EE 6504 - ELECTRICAL MACHINES -II

QUESTION BANK

P.HARI KUMAR, M.E.,

Assistant Professor / EEE,
Vidyaa Vikas College of Engineering and Technology
Tiruchengode.
 UNIT-I [SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR]

1. Why a 3-phase synchronous motor will always run at synchronous speed?

Because of the magnetic coupling between the stator poles and rotor poles the motor runs exactly
at synchronous speed.

2. What are the two classification synchronous machines? [MAY 06, 13]
The classification synchronous machines are:

i. Cylindrical rotor type

ii. Salient pole rotor type

3. What are the essential features of synchronous machine? [NOV 14]

i. The rotor speed is synchronous with stator rotating field.
ii. Varying its field current can easily vary the speed.
iii. It is used for constant speed operation.

4. Mention the methods of starting of 3-phase synchronous motor.

a. A D.C motor coupled to the synchronous motor shaft.

b. A small induction motor coupled to its shaft.(pony method)

c. Using damper windings –started as a squirrel cage induction motor.

5. What are the principal advantages of rotating field system type of construction of
synchronous machines?

 Form Stationary connection between external circuit and system of conditions enable the
machine to handle large amount of volt-ampere as high as 500 MVA.
 The relatively small amount of power required for field system can be easily supplied to the
rotating field system via slip rings and brushes.
 More space is available in the stator part of the machine for providing more insulation to
the system of conductors.
 Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not subjected to mechanical stresses due to
centrifugal action.
 Stationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
 It is easy to provide cooling arrangement.

6. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an alternator.

F = PN / 120 Hertz

Where P = No. Of poles

N = Speed in rpm.

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7. What are the advantages of salient pole type of construction used for synchronous
machines? [MAY 10]

 They allow better ventilation.

 The pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases from the pole center to the pole
tips so that flux distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal in shape which will help to generate
sinusoidal emf.
 Due the variable reluctance, the machine develops additional reluctance power, which is
independent of excitation.

8. Why do cylindrical rotor alternators operate with steam turbines?

Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds. The high-
speed operation of rotor tends to increase mechanical losses, so the rotors should have smooth
external surface. Hence smooth cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial length are
used for synchronous generators driven by steam turbines with either 2 or 4 poles.

9. Which type of synchronous generators are used in Hydroelectric plants and why?

As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants, salient
pole type synchronous generators are used. These allow better ventilation and also have other
advantages over smooth cylindrical type rotor.

10. What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?
Electrical degree θe and mechanical degree are related to one another by the number of poles P,
the electrical machine has, as given by the following equation.

θe = (P/2) θm

11. What is the meaning of electrical degree?

Electrical degree is used to account the angle between two points in rotating electrical
machines. Since all electrical machines operate with the help of magnetic fields, the electrical degree is
accounted with reference to the polarity of magnetic fields. 180 electrical degrees is accounted as the
angle between adjacent North and South poles

12. Why short-pitch winding is preferred over full pitch winding?

Advantages: -

 Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave and distorting harmonics can
be reduced or totally eliminated.
 Conductor material, copper is saved in the back and front-end connections due to less coil
span.
 Fractional slot winding with fractional number of slots/phase can be used which in turn
reduces the tooth ripples.
 Mechanical strength of the coil is increased.

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13. Write down the formula for distribution factor.

Kd = sin (mβ/2) or Kdn = sin (mnβ/2)

msin(β/2) msin(nβ/2)

where

m - number of slots/pole/phase

β - angle between adjacent slots in electrical degree

n - order of harmonics.

14. Define winding factor.

The winding factor Kw is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in all the coils
belonging to each phase winding of their arithmetic addition.

15.Why are alternators rated in kVA and not in kW?

The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the machine or
apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred in the machine gives rise to a
steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit prescribed by the insulation class.

Apart from the constant loss the variable loss incurred in alternators is the copper loss,
occurring in the 3-phase winding, which depends on I2R, the square of the current delivered by the
generator. is directly related to apparent power delivered by the generator, thus the alternators have
only their apparent power in VA/kVA/MVA as their power rating.

16. What are the causes of changes in voltage of alternators when loaded?

 Voltage variation due to the resistance of the winding R.

 Voltage variation due to the leakage reactance of the winding X1.
 Voltage variation due to the armature reaction.

17. What is meant by armature reaction in alternators? [NOV 2015]

The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying armature conductors and the
main field flux is defined as the armature reaction.

18. What do you mean by synchronous reactance? [MAY 03,04]

It is the sum of the leakage reactance X1 and armature reactance Xa

Xs = X1 + Xa

19. What is effective resistant [Reff]?

The apparent increase in resistance of the conductor when an alternating current is flowing
through it is known as effective resistance.

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20. What is synchronous impedance?

The complex addition of resistance R and synchronous reactance jXs is synchronous impedance Zs.
Zs = (R+jXs) = Zs∟θ

Where θ = tan –1(Xs/R) |Zs| = √(R2+jXs2)

21. What is meant by load angle of an alternator?

The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor E and terminal voltage phasor V
during the load condition of an alternator is called load angle. The load angle increases with increase
in load. It is positive during generator operation and negative during motor operation.

22. Define the term voltage regulation of alternator. [MAY 11 NOV 13,15]

It is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no load-to-load condition expressed as a

function or terminal voltage at load condition, the speed and excitation conditions remaining same.

% Regulation = (E-V)/V x 100

23. What is the necessity for predetermination of voltage regulation?

Most of the alternators are manufactured with large power rating and large voltage ratings.
Conduction load test is not possible for such alternators. Hence other indirect methods of testing are
used and the performance can be predetermined at any desired load currents and power factors.

