and attainable
goal through the philosophy and methods of nonviolence.

Dr. King’s Beloved Community is not a lofty utopian ideal, nor is it an image of the
Peaceable Kingdom, where lions and lambs live side by side in harmony. Dr. King’s
Beloved Community is a global vision – a realistic goal where all people share in the
wealth of the earth. A place where poverty, hunger, and homelessness is not
tolerated, because international standards of decency will not allow it. A place
where racism and other forms of prejudice are replaced by a spirit of sisterhood and
brotherhood through the practice of love and trust. A place where international
disputes are resolved by negotiation and reconciliation – peace – instead of military
power – war.

Dr. King believed in nonviolence. An avid student of the teachings of Mohandes K.

Ghandi, King believed that one’s adversaries must be embraced, not rejected. He
truly believed in loving one’s enemy, and in doing so believed that the cycle of
revenge and retaliation would break apart. Dr. King believed in nonviolent boycotts
as an end goal of the Beloved Community. He felt that no conflict whatsoever need
be resolved by violence.

By adopting a strategy of nonviolence over violence, Dr. King saw the creation of the
Beloved Community as a result. “The aftermath of nonviolence is redemption. The
aftermath of nonviolence is reconciliation. The aftermath of violence is emptiness
and bitterness,” he said in his 1957 speech, Birth of a New Nation.

Dr. King knew that love was the answer to society’s ills. Still, not just any love
could resolve our problems. He distinguished between three types of love: eros,
“romantic love”; philia, “affection between friends”; and agape, “an understanding,
redeeming goodwill for all, an overflowing love.” Agape love makes no distinction
between an enemy and a friend; it engages them both. Agape love creates and
preserves the community.

The King Center continues to believe in Dr. King’s commitment to The Beloved
Community and nonviolence. Through his teachings, the Center seeks to reconcile
adversaries and advance social reform around the world.

. COMPREHENSION
1. Define The Beloved Community in 25 words or less.
2. What influence did Mohandes K. Ghandi have on the beliefs of Dr. King?
3. In Dr. King’s Beloved Community, what results from nonviolence? What results from
violence?
4. How do you think Dr. King would feel about the U.S. invasion of Iraq? How do you think
he may have advised G. Bush if he had been alive? How would Dr. King handle
international conflicts such as this one?
5. Do you see any inherent problems in Dr. King’s Beloved Community? Is it a realistic
community?
6. How close are we to Dr. King’s Beloved Community? What can we do as individuals to
promote his ideas of nonviolence and equality?
106
 @ identifying clauses
Students who get good grades in elementary school usually go on to
receive good grades in high school.
(Refers to a specific group of students.)

Birds that nest in trees are susceptible to high winds.

(Only birds which nest in trees are referred to – not all birds nest in trees.)

The parents whom I spoke to are excited about our new program.
(I only spoke to a select group of parents.)

• An identifying clause identifies, or distinguishes, one person

or thing from another.
• Identifying clauses are necessary in order to determine who or
what exactly is being referred to.
• Identifying clauses change the meaning of a sentence if
removed.
• Do not use commas with identifying clauses.
• Use that or which.

- exercise 1: identifying or non-identifying clauses?

Decide if the adjective clause in each sentence is identifying (I) or non-
identifying (N). If non-identifying, add the proper punctuation.

I N 1. Your friend whose mother is in the hospital came to see me

yesterday. What is his name again?
I N 2. Peter whose father is very sick has a lot of work to do.
I N 3. Janet wants a computer that comes with a lot of new
software.
I N 4. The papers that are on the table belong to my sister.
I N 5. Julie and Albert are going to get married by the priest who
baptized me.
I N 6. I went to see the new Mission Impossible movie which was
very boring.
I N 7. We played Monopoly which is the best board game.
I N 8. Children in Baltimore who had discipline problems at school
were sent to Kenya for rehabilitation.
I N 9. Children who speak while others are speaking are
disrespectful.
I N 10. Jerome whose uncle married my aunt goes to the same
school as my daughter.
107
- exercise 2: identifying clauses
Combine the sentences by changing the second one into an identifying
adjective clause.
1. A friend is someone. You can always count on a friend.
______________________________________________________________
2. I am going to call the carpenter. His workshop is on Main Street.
______________________________________________________________
3. People are lucky. They have money.
______________________________________________________________
4. The formulas are on page nine. They are related to this exercise.
______________________________________________________________
5. The nurse is with a patient. The patient’s ankle is sprained.
______________________________________________________________
6. The problem never occurred. We had been expecting it.
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 3: identifying or non-identifying clauses? (oral)

Decide which sentence provides the correct meaning of the original
sentence. Discuss your reasons with a partner.

1. The director signaled the actors who were supposed to enter the stage.
a) All of the actors were supposed to enter the stage.
b) Only some of the actors were supposed to enter the stage.
2. Will the students who got more than 95% on the test please see the teacher?
a) All of the students got over 95% on the test.
b) Only some of the students got over 95% on the test.
3. I am going to fix the TV, which is in the living room.
a) I have one television set in my house.
b) I have more than one television set in my house.
4. The car, which is in the garage, is going to the mechanic’s tomorrow.
a) I have one car.
b) I have more than one car.
5. The children who are playing soccer are in fifth grade.
a) All the children are in fifth grade.
b) Only some of the children are in fifth grade.
6. The children, who have vacation today, are going to go to a movie.
a) All of the children have vacation today.
b) Some of the children have vacation today.
7. We call the dog that is brown with black spots Dottie.
a) There is only one dog.
b) There is more than one dog.
8. The students, who had ten hours a week of English, have become almost
fluent in the language.
a) All of the students had ten hours of English a week.
b) Only some of the students had ten hours of English a week.
108
 9. The students who had ten hours a week of English have become almost fluent
in the language.
a) All of the students had ten hours of English a week.
b) Only some of the students had ten hours of English a week.
10. Animals which have a spinal column are called vertebrates.
a) All animals have a spinal column.
b) Only some animals have a spinal column.

- exercise 4: combining sentences with ADJECtive

clauses
Combine the two sentences by changing the second into an identifying or
non-identifying adjective clause.

1. My sister is washing the car. Her husband is out of town.

______________________________________________________________
2. We saw the movie Poltergeist last night. It was terrifying.
______________________________________________________________
3. I bought some shoes. They were imported.
______________________________________________________________
4. My son turns three this Sunday. His name is Dylan.
______________________________________________________________
5. The storm lasted for about one hour. It left many houses in our
neighborhood damaged.
______________________________________________________________
6. Do you remember Mr. Blake? He introduced me to my wife.
______________________________________________________________
7. My brother said that he can help you. He is a businessman.
______________________________________________________________
8. I read a book. It was about a family. The family’s house was repossessed
by the government.
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 5: error correction-ADJECtive clauses

Each of the sentences below is incorrect. In pairs, decide why the sentence
is incorrect, and then change it so that it is correct.

1. The sound system that I bought it last week at full price went on sale today for
thirty percent off.

2. The person who I spoke to on the phone was very nice, but did not give me
the information that I was looking for.

3. Mr. Jackson, who grandfather founded this company, passed away last night.

4. Mr. Johnson who is thirty years old has a wife and two children.

5. The man who I recommended for the job decided that he wanted to earn
more than the company had offered him.
109
6. The conclusions to my research show that children, that grow up in broke
homes, have more trouble at school than those who do not.

7. Teachers who they do not have patience with their students have difficulty
controlling them.

8. My cousin, whom do not see very often, got married last July.

9. Right now the host is talking to the man who’s wife got drunk and disrupted the
party.

10. Philip sold a sweater at the garage sale which was red with purple
and pink stripes.

[] super heroes
WHO IS IT?

_______________ selhcrue _______________ itcnpaa raiamce

_______________ tgihmy umsoe _______________ eapmisrdn
_______________ enordw aonwm _______________ boinr odoh
_______________ dierbeilcn kuhl

TURN TO PAGE 117 FOR THE ANSWERS.

Who is the best hero? Find someone else in the class who agrees with you. Write a
small paragraph explaining why you chose this particular super hero.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

CREATE A SUPER HERO

What makes a super hero?

Create your own super hero.

What is your super hero’s name?
Who does your super hero help?
What does he/she look like?
What is your super hero’s background?
What extraordinary powers or qualities does he/she have?
Does he/she have any weaknesses?

CREATE A VILLAIN
Create a villain that could destroy one of the super heroes created in
your class.

110
 ! CREATORS OF SUPER HEROES
What is the future of comic books? Will movies replace them
completely?

CREATORS OF SUPER HEROES

After listening to the talk about the lives of two comics creators,
answer the questions.

COMPREHENSION
1. What is the difference between the work of Kirby and the work of
Lee?
2. Who do you think is more responsible for the success of a super
hero: the illustrator or the writer?
3. Whose job do you think is more difficult? more fun?
4. The speaker suggests that comic books are not as popular as they
once were. What does the article attribute to this? Do you believe that
it is true?

[] CONVERSATION
Most super heroes get their start in written forms: the comics in the
newspaper or comic books. Some, however, have graduated to film.
Which films have used super heroes as their main character?

Using a super hero as your inspiration, which movie would you

create?
How would you adapt the movie?
Would you like to see a movie dedicated to the life of a famous
villain?
Why? Which one?

Popular terror movies like Frankenstein and Dracula were originally

literary works. Now they, too, have been adapted for the big screen.
What other books have become movies?

Is the movie always better than the book? Why?

Do you prefer to see the movie or read the book first?
What are the advantages of each medium (film and novel)?

111
 @ ADJECTIVE clause reduction

A teacher whom my sister knows just won the lottery!

The woman who works at this window is on her lunch break.
The skirt that is on the chair is dirty.
The skirt that my brother gave me is red.
This shirt, which my sister gave me, has a stain.
The food that my mother served was delicious.
The food that we ordered at the restaurant was greasy.
Rachel ordered the fish, which was not very fresh.
Do you have anything that will clean this stain?

• Sometimes it is possible to omit the relative pronoun in an

adjective clause.

- exercise 1: rules for reducing ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

In which of the four sentences above is it possible to omit the relative
pronoun?
Tick (√) the rules.

We can omit the relative pronoun:

_____1. when it is used in an identifying clause.

_____2. when it is used in a non-identifying clause.

_____3. when it refers to the object of an identifying clause.

_____4. when it refers to the subject of an identifying clause.

_____5. when it is that or whom.

112
 h grammar first aid
RULES FOR REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• In identifying adjective clauses it is usually possible to omit the relative
pronoun when it is with the verb be.
• Omit both the relative pronoun and the verb be (along with its
auxiliaries).
• This occurs in the following cases:

• Before adjective clauses in the passive voice:

The papers which were obtained at the embassy are on your desk.
The papers obtained at the embassy are on your desk.

The mice which were given the drug are fast asleep.
The mice given the drug are fast asleep.

The contestants who are found at the right are all famous scientists.
The contestants found at the right are all famous scientists.

• Before prepositional phrases:

The teenagers who are on the corner are up to no good.
The teenagers on the corner are up to no good.

Those books which are under your seat are the ones I have wanted to read.
Those books under your seat are the ones I have wanted to read.

The liquid that is in the blue bottle is poisonous.

The liquid in the blue bottle is poisonous.

• Before progressive verb structures:

The child who was crying the loudest was in the most pain.
The child crying the loudest was in the most pain.

The man who is standing on the corner looks as if he is doing something illegal.
The man standing on the corner looks as if he is doing something illegal.

The kids that have been playing in the street are disrupting the traffic.
The kids playing in the street are disrupting the traffic.

• In non-identifying adjective clauses it is possible to omit the relative

pronoun when it is with the verb be, only when the verb be is followed by
a noun phrase.
• Omit both the relative pronoun and the verb be (along with its
auxiliaries).

Mary, who is my best student, is going to Lake Tahoe this weekend.

Mary, my best student, is going to Lake Tahoe this weekend.

Joanna, who is Kim’s best friend, is absent today.

Joanna, Kim’s best friend, is absent today.

113
- exercise 1: relative pronouns
Fill in the space provided with a relative pronoun. If it is possible to omit
the relative pronoun, write X.

1. The students _______ I asked to be early showed up at five o’clock.

2. The missionaries _______ were stationed in the jungle were from Frank’s
church.
3. The towels _______ I bought were white with a red stripe at the bottom.
4. The secretary _______ I talked to didn’t know what department I should
go to.
5. I’m looking for a hot water heater _______ turns on automatically.
6. The trouble _______ Tony has gotten himself into is quite serious.
7. _______ is that woman walking with the poodle?
8. Katie’s company, _______ was in the paper last week, has suddenly gone
bankrupt!
9. Mrs. Walters, _______ show is on cable every Saturday night, spoke at the
convention on woman’s rights.

