COSONANT: The sound is made from vibration through the mouth, which is

prevented.
Consonants sound compound: unvoiced consonants and voiced consonants:
Unvoiced consonants are p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, h, tʃ.
Voiced consonants are b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, v, ð, z, ʒ, r, l, j, w, dʒ.

The description and classification of consonants includes three different crities:

Criterion Possibilities
1 State of the glottis Voiceless or voiced
2 Place of articulation - Bilabial (Âm môi– môi): Produced by bringing both lips together

- Labiodental (Âm môi – răng): Made with lower lip against the upper
front teeth

- (Inter-) dental (Âm khe răng): Produced with the tip of the tongue
placed against or near the upper teeth, or between the front teeth (then
also interdental)

- Alveolar (Âm ổ răng): Articulated with the tip of the tongue at or near
the small ridge behind the upper front teeth called the aveolar ridge

- Postalveolar (Âm phế nang): Made with the tongue approaching or

touching the rear of the alveolar ridge or the area just behind it

- Retroflex (Âm quặt lưỡi): Articulated with the tip of the tongue curled
back to come near or make contact with the hard palate

- Palatal (Âm ngạc cứng): Made with the front of the tongue near or at the
hard palate

- Velar (Âm vòm mềm): Produced by raising the back of the tongue to
the velum (or soft palate)
 - Uvular (Lưỡi gà): Made by moving the back or root of the tongue to the
uvula

- Pharyngeal (Âm yết hầu): Produced by retracting the root of the tongue
into the pharynx

- Glottal (Âm thanh hầu): Articulated by the vocal folds in the larynx
3 Manner of - Plosive (or stop) (Âm bật): The speaker blocks (or: stops) the airstream
articulation by forming a complete closure with the articulators, builds up air
pressure and finally releases the air suddenly or “explosively” through
the mouth

- Nasal (Âm mũi): The velum is lowered so that the airstream partially or
completely passes through the nose

- Trill (Âm rung): An articulator, such as the tongue-tip or the uvula,

vibrates in the airstream
-
- Tap or flap: Produced by striking the tongue quickly agaisnt the roof of
the mouth, interupting the flow of air very briefly

- Fricative (Âm xát): A continuous airstream forces its way through a

very narrow opening between the articulators and thereby produces
audible friction

- Affricate (Âm tắc): A single sound that is a combination of a plosive

and a fricative, africates begin with a complete closure and continue by
slightly releasing the articulators, causing the air to escape relatively
slowly through narrow passage

- Lateral fricative (Âm bên xát): The air escapes around the sides of a
partial closure of the organs of speech through a narrow passage

- Approximant (Âm gần đúng): Articulators approach but do not touch

each other, leaving a wider opening than in the production of fricatives
 - Lateral approximant (Âm bên gần đúng): Made with air that escapes
around the sides of a partial closure (like lateral fricatives), but no
friction is produced as the opening is too wide (like approximants)

VOWEL: The sound is made from the vibration of croupe.

Vowels sound compound: single vowels (monophthongs) and double vowels
(diphthongs).
Single vowels (monophthongs) are: i: , i , e , æ , u , u: , ə:(3: ), ə , ɔ: , ɔ (ɒ) , ɑ: , ʌ.
Double vowels (diphthongs) are: ei, ɔi, ai, iə, eə, uə, əu, au.
The description and classification of vowels consists of the following three
criteria:
Criterion Possibilities
1) Height of the tongue (or: closeness) High (close), mid-high (close-mid), mid-
low (open-mid) and low (open)
2) Part of the tongue Front, central and back
3) Position of the lips Rounded or unrounded

Some descriptions distinguish a fourth parameter, namely the position of the

velum, i.e, the difference between:
- Oral vowels produced with the velum raised and air escaping only through
the mouth
- Nasal vowels produced with the velum lowered and some of the air passing
through the nasal cavity

Distinguish Vowel and Consonant

Vowel Consonant
Definition The sound is made from the vibration of The sound is made from vibration
croupe through the mouth, which is
prevented
Type Vowels sound compound: single vowels Consonants sound compound:
(monophthongs) and double vowels unvoiced consonants and voiced
(diphthongs) consonants
Rule – A vowel pair with a consonant makes
a syllable
– Vowels pair with consonants to make
a sound or vowels make the sound their
own
– One lonely vowel in the middle makes
a short sound. Example: hot
– The silent “e” makes the previous
vowel say it name. Example: cute
Consonant cannot make syllable in
their own
– Consonants can make sound only
then they pair with vowels
– Vowels make a short sound when
in the first position followed by a
consonant. Example: apple