24. Why is the synchronous impedance method of estimating voltage regulation is considered
as pessimistic method? [MAY 07]
Compared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always
higher than the actual value and therefore is called pessimistic method.

25. Why is the MMF method of estimating the voltage regulation is considered as the
optimization method?
Compared to EMF method, MMF method involves more number of complex calculation steps.
Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once while predetermining the voltage
regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takes core saturation effect. As this method
requires more effort, the final result is very close to the actual value. Hence this method is called the
optimistic method.
26. What is direct axis?
The mmf wave is height when it is aligned with the field pole axis called the direct axis or d axis.

27. What is quadrature axis?

The permeance offered to a mmf wave is lower when it is oriented 90 o to the field pole axis
called the quadrature axis or q axis.

28. What are the two curves required for POTIER method?
i. No load curve.
ii. Full load zero power factor curve called wattless load charactertic.

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29. What are the three methods of determining voltage regulation?
i. Synchronous impedance method or EMF method.
ii. The ampere-turn or MMF method.
iii. Zero power factor or potier method.

30. State the condition to be satisfied before connecting two alternators in parallel.
[MAY 04 13 DEC 05 09 10]
The following are the three conditions to be satisfied by synchronizing the additional Alternator
with the existing one or the common bus-bars.
 The terminal voltage magnitude of the incoming Alternator must be made equal to the existing
alternator or the bus-bar voltage magnitude.
 The phase sequence of the incoming Alternator voltage must be similar to the bus-bar voltage.
 The frequency of the incoming Alternator voltage must be the same as the bus-bar voltage.

33. How do the synchronizing lamps indicate the correctness of phase sequence between
existing and incoming Alternators?
The correctness of the phase sequence can be checked by looking at the three sets of lamps
connected across the 3-pole of the synchronizing switch. If the lamps grow bright and dark in unison
it is an indication of the correctness of the phase sequence. If on the other hand, they become bright
and dark one after the other, connections to any two machine terminals have to be interchanged after
shutting down the machine.

34. How Synchroscope is used for synchronizing Alternators?

Synchroscope can be used for permanently connected Alternators where the correctness of
phase sequence is already checked by other means. Synchroscope is capable of rotating in both
directions. The rate of rotation of the pointer indicates the amount of frequency difference between
the Alternators. The direction of rotation indicates whether incoming Alternator frequency is higher
or lower than the existing Alternator. The TPST switch is closed to synchronize the incoming
Alternator when the pointer faces the top thick line marking.

36. Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more synchronous reactance and
negligible resistance?
The presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will resist or oppose their
synchronous operation. More reactance in the generators can cause good reaction between the two
and help the generators to remain in synchronism in spite of any disturbance occurring in any one of
the generators.

37. List the factors that affect the load sharing in parallel operating generators?
The total active and reactive power delivered to the load, connected across the common bus-
bars, are shared among Synchronous generators, operating in parallel, based on the following three
factors
 Prime-mover characteristic/input
 Excitation level and
 Percentage synchronous impedance and its R/X ratio.

38. How does the change in prime mover input affect the load sharing?
An increase in prime-mover input to a particular generator causes the active power shared by it to
increase and a corresponding decrease in active-power shared by other generators. The change in
reactive power sharing is less appreciable. The frequency of the bus-bar voltage will also subjected to
slight increase in value.

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41. What is meant by infinite bus-bars?
The source or supply lines with non-variable voltage and frequency are called infinite bus-bars.
The source lines are said to have zero source impedance and infinite rotational inertia.

42. How does increase in excitation of the Alternator connected to infinite bus-bars affect this
operation?
Increase in excitation level of the synchronous generator will effectively increase the reactive
component of the current supplied by the generator and hence the active power delivered.

Part B (8 & 16 Mark)

1. Explain the working principle of 3 phase alternator. (8)[APL/MAY-04]

2. Define armature reaction and explain the effect of armature reaction on different power factor
loads of synchronous generators. (8) [MAY 09 NOV 15]

3. Derive emf equation of alternator. (12) [MAY 06,07,10,11] [DEC 06, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15]

4. Explain the EMF and MMF method of evaluating the synchronous reactance. (8) [APR 15]

5. Illustrate a method of determining the direct and quadrature axis reactances of a salient pole
synchronous generator. (8) [APR 15]

6. Derive an expression for real and reactive power outputs of asynchronous generator.
(8) [APR 15]
7. A 3-phase star connected alternator has an open circuit line voltage of 6599V. The alternator
resistance and synchronous reactance are 0.6 ohm and 6 ohm per phase respectively. Find terminal
voltage, voltage regulation and δ if load current is 180A at power factor of
(1) 0.9 lagging
(2) 0.8 leading. (8) )[APL/MAY-04]
8. Discuss the synchronous impedance method of calculating regulation of an alternator.
(8)[APL/MAY-04 NOV 14]
9. A 50Hz, 3 phase, 480 V, delta connected salient pole synchronous generator has X d=0.1 ohm and
Xq=0.075 ohm. The generator is supplying 1200 A at 0.8 Pf lagging. Find the excitation emf neglecting
armature resistance. (8) [APL/MAY-04]
10. Bring out the characteristics of two alternators working in parallel. What is the effect of change in
excitation on load sharing? (8) [APL/MAY-04]
11. A 3 MVA, 50Hz, 11KV, 3-phase star connected alternator supplies 100A at zero power factor
leading. The line voltage is 12370V.When the load is removed the line voltage is 11000 V. find
regulation at full load 0.8 power factor lagging Ra=0.4 ohm/Phase.(8) [APL/MAY-04]
12. Two exactly similar turbo-alternators are rated at 25 MW each. They are running in parallel. The
speed-load characteristics of the driving turbines are such that the frequency of alternator 1 drops