- exercise 2: ADJECTIVE clause reduction

Decide if the following adjective clauses can be reduced. If so, cross out the
extra words.
1. The woman who danced with Bill last night was not his wife.
2. Carl Hagen, who was my seventh-grade English teacher, was in the
newspaper the other day.
3. Melanie, who owns her own dance studio, is an excellent dance
instructor.
4. The number of contestants who have won the big prize gets bigger every
day.
5. The answers that are at the back of the book are incorrect.
6. The child who is sitting on your steps is Ms. Fawcett’s little girl.
7. These are the results which were obtained from our research.
8. My house, which has two stories, is going up for sale in one month.

- exercise 3: error correction-ADJECtive clause reduction

The sentences below contain errors in the adjective clauses. Correct the
error.

1. Almost all of the people are asked to be on our show have university
degrees.
2. When I have a problem whom I cannot solve, I ask my mother for help.
3. The price of the car which was a Jeep had gone up.
4. Can you tell me what the person which is on the telephone wanted?
5. Natalia could not come to practice today, that was a problem, because
her team had a big game.
6. I spoke to the man whom changed your data in the computer, and he said
he was sorry.
114
7. Under penalty of law, the person whom does not follow these rules will
be prosecuted.
8. The accident, occurred at 3 p.m., took the lives of thirty people who were
going home for the holiday.
9. He is a person who his friends trust with their lives!
10. The picture of the mountains that I took it didn’t turn out because of the
lack of light.

V pronunciation

/sh/
Working with a partner, write five words that have the /sh/ sound, as
in wish.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________

What are some possible spellings for the /sh/ sound?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

• The following spellings are possible for the /sh/ sound (voiceless),
especially when they are found in the middle of a word. Listen and
practice.

sh- ci- -ti- -ssi- -ssu- ch-

shoe sociable initial recession issues chef
shine special national concession pressure machine
wash efficient essential possession assure Chicago

• Note that the -ssi- spelling is not pronounced like this when it
occurs due to the -ing ending.

expressing possessing

• Sometimes the ch- spelling is pronounced like /k/ : stomach, ache,

schedule
115
 /ch/
Think of five words that contain the /ch/ sound.

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________

What are two possible spellings for the /ch/ sound?

1. 2.

• The two possible spellings for the /ch/ sound are ch-* and -tu-.
Listen and practice.
ch- -tu-
chair future
chore natural
church situation

• Remember that the ch- spelling can also be pronounced like /sh/ as
in champagne, and /k/ as in stomach.

! PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE: /SH/ VS. /CH/

Listen to each word below in a sentence. One time the word will be
pronounced correctly. Another time it will be pronounced incorrectly.
Circle the number of the sentence (1 or 2) in which the word was
pronounced correctly.

1. cholera 1 2
2. social 1 2
3. essential 1 2
4. potential 1 2
5. Michigan 1 2
6. recession 1 2
7. beneficial 1 2
8. attention 1 2
9. temperature 1 2
10. adventure 1 2

§ writing
If you could have any superpower, what would it be and why?

116
 ø internet
Who is your favorite comic book hero? Do you know how that hero got
started? At www.marvel.com, you can not only learn all about the comic
book company, but also about its creations. Find out more about your
favorite X-man, check out the Hulk’s biography. Can’t remember who The
Fantastic Four were, or what their fantastic abilities were? Or want to
know which super hero the Green Goblin terrorized? Get the scoop on new
comics to be published. See the different Spider-man covers. It’s all here at
the Marvel Comics web site.

. Choose your favorite super hero at Marvel Comics. Write a short

biography about your hero, without using his/her name. Can anyone in the
class guess who it is?

Answers to “Super heroes,” p. 110.

Hercules, Captain America, Mighty Mouse, Spider-man, Wonder Woman,
Robin Hood, Incredible Hulk

117
 [] health survey
1. I exercise ____.
a. once a week b. three times a week
u
c. five times a week d. other

n
2. When I exercise I do so about ____.
a. 5-10 minutes b. 10-30 minutes
c. 30 minutes or more
3. I prefer ____.
a. outdoor sports b. indoor sports
c. any sports d. no sports
4. Do you take the stairs or the elevator when you
come to class?
Do you usually take a bus/taxi/ car or walk to class?

5. Which form of exercise is the most important?

a. weight training b. aerobic
c. bowling d. a combination of a & b
i
6. How many glasses of water do you drink per day?
a. 1-4
c. more than 8
b. 5-8

7. True or False? Eliminating carbs, like rice and

breads, from your diet will help you lose weight and be
healthier.
t
8. The best way to lose weight is by:
a. dieting b. exercising
c. taking diet pills or health supplements
d. surgery

6
9. The worst place to store excess weight is in the:
a. abdomen b. thighs
c. arms d. face

Who is the most health conscious in your group? Who is

the least health conscious? Health
Nut
(Turn to page 140 to see current health
recommendations.)

118
 [] first aid basics
What do you do in a crisis? What would you do if someone found
himself in one of the situations below and needed immediate help, but
you were the only one there to give it to him?

seizure poisoning animal bite

heart attack excessive bleeding shock

_________ Do not induce vomiting, especially if acid has been ingested.

_________ Give the victim aspirin.
_________ Keep the person warm.
_________ Get a series of anti-rabies injections.
_________ Apply firm pressure to the wound, but do not apply a
tourniquet.
_________ Do not restrain the person, but protect him from injury,
especially the neck.

Answers on p. 140.

@ adverb clause
Once she heard her name called, she stood up.
As soon as we arrived, the host got sick and sent us home.
In the event that there should be an earthquake, put on shoes and go outside.
The first time that I saw Jessica, I knew that we were meant for each other.
Now that she is gone, he realizes his mistakes.

• An adverb clause answers the questions why, where, how or when.

• They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions.
• Because of the nature of a clause, adverb clauses contain a
subject and verb.
• Adverb clauses are dependent clauses. When at the beginning
of the sentence, they must be followed by a comma.

119
 @ subordinating conjunctions
TIME (answer when?) CAUSE AND EFFECT (answer why?)
before because
after as/so long as
when inasmuch as
by the time (that) since
while as
when now that
as soon as so (that)
once in order that
as/so long as
as
since
until
whenever
the first time (that)

CONDITION OPPOSITION
(answer under what condition?) (show contrast)
if / only if / even if even though
unless although
whether or not though
providing (that) / provided (that) whereas
in case (that) / in the event (that) while

- exercise 1: adverb clauses

Complete the adverb clauses.

1. As soon as I get home tonight ___________________________________

2. Unless my favorite actor _______________________________________
3. Whereas English is ___________________________________________
4. While Mariela _______________________________________________
5. After _______________________________________
6. In the event that there should be an earthquake, _____________________
7. Before ___________________________________________
8. Since we never____________________________________
9. Whenever I hear this song, ____________________________________
10. As long as ____________________________________

120
- exercise 2: matching adverb clauses
Match the adverbs clauses to another clause.

A B
Rachel gets good grades since he hadn’t been coming to practice.
The coach took Randy off the team unless she apologizes for what she said.
Helen will make dinner now that her father is school principal.
Don’t take the elevator even though she saw the movie.
I won’t feel comfortable talking to her as soon as everyone arrives.
Melissa can’t remember the ending whereas her twin sister struggles in school.
Delilah has become very stuck up in the event that there is a fire.

- exercise 3: error correction-adverb clause

Circle the letter of the underlined part of the sentence which is incorrect.

1. The radio announcer predicted that there will be an enormous crowd buying
A B C
tickets for the concert at the coliseum tonight, unless it is raining or not.
D
2. Even if Mary and her brother make up, which I doubt, they will feel as
A B C
close as they once were.
D
3. We will go out to eat tonight whereas John is sitting at the table doing
A B C
his homework quietly when we get home.
D
4. So soon as the taxi arrives, we will leave for the airport, unless your relatives
A B C
call to say that they do not need us to pick them up.
D
5. You may go to any university you please, while you understand what it’ll
A B C
cost your father to send you.
D
6. While George gives me my change, I don’t care if he spent more on the
A B C
groceries than I asked him to.
D
7. Now there is a commercial I will get up and get you a drink and
A B C
something to eat.
D

121
- exercise 4: subordinating conjunctions
Choose the letter of the answer that best completes each sentence.

1. It doesn’t matter when you call me, ____ it isn’t before six a.m.
a) so long as c) when
b) if d) since
2. ____ she has read a lot on that subject, she still doesn’t understand the
basic principles.
a) If c) When
b) Since d) Even though
3. ____ you have a better idea, we will do what Roy said.
a) If c) When
b) Since d) Unless
4. They are going to pass the law ____the rest of their party agrees.
a) although c) providing that
b) so that d) whereas
5. ____ you don’t want to hear what she has got to say, you are going to
have to listen.
a) Even if c) Now that
b) Before d) While
6. ___ we see many violent acts on TV, we may become desensitized to
violence.
a) If c) As soon as
b) Whenever d) Even though
7. ____ there are gangs, there is violence.
a) Though c) Unless
b) Even if d) Wherever
8. ____ we watch TV at home, we tend to regard it as a “family” activity.
a) Once c) Whereas
b) Since d) After
9. We need to recognize the problem ____ we can solve it.
a) when c) before
b) as long as d) after
10. That proposal has some very negative qualities, ____ it has some
positive qualities as well.
a) since c) until
b) unless d) though

- exercise 5: adverb clauses-contrast (oral)

Contrast the aspects of your country and the United States by using the
ideas below. Use subordinating conjunctions which show direct opposition.
1. government
2. food
3. size
4. people
5. climate
6. medical care
122
 ® headaches
Myth or fact? All headaches are the same.

HEADACHES
Every year, approximately 45 million people around the world suffer from
headaches. While women are more likely to get a headache than men, both sexes
complain that they are painful. But not all headaches are made the same. Because
of their uniqueness, they must be fought differently, also. Here are the three most
common types of headaches.

1. Tension headaches
Tension headaches are the most prolific of all headaches. Up to 90% of all adults
have experienced this common type of headache. Tension headaches are
characterized by dull, non-throbbing pain, or a tight, squeezing sensation on both
sides of the head. People who experience this type of headache can usually continue
with their daily activities, and do not suffer from debilitating side effects such as
nausea or vomiting. Experts once believed that tension headaches were caused by
tight muscles, but recently this theory has been questioned. While they are still not
certain what causes a tension headache, they do know that anxiety and stress can
often make it worse. The best way to treat a tension headache is by taking aspirin,
or another type of nonprescription pain reliever.

2. Sinus headaches
Sinus headaches are caused by blockage and swelling in the nasal passages, which
traps nasal secretions in the sinus cavity. The headache results from the ensuing
infection. Because of the infection, inflammation occurs and pain and pressure
quickly follow. The pain of a sinus headache occurs around the forehead, eyes,
cheeks, ears, and upper teeth. It gets worse if you bend over or lie down. If you
experience symptoms such as nasal congestion or greenish-yellow discharge, you
most likely have a sinus infection. Sinus headaches can only be treated with
antibiotics and decongestants.

3. Migraines
Almost 28 million Americans – 70% of them women – suffer from migraines on a
regular basis. Migraines are recognizable by stabbing pain, usually on one side of
the head. They are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light
and/or sound, watery eyes, and a runny or stuffy nose. Migraines are very
debilitating, and can last up to 72 hours. Over half of all migraine sufferers must
take to bed until the brutal pain passes. No one is quite sure what causes it,
although the latest research points towards genetics. If both your parents
experience migraines, the chance you will also is 75%. Even if a distant relative of
yours experiences migraines, your chance of experiencing them is 20%. The most
common triggers for migraines are stress, weather changes, perfume, pollutants,
fatigue, skipping meals, and foods like wines and aged cheese. Prevention is the
best treatment for a migraine – understanding your triggers and avoiding them.
Once the migraine starts in, the best thing is darkness, quiet, and ice packs. Some
pain relievers also help, but only if the migraine is mild.

While headaches are no fun, they are usually somewhat benign. If you experience a
headache that isn’t “normal” for you, or sets in due to physical exertion such as
coughing, exercise, or laughter, you may need to see a doctor. Headaches that vary
from those you usually get can be a sign of a brain tumor or another problem, such
as a stroke.

123
. COMPREHENSION
1. Fill in the chart.
HEADACHE SYMPTOMS CAUSE TREATMENT

2. Which type of headache is the most serious?

3. Why is it important to report an unusual headache?
4. Which type of headache have you had? Do you know of any home
remedies that can help cure headaches?

