Newtonian fluid

A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are
linearly[1] correlated to the local strain rate—the rate of change of its deformation over time.[2][3][4] That
is equivalent to saying those forces are proportional to the rates of change of the fluid's velocity vector as
one moves away from the point in question in various directions.

More precisely, a fluid is Newtonian only if the tensors that describe the viscous stress and the strain rate
are related by a constant viscosity tensor that does not depend on the stress state and velocity of the flow.
If the fluid is also isotropic (that is, its mechanical properties are the same along any direction), the
viscosity tensor reduces to two real coefficients, describing the fluid's resistance to continuous shear
deformation and continuous compression or expansion, respectively.

Newtonian fluids are the simplest mathematical models of fluids that account for viscosity. While no real
fluid fits the definition perfectly, many common liquids and gases, such as water and air, can be assumed
to be Newtonian for practical calculations under ordinary conditions. However, non-Newtonian fluids are
relatively common, and include oobleck (which becomes stiffer when vigorously sheared), or non-drip
paint (which becomes thinner when sheared). Other examples include many polymer solutions (which
exhibit the Weissenberg effect), molten polymers, many solid suspensions, blood, and most highly
viscous fluids.

Newtonian fluids are named after Isaac Newton, who first used the differential equation to postulate the
relation between the shear strain rate and shear stress for such fluids.

Contents
Definition
Incompressible isotropic case
For anisotropic fluids
Newtonian law of viscosity
Power law model
Fluid model
Examples
See also
References

Definition
An element of a flowing liquid or gas will suffer forces from the surrounding fluid, including viscous
stress forces that cause it to gradually deform over time. These forces can be mathematically
approximated to first order by a viscous stress tensor, which is usually denoted by .

The deformation of that fluid element, relative to some previous state, can be approximated to first order
by a strain tensor that changes with time. The time derivative of that tensor is the strain rate tensor, that
expresses how the element's deformation is changing with time; and is also the gradient of the velocity
vector field at that point, often denoted .

The tensors and can be expressed by 3×3 matrices, relative to any chosen coordinate system. The
fluid is said to be Newtonian if these matrices are related by the equation where is a fixed
3×3×3×3 fourth order tensor, that does not depend on the velocity or stress state of the fluid.

Incompressible isotropic case

For an incompressible and isotropic Newtonian fluid, the viscous stress is related to the strain rate by the
simpler equation

where

is the shear stress ("drag") in the fluid,

is a scalar constant of proportionality, the shear viscosity of the fluid
is the derivative of the velocity component that is parallel to the direction of shear,
relative to displacement in the perpendicular direction.

If the fluid is incompressible and viscosity is constant across the fluid, this equation can be written in
terms of an arbitrary coordinate system as

where

is the th spatial coordinate

is the fluid's velocity in the direction of axis
is the th component of the stress acting on the faces of the fluid element
perpendicular to axis .

One also defines a total stress tensor , that combines the shear stress with conventional
(thermodynamic) pressure . The stress-shear equation then becomes

or written in more compact tensor tensor notation

where is the identity tensor.

For anisotropic fluids

More generally, in a non-isotropic Newtonian fluid, the coefficient that relates internal friction stresses
to the spatial derivatives of the velocity field is replaced by a nine-element viscous stress tensor .

There is general formula for friction force in a liquid: The vector differential of friction force is equal the
viscosity tensor increased on vector product differential of the area vector of adjoining a liquid layers and
rotor of velocity:

where – viscosity tensor. The diagonal components of viscosity tensor is molecular viscosity of a
liquid, and not diagonal components – turbulence eddy viscosity.[5]

Newtonian law of viscosity

The following equation illustrates the relation between shear rate and shear stress:

where:

τ is the shear stress;

μ is the viscosity, and
is the shear rate.

If viscosity is constant, the fluid is Newtonian.

Power law model

The power law model is used to display the behavior of
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and measures shear stress
as a function of strain rate.

The relationship between shear stress, strain rate and the velocity
gradient for the power law model are:

where

In blue a Newtonian fluid compared

is the absolute value of the strain rate to the (n-1)
to the dilatant and the pseudoplastic,
power; angle depends on the viscosity.

is the velocity gradient;

n is the power law index.

If

n < 1 then the fluid is a pseudoplastic.

 n =1 then the it is Newtonian fluid.
n > 1 then the fluid is a dilatant.

Fluid model
The relationship between the shear stress and shear rate in a casson fluid model is defined as follows:

where τ0 is the yield stress and

where α depends on protein composition and H is the Hematocrit number.

Examples
Water, air, alcohol, glycerol, and thin motor oil are all examples of Newtonian fluids over the range of
shear stresses and shear rates encountered in everyday life. Single-phase fluids made up of small
molecules are generally (although not exclusively) Newtonian.

See also
Fluid mechanics
Non-Newtonian fluid

References
1. Panton, Ronald L. (2013). Incompressible Flow (Fourth ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
p. 114. ISBN 978-1-118-01343-4.
2. Batchelor, G. K. (2000) [1967]. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics (https://books.google.co
m/?id=Rla7OihRvUgC&lpg=PP1&dq=An%20Introduction%20to%20Fluid%20Dynamics&pg
=PP1#v=onepage&q). Cambridge Mathematical Library series, Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66396-0.
3. Kundu, P.; Cohen, I. Fluid Mechanics. p. (page needed).
4. Kirby, B. J. (2010). Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices
(http://www.kirbyresearch.com/textbook). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-
11903-0.
5. Volobuev, A. N. (2012). Basis of Nonsymmetrical Hydromechanics. New York: Nova
Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61942-696-2.

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