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uniformly from 50Hz on no-load to 48Hz on full-load, and that of alternator 2 from 50Hz to
48.5Hz.How will the two machines share a load of 30 MW? (8)[NOV/DEC-04]
13. The following data pertains to two similar alternators: 3 ph, 6600 V, 60Hz, 1200KVA Y connected,
resistance /Ph =0.5 Ω. Syn . Reactance per ph = 5Ω.
Saturation curve:
Field Current A : 150 200 250 300 350 500
Terminal Voltage V : 56500 6490 7000 7400 7750 8500
When operating in parallel with a terminal voltage of 6600 V, the first machine supplies 90 A at 0.8 lag
pf. If the load pf is 0.707 lag and total load is 1600 KV, determine the excitation of second alternator.
(10)[APL/MAY-05]
14. Give the constructional details of two types of alternator. (8)[APL/MAY-05 (12) NOV 14]
15. A 3-phase Y connected alternator has the following data:
Voltage required to be generated on O.C. is 4000V at 50Hz, speed is 500rpm, stator slots / pole / ph is
3, conductor / slot is 12. Calculate the number of the poles and useful flux / pole. Assume all
conductor / ph to be connected in series and coil to be full pitched. (10)[APL/MAY-05]
16. A 1000 KVA, 3300V, 3 phase star connected delivers full-load current at the rated voltage and
0.8 p.f. lagging. The resistance of the machine per phase is 0.5 ohm and the reactance 6.5 ohm.
Estimate the terminal voltage for the same excitation and load current at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
(8)[MAY/JUNE-06]
17. A 3-phase 16 pole alternator has star connected winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per
slots. The flux per pole is 0.04 weber and is sinusoidally distributed. The speed is 375 rpm. Find
frequency , phase emf and line emf. The span is 160o electrical. (8)[MAY/JUNE-06]
18. What are the methods of determining regulation of synchronous generator? Discuss each in brief.
(12)[MAY/JUNE-06]
19. A 5000 KVA,10000 V,1500 rpm, 50 Hz, alternator run in parallel with other machines. Its
synchronous reactance is20%. Find for (1) no load (2) full load at power factor 0.8 lagging,
synchronizing power per unit, mechanical angle of phase displacement is 0.5 o. (8)[MAY/JUNE-06]
20. Describe the effect of alternator reaction when an alternator is delivering a load current at (1)
purely lagging (2) unity and (3) purely leading power factor with diagram. (6)[APL/MAY-08]
21. What do you mean by synchronizing of alternators? State the condition and then explain any one
method of synchronizing. (10)[APL/MAY-08]
22. A 3-phase star connected alternator gives 575 V on open circuit when field current is 10 A. for
same field current, a full load current of 75A is observed on short circuit. The armature resistance
between the terminal is 2.16 ohm. On 0.8 p.f leading p.f of full load condition induced emf per phase
is 6100 V. find its rated terminal voltage per phase and between the lines. Also calculate KVA rating
of the alternator. (8)[APL/MAY-08]
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23. Explain clearly the ZPF method of determining the regulation of an alternator. (8)[APL/MAY-08]
24. Two identical 3 phase alternator work in parallel and supply a total load of 1500KW at 11 KV at a
power factor of 0.867 lag. Each machine supplies half of the total power. The synchronous reactance
of each is 50Ω per phase and the resistance is 4Ω per phase. The field excitation of the first machine is
so adjusted that its armature current is 50 A lagging. Determine the alternator current of the second
alternator and the generator voltage of the first machine. (8)[APL/MAY-08]

25. Explain the two reaction theory of salient pole synchronous machines. (8)[MAY/JUNE-09]
26. An 11 KVA, 1000KV 3 phase, Y connected alternator has resistance of 2 Ω per phase. The open
circuit and full load zero power factor characteristics are given below. Find the voltage regulation of
the alternator for full load current at 0.8 p.f lagging by Potier method.
Field current (A) : 40 50 110 140 180
O.C.C line Voltage : 5800 7000 12500 13750 15000
Line volts zero p.f : 0 1500 8500 10500 12500
(16)[MAY/JUNE-09]
25. The open circuit and short circuit readings for a 3 phase, star connected 1000kVA, 2000V, 50Hz,
synchronous generator are:

Field Amperes 10 20 25 30 40 50

OC terminal voltage(V) 800 1500 1760 2000 2350 2600

SC armature current(A) - 200 250 300 - -

The armature effective temperature is 0.2Ω per phase. Draw the characteristics curves and estimate
the full-load percentage regulation at 0.8pf lagging and 0.8pf leading. (16)
[NOV 15]

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 UNIT-II [SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR]

1. What does hunting of synchronous motor mean? [MAY 03 09 11 12 , NOV 11 12 13 15]

When the load applied to the synchronous motor is suddenly increased or decreased, the
rotor oscillates about its synchronous position with respect to the stator field. This action is called
hunting.

2. What could be the reasons if a 3-phase synchronous motor fails to start?

It is usually due to the following reasons

a. Voltage may be too low.

b. Too much starting load.

c. Open circuit in one phase or short circuit.

d. Field excitation may be excessive

3. What is synchronous condenser? [NOV 14]

An over-excited synchronous motor under no load ,used for the improvement of power
factor is called as synchronous condenser because, like a capacitor it takes a leading current.

4. Write the applications of synchronous motor. [MAY 06 DEC 07]

a. Used for power factor improvement in sub-stations and in industries.

b. Used in industries for power applications.

c. Used for constant speed drives such as motor-generator set, pumps and compressors.

5. What is an inverted 'V' curve?

For a constant load, if the power factor is plotted against various values of field exciting current,
the curve formed is inverted V Shape and called as inverted 'V' curve.

6. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could it be due
to?
a. Exciter voltage may be too low.
b. Field spool may be reversed.
c. There may be either open-circuit or short-circuit in the field.

7. Define SCR?
Short circuit ratio (SCR) is defined as the ratio of field current required to produce rated voltage
on open-circuit to field current required to produce rated armature current with the terminals
shorted, while the machine runs at synchronous speed.

8. Why is open circuit characteristics called magnetic characteristics?

The OCC is called magnetic characteristic because it gives the variation of space component of
flux in air gap and mmf / pole of magnetic circuit.

9. What are the losses determined from SCC?

i. Copper loss
ii. Mechanical loss
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10. What are stray load losses?
Stray load loss is the sum of load core loss and loss due to the additional conductor resistance
offered to the ac.

11. What is synchronizing?

The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with common bus
bars is known as synchronizing.

12. What is a synchroscope?

Synchroscope is an instrument, which shows the phase relationship of emf of the incoming
alternator. It also indicates whether the incoming alternator is running slow or fast.

13. When does a synchronous motor get over excited?

If the field excitation of the motor is increased, the field flux will become strong and E b will
increase. As a result Eb will exceed V and the motor will be called an over excited motor.

14. Define pullout torque?

The pullout torque is the torque, beyond which the synchronous link between field poles and
resultant flux wave is severed and the machine falls out-of-slip.

15. What is meant by the sub transient period?

The initial period of decay of the short circuit current is called the sub transient, in which the
current decay is governed mainly by the damper winding constant.

16. What is fractional pitch winding?

When a winding is made with coil span less than full pitch, the winding is called as fractional pitch
winding.

Part B ( 8 & 16 Marks)

1. Explain V and inverted V curves applied to synchronous motor. (6)[ MAY 06 07 11 12 NOV 14 15]
2. Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a synchronous motor operating at lagging and leading
power factor (8) [NOV 15]
3. Illustrate through neat phasor diagram, the functioning of synchronous machine with varying
excitation under constant real power load. (8) [APR 15]
4. Describe a method of starting the synchronous motor against light load torque.
(8)[NOV/DEC-05 14 MAY JUNE 09]
5. Give a detailed explanation of synchronous condensers and its usage in power factor correction.
(8)[MAY/JUNE-06]
6. A 3300 V, 3 phase, star connected synchronous motor carries a current of 200 A. Armature
resistance per phase is 0.2Ω field resistance 1.5Ω and field current 30A. Core loss 30 KW, frication
windage, excitation loss 20 KN. Find the efficiency of the motor when working at unity p.f taking
rated current. (8)[MAY/JUNE-06]

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7. Name the important characteristics of an synchronous motor not found in an induction motor.
(4)[APL/MAY-08]
8. A 1500 KW, 3 phase star connected, 3.3 KV synchronous motor has reactance of Xd=4.01 and
Xq=2.88 Ω per phase. All losses may neglected. Calculate the excitation emf when the motor is
supplying rated load at unity p.f. also calculate the maximum mechanical power that the motor
can supply with excitation held fixed at this value. (12)[APL/MAY-08]
9. Explain the phenomenon of hunting in an synchronous motor. How it is remedied?
(8)[APL/MAY-08]
10. A 2500 V, 3 phase , star connected motor has a synchronous reactance of 5 Ω per phase. The motor
input is 1000 KW at rated voltage and an excitation emf of 3600 V(line). Calculate the line current
and power factor. (8)[APL/MAY-08]
11. A synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus. Discuss with the help of phasor diagram
(1) Effect of changing excitation at constant mechanical input.
(2) Effect of changing the input at constant excitation. (8)[APL/MAY-08]
12. Why synchronous motors are not self-starting? Explain any one method of starting.
(8)[APL/MAY-08]
13. Derive an expression for the power delivered by synchronous motor in terms of load angle.
(8)[MAY -08 09 NOV 15]
14. Illustrate the phenomenon of hunting and the use of damper winding with the help of dynamic
equations. (8) [APR 15]
15. What are constant excitation circles and constant power circle for a synchronous motor? How they
are delivered? (10) [NOV 14]
16. Explain the effect of changing excitation on armature current and power factor.
(8)[MAY/JUNE-09]
17. A synchronous motor having 40% reactance and negligible resistance is to operate at rated load at
(1) U.P.F
(2) 0.8 P.F. lag
(3) 0.8 P.F. lead.
What is the value of induced emf? Indicated assumptions made if any.8)[MAY/JUNE-09]

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 UNIT-III [THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR]

1. What are types of 3- phase induction motor?

i. Squirrel cage induction motor
ii. Slip ring induction motor

2. Why the rotor slots of a 3-phase induction motor are skewed? [MAY 08 DEC 13 15]
The rotor slots of a three -phase induction motor are skewed
i. to make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum
ii. to reduce the locking tendency of the rotor

3. Why the induction motor is called asynchronous motor?

Since the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than synchronous speed, it is called
asynchronous motor.

4. Define slip of an induction motor. [ NOV 14]

The slip of induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous speed and speed
of rotor expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed.

5. What are the merits and demerits of double squirrel cage induction motors? [ NOV 14]

Merits :
 Starting current is low
 Starting torque is high.
 Leakage reactance is high.
 The resistance is small.
Demerits:
 Effective rotor resistance is high hence at start rotor heating is large.
 Rotor copper loss is high.
 Efficiency is less.
 Cost is high.

6. What are slip rings?

The slip rings are made of copper alloys and are fixed around the shaft insulating it.
Through these slip rings and brushes the rotor winding can be connected to external circuits.