[] home remedies

Do you believe in home remedies and natural medicine?

What are some for:

the hiccups?
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

a stiff neck? a hangover?

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________

Which of these things could help a stomachache? a burn? a sore

throat?

chamomile tea honey and lemon

toothpaste salt water gargles
ice soda pop
the skin of an onion castor oil

124
 ! symptoms
When you begin to feel symptoms of being sick, how long do you
usually wait before you go to the doctor?

Take notes on the symptoms you hear. Guess what each disease might
be. Then listen to what the doctor diagnoses and prescribes and
match it to the correct number.

SYMPTOMS DISEASE DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Have you ever suffered from any of these symptoms? What home
remedies do you know of that could alleviate these symptoms?

G vocabulary
Match the words below to each phrase.

ointment cold flu

chicken pox scar heartburn
gums physician scab
cavity cramp check up
ache rash swollen

____________1. A childhood disease resulting in red spots that itch.

____________2. To be sore, to hurt.
____________3. Irritated, red skin, often with small spots or marks.
____________4. Runny nose, coughing, sneezing caused by a common
virus.
____________5. The red part of the mouth where the teeth are embedded.
____________6. Put this on itchy or irritated skin.
____________7. When a muscle hurts and can’t be moved.
____________8. Another name for a doctor.
____________9. A permanent mark made by a wound.
____________10. Annual doctor appointment.
____________11. Characterized by nausea, coughing, headaches, and an overall ill
feeling.
____________12. You need to see a dentist to solve this problem.
____________13. A hard crust that forms over broken skin or a superficial wound.
____________14. If you eat something spicy, you might get this.
____________15. Increased or expanded area, often an ankle or joint.

125
 @ reduced adverb clauses
Add more examples where needed.
When asked if she was happy with her marriage, she replied affirmatively.
Having remembered his name at the last minute, she was able to call him in time.

• Reduced adverb clauses are called modifying phrases.

• It is only possible to reduce an adverb clause if the two
clauses contain the same subject.
• Reduce the adverb clause by omitting the subordinating
conjunction and subject and following one of the rules
below:

h grammar first aid

1. PRESENT PARTICIPLES (-ING FORMS)

(Once she noticed) Noticing that her daughter had fallen asleep, June
set her in the crib.
(Since he didn’t want) Not wanting to alarm the students, the principal
refused to tell them about the bomb threat.

• Reduce the adverb clause with a present participle (-ing form) to

indicate that two actions occurred at about the same time.
• Replace the subject and verb in the dependent clause with a present
participle.
• For negative verbs, add not at the beginning of the reduced clause.

(Since she taught) By teaching me to be honest, my mother was the best

mentor I have ever had.
(Because I encouraged) By encouraging him to work hard, I created the
best employee we have now.

• By + verb(ing) indicates that there is a clear sense of intention or

purpose; that one action causes another.

(After he took) After taking English, he took French.

(Before he met) Before meeting his wife, he had dated many women.

126
 h grammar first aid
• For adverb clauses that start with before or after, omit the subject
and change the verb to the participle (-ing form).

(When he finished) Upon finishing his homework, he went to bed.

(When he heard) Upon hearing the bad news, Jenny began to cry.
(When he learned) On learning that his father was sick, Mark rushed to
the hospital.

• When an adverb clause begins with when, it can usually be reduced

by the use of upon + -ing. (On can replace upon with no change in
meaning.)

2. PAST PARTICIPLES
(If he is presented) Presented with the facts, the president may be forced
to resign.
(Once she was informed) Informed of the prisoner’s release, Barbara
wrote a letter to the governor.
(As soon as she) Having remembered his name at the last minute, she
was able to call him in time.
(Since he had) Having already seen that film, John knew the ending.

• Reduce an adverb clause with a past participle when the clause is

passive.
• Use having + past participle to indicate the two actions occurred at
different times (the action in the adverb clause occurred first).

3. BE
Add more examples where they are needed.
When she was asked if she was happy with her marriage, she replied,
“Yes”.
• Reduce adverb clauses that contain although, though, even
though, if, unless, until, when, whenever, while + the verb be.
• Omit both the subject and any form of the verb be (plus its
auxiliaries).

Remember that adverb clauses can only be reduced if both clauses

have the same subject. The sentence below cannot be successfully
reduced.
Înote: Because the population of our school has increased sharply, the
school authorities will need to find more teachers.
Having increased sharply in population, school authorities will
need to find more teachers.

127
- exercise 1: reducing adverb clauses (oral)
Reduce the adverb clauses below. (Two cannot be reduced.)

1. While I was walking to work the other day, I bumped into Hilda.
2. When he was asked about his plans, he hesitated.
3. If it is seen from this angle, the house looks bigger.
4. If the laws are implemented correctly, we have nothing to worry about.
5. While Art was listening to the game, his child was crying.
6. When I am faced with a serious problem, I ask my mother for advice.
7. After she saw me, she ran to greet me.
8. Until he is given an opportunity to prove his talent, he will never be
chosen to star in the play.

- exercise 2: reduced adverb clauses

Reduce the adverb clauses below. If the sentence cannot be reduced, say why.
1. After they sold their car, my neighbors began to dream of buying a yacht.
_____________________________________________________________
2. If they are carried out right, the plans just might work.
_____________________________________________________________
3. If you consider the fact that she has already repeated this level, she isn’t
such a good student.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Since she encouraged her children to get good grades, her children are
good students.
_____________________________________________________________
5. If they are used correctly, sunglasses can prevent serious harm to the eyes.
_____________________________________________________________
6. This cake is easy to make if the directions are followed step by step.
_____________________________________________________________
7. Before you decide who to vote for, you should read this article.
_____________________________________________________________
8. After they eliminated his name from the roster, Jim was very angry.
_____________________________________________________________

- exercise 3: adverb clause reduction

Can the adverb clauses be reduced? Yes (Y) or no (N)?

Y N 1. When they got engaged, Frank and Marlene already had a child.
Y N 2. Before you eat, please clean your room.
Y N 3. After the rumors died down, Monica felt better.
Y N 4. You won’t get paid much until you get your degree.
Y N 5. As soon as Kimmy hung up the phone, her twin sister called.
Y N 6. Although she is a good student, Emily isn’t a fast reader.
Y N 7. Now that we have the information, we can write the report.
Y N 8. I don’t want to ask my dad for the money unless I have to.

128
- exercise 4: adverb clauses-combining sentences
Combine the sentences with an adverb clause, using the subordinating
conjunction in parentheses.
1. Dave and Diane are going to sell their house. First they will buy a condo.
(after)
______________________________________________________________
2. Joanne heard about the news. She immediately called her brother. (as
soon as)
______________________________________________________________
3. Don golfed. At the same time, Vicki made supper. (while)
______________________________________________________________
4. Neil and Aaron have too many toys. They only got clothes for Christmas.
(since)
______________________________________________________________
5. Lee Ann watched TV. Then she played cards with her brother. (after)
______________________________________________________________
6. We will go to Disneyworld this vacation. First Jeff has to get a raise.
(providing that)
__________________________________________________________

! pain tolerance
Who is more able to withstand pain: men or women?
Choose the correct answer after listening to the speaker.
1. Studies show that (men, women) are better able to tolerate pain.
2. Men (are, aren’t) prepared for pain when they experience it.
3. (Men, Women) are more composed at the gym when it comes to pain.
4. Women have an advantage to pain tolerance because of their
experience with (the dentist, childbirth).
5. The “macho-man” image is (a myth, a fact).
6. (Men, Women) complain about pain more than the opposite sex.
7. It is (easy, hard) to measure the intensity of pain.
8. The research (can, cannot) correctly measure pain tolerance.

[] CONVERSATION
Are herbal medicines effective?
Do you prefer traditional medicine or modern medicine, or a
combination of each?
Do you believe in faith healers?

129
 ® the genome and medication
Is medicine the same for everyone?

THE GENOME AND MEDICATION

Until recently, doctors did not know why some patients responded to medication,
while others didn’t. It is not unheard of for one leukemia patient to take a drug and
go into remission, while another takes the drug and dies. The same thing happens
with other drugs, such as codeine and cholesterol medicine: while one patient benefits
from the drug, another may not.

Why is this so?

When you go to the doctor, the medication you are prescribed is probably “one size fits
all.” Although the drug has been proven to have an effect on a large number of people,
that doesn’t mean that you can count on it working for you. This is because there is a
genetic basis to each individual’s response to a drug. What enters John’s body may
have a 30% effectiveness, whereas the same dose given to Michael may have a 99%
effectiveness. Indeed, each year thousands of people experience complications due to
reactions to properly prescribed medication. Some of these people even die.

It’s not that the drugs themselves are dangerous. In these cases, the doctor cannot
be blamed for being negligent and the patient cannot be blamed for taking the drug
improperly. Factors such as age, the disorder and its severity, and diet can all
determine how your body reacts to a drug. But most importantly are your genes.

With the completion of the sequencing of the human genome in 2001, there is new hope
that scientists will begin to understand the role genes play in an individual’s response
to drugs. Now the philosophy of drug treatment has begun to think in terms of what’s
right for the individual, instead of what’s right for the majority. This has significant
implications for the future. Patients would be prescribed drugs based on their own,
unique body chemistry. They would be told ahead of time what side effects may
occur, and doctors would be able to predict the different ways their bodies may
receive the drug. Genetic defects, which can impede the elimination of some drugs
from the body’s system, would be identified before complications set in, assuring that
the patient not suffer from an accumulation of toxins released by the medication.

In the future, before your doctor prescribes a drug for you, you may have your
genome mapped out in order to assure you get the correct amount of the correct drug,
and that it is administered in the correct period of time. This could save everyone –
from leukemia victims to asthma sufferers to people with high cholesterol – time and
money in the long run. And it could even save some lives.

. COMPREHENSION
1. Why do some drugs work for some people and not for others?
2. What factors determine the effects a certain medication will have on
you?
3. How would understanding the human genome help doctors treat their
patients?
4. With the mapping of the genome, what is the trend in treating patients?
5. What are some of the advantages of understanding how genes work?

130
. DISCUSSION
1. Some people believe that by mapping out the human genome, scientists
are “playing God.” Do you agree or disagree?
2. Some people object to having the genome mapped out, claiming that it
could increase prejudices towards people who carry certain genes or genetic
defects. Would you object to having your genome mapped out?
3. This article discusses one of the positive impacts of mapping out the
human genome. What is the negative impact?
4. How does the information presented in this article question the wisdom
of self-medicating, i.e. taking drugs without the approval of a licensed
doctor?

@ cause connectors
• Cause connectors show cause relationships.
• Some include because / because of, due to/due to the fact that,
and so that.

BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF

I couldn’t make it to work yesterday because I had a cold.

I couldn’t make it to work yesterday because of my cold.

Patty drove slowly because it was raining.

Patty drove slowly because of the rain.

because + subject + verb

because of + noun/noun phrase

• Because is followed by a clause (which contains both subject and

verb).
• Due to the fact that can replace because (and it follows the
same rule).
• Because of is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
• Due to can replace because of (and it follows the same rule).

Due to the rain, we decided to stay home. (Because of the rain...)

We were late due to the fact that our car stalled. (...because
our car stalled.)

131
- exercise 1: because/because of (oral)
Answer the following questions with your partner in two different ways,
once using because or due to the fact that, and the other time using because
of or due to.
Example: Why didn’t you go on vacation last week?
Because I couldn’t get time off.
Because of the bad weather.

1. Why were you late?

2. Why didn’t you go to the party last night?
3. How come you have so many friends?
4. Why did the teacher give us so much homework?
5. Why didn’t you study for the test?
6. Why do you have so much money on you?
7. Why couldn’t you do your homework?
8. Why didn’t you call me last night?

- exercise 2: because vs. because of

Supply each sentence with one of the following:

because of due to
because due to the fact that

1. I left class early _____________________ my headache.

2. I lost my dog in the park last week _____________________ his leash
snapped.
3. It will take longer to get there than normal _____________________ the
condition of the highway.
4. The pigs have gotten bigger _____________________ we’ve been giving
them special feed.
5. _____________________ the cold weather, the game was canceled.
6. _____________________ we have such a long vacation, we’re going to go
to the Galapagos.
7. _____________________ the mistake on her receipt, the store gave Mrs.
Morrison a discount.
8. You are not allowed to leave this house _____________________ your
grades haven’t improved.