7. State the difference between slip ring rotor and cage rotor of an induction motor?
Slip ring rotor has 3-phase windings. Three ends of which are stared and the other three
ends are brought up and connected to 3 slip rings mounted in the shaft. Extra resistance can be added
in the rotor circuit. Squirrel cage rotor has short-circuited copper bars. Extra resistance can’t be
added as slip ring rotor.

8. Write an expression for the slip of an induction motor. [MAY 13 DEC 11 12 13]
Percentage slip = (Ns -Nr) / Ns * 100.

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9. What is cogging of an induction motor? [ MAY 07 DEC 05 07]
When the number of stator and rotor teeth’s is equal or integral multiple of rotor teeth ,they
have a tendency to align themselves exactly to minimum reluctance position. Thus the rotor may
refuse to accelerate. This phenomenon is known as cogging.
10.Explain why the no load current of an induction motor is much higher than that of an
equivalent transformer.
In induction motor, due to the presence of the air gap, the magnetizing current that is required to set
up the flux is much higher. The working component of the current has to meet the hysteresis loss,
eddy current loss, friction and windage losses. Hence the no load current of induction motor is higher.

11.State the effect of rotor resistance on starting torque?

Starting torque increases with increase in value of rotor resistance.

12.What are the advantages of cage motor?

 Since the rotor has very low resistance, the copper loss is low and efficiency is high
 On the account of simple construction of rotor, it is mechanically robust.
 Initial cost is less.
 Maintenance cost is less.
 Simple stating arrangement

13.Give the conditions for maximum torque for 3-phase induction motor?
The rotor resistance and rotor reactance should be equal for developing maximum torque i.e.
R2 = s X2 where s is the slip –under running conditions. R2 = X2 under starting conditions

14.What is reason for inserting additional resistance in rotor circuit of a slip ring induction
motor? [ MAY 06 DEC 12]
Introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit will increase the starting torque
as well as running torque. Also it limits the starting current, improves the power factor.

13. List out the methods of speed control of cage type 3-phase induction motor?
a) By changing supply frequency

b) By changing the number of poles

c) By operating two motors in cascade

14. Mention different types of speed control of slip ring induction motor?
a) By changing supply frequency
b) By changing the number of stator poles
c) By rotor rheostat control
d) By operating two motors in cascade

15. What are the advantages of 3-phase induction motor?

a) It was very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction
b) Its cost is very low and it is very reliable
c) It has been sufficiently high efficiency .No brushes are needed and hence frictional
losses are reduced
d) It requires minimum of maintenance.

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16. What does crawling of induction motor mean? [DEC 05 07 MAY 07]
Squirrel cage type, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run stably at speeds as low as 1/7
the of their synchronous speed, because of the harmonics this phenomenon is known as crawling

17. State the application of an induction generator?

a) Used in windmill for generating electric power.
b) Used in regenerative breaking places like traction.

18. Why is the efficiency of a 3-phase induction motor less than of a transformer?
In induction motor, there is a mechanical loss due to the rotation of the rotor. Hence the
efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of the transformer.

19. State the principle of 3 phase IM?

While starting, rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the revolving magnetic field and so
an emf is induced in them by electromagnetic induction. This induced emf produces a current if the
circuit is closed. This current opposes the cause by Lenz’s law and hence the rotor starts revolving in
the same direction as that of the magnetic field.

20. State the application of an induction generator?

 Used in windmill for generating electric power.

 Used in regenerative breaking places like traction.

21. Write the two extra features of slip ring induction motors.
a. Rotor is having 3-phase winding.
b. Extra resistance can be added in the rotor circuit by connecting through the help of three
slip rings for improving the power factor, increasing Starting Torque, limiting the starting
current.

22. Can we add extra resistance in series with squirrel cage rotor? State the reason?
We cannot add extra resistance in series with the rotor because all the copper bars of the rotor
are short circuited in both the sides by copper end rings to have a closed circuit.

23. Why an induction motor is called rotating transformer?

The rotor receives electrical power in exactly the same way as the secondary of a two winding
transformer receiving its power from primary. That is why an induction motor can be called as a
rotating transformer i.e., in which primary winding is stationary but the secondary is free to rotate.

24. Why an induction motor will never run at its synchronous speed?
If it runs at synchronous speed then there would be no related speed between the two, hence
no rotor emf, no rotor current so no rotor torques to maintain rotation. That is why the rotor runs at
its synchronous speed.

26. State the condition at which the torque developed in a 3 phase induction motor is
maximum. [NOV 2015]
When R2=SX2

P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 14

 Part B (8 & 16 Marks)

1. Explain with diagram the constructional details and working principle of a 3- phase induction
motor. (8)[APL/MAY-04 NOV 14]
2. Describe the principle of operation of synchronous induction motor. (8) [ NOV 14]
3. Sketch and explain the typical torque – slip characteristics of a three phase induction motor.(8)
[MAY 04 13 NOV 05 06 07 11 12 14 15]
4. The power input to the rotor of a 3-phase, 50 Hz, 6 pole induction motor is 80 KW. The rotor emf
makes 100 complete alternations per minute. Find
(1) Slip
(2) Motor speed
(3) Mechanical power developed
(4) Rotor copper loss per phase
(5) Rotor resistance per phase if rotor current is 65A
(6) Torque developed. (16)[APL/MAY-04]
5. How is the circle diagram useful to estimate the working condition of an induction motor?
(10)[NOV/DEC-04]
6. Explain about cogging and crawling. (8) [APR 15 NOV/DEC-04]
7. The following data refers to a 10 pole, 400 V, 50 Hz, 3 ph. Induction motor:
R1=1.75Ω, X1=5.5Ω, R2`=2.25Ω, X2`=6.6Ω. When the motor is tested on no-load, it is observed
that it tables 3.8A (line) and the total core loss is 310 W. By using an approximate equivalent
circuit at 4% slip calculates:
- The rotor current.
- Supply current power factor.
- Mechanical power developed.
- Gross load torque.
- Determine the equivalent circuit. (16)[NOV/DEC-04]
8. In a 3 ph IM , maximum torque = 2 times the full load torque starting torque = full load torque.
Calculate the full load speed and speed at which maximum torque occurs. (8)[APL/MAY-05]
9. Deduce the power stages in a 3 ph IM and also their relationship with gross torque Tg, overall
efficiency, etc. (8)[APL/MAY-05]
10.A 3-ph , 400 V IM gave the test reading:
No load test : 400V, 1250 W, 9A
SC test : 150 V, 4 KW, 38A
Draw the circle diagram. (10)[APL/MAY-05]

P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 15

 If the normal rating is 14.91 KW, find from the circle diagram, the full load current and slip.
11.Describe constructional feature of both squirrel cage induction motor and slip ring induction
motor. Discuss the merits of one over another. (8)[NOV/DEC-05]
12.A 10 KW, 420 V, 3 phase, 4 pole, 50 HZ, delta connected squirrel cage induction motor gave the
following data for blocked rotor test 210 V, 20 A, 5 KW. Stator core loss rated voltage and
frequency is 300 Watt. The DC resistance measured between any two stator terminals is 0.6Ω.
determine the stator current at rated voltage and frequency. (8)[NOV/DEC-05]
13.A 3 phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor gave the following test results:
No load : 400 V, 7.5A, 0.135 power factor
Blocked rotor: 150 V, 35A, 0.44 power factor
The ratio of standstill leakage reactance of stator and rotor is estimated as 2. If the motor
running at a speed of 960 rpm. Determine
i) Net mechanical power input
ii) Net torque
iii) Efficiency of the motor
Assume stator and rotor copper loss is equal. (16)[NOV/DEC-05]
14.Draw the equivalent circuit and derive expressions for maximum torque and power of a three
phase induction motor. (8)[APL/MAY-08 15]
15.A 6 pole , 50Hz, 3 phase induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.25Ω per phase and a maximum
of 10 N-m at 875 rpm. Calculate (1) the torque when the slip is 5% (2) the resistance to be added
to the rotor circuit to obtain 60% of the maximum torque at starting. Explain why two values are
obtained for this resistance. Which value will be used? The stator impedance is assumed to be
negligible. (12)[APL/MAY-08]
16.A 12 pole, 3phase, 50Hz induction motor draws 2.80A and 110KW under blocked rotor test. Find
the starting torque when on direct to rated voltage and frequency supply. Assume the stator and
rotor copper losses to be equal under blocked rotor test. (8)[APL/MAY-08]
17.A 440V, 4 pole 3 phase 50Hz induction motor develops 25HP inclusive of mechanical losses, when
running at 1440rpm. The motor power factor is 0.82 lag. Calculate slip, rotor copper losses, total
input if stator losses are 1800W, line current and overall efficiency if mechanical losses are 750W.
(8)[APL/MAY-08]
18.Explain the test required to be performed to obtain the data for the circle diagram? Explain the
steps to draw the circle diagram. (10)[APL/MAY-08]
19.Explain slip – torque characteristic of induction motor in detail. (8)[MAY/JUNE-09]

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 UNIT-IV [STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR]

1. What are the types of starters? [DEC 07 13 MAY 11]

 Stator rheostat,
 Autotransformer
 Star to Delta starter and
 Rotor resistance starter.

2. List out the methods of speed control of cage type 3-phase induction motor?
[MAY 04 11 DEC 03 15]
a) By changing supply frequency

b) By changing the number of poles

c) By operating two motors in cascade

3. Mention different types of speed control of slip ring induction motor? [ MAY 10 DEC 07]
e) By changing supply frequency
f) By changing the number of stator poles
g) By rotor rheostat control
h) By operating two motors in cascade

4. State the effect of rotor resistance on starting torque?

Starting torque increases with increase in value of rotor resistance.

5. How can varying supply frequency control speed?

We know that
Ns = 120f
P
From the equation it is clear that by varying frequency speed can be varied it is vary rarely.

6. How is speed control achieved by changing the number of stator poles?

Here change in stator poles is achieved by having two or more independent stator windings in the
same slot. Each winding gives different number of poles and different speeds. At a time only one
winding is used and other is closed.

7. What are the main disadvantages of rotor rheostatic control?

 The speed can be decreased by increasing the rotor resistance, but increases I2R loss and
hence decreases efficiency.
 Speed depends on load also and so used for small periods only.

8. What are the methods of speed control preferred for large motors?
 Kramer system
 Scherbius system

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9. What is an induction regulator?
An induction regulator is used to obtain the constant voltage at the feeder end. Varying the range
between the magnetic axes of the primary and secondary windings controls the voltage; it may be a
single phase. Rotor is moved usually by a maximum of 180 degree.

10. Define-Slip frequency.

The relation motion of the stator flux and the rotor conductors induces the voltage of frequency S f
called slip frequency.

11. Define- Asynchronous torque.

When stator and rotor fields are stationary with respect to each other, a steady torque is produced
and rotation is maintained. Such a torque existing at any mechanical speed other than synchronous
speed is called as an asynchronous torque.

12. What is the main use of squirrel cage winding in synchronous motor starting?
When a squirrel cage winding called damper winding is inserted in the rotor pole faces, the rotor
comes up to the synchronous speed by induction motor action with the field winding unexcited.

13. What is breakdown torque?

From the torque verses slip charactertics, we can infer that as the torque increases, slip increases
upto a maximum torque developed is called a breakdown torque.