- exercise 3: rewriting sentences-because/because of

Rewrite each sentence using the expression or word in ( ).
1. Because we didn’t have any money, we couldn’t call you from the phone
booth. (due to the fact that)
______________________________________________________________
2. Wendy had a terrible time at school because of her learning disability.
(because)
______________________________________________________________
132
3. I was given another chance to finish the assignment due to my long
absence. (because)
______________________________________________________________
4. I think we should spend our weekend in Papallacta because the weather
is nicer there. (due to the fact that)
______________________________________________________________
5. Alicia didn’t like camp due to the fact that her counselor was mean. (due
to)
______________________________________________________________

[] drugs
How do you feel about drugs in the role of society? Answer the
following questions in groups and then decide what your group believes
overall.

1. Are there any illegal drugs that should be made legal? Are there any
legal drugs that should be made illegal? Why?
2. What do you consider a drug? Is alcohol a drug? Are cigarettes
drugs? Why do you think these “drugs” are socially acceptable while
others are not?
3. Should it be socially acceptable to use drugs in the following
situations?
to relieve the pain of childbirth
to alleviate the symptoms of cancer
to have fun
to wind down after a stressful day at work
4. When is drug use considered wrong?
5. When does a person who uses drugs socially need help or
rehabilitation?

§ writing
What are some things that you would like to change about your diet
and/or health? Why? How you would go about becoming a healthier
you?

133
 ß punctuation
THE COMMA
NAMES, DATES, ADDRESSES

• Use commas to separate cities from their states, provinces, or

countries. Also use a comma after the state, province, or country
if the sentence continues.

I went to Guayaquil, Ecuador, last summer.

San Diego, California, is the second biggest city in that state.

• Separate days from months and months (or specific dates) from
years by using a comma. Use a comma to separate them from the
rest of the sentence, also.

I applied for Law School in July, 2001, and was accepted on

Monday, September 5, 2001.
Julie met her husband on May 23, and they were married by
August.
The twins were born on May 16, 1985 .

• Items in an address (such as name, street, city) must also be

separated by commas.

Address this letter to Mrs. Karen Dumas, 410 E. Rose St.,

Minnetonka, MN 55451.

- exercise 1: using commas

Make sentences using the information given. Use commas.
1. Monday/March/8/Los Angeles
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Cuenca/Ecuador
_______________________________________________________________________

3. (your address)
_______________________________________________________________________

4. Dakar/Senegal/April/2004
_______________________________________________________________________

5. January/1/2005/Ottawa
_______________________________________________________________________

134
6. November/1990/Racine/Wisconsin/U.S.A.
_______________________________________________________________________

7. Greta Hughes/453 E. Maywood St./New York

_______________________________________________________________________

8. Sydney/Australia/2000
_______________________________________________________________________

- exercise 2: adding commas-review

Add commas to the sentences below.
1. On Saturday June 26 Theresa and Evan will be celebrating their tenth
wedding anniversary in Barcelona Spain.
2. In Iraq overnight there were three car bombings two suicide bombings
and one assassination.
3. The Ohio sniper hit again on Tuesday August 9 at 7:00 p.m.
4. There are some months that are very cold in the Dakotas such as
January February and March.
5. He didn’t have time to do his homework but at least he read the chapter.
6. Presidents Ford Nixon and Carter all served during the 1970s.
7. I took two books three notebooks and five pens to the press conference
on Wednesday September 13.
8. On a beautiful warm sunny day in July we bought our first house in Quito
Ecuador.

@ so that
Dario came to the theater early so that he could get a good seat.
I mailed the package before Thanksgiving so that you would receive it before
Christmas.
He pulled the car over to the shoulder of the road so that the ambulance could
pass.

subject + verb + so that + subject + verb

• So that connects two clauses: a clause of purpose and a result

clause.
• It is better not to eliminate that in written English, although it is
sometimes done in spoken English.
• So that is often followed by will/would or can/could.

135
- exercise 1: so that
Finish the sentences below in your own words.
1. I’m going to the bank so that
___________________________________________________________.
2. She moved the table so that
___________________________________________________________.
3. Oscar called his girlfriend so that
___________________________________________________________.
4. We took an English course so that
___________________________________________________________.
5. Shelly asked the teacher to repeat the question so that
___________________________________________________________.
6. He has been learning Japanese so that
___________________________________________________________.
7. She’s going to take a computer class so that
___________________________________________________________.
8. He gave you the money so that
___________________________________________________________.

- exercise 2: so that
Match the the clauses below. Combine the sentences using so that.

Column 1
Margie left the invoices on your desk
We drove all night
The teacher gave extra homework
Harriet looked for her receipt
Liz surfed the Internet
Mel wrote the book
Barb studies English
Sally gave me her phone number
Otis went to Germany
Colin changed his name
Column 2
we wanted to arrive before dawn.
she wanted to be able to return the dress.
I called her about the homework.
her boss needed to review the invoices
the students practiced the grammar.
he didn’t want the police to find him.
he wanted to learn German
she was looking for a new job.
she wants to get into Harvard.
he wanted to make some extra money.

1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________

136
! exercise 3: listening-so that
Listen to the following situations. Then write a clause using so that which
shows the purpose/intent.
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________

h grammar first aid

• So that may be replaced by in order to when it refers to the same
subject.

I went to the post office in order to mail your letters.

(I went to the post office so that I could mail your letters.)

I saved my money in order to buy a car.

(I saved my money so that I could buy a car.)

• So that cannot be replaced by in order to when the verb in the

second clause is negative.

I called her as soon as I arrived so that I wouldn’t forget.

(NOT: I called her as soon as I arrived in order not to forget.)

Leave the house on time so that you won’t be late for work.
(NOT: Leave the house in time in order not to be late for work.)

- exercise 1: so that vs. in order to

Replace so that with in order to whenever possible.
1. Nellie spoke louder so that the people in the back row could hear her.
___________________________________________________________
2. I went to class so that I wouldn’t be marked absent.
___________________________________________________________

137
3. Mike woke up early so that he would be on time.
___________________________________________________________
4. Cindy is eating more vegetables so that she will lose weight.
___________________________________________________________
5. He turned on the computer so that I could work on it.
___________________________________________________________
6. Helen and William took the test so that they could get into the University
of Michigan.
___________________________________________________________
7. Derek came early so that he could sit in the front row.
___________________________________________________________
8. Her husband hid his money so that she wouldn’t spend it.
___________________________________________________________

[] medical conditions
What is the medical condition that could result from each of these
situations?

shoes too tight

played Carnaval at night in Tulcan
drank too much
smoked too much
went jogging
ate too fast
got bit by a bug
always find something wrong with yourself
ate food you were allergic to
ate spicy foods

Possible answers on p. 140.

[] debate
Medical breakthroughs and scientific discoveries are raising life
expectancy and allowing people to live longer lives. But is living
longer really living better?

What are advantages and disadvantages to extending life

expectancy?
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
longer, fuller lives overpopulation

What is your personal opinion on this issue? Find one person in the
class who agrees with you, and one person who disagrees with you.
AGREES DISAGREES

138
. Divide the class into two groups. Group #1 defends the idea of extending
people’s lives at all costs. Group #2 defends the idea that quantity isn’t
always equal to quality, and that living longer does not always mean living
better.

Your group’s defense:

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

As each group presents its point of view, the other group takes notes on
what is said. After each group has finished speaking, the other group can
ask questions.

. CONCLUSION: WRITING
Write a few sentences commenting on the performance of each group.
Which group had better arguments? Which group presented its information
in a clearer, more precise manner? Which group do you think “won” the
debate?

ø internet
Hospitals are not only places where people get better, but also places where
technology gets better. At Getting Better Hospital in Canada, you have the
opportunity to see how hospitals, and the technology they use, have
changed over the years. There are two features which you must visit: the
rooms, and the people. On the “Rooms” page you can wander around the
hospital, enter surgery, go to the morgue, all the while experiencing the
various instruments and treatments used at each place. Play games to
learn the purposes and names of these instruments, and see how they have
changed. Visit the “People” page and get to know the people who are in the
hospital, from an organ delivery person who will tell you about the history
of organ transplants, to a polio victim. You can find it at
www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Medicus/English/index.html.

. After visiting the web site above, imagine how the hospital is designed
by drawing a map of the rooms you entered, along with a small
description/summary of each.

139
Answers to “Health Survey,” p. 118.
Answers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. You should exercise at least 3 times a week for
20-30 minutes each time. Exercise can be easy to get if you walk or
take the stairs as much as possible. The best form of exercise is a
combination of weight training and aerobic exercise.
6. You should drink about 8 glasses of water a day.
7. False. Carbs provide us with the calories needed to function.
Eliminating them would slow down your metabolism. Complex carbs
are the healthiest choices, for example whole wheat bread and brown
rice.
8. The best way to lose weight is through exercise.
9. Storing excess weight in the abdomen puts you at risk for heart
disease.

Answers to “First Aid Basics,” p. 119.

poisoning, heart attack, shock, animal bites, excessive bleeding, seizure

Possible answers to “Medical Conditions,” p. 138

blisters, catch a cold/get a sore throat, have a hangover, get a sore throat,
get a sideache/lose breath, heartburn/nausea, itching/allergic reaction,
hypochondriac, rash/trouble breathing, heartburn

140
[] paint the town red

Choose one of the colors in capital letters to go with each

u
block of idiomatic expressions. What do you think each of
the idiomatic expressions mean? Match the expression on
the left to the definition on the right. (Turn to page 161
for the answers.)

RED BLACK BLUE GREEN WHITE

n
paint the town _______ be angry
see _______
in the _______
_______ herring
celebrate
distraction
(a business) losing money
i
***********************************************

feeling _______
into the _______
out of the _______
be true _______
unexpectantly, from an unknown source
into the unknown
be loyal
be sad
t
***********************************************

_______ flag rescuer

_______ knight sign of a truce

7
***********************************************

_______ sheep outcast

_______mail getting things by threat
***********************************************

_______ with envy jealousy

_______back exceptionally good at gardening
_______-eyed monster
_______thumb
unsophisticated person
jealous
For
_______horn U.S. dollar
***********************************************
Ar t ’ s
Sake
141
 ® what is your color personality?
Different colors have different effects on different people. What do colors do to you?
Write the first word or image that comes to your mind when you think of the colors
below. Do you share the same images as anyone in your group?

red white purple blue

green pink black yellow
Color affects us in many different ways. Many studies on color association have been
done over the years to see just how color influences us. We choose colors based on
trends, childhood influences, our mood at the moment, even our age. Is it possible that
we also choose colors based on our personality?

Because red is the strongest of the colors, it expresses excitement and warmth. A
person who chooses red is very vibrant and has a lot of energy. Red stimulates the
mind and creates a sense of activity. It awakens us, invites us, and gives us a special
sense of intimacy. Due to these qualities, the color red is good luck in China, and a
typical color used in weddings and at holiday festivities.

Green represents growth and nature. Therefore, it is a relaxing color that soothes the
body and spirit. Since it reminds us of rebirth, it creates a feeling of expectancy. It is a
fresh, clean color and can go with almost any other color. People who choose green
display flexibility and coolheadedness. They also tend to be reserved and analytical,
quite willing to look deep within themselves for inner peace.

Pink denotes trustworthiness and youth. A person who prefers pink is sweet and
happy, which is why it is often associated with the female sex. Pink is a very soft,
feminine color, and pink lovers are often very sensitive and self-conscious.

Blue is calm and restful. The color blue can make a room appear more spacious and
comfortable. It relaxes and soothes the mind. Considered the color of love, blue is
supposed to be worn by a bride on her wedding day. Therefore, the person who loves
blue is romantic and a dreamer.

Yellow is happiness and optimism, although the more vivid tones can denote danger. To
holistic healers, yellow has the quality of peace. Yellow can cheer you up, so people who
prefer yellow are generally cheerful and outgoing.

Purple is a regal, noble color, used for years by royalty. It represents dignity and
luxury. The person who loves purple is deep and complex, but classy. This person
prefers elegance and decorum. Painting a room purple sparks creativity and opens the
imagination, so purple lovers are also often artistic and spontaneous.

Black is sophistication and elegance. The person who loves black is bold and dominant,
yet very sophisticated. Usually this person is very formal and traditional (often
conservative), and perhaps a bit secretive and mysterious, but sometimes the person
who loves black is modern and contemporary. Because of its sobriety, black is often
used for mourning, although in some countries it is white (China and Japan) or even
blue (Iran).

It is amazing that color affects us so deeply. Color can change our mood, bringing us
from sadness to joy and back to sadness. Even so, colors are as different as the people
who are affected by them. Different hues and tones can evoke feelings that are opposite
to what the original color gives us, and color association can vary from person to
person. The next time you pick out a color, think about the effect it is having upon you.
Does this color represent you? How will it make others perceive you?