14. What is the function of rotary converter? Where it is used?

Rotary converter converts low slip ac power. It is used in Kramer system, which is for the speed
control of three-phase induction motor.

15. What are the advantages of Kramer system of speed control?

Any speed with in the working range can be obtained
When rotary converter is overexcited, it will take leading current, compensates with the lagging
current drawn by the motor, thus improving power factor.

16. Write the expression for concatenated speed of the set.

Cumulative mode (Nsc) = 120f
Pa + Pb

Differential mode (Nsc) = 120f

Pa – Pb

Pa – no of poles of motor A
Pb – no of poles of motor B

P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 18

 Part B( 8 & 16 Mark)

1. Explain the speed control of induction motor, from stator side. (8)[APL/MAY-04]

2. A small squirrel cage induction motor has a starting current of six times the full load current and
the full load slip is 0.05.Find in p.u. of full load values, the current(line) and starting torque with
the following methods of starting 1. Direct switching 2. Autotransformer starting with motor
current limited to 2 p.u. and 3. Star-delta starting. (8) [APR 2015]

3. The impedances at standstill of the inner and outer cages of a double cage rotor are (0.01+j0.5)
ohm and (0.05+j0.1) ohm respectively. The stator impedance maybe assumed to be negligible.
Determine the ratio of the torques due to the two cages 1. Starting and 2. When running with a slip
of 5%. (8) [ APR 2015]

4. Explain speed control of a 3ph Induction motor using voltage and frequency control. (8) [NOV 15]

5. Describe the method of speed control of three phase squirrel cage induction motor by changing
the number of poles and state the applications of this method. (6) [NOV 14]

6. Explain the method of starting of slip ring Induction motor. (8) [NOV 15]

7. Explain the speed control of three phase induction motor with slip power recovery scheme.
(16) [NOV 14 15]

8. Explain with neat sketches, working of star – delta starter for 3ph Induction motor. (8) [NOV 14]

9. Explain the various techniques of speed control of induction motor from rotor side control.

(10)[NOV/DEC-04]

3. Explain the any two starting schemes adopted in 3 ph IM. (16)[APL/MAY-05 15]

4. Explain the various speed control schemes of induction motor in short. (16)[APL/MAY-06]

5. Explain the relevant diagram, the construction and working of auto transformer and star – delta
starters. (16)[APL/MAY-08]

6. Explain the working of following starter with the help of neat circuit diagram (1) stator resistance
starter (2) auto transformer starter (3) rotor resistance starter. (8)[APL/MAY-08]

7. Explain the cascade control of the two induction motors. (8)[APL/MAY-08]

8. Explain with neat sketches, working of star – delta starter and rotor resistance starter.
(16)[APL/MAY-09]

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P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 19

 Unit –V [SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS AND SPECIAL MACHINES]

1. Name the two winding of single phase induction motor?

Running and starting winding.
2. What are methods available for making single phase induction motor a self starting?
i. By splitting the single phase into 2 phases
ii. By providing shading coil in the poles.
3. What is the function of capacitor in single phase induction motor?
i. To make more phase difference between the starting and running winding.
ii. To improve the power factor and to get more torque.

4. State any four uses of single phase induction motor?

Fans, wet grinders, vacuum cleaner, small pumps, compressors, drills. Explain
5. Why single phase induction motor is not a self starting one? [NOV 15]
When motor fed supply from single phase, its stator winding produces an alternating flux,
which doesn’t develops any torque.
6. What kind of motors used in ceiling fan and wet grinders?
Ceiling fan # Capacitor start and capacitor run single phase induction motor,
wet grinders# Capacitor start capacitor run single phase induction motor.
7. What is the application of shaded pole induction motor?
Because of its small starting torque, it is generally used for small toys, instruments, hair driers,
ventilators.etc.
8. In which direction a shaded pole motor runs?
The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part.
9. Why single phase induction motor have low PF?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by large angle so
only single phase induction motor have low PF.
10. Differentiate between “capacitor start” & “Capacitor start capacitor run” single phase
induction motor?
Capacitor start – capacitor is connected series with starting winding, but it will be
disconnected from supply when motor pick up its speed. Capacitor start capacitor run# starting
winding and capacitor will not be disconnected from supply even though motor pickup its speed.
11. What are the principal advantages of rotating field type construction?
Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to rotating
system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator part of the machine to
provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling system, stationary system of conductors can
easily be braced to prevent deformation.