142
. COMPREHENSION
Choose the perfect color for the people below, based on their description
and the information in the reading.

__________1. Samuel is a quiet, soft-spoken businessman who likes

simplicity. He prefers sleek, modern lines and designs for furniture, and
listens to classical music. He is very cultured and well-mannered, and
knows a lot about the arts. He has few friends, since many people find it
difficult to get to know him.
__________2. Mark is easy to get along with because he takes things in
stride and doesn’t let pitfalls bother him. He is cool and collected, and
rarely stirs things up by arguing or fighting with others. He spends his free
time relaxing and enjoying life in the great outdoors, and doesn’t mind
spending time alone, since this gives him the opportunity for some self-
reflection.
__________3. Bruce is original and impulsive, and likes to surprise people
and be surprised. He is the type of person who is always looking for a new
project, and wants to find inspiration in everything. He is very active, also.
__________4. Gina is what some people describe as a sunny person. She is
never pessimistic and finds it difficult to say “no.” Sometimes, because of
her extreme buoyancy and vivacity, she is a little overbearing, but that
doesn’t stop her from being liked. She is outspoken and can be a lot of fun to
go out with.
__________5. Jennie is feminine and dainty, and prefers to look young at all
cost. She is very conscious of her appearance, and believes that people judge
her by the way she looks. She wants to be viewed as youthful and fun, as
well as someone whom you can trust. She is an honest, caring person.

. Choose the perfect color for each room in a house. (You may use one
more than once.)

__________1. a study – to tranquilize and pacify

__________2. a kitchen – to evoke cleanliness
__________3. an entrance, a foyer – to welcome
__________4. a child’s room – to encourage creativity
__________5. a dark room that doesn’t receive sunlight – to brighten it up
__________6. a guest room – to make them feel treated like a king or queen

. If you could describe the colors below and attribute them to a type of
personality, what would you say about each?

white
orange
brown

143
 @ make/do
I made an omelet for breakfast.
My father did the accounts late last night.
I forgot to do my homework yesterday.
Billy is making something from the wood that you didn’t use.
She is making a prototype for an electronic book.
– What did you do yesterday? – I didn’t do very much. I did some
cleaning.
• When do you use make? When do you use do? Write the word on
the blank.
__________food
__________determiner (e.g. some) + -ing form of verb
__________when you don’t say exactly
__________when you are building or creating
__________with work

• Fixed expressions:
make do
an attempt good
an offer harm
an excuse business
a promise one’s best
money a favor
progress your hair/nails
peace/war
a fortune
an exception
a suggestion/recommendation
a decision
a statement/declaration

- exercise 1: make vs. do

Choose the best way to finish each sentence.
1. We didn’t like ______ business with this Internet company.
a) doing b) making
2. Could you please ______ me a favor?
a) make b) do
3. Are you going to ______ pancakes this morning?
a) make b) do
4. I was quite upset that she ______ a comment about my tardiness.
a) made b) did
144
5. I’m not sure why he’s not ______ progress in French.
a) making b) doing
6. He hates it when people ______ spelling mistakes.
a) make b) do
7. Don’t ______ such a big deal about her haircut, OK? She really dislikes it.
a) make b) do
8. Did you ______ anything fun this weekend?
a) make b) do
9. I have ______ the dishes when I get home.
a) to make b) to do
10. Whenever my grandfather drinks, he ______ a scene.
a) makes b) does
11. Norah ______ a great effort to get her book published.
a) made b) did
12. My husband ______ most of the cooking.
a) makes b) does
13. It won’t ______ you any good to apologize to her.
a) make b) do
14. For Valentine’s Day, my boyfriend ______ me dinner.
a) made b) did
15. Will you ______ the laundry tonight before you go to bed?
a) make b) do
16. Leslie ______ my hair. Do you like it?
a) made b) did
17. I’ll ______ a copy of the answer sheet for you.
a) make b) do
18. In the U.S., you have ______ your taxes before April 15.
a) to make b) to do
19. How much money did you ______ last year?
a) make b) do
20. Tomorrow he’d like to ______ some reading if he has time.
a) make b) do

- exercise 2: make vs. do

Decide if you would use make or do with each idea below.
1. [] (______ conversation) 2. e (______ a gift for someone)
3. U (______ noise) 4. H (______ housework)
5. T (______ some traveling) 6. m (______ a circle)
7. Y ( ______ love) 8. , (______ peace)
9. - (______ an exercise) 10. H (______ a good job)
11. ® (______ some reading) 12. ! (______ some painting)
13. " (______ a movie) 14. # (______ a phone call)
15. † (______ some investigating)

145
 [] starving artists
Match each of the artists with one of the works for which they are
famous.

Leonardo Da Vinci The Tortilla Maker

Salvador Dali Waterlilies
Pablo Picasso Soup Can
Claude Monet Mona Lisa
Andy Warhol Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Fernando Botero Persistence of Memory
Diego Rivera Our Lady of Cajica

TURN TO PAGE 161 FOR THE ANSWERS.

How would you describe the work of each of these people?

If you could ask any of these artists only one question, what would
you ask and to whom? Did anyone else in your class choose the same
artist? How are your questions different? How are they similar?

G vocabulary
A. Fill in the web. (Turn to page 161 to see the answers.)

concerts opera dance drama sculpture

biographies novels painting theater poetry
short stories cinema literature novellas ballet

PERFORMING ARTS

FINE
ARTS

146
Where would you put architecture and ceramics on the web?
Match the words to their definitions.

dance exhibit/exhibition performance publish the arts

canvas art plaster smock ballet

_____________1. you do this for an audience

_____________2. modern movements to music, like jazz
_____________3. to print and bind books or stories for the public
_____________4. Heavy cloth on which an oil painting is made
_____________5. refers principally to the fine arts
_____________6. A loose coatlike outer garment worn to keep the artist clean
_____________7. refers to traditional, classical movements to music
_____________8. refers to painting, dance, theater, literature, etc.
_____________9. a public display of art
_____________10. A mixture that hardens to a smooth solid, used for
coating walls and ceilings, often used in sculpture

ÎNOTE: Use the with particular performances, but not when speaking
about the art in general. I’m going to the Luis Miguel concert tonight. I
love going to concerts.

$ types of art
Rank the types of art found in the Vocabulary section in order from
your favorite (1) to your least favorite (10).

What kind of art is each person probably talking about?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

147
 @ so/such
I am so hungry!
You play the guitar so well.
They are such good basketball players.
It is such a nice day.

so + adjective/adverb
such + adjective + noun

• So and such make the meaning of an adjective or adverb much stronger.

• So is used with an adverb or adjective (without a noun).
• Such is used with an adjective when a noun is present.
• So and such are also used with that to demonstrate a cause-effect
relationship:

I am so hungry that I could eat a horse!

You play the guitar so well that you could be a professional.
Jenny was so angry that she threw the bat.

so + adjective/adverb + that

They are such good basketball players that they were asked to play on our team.
It is such a nice day that I think I will go for a walk.
It was such an interesting book that she had read over half of it by sundown.
Bertha has such bad luck that she couldn’t even win a quarter at the casino.

such + adjective + plural noun/uncountable noun + that

such + a/an + adjective + singular noun + that

• So may be used with nouns by adding much/many or little/few:

Martin had so little confidence in himself that he felt criticized at every turn.
I have so much homework to do that I won’t be able to go to the game.
Sara had so many questions that the teacher had to help her after class.
Harry has so few friends that I feel sorry for him.

so + much/little + uncountable noun + that

so + many/few + plural noun + that

148
 Lzoom
It was so interesting a seminar that I would recommend it to anyone.
This is so exciting a story that I can hardly wait until the end.

so + adjective + a /an + singular count noun + that

• It is possible to use so with a singular noun.

• This structure is very formal.

- exercise 1: so or such?
Complete each sentence with so or such.

1. The music was _________ loud that I could not hear myself think.
2. It was _________ amazing a trip that the pictures could never do it justice.
3. Jerry had _____ much fun while he was visiting Scotland.
4. _________ many of my friends have sent me flowers that I don’t know
where to put them all.
5. It was _________ a blast to see Frank and his wife dancing on the stage.
6. He exercises _________ diligently that you’d think he were training for
the Olympics.
7. There were _________ few people at the mall that I began to think it was
about to close.
8. Georgia played _________ badly at the concert that her instructor turned
red from shame.
9. After many months of hard work, Mary felt that she had accomplished
_________ great feats that she began to show off.
10. I have _________ wonderful memories of eating Thanksgiving dinner at
my grandmother’s house.
11. I felt _________ sick that I decided to leave the reunion early.
12. Last year’s bake sale was _________ great a success that we decided to
do it again this year.
13. Our family passed through _________ difficult times a few years ago that
now nothing can phase us.
14. If only the guy I dated last night weren’t _________ stuck up, I might
have really enjoyed the movie.
15. She came home at _________ an ungodly hour that her parents were
very upset.

149
- exercise 2: combining sentences with so and such
Combine the following sentences using so...that or such...that.

1. Your neighbor has loud parties every night. You can’t sleep.
______________________________________________________________
2. The pies Mary makes are good. You can’t stop at one piece.
______________________________________________________________
3. The book I am reading is enthralling. I can’t put it down.
______________________________________________________________
4. I have to carry some heavy books upstairs. I need help.
______________________________________________________________
5. There are many people in the room. It is too warm.
______________________________________________________________
6. My mother likes to decorate early for Halloween. The rest of the family
tires from it quickly, however.
______________________________________________________________
7. The homework that the teacher gave us was hard. I couldn’t finish it.
______________________________________________________________
8. I had a good time skiing yesterday. I’d like to do it again.
______________________________________________________________
9. My best friend is very loyal. She’ll do any favor for me.
______________________________________________________________
10. The moving crates are too heavy. I cannot budge them.
______________________________________________________________
11. There was a good crowd at the fair this year. Everyone made a lot of
money.
______________________________________________________________
12. I was tired. I fell asleep in class!
______________________________________________________________
13. I have a terrible stomachache. I think I’ll go to the doctor.
______________________________________________________________
14. The news I have is good. You’re going to love it!
______________________________________________________________

- exercise 3: so...that and such...that (oral)

Close your book. Your partner will read each sentence to you. Make a
sentence using so...that or such...that. Then switch roles.
Example: You are tired.
I am so tired that I could fall asleep in two minutes.

1. You were disappointed.

2. You were angry at someone.
3. Your house was really expensive.
4. Your salary is not good.
5. You are excited.
6. You had a lot of fun.

150
7. You work a lot.
8. You’re going to study very hard for the next test.
9. You woke up late this morning.
10. Your child’s spoiled.

- exercise 4: complementing sentences with so and

such
Complete each sentence with so...that or such...that. Then share your
answers with your partner.
1. I am so good at _______________________________________________.
2. My favorite restaurant is so ______________________________________.
3. It is so noisy in the classroom ____________________________________.
4. I have such good friends________________________________________.
5. There are so many things _______________________________________.
6. We have so much time _________________________________________.
7. The last book I read was ________________________________________.
8. I had such a good time _________________________________________.

$ artists who questioned art

What kind of talent does a successful artist need?

What are the characteristics of each artist’s work?

1. Gina Pane
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
2. Tatsuo Miyajima
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
3. Marcel Duchamp
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
4. Mark Rothko
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

How do you feel about the work that each of these artists claims as art?
Do you agree or disagree with any of them?

. Write a letter to one of these artists, explaining how you feel about
what he/she is trying to accomplish, and what you would do differently.
You may also ask him/her questions about his/her art.

151
 [] CONVERSATION
What is your favorite building in your city? in your country? How
does the design of a building affect its function, or does it?

Design a building for one of the reasons below.

a palace for the governor or mayor to live in

a place for international diplomats to meet
a youth center
a new national bank
an art museum
other: __________

[] art for art’s sake

Which type of art do you most identify with? Which do you least
identify with? Why?

abstract shapes in bold, bright colors

softly colored watercolors of scenes in nature
photographs of amazing places in the world
portraits of people doing everyday things
still lifes of fruits and vegetables, flower bouquets
black and white pencil drawings
life-sized abstract sculptures
painted wooden figures in the shapes of animals

Do you consider yourself artistic? Why or why not? What makes a

person artistic? Can you be artistic but not an artist?

152
 @ negatives

not
I do not have any money.
She did not invite classmates to the party.
Pets are not allowed in the auditorium.

not + verb

• Not is used with a verb to make it negative.

no
I have no money.
She invited no classmates to the party.
No pets are allowed in the auditorium.

no + noun

• No is an adjective and makes the noun negative.

avoiding double negatives

INCORRECT: She doesn’t need no help from you.
CORRECT: She doesn’t need any help from you.

INCORRECT: Neither of us doesn’t like Natalie Merchant.

CORRECT: Neither of us likes Natalie Merchant.

• Two negatives occurring in the same clause is nonstandard English.

• Replace no for any when the verb is already negative.
• Replace never for ever when the verb is already negative.
• Do not use two negative words together. Negative words include:
hardly (ever), scarcely, rarely, never, seldom, barely

INCORRECT: I hardly never go to that mall.

CORRECT: I hardly ever go to that mall.

INCORRECT: Sam hasn’t barely used his dictionary.

CORRECT: Sam has barely used his dictionary.

153
- exercise 1: negatives (oral)
Discuss why the following sentences are incorrect with your partner.

1. She doesn’t have no idea why he left her.

2. I do no have many friends in that city.
3. You haven’t never seen that television show.
4. She can’t go nowhere until you return her bike.
5. I have eaten ethnic foods rarely in my life.
6. Not money is in my bank account.

® do you have the blues?

What color is your favorite color? least favorite? Why?

DO YOU HAVE THE BLUES?

1
Although children around the world say that red is their favorite color, once they
grow up the answer usually changes to blue. The color that most people prefer
around the world, regardless of race or creed or culture, is blue.
2
As far back as biblical times, blue dye was extracted from a hermaphrodite snail
which had a gland that generated a liquid. When exposed to air and light, this liquid
would turn blue. There was a catch, however. The liquid would only turn blue when
the snail was more male than female.
3
Another way blue dye was made was from the leaves of a plant called woad. In
order to extract the color, the leaves had to be ground and fermented. Celts used the
dye to paint their bodies blue, much like Mel Gibson in Braveheart. Soon the indigo
plant, which produced the blue color more effectively, became more popular,
gradually replacing woad. Before long, indigo plantations popped up all over Asia.
4
By 1897, however, technology had advanced enough in order to produce synthetic
dyes. The first synthetic indigo was made from coal-tar derivatives, and was
produced by the Germans. With synthetic dyes, the popularity of the color blue
exploded. Policemen went from black uniforms to blue. Blue blazers became the
newest trend. And blue jeans, in the 1950s, were an instant hit with the youth.
5
One day the Australian toxicologist Elizabeth Gillam was studying bacteria that had
been implanted with the DNA of humans. Suddenly her cultures became blue. Upon
closer inspection, Gillam realized that the bacteria were producing the indigo
molecule during their metabolism. “Biotech blue” was born. This could mean
wonders for future science. Imagine perfectly blue lilies and roses, or blue cotton,
which would eliminate the need to use blue dye on clothes.
6
It is obvious that our love for blue doesn’t come out of the blue. Blue has been a
favorite color of humans for years. Are you part of this long history of blue-lovers?

154
. Underline the main idea in each paragraph. Rewrite each main idea in
your own words.

Paragraph #1
_____________________________________________________________

Paragraph #2
_____________________________________________________________

Paragraph #3
_____________________________________________________________

Paragraph #4
_____________________________________________________________

Paragraph #5
_____________________________________________________________

Paragraph #6
_____________________________________________________________

. Add a paragraph to the reading about the color blue: why you love it,
where it can be found, how it makes you feel, etc. Whose paragraph in the
class is most like the tone of the writing?

[] art: yes or no?

What is art?
Check off the forms below that your group considers art.

sculpture
painting
doodling
graffiti
architecture
film-making
theater
nude paintings
everyday objects such as a toilet or blender
music

When does something start (or stop) being art? Write some guidelines
that could be used to explain your group’s opinion.

155
 $ unusual museums
Do you know of any unusual museums in your city or country? in
other countries?

Fill in the chart with information from the radio show.

NAME OF THEME LOCATION INTERESTING
MUSEUM ITEMS

Arlington,
Virginia
Jell-O
Mount Horeb
Mustard
Museum
over 3390
cans of
SPAM
dirt Dedham,
MA
Milwaukee,
WI

Which of these museums seems the most unusual? Would you like to
visit any?
If you could open an unusual museum in your city, what would the
theme be? What would you like to display in this museum?

[] CONVERSATION
Produce a piece of abstract art that represents one of the ideas below.

dismay disgust
fear rebirth
nature your culture
capitalism love
grief the passage of time

Display the different works around the class. Underneath each, place
a small piece of paper. What do you think each piece represents?
Write your answer underneath the picture.

156
 @
negative words at
the beginning of a sentence

Rarely do you hear of such a big misunderstanding.

Scarcely is she absent from class.
Never have I met such a charming man!
Not once did he apologize!

negative word + auxiliary/verb + subject (+ main verb)

• When a negative word begins a sentence, use question word

order. (To use question word order, invert the subject and verb
and use an auxiliary verb (such as do) if needed.)
• In spoken English this structure is formal.
• In written English this structure is useful in order to provide
variety to your sentences.)

negative adverbials
I rarely have time on the weekends to do homework.
Only then did I realize that the man was talking to me.
On no account should you be treated that way.
There is little we can do to help you.

• Negative adverbials give negative meaning to a sentence.

• Since they are already negative, the verb should not be
negative.
• When a sentence starts with a negative adverbial, use question
word order.
• Negative adverbials include: never, rarely, not only, only then,
little, neither, on no account.

157
 Lzoom
• Other expressions that require question word order
when at the beginning of a sentence:

1. EXPRESSIONS BEGINNING WITH ONLY

only in (on, by, at, etc.) only recently only after
only once only if only because
only when only until
Only recently had we heard of that town.
Only at noon did the church open.
Only until she told us the answer were we confused.

2. CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH SO + ADJECTIVE

So difficult was the exam that I am sure I failed.

So convincing was her speech that even I wanted to believe
her!

h grammar first aid

First came the police, then came the ambulances.

Lining the sidewalk are busts of the forefathers.
On a small hill lies the church.

• Invert the subject and verb when using expressions of place or

order at the beginning of a sentence.

- exercise 1: negative adverbials

Complete each of the sentences by placing a negative word or expression at
the beginning of the sentence.

1. She plays not only the piano but also the trombone.
_________________________but she also plays the trombone.

2. I will only do the favor because you are my best friend’s daughter.
____________ you are my best friend’s daughter _______________________.
158
3. This coin is so rare that it belongs under lock and key.
___________________________that it belongs under lock and key.
4. I will by no means help you with your homework.
_____________________________________________________________.
5. He wasn’t on time once last week!
Not once __________________________________________________.
6. There is nowhere I would rather be than with you.
Nowhere ______________________________than with you.
7. Dave seldom talks in class.
_____________________________________________________________.
8. Anne rarely gets sick during the school year.
_____________________________________________________________.
9. She returned from the snack bar only after the player had scored.
_____________the player had scored _____________________________.
10. I asked her the question only once.
_____________________________________________________________.

- exercise 2: negatives
Change the underlined part of each sentence to make it correct.

1. Not until he left the room they talked about him.

__________________________________
2. Only when I was a child had we a cat.
__________________________________
3. Across from the school the fields lie.
__________________________________
4. So complex the math problem was that even the teacher could not solve it!
__________________________________
5. She spoke up only after had he left the room.
__________________________________
6. Not only provide trees shade from the sun, but they also reduce erosion.
__________________________________

[] museums
As a member of the city council, you have been asked to create a
museum for the city. What kinds of museums already exist in your
city? What kind of museum is needed? Fill out your proposal.

Name of museum In honor of

Main theme Entrance fee
Special discounts Number of rooms
Special collections Traditional art from your country
Traveling art exhibits Floor plan

159
 V pronunciation
VOWELS
Listen to the following phrases. Can you detect the difference between
them?

a white book a wide book

safe areas save areas
my lap my lab
a mop a mob

• The difference in sound occurs at the end of each word. It is the

difference between a voiced and voiceless sound.
• RULE: Vowels sound longer before final __________ consonants.
• The rule is similar for word pairs that are spelled the same but
pronounced differently, such as in the case of a noun or adjective and
its corresponding verb.

$ Listen:
Noun / Adjective Verb
use use
close close
excuse excuse
abuse abuse
close close

• RULE: The s in the verbs above is a ___________ sound.

PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE: NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND VERBS

$ Listen to each word in two sentences. Circle the number of the
sentence (1 or 2) in which the word in bold was pronounced. (It may
help if you first decide if the word in bold is a noun or verb.)

1. Have a safe trip. 1 2

2. Please do not use my towel. 1 2
3. The abuse she puts up with is bad. 1 2
4. The prizes have gone up. 1 2
5. She and her cousin are close. 1 2
6. Is there any proof? 1 2
7. What a relief! 1 2
8. Her beliefs are very strong. 1 2

160
 § writing
How important is art in your life? Who is your favorite artist? Why?
What kind of art gets you excited and thinking? What kind do you
have trouble understanding or liking?

ø internet
All around the world there are museums that hold priceless works of art and
antiquities. These objects are unique in their ability to speak to us through our
emotions and senses. Unfortunately, we often do not have the chance to visit some
of the biggest collections because of time or money, and it would be almost
impossible to see all of the fine arts museums in the world. Yet by simply clicking a
few buttons, you now can experience a virtual museum at any time of the day, right
from the comfort of your own home. For example, visit www.metmueseum.org on
the web and see almost all of the works of art there for free, and without having to
travel all the way to New York. View the recent acquisitions, visit galleries from
Africa and Asia, and even tour the director’s choice – his top twenty-five picks. Do
a search to find other museums around the world.

. Choose a piece of art from one of the works displayed in the Met. Describe it
with as much detail as possible to a classmate. Ask the classmate to “draw” what
you describe. Compare the two items – is the drawing similar to the real thing?

Answers to “Starving artists,” p. 146.

Leonardo Da Vinci – Mona Lisa
Salvador Dali – Persistence of Memory
Pablo Picasso – Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Claude Monet –Waterlilies
Andy Warhol –Soup Can
Fernando Botero – Our Lady of Cajica
Diego Rivera – The Tortilla Maker
Answers to vocabulary, p. 146
PERFORMING ARTS: cinema, opera, dance, theater, concerts, ballet
FINE ARTS: painting, sculpture
LITERATURE: poetry, novellas, drama, biographies, short stories, novels
Answers to “Paint the Town Red,” p. 141
RED: paint the town red (celebrate), see red (be angry), in the red (a business
losing money), red herring(distraction)
BLUE: feeling blue (be sad), into the blue (into the unknown), out of the blue
(unexpectantly, from an unknown source), be true blue (be loyal)
WHITE: white flag (sign of a truce), white knight (rescuer)
BLACK: black sheep (outcast), blackmail (getting things by threat)
GREEN: green with envy (jealous), greenback (U.S. dollar), green-eyed monster
(jealousy), green thumb (good at gardening), greenhorn (unsophisticated person)

161
 [] literature trivia
How much do you know about English literature?
u
1. Circle the two names below that are Hercules’s

n
brothers.

Adonis Poseidon
Zeus Hera
Oedipus Apollo

2. What is the name of the book that was Salmon

i
Rushdie’s death sentence?

a) The Satanic Verses b) The Old Man and the Sea

c) Moby Dick

3. What century was William Shakespeare born in?

a) the 15th century b) the 16th century

c) the 17th century

4. Who is the author of Tom Sawyer?

________________
5. Who coined the term “Oedipus Complex?”
t
________________
6. What character did A.A. Milne make famous?

a) Mickey Mouse b) Frankenstein’s monster

c) Winnie the Pooh d) The ugly duckling

7. Where did Alice go when she went through the

looking-glass?

________________
8
8. What was the destiny of Odysseus in Homer’s epic
poem the Odyssey?

a) Mount Olive b) Ithaca

c) Mount Olympus d) Troy

Turn to page 182 for the answers.

Lit
162
 Æ role play
Interview a famous author or journalist or politician, living or dead.
Make a list below of some questions that you would like to ask him/her.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Ask a partner to imagine he/she is the person you are going to

interview. Your partner should try to answer the questions you have
asked, with real or false answers. Use your imagination and let it run
wild.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Role play your interview for the class.

[] storytelling
Create a small oral story using the elements below.

Answer the questions below about your partner’s story.

1. What is the principal conflict?
2. Describe the main character.
3. What do you think will happen next?

163
 G vocabulary
Look at the use of the bold-faced word in each sentence. Based on the
example, write a definition for each word and use it in a sentence.