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12. Why an induction motor never runs at its synchronous speed?
If it runs at synchronous speed then there would be no relative speed between the two, hence
no rotor emf, so no rotor current, then no rotor torque to maintain rotation.
13. What are the advantages of cage motor?
Since the rotor has low resistance, the copper loss is low and efficiency is very high. On account
of simple construction of rotor it is mechanically robust, initial cost is less; maintenance cost is less,
simple starting arrangement.
14. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many 1-phase Induction motors?
Centrifugal switches are provided on many 1-phase Induction motors to disconnect the
starting / auxiliary winding from the supply when the motor reaches about 70% of its synchronous
speed.
15. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor?
In shaded pole motors the necessary phase –splitting is produced by induction. These motors
have salient poles on stator and a squirrel cage type rotor. The poles are shaded ie each pole carries a
copper band one of its unequally divided part is called shading band. When single phase ac supply is
given to the stator winding due to shading provided to the poles a rotating magnetic field is generated.
16. Why capacitor –start induction motors advantageous?
In capacitor start induction motors capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding.
When speed of the motor approaches to 75 to80%of the synchronous speed the starting winding gets
disconnected due to the operation of the centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains in the circuit only
at start. The starting torque is proportional to phase angle ά and hence such motors produce very high
starting torque.
17. List out 4 applications of shaded pole induction motor?
Shaded pole motors have very low starting torque, low power factor and low efficiency. The
motors are commonly used for small fans, toy motors, advertising displays, film projectors, record
players, gramophones, hair dryers , photocopying machines etc
18. What are the drawbacks of the presence of the backward rotating field in a single phase
induction motor?
Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in the rotor which circulates rotor current .the rotor
current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with forward component of to produce a torque in one
particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux interacts with backward component
φb to produce a torque in the clockwise direction. So if anti clock wise torque is positive then
clockwise torque is negative thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start.
19. Why is hysteresis motor free from mechanical and magnetic vibrations?
The stator of hysteresis motor carries main and auxiliary windings to produce rotating
magnetic field or of shaded pole type also. The rotor is smooth cylindrical type made up of hard
magnetic material. The torque in this motor is constant at all speeds it runs at synchronous speed.
There is not relative motion between stator and rotor field so the torque due to eddy current vanishes.
Only hysteresis torque is present which keeps rotor running at synchronous speeds .the high
retentivity ensures continuous magnetic locking between stator and rotor. Hence it is free from
magnetic vibrations
P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 21
20.In which direction does a shaded pole motor run?
The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part.

21. Give two advantages and two applications of stepper motor.

Advantages:
*These motors are compatible with digital equipments and are flexible in operation.
*The dynamic response is fast
Applications:
Stepper motors are widely used in computer peripherals such as serial printers tape drives,
floppy disk drivers. They are also used in control of machine tools, Robotics.
22. List some applications of linear induction motor?
They are used in machine tool industry and in robotics .They are used in trains operated on
magnetic levitation, reciprocating compressors can also be driven by linear motors
23. What are the specific characteristic features of the repulsion motor?
Repulsion motors give excellent performance characteristics. A very high starting torque of about
300 to350% of full load can be obtained with starting currents of about 3 to 4 times the full load
current. Thus it has got very good operating characteristics. The speed of the motor changes with load
.with compensated type of repulsion motor the motor runs with improved power factor as the
quadrature drop in the field winding is neutralized. Also the leakage between armature and field is
reduced which gives better regulation.
24. Discuss characteristics of single phase series motor.
* To reduce the eddy current losses, yoke and pole core construction is laminated
*The power factor can be improved by reducing the number of turns. But this reduces the field
flux.
But this reduction in flux increases the speed and reducing the torque. To keep the torque
same it is necessary to increase the armature turns proportionately. This increases the armature
inductance.
25. What are the demerits of repulsion motor?
*very expensive
*speed changes with load
* on no load speed is very high causing sparking at brushes
*low power factor on no load
26. List four applications of reluctance motors?
This motor is used in signaling devices, control apparatus, automatic regulators, recording
instruments, clocks and all kinds of timing devices, teleprinters, gramophones.
27. What is a universal motor?
There are small capacity series motors which can be operated on dc supply or single phase ac
supply of same voltage with similar characteristics called universal motors. The construction of this
motor is similar to that of ac series motor.

P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 22

28. Give the names of three different types of single-phase motor.
I. Split phase motor
ii. Shaded pole motor.
iii. Single phase series motor.
iv. Repulsion motor.

29. What is the use of shading ring in a pole motor?

The shading coil causes the flux in the shaded portion to lag behind the flux in unshaded
portion of pole. This gives in effect a rotation of flux across the pole face and under the influence of
this moving flux a stating torque is developed.

30. State the advantages of capacitor start run motor over capacitor start motor.
Running torque is more; Power factor during running is more.

31. How is the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor be reversed? [NOV 15]
The direction of rotation can be reversed by interchanging the terminals of either the main
winding or the starting winding.

32. State some application of universal motor.

Used for sewing machines, table fans, Vacuum cleaners, hair driers, blowers etc

33. What kind of motor is used in mixie?

Single-phase ac series motor is used in mixie.

Part B(8 & 16 Marks)

1. Explain the operation of a single phase induction motor on the basis of double field revolving
theory. (8)[MAY-04 06 09 APR 15] [NOV 04 15]

2. Explain the theory of brushless DC machine. [APR 15]

3. Explain the constructional details, principle of operation and the applications of hysteresis motor.
(10) [APL/MAY-04 NOV 14 15]

4. Explain the operation of the types of stepper motor. Compare them. State four applications of
stepper motors. (16)[NOV/DEC-04 APR 2015]

5. (i) What are stepping motors? (2)

(ii) Discuss the types of stepper motors with an application for each. (3)
(iii) Explain the few important definitions associated with stepper motor.(4) [APL/MAY-05]
(iv) Explain the operation of any one type of stepper motor with neat sketches. (7) [NOV 05]

6. Develop equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor with the help of double field revolving
theory. (8) [NOV/DEC-05 14]

7. Explain no load and blocked rotor test for obtaining the equivalent circuit parameters of a single
phase induction motor. (8) [NOV 14]

8. Explain the principle and operation of a reluctance motor. State application. (8)[NOV/DEC-05]

P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 23

9. Explain the operating principle of Linear Induction motor with neat diagram. (8)[MAY 06 NOV 15]

10. Explain with suitable diagram the working principle of split phase and capacitor start induction
motor. (12)[APL/MAY-08]

11. Discuss briefly the operation and characteristics of repulsion. (8)[APL/MAY-08 09]

12. Explain the different methods of starting of single phase induction motor. (8)[MAY -09]

13. What are the modifications have to be done on a DC series motor to make it to work with single
phase AC supply? State the applications of AC series motors. (6) [NOV 14]

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P.HARI KUMAR AP - EEE Page 24