1. I bought a paperback book so that I would be able to carry it with

me in my purse.
2. We have to scan this article for the information, because we don’t
have time to read it carefully.
3. Hardcover books always cost more than paperbacks, because they
are more expensive to print.
4. The headline in the tabloid read, “Man Falls in Love with Space
Alien.”
5. The university students were passing out leaflets, which contained
the basic information about the upcoming elections.
6. I put a footnote at the bottom of the page to explain this point
better.
7. We have pamphlets available for potential students, where you can
find all of the information about our English and French courses.
8. After we printed out the copies of the report, we sent it to the
printer’s to bind it into book form.
9. Will electronic books eventually replace books in print?
10. You need to peruse the insurance papers. You must read them
carefully and understand what they say before you sign them.

paperback hardcover bind print

scan peruse footnote tabloid
pamphlet leaflet

[] metaphors
A metaphor compares two things that are not of the same element
and finds something about them which is similar.

Your eyes are stars.

Her voice is a soaring spirit.
A book is a ticket to the world.
Write a metaphor for each item.
1. ocean
2. a morning in Quito
3. baby’s laugh
164
 @ discourse connectors
• Discourse connectors are words that connect ideas.
• There are two types: transitions and coordinating conjunctions.

TRANSITIONS

• Transitions are words or phrases that connect and find relationships

between sentences.
• Make sure that a period or semicolon always precedes a transition.
• You may NOT use a comma before a transition in the example below.
I saw Myra at the party, however, I didn’t talk to her.

TRANSITIONS THAT ADD INFORMATION

I do not think that classes will be canceled tomorrow. For one thing, we have missed
too many classes already.

The law provides you with two weeks of paid vacation each year. In addition, our
company’s policy is to give each employee an extra week of vacation every two
years.

also in addition (to) additionally

moreover besides for instance
furthermore for example in fact
for one thing along with likewise
indeed plus

TRANSITIONS THAT CONTRAST

She is the slowest cashier we have. Nevertheless, she is honest and punctual.
He didn’t show up on time today. On the other hand, he’s our best employee.

however nevertheless in contrast

despite* in spite of * on the contrary
on the other hand still instead

*will be seen in greater detail in The Academic Book Three.

165
 TRANSITIONS THAT GIVE A CAUSE FOR OR
RESULT OF AN ACTION DISCUSSED EARLIER

Alex did not study for the test. Therefore, his grade was the lowest in the class.
His ideas are creative and innovative. He was the logical choice for the job, as a
result.

therefore thus because (of)

on account of consequently otherwise
accordingly as a result

TRANSITIONS THAT SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS

We are going out for pizza. Afterwards, we will probably see a movie.
David was cleaning the house. Meanwhile, his sister was mowing the lawn.

first, second, etc. finally next/then

afterwards after that meanwhile

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

There are many people who have appeared on his show, and three of them are
here today.
We couldn’t get past the roadblocks, for they were enormous.

• A coordinating conjunction connects ideas by joining two independent

clauses.
• Common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, yet, or, so, for, and
nor.
• In academic writing, it is preferable not to begin a sentence with a
coordinating conjunction.
• The conjunction goes between the two clauses.

Though is a word that may be either a transition (meaning

however)

Înote: Martha asked Jack a question. He didn’t respond, though.

or a coordinating conjunction (meaning although).
I play the piano, though I would rather play the flute.

166
- exercise 1: error analysis-discourse connectors

Find the mistake in each sentence and underline it. Write the correction on
the line.
__________________1. We won’t be able to support him forever, moreover one
of these days he will have to get a job.
__________________2. My aunt was in the hospital, but I sent her flowers.
__________________3. According to bossing me around, she also tells her
husband what to do.
__________________4. While entered her house one night, Lynn was attacked
by a burglar.
__________________5. You can send the paper by mail, to sum up you can fax
it to me.
__________________6. Mary received a bad grade on her test. Indeed, she
was grounded.
__________________7. The subway is dirty and dangerous. Although it gets
me to work.
__________________8. Money, even though, isn’t the only thing that is
important in life.
__________________9. There are many ways for me to get to work, instead, I
prefer the bus.
__________________10. Christina has chemistry at three. After, she has
biology lab.

- exercise 2: discourse connectors

Fill in the blanks in each sentence by choosing the best discourse connector
to finish it.
1. You should not be late to class. ________, you should bring your
homework already finished.
2. He rarely comes to these meetings. ________, if I am not mistaken, he
hasn’t come to one of our meetings for years.
3. Some people believe that planes are dangerous. ________, they are safer
than cars, statistically speaking.
4. I didn’t know that class had been canceled. ________, I wouldn’t have
come.
5. He was amazed by the size of the city, ________ he had never left his own
small town before.
6. ________ being a good student, Kate is also an excellent athlete.
7. This sale won’t last forever. ________, hurry down to Wally’s World of
Winter Wear today!
8. They left an hour after we did, ________ they arrived before us.
9. Most of us know that the amount of garbage produced grows each year.
________, we continue to buy non-recyclable goods.
10. I ran into a series of difficulties on my way over. ________, I had a flat
tire. ________, my car stalled. ________, I got a ticket for blocking traffic.

167
- exercise 3: error analysis-review
The discourse connector is used incorrectly in each sentence below.
Correct the sentence by choosing a new discourse connector.

1. There are many people, accordingly, who are willing to help someone like
me learn math.
2. His counselor advised him to come on time. Therefore, the young boy
continued to be late.
3. It is important to keep your test booklet closed before the test begins. In
fact, you will be asked to leave the testing center.
4. You may wear what you please, moreover the travel agent said that it is
cold in Wisconsin at this time of the year.
5. My cell phone was turned off. Furthermore, Judith couldn’t get through.
6. I told Jason what time the meeting was going to start. On account of, I
also told him what time it would finish.

- exercise 4: transitions
Divide into small groups. Use each of the statements to begin a discussion.
Use the transitions given to make additional statements. Record your
statements and then share them with the class.

1. Cars give us a sense of freedom. (also, however, besides that)

Example: Also, they provide us with a sense of freedom.

However, they are very expensive.
Besides that, they pollute the environment.

2. The cost of medicine is quite expensive. (for one thing, therefore,

furthermore, however)

3. Reading the newspaper is a form of entertainment. (also, in fact, plus,

accordingly)

4. Flying is a convenient way to travel. (for instance, still, nevertheless, to

sum up)

168
 ® the billion-dollar author
Why do some authors “make it big” while others struggle to make a
living? What makes an author successful?

THE BILLION-DOLLAR AUTHOR

Each year, Forbes publishes a list of the world’s super-rich billionaires. For the
tenth year in a row, Bill Gates has come in at number one, with a net worth of
approximately 46 billion dollars. Yet, this year, 2004, there is a surprise: ranking
number 552 on the list of 587 billionaires is author Joanne Kathleen Rowling,
popularly known as J.K. Rowling, the creator of the hit book series Harry Potter.
According to Forbes, Rowling is Britain’s wealthiest woman – richer than the Queen
herself – at a net worth of one billion dollars. At the age of 38, Rowling is also one of
the youngest people on the list.

Rowling was not always wealthy, nor did her family dispose of funds passed down
from generation to generation like fellow billionaire family the Rockefellers. Rowling
is neither a movie star nor owner of a massive multinational. She is an author. And
an author of children’s books. Yet her creation – Harry Potter – has become a
household name.

Rowling was born in 1965, near Bristol, England. After graduating from college,
Rowling moved to Portugal in 1990 to teach English. There she met her first
husband, a Portuguese journalist. When the marriage ended in divorce, Rowling,
along with her daughter, packed up and moved to Edinburgh, Scotland in order to
live near her younger sister. Struggling to make ends meet, Rowling lived off of
welfare. In the meantime, she began work on a book, the idea of which she
reportedly had had since 1990. She sold her first book, Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone (published Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in the U.S.) for
a mere $4000. Her book caught on like wildfire. Within three years, Rowling had
earned about $480 million in sales from the first three books of the seven-part series.
The fourth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, became the fastest-
selling book of all time, with a first printing of 5.3 million copies. Her books have
been published around the world in 35 languages. They have become hit movies,
making record sales, the first becoming the top-grossing movie of 2001. But the
British author remains relatively unaffected by her amazing success. In 2001 she
remarried, and gave birth to a son in 2003. To make time to care for her son,
Rowling has scheduled fewer book signings and public appearances. Her fifth book
was released in 2003, but the sixth, the title of which we do not know yet, is not
expected until 2005. So, Harry Potter fans, you will have to wait to find out the next
part of young Harry’s adventures at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

. COMPREHENSION
1. How much is J.K. Rowling worth?
2. What is amazing about Rowling’s success story?
3. Why is it surprising that Rowling is one of the richest people in the world?
4. What records has Rowling set with her books?
5. Harry Potter is a little orphan boy who finds out that he is a wizard. The books
take us through Harry’s life at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where
Harry and his friends go on many adventures, some of which are dark and
disturbing. There has been some talk in the U.S., by religious groups in particular,
that because he is a “sorcerer,” Harry Potter is “evil” and unfit reading material for
children. How do you feel about this opinion? Do you agree or disagree? Why?
169
 [] similes
Similes are similar to metaphors, but use the words like or as to make
the comparison.

Your eyes are as stars.

She is like a comet in the night.
His skin is like paper.

Write similes for each item.

1. tree
2. rain
3. _________ (your own)

[] alliteration
Alliteration occurs when two or more stressed words begin with the
same consonant sound. This may occur in prose, and is especially
important in poetry.

Many mocking men from Madrid have made my lady sad.

Choose a paragraph from one of the articles in this book. Rewrite the
paragraph, adding alliteration.

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

170
 ! rhyming
Some words have terminal sounds that sound alike. When words have
similar vowel and consonant sounds at the end, they rhyme.

Listen.

TRUST - MUST HOT - SPOT REASON - SEASON

HEART - PART TREAT - MEET TRY - REPLY

Listen to a poem. Write down word pairs that rhyme.

ACTIVITY
Write a ten-line rap song or poem. Try to make the last word in each
line rhyme with the next line.

[] limericks
Limericks are nonsensical or comical poems popular in English.

1
There once was a young girl from Spain,
Who simply could not handle pain.
She often got hurt,
And curses would blurt
Such words that obtained for her fame.

2
There once was an old man from France,
Who’d always forget to wear pants.
When he walked about,
All the people would shout,
“There goes the crazy man with no pants.”

What characteristics do limericks have, based on the examples above?

__________________ __________________ __________________

171
In pairs, use the characteristics of limericks to create your own. (Many
limericks begin with a variation of the phrase There once was a ____ from
____.)

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

@ parallel structures

• When information in a sentence is given in the form of a series

or list, the components of the series/list must be of equal
grammar structure (nouns, infinitive verbs, gerunds, adjectives,
etc.).

Not parallel: Margaret is a prestigious lawyer, honest politician, and she

noun noun
sometimes teaches at the university.
verb
Parallel: Margaret is a prestigious lawyer, honest politician, and a teacher.
noun noun noun

Not parallel: Paul is tall, rich, and has a lot of friends.

adj. adj. clause
Parallel: Paul is tall, rich, and popular.
adj. adj. adj.

172
Not parallel: The man entered the room slowly and without speaking in order to
adv. prep. phrase
surprise his child.

Parallel: The man entered the room slowly and silently in order to surprise his
adv. adv.
child.

Not parallel: I do not know if my sister-in-law is planning on getting a job,

verb + noun
working at home, or college after the baby is born.
verb + noun noun
Parallel: I do not know if my sister-in-law is planning on getting a job,
verb + noun
working at home, or going back to college after the baby is born.
verb + noun verb + noun

Not parallel: Michelle called her best friend, talked for an hour, and is hanging
past past present prog.
up the phone.

Parallel: Michelle called her best friend, talked for an hour, and hung up
past past past
up the phone.

Not parallel: She has always been in shape because she loves dancing,
verb +ing
to swim, and do aerobics.
infinitive base form
Parallel: She has always been in shape because she loves dancing,
verb +ing
swimming, and doing aerobics.
verb + ing verb + ing

Not parallel: I drive to work each day eating my breakfast and put on my makeup.
verb +ing base form
Parallel: I drive to work each day eating my breakfast and putting on my makeup.
verb +ing verb + ing

If the clause itself indicates that one of the

Înote: actions has occurred or will occur at different
times, then this rule will not apply.

She is a good student, studies every day, and will graduate in May.
present present future

173
- exercise 1: parallel structure
Change the following sentences so that they are parallel.

1. Children love playing in the mud, splashing in puddles, and they get
dirty.
________________________________________________________
2. We plow the fields, sow the seeds, and will harvest the crop.
________________________________________________________
3. Stealthily and without any noise, the soldier crept along the banks of the
river.
________________________________________________________
4. My grandfather worked in this company for almost forty years, and was
honest, hardworking, and he kept everything organized.
________________________________________________________
5. When you finish high school, you have several options: getting a job,
continuing on to college, or the army.
________________________________________________________
6. Quickly and with anger, Molly read off the names from the list.
________________________________________________________
7. The piglet stood up shakily, walked over to its mother, opening its eyes,
and began to squeal.
________________________________________________________
8. Whenever I read a good book, I feel excited and am impatient to know
how it will end.
________________________________________________________
9. In this country there are many people who are without jobs, living on the
streets, and have a lot of debts.
________________________________________________________
10. My parents expect their children to get good grades, do their
homework, and that we respect others.
________________________________________________________

- exercise 1: parallel structure

Look at each of the sentences below. Check the one which is grammatically
correct.
1. a) Bob really hates people who are hypocrites, those who are dancers, and
garbage.
b) Bob really hates to talk to people who are hypocrites, dancing, and taking
out the garbage.
c) Bob really hates to talk to people who are hypocrites, dancing, and take out
the garbage.
d) Bob really hates talking to people who are hypocrites, dancing, and taking
out the garbage.

2. a) Giving the essay to his teacher, John sat down and takes out his math book.
b) John gave the essay to his teacher, sits down at his desk, and is taking out
his math book.
174
 c) Taking out his math book, John has already given his essay to the teacher
and sat down.
d) John gave the essay to his teacher, sat down at his desk, and took out his
math book.

3. a) Picking some flowers, they were given to the grandmother with a peck on the
cheek.
b) The grandchild, picking some flowers, gave them to his grandmother,
pecking her on the cheek.
c) Having picked some flowers, they were brought to the grandmother with a
peck on the cheek.
d) The grandchild picked some flowers, brought them to his grandmother, and
pecked her on the cheek.

4. a) Listening to music, collecting coins, and talking on the telephone are Derek’s
favorite past times.
b) Listening to music, collecting coins, and telephone are Derek’s favorite past
times.
c) Derek’s favorite past times are to listen to music, to collect coins, and talking
on the telephone.
d) Being Derek’s favorite past times, listening to music, collecting coins, and
talking on the phone are done often.

5. a) I packed my suitcase and then threw it in the back of the truck.

b) I packed my suitcase and then throw it in the back of the truck.
c) I was packing my suitcase and then throwing it in the back of the truck.
d) I packed my suitcase and then it will be thrown in the back of the truck.

6. a) The invalid lay on the bed for weeks, sipping soup and to sleep.
b) The invalid lay on the bed for weeks, sipping soup and sleep.
c) The invalid lay on the bed for weeks, sipping soup and he slept a lot.
d) The invalid lay on the bed for weeks, sipping soup and sleeping.

7. a) Joanne is scholarly, artistic, and a promising young athlete.

b) Joanne is good at school work, art, and can run a mile under six minutes.
c) Joanne is a scholar, artist, and athlete.
d) Joanne is a scholar, artist, and athletic.

8. a) My cousin began fishing, cooking, and to swim before he was five years old!
b) My cousin began to fish, to cook, and swimming before he was five years old!
c) My cousin began fishing, cooking, and swimming before he had five years
old!
d) My cousin began fishing, cooking, and swimming before he was five years
old!

9. a) We have the both of us competed in beauty pageants, to do talent shows, and

writing contests.
b) We have both competed in beauty pageants, talent shows, and writing
contests.
c) We have competed in beauty pageants, talent shows, and write for contests.
d) Both the two of us have competed in beauty pageants, talent shows, and
write contests.
175
 ! story time
WHAT’S THAT SOUND?

Listen to the sounds. What do you think each one is? Write a short
story that connects these sounds together.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

[] books
Are books a thing of the past? Collect opinions from others in your
class. Use the chart below to record the opinions.

Why yes Why no

Will all books someday be electronic?

What advantages (and disadvantages) does print form have?

176
 ! biographies
Who, in your opinion, is the most famous and influential Ecuadorian
author? How would you describe his/her work?

BIOGRAPHIES OF FAMOUS AUTHORS

Fill in the chart.

NAME WHERE YEARS MOST FAMOUS INFLUENCES
BORN LIVED WORK

Fay
Weldon

H.G. Wells

Virginia
Woolf

A.S. Byatt

John Keats

Which of these authors are still living? Which are dead?

Write a characteristic of each author’s work:

FAY WELDON
H.G. WELLS
VIRGINIA WOOLF
A.S. BYATT
JOHN KEATS

Match the career to each author:

FAY WELDON novelist, critic
H.G. WELLS novelist, dramatist, screenwriter
VIRGINIA WOOLF poet
A.S. BYATT novelist, journalist
JOHN KEATS novelist, reviewer, critic

Who would you most like to read?

177
 ß THE COMMA
PARENTHETICAL INFORMATION

• Commas are used to set off parenthetical elements, such as non-

restrictive elements and transitional expressions like however,
first of all, in fact, that is, or expressions like I believe or experts
argue (often called interrupters).

Many students, for example, don’t bring their books.

Well, I cannot tell you who took your paper.
There are too many people in this room, I think.
I don’t like sweets. The cookies were delicious, though.

• Small expressions that cause little or no pause in reading are not

usually set off by commas. These expressions may include words
like also, too, of course, perhaps, likewise, therefore, at least.

At least three students were late today.

We should therefore punish them.
Perhaps the teacher is right.

• Direct addresses (when referring to someone directly) are also

considered parenthetical, and are therefore set off by commas.

I am not sure, John, when she left.

Fellow students, hear my words of protest.

• Occasionally commas are needed in order to prevent misreading.

Do so sparingly.

Confusing: Those who can pay and claim their receipts.

Better: Those who can, pay and claim their receipts.

Confusing: A few weeks before I had called him at his office.

Better: A few weeks before, I had called him at his office.

178
- exercise 1: COMMA-REVIEW
Insert commas in the following sentences.

1. Therefore the classes Magdalene took which were only offered in the
spring are all related to chemistry.

2. In fact I’m not sure if I understand your explanation Ms. Smith.

3. Every developing country is under the influence of developed countries

like the United States Britain and France.

4. I expect you Ms. Stevens to come to court on September 22 2002.

5. As hard as it is for him to believe she really is smarter than he.

6. As almost everyone who lives in South America understands inflation is

a daily preoccupation.

7. Three days before she had written him a letter.

8. To summarize the age of television has emerged.

- exercise 2: commas-review
List five uses of the comma as seen thus far. Using each of these rules, write
a sentence.

a) ________________________________
_______________________________________________________

b) ________________________________
_______________________________________________________

c) ________________________________
_______________________________________________________

d) ________________________________
_______________________________________________________

e) ________________________________
_______________________________________________________

179
 ® reading
Use the chart to answer the questions.

READING HABITS OF CANADIANS 1998

TOTAL % MALE FEMALE
Percentage of Canadians who read a 81.8 83.1 80.6
newspaper
Daily 48.9 52.8 44.9
At least three times a week 27.2 26.5 27.9
At least once a month 21.7 19.0 24.5
Less than once a month 2.0 1.5 2.5
Percentage of Canadians who read a 71.2 68.4 73.8
magazine
At least once a week 57.1 58.5 55.7
At least once a month 35.1 34.6 35.6
5 or more times a year, but not every month 4.1 3.3 4.8
1 to 4 times a year 3.4 3.4 3.4
Percentage of Canadians who read books 61.3 54.3 68.2
At least one per week 31.1 26.9 34.3
At least one per month 36.2 35.4 36.9
At least one every three months 17.6 19.5 16.2
At least one every six months 8.0 9.7 6.7
At least one per year 6.2 7.7 5.0
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 1998.

COMPREHENSION
1. What is the table title?
2. What are the table headers?
3. What is the unit of measurement?
4. What is the reference year?
5. What research sources would you use to get more information on this topic?
6. Describe one difference in reading behavior between the genders.
7. Write a small paragraph highlighting the main conclusions of the table.
8. Take a class survey. Record the results in the table on the next page.
Write three conclusions that can be made based on your information.

180
READING HABITS OF ECUADORIANS (YEAR) _________

TOTAL % MALE FEMALE

Percentage of Ecuadorians who read a newspaper

Daily
At least three times a week
At least once a month
less than once a month
Percentage of Ecuadorians who read a magazine

At least once a week

At least once a month
5 or more times a year, but not every month
1 to 4 times a year
Percentage of Ecuadorians who read books
At least one per week
At least one per month
At least one per six months
At least one per year

§ writing
Write the unauthorized biography of someone famous. What you
don’t know about the person, you can make up!

Exchange your biography with a partner. Read your partner’s

composition, paying attention to spelling, correct use of grammar,
content and the use of clear sentences.

Make corrections directly on your partner’s paper. Give it back. Use

your partner’s suggestions to write your final paper.

181
 ø internet
Reading is one of the best ways to learn new vocabulary and get accustomed
to different expressions when one is learning a foreign language. It can be
difficult, however, to get your hands on good literature in the language you
are studying. Luckily for English students, the web is full of sites where you
can find free electronic books, especially the “classics.” Read Mark Twain’s
Huckleberry Finn, or Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights at
www.literature.org. Go to www.poetry.com if you don’t have time for long
novels, and would like to see how English is used in the language of poetry.
Here you can read work from over five million poets, view the top 100
poems of all time, get help rhyming in English for your own poems, and
even test your poetry IQ.

. Choose a poem you know or like in your native language. Translate it to

English. Pay attention to rhyme and meter, to keep the poem as close as
possible to the original.

Answers to “Literature Trivia,” p. 162.

1. Adonis, Apollo, 2. a, 3. b, 4. Mark Twain, 5. Sigmund Freud, 6. c, 7. to
Wonderland, 8. b

182
 ' irregular verbs a
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

arise
awake
be
arose
awoke
was,were
arisen
awoken
been
p
bear bore borne
beat
become
begin
beat
became
began
beat / beaten
become
begun
p
bend bent bent
bet
bite
bleed
blow
bet
bit
bled
blew
bet
bitten
bled
blown
e
n
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt / burned burnt / burned
burst burst burst
buy
catch
choose
cling
bought
caught
chose
clung
bought
caught
chosen
clung
d
come came come
cost
creep
cut
deal
cost
crept
cut
dealt
cost
crept
cut
dealt
i
dig
dive
do
draw
dug
dove / dived
did
drew
dug
dived
done
drawn
x
A1
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
find found found
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade / forbad forbidden / forbade
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forgo forwent forgone
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten / got
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung / hanged hung / hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled

A2
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
knit knit / knitted knit / knitted
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leap leapt / leaped leapt / leaped
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie (down) lay lain
light lit / lighted lit / lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
prove proved proved / proven
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawed/sawn
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn / sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved / shaven

A3
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
shear sheared sheared / shorn
shine shone / shined shone / shined
shoot shot shot
show showed shown / showed
shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk / shrunken
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sneak sneaked / snuck sneak / snuck
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spend spent spent
spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled
spin spun spun
spit spat / spit spat / spit
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank / stunk stunk
strew strewed strewn
strike struck struck / stricken
strive strove / strived striven / strived
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum

A4
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

swing swung swung

take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive thrived / throve thrived / thriven
throw threw thrown
undergo underwent undergone
understand understood understood
upset upset upset
wake woke / waked woken / waked
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written

'nouns that take a plural verb

pants trousers
shorts pliers
tongs scissors
slacks jeans
glasses tweezers
pajamas

A5
'nouns that take a singular verb
physics athletics
herd flock
club government
family Congress
team committee
crowd public
group jury
army news

' irregular plurals

Singular form Plural form
alumna alumnae
amoeba amoebas, amoebae
analysis analyses
antenna antenna, antennae
appendix appendices, appendixes
axis axes
basis bases
businessman businessmen
businesswoman businesswomen
calf calves
child children
crisis crises
criterion criteria
datum data
deer deer
dwarf dwarfs, dwarves
elf elves
fireman firemen
fish fish

A6
Singular form Plural form
foot feet
genus genera
goose geese
half halves
knife knives
leaf leaves
life lives
loaf loaves
louse lice
man men
millennium millenniums, millennia

moose moose
mouse mice
ox oxen
person people
phenomenon phenomena
series series
sheaf sheaves
sheep sheep
shelf shelves
species species
thesis theses
tooth teeth
wife wives
woman women

A7