$20

Space
Governance
The Journal of United Societies in Space, Inc.
d/b/a International Space Development Authority Corporation
and Affiliates including: Lunar Economic Development Authority, Inc.
World Space Bar Association, Space Orbital Development Authority, Inc.
and a Special Interest Chapter of the National Space Society & the Mars Society

Vol. 11 Space is a Place 2005

NASA image JSC2006-E-43519 (Oct. 2006)

Computer-generated artist’s rendering of the completed International Space Station

IN THIS ISSUE: ■ Buzz Aldrin ■ Ray Arvidson ■ Jim Benson ■ Doug Cooke ■ Shana Dale ■ Steve Durst
■ Marianne Dyson ■ Edward Mike Finke ■ Jose Hernandez ■ Scott Horowitz ■ John Hovde ■ Brooks Jenkins
■ Stephen Hawking ■ Jack Lynne ■ Robert McCall ■ Ved Nanda ■ Dayton O’Donnell ■ Declan J. O’Donnell, J.D.
■ Gerard K. O’Neill ■ Thomas Reiter ■ Jesus Raygoza B. ■ William Henry Siegfried, PhD. ■ Steven Squyres
■ Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ■ Werner Von Braun ■ Asia Wakabayashi ■ Peggy Whitson
 United Societies in Space and Affiliates
Board of Directors Michael Murphy
for Buzz Aldrin, PhD Nathan Goldman, PhD, JD Ved Nanda
United Societies In Space Iqrar Ali Patricio Gonzalez-Quintanilla Michael Newbrough, PhD
and/or its Affiliates: Robert E Becker Andrew Good Elizabeth O'Donnell
Oleg Alifanov Larry Bell Yvonne Goolsby-Spencer, Declan J O'Donnell II
Greg H Allison Jim Benson MSN, RN James M Otto
Pahlaj Bajaj Ryan Bird Paul Graham Ivan Pavlovets
Greg Bennett Karl "Bo" Bobka Allen K Grant Miguel Perez T
Brad Blair Kathy P Bonham Michael P Groff, JD Dimitry Pieson
Henry Cheung, PhD Michael Cerney Robert Grossman, JD Linda Plush, MSN
Bruce Cordell, PhD Dennis Chamberlain Philip R Harris, PhD John Powell
Ned Dodds Ned Chapin Barbara Harris, MD Ignacio Quesada
Steve Durst Dingchang Cheng Albert A Harrison, PhD Jesus Raygoza B
William A Gaubatz David Larry Clark Brian Harvey, HDE John B Regnell, PhD, MLS
William A Good, PhD Mark Cohen John Helmick Suzzette A Roachette
Stewart Johnson, PhD Karen Cramer Arthur Hingerty Justin Rodriguez
Deepak Kapadia James A Cunningham Tanya D Holland Eligar Sadeh
Ronnie M Lajoie Susan Dage-Ruby Alex Howerton Marshall Savage
Alex Lightman John Davidson Diana Hoyt George Schuh, CPA
David Livingston Frank P Davidson Nandasiri Jasentuliyana Paul R Seitz
Declan J. O’Donnell, JD Dennis M Davidson Alan Jones, JD Milton "Skip" Smith
Omar Pensado D Pablo de Leon John J Karch Michael D Smith
Raphael Ponce Vladimir Doroshin Darla Kerkhoff Guillermo Sohnlein
John Reynolds, JD Kerrie Dougherty Grigori Khozin Madhu Thangavelu, PhD
Gary “Rod” Rodriguez Michael Duke, PhD Deyong Kong Bill Trowbridge
Carol Rosin, PhD Brad Edwards Olivier Koslowski, JD Elizabeth J Verdisco
David G Shrunk, MD Eric Epstein Sergey Krichevsky, PhD Don Wade
John S Spencer Bryan F Erickson Beatrice Lacoste Mary Lou Walen
Dennis Wakabayashi Jonathan Ericson, PhD Charles J Lauer G Toe Washington
Kathleen Woody, JD Judith Fielder Jeffrey G Liss Richard Westfall
Gary C Fisher Scott March, JD Harold White, JD
Director Emeritus: Marsha Freeman Thomas L Matula Stewart B Whitney, PhD
Philip R Harris, PhD Michael Fulda, PhD Kevin McGee Harvey Wichman, PhD
Dra Marta Gaggero Montaner John Carter McKnight Dale R Winke
Regents, Advisors, Joseph Gillin David McLennan Simon P Worden
Observers, and Peter Glaser, PhD Luis Miranda G Robert Wyckoff
Committee Members: J Henry Glazer, JD George Morgenthaler Robert Zubrin, PhD
Josh Abend Richard Godwin

Mission Statement
United Societies In Space, Inc. (USIS) is dedicated to the proposition that space beyond the
Earth is the common heritage of mankind. It is to be settled, populated and enjoyed as the
interplanetary commons of the human species, the new frontier of its reachable universe.
USIS was created to encourage, foster and promote governance, legal, financial and
industrialization systems for the high frontier of space. USIS aims to provide a global forum to
represent, in freedom, the interests of worldwide organizations and private individuals
concerned and interested with space, united for the common good of the human species.
USIS communicates its message through its journal, Space Governance. To carry out the
above objectives, USIS seeks to establish the International Space Development Authority
Corporation, (ISDAC), and to create lunar authorities to promote development and settlement
on the Moon. Under the auspices of its Council of Regents, USIS convenes national and
international space governance conferences, having inaugurated the Regency for Space
Governance.
USIS promotes common law estates for private ownership in space and on space
resources. It has extended the common law to space effective October 2000; tendered a model
governance structure for space; and called for a new financing institution to pay for the
development phase in space, all embodied in the ISDAC.
 SPACE GOVERNANCE JOURNAL
Table of Contents
VOLUME 11
EDITORIAL: “Great People Contributed” By Declan J. O’Donnell ......................... 1
USIS 2005 Space Humanitarian Award to William Siegfried .................................. 3
Lunar Economic Development Authority: Ten Year Report.................................... 4
Fly Me to the Moon and Much, Much Farther ........................................................... 11
Living in Outer-Space Time: NASA’s Projected Timetable .............................. 18
What On Earth is Space Money? ........................................................................ 19
The International Space Station By Marianne Dyson (with pictures courtesy of
NASA)...................................................................................................................... 21
Astro Law as Common Law Extended Into the Outer Space Territory .................. 28
The First Wonder of the Off-World Contest and Follow On ................................... 36
International Lunar Observatory Envisioned............................................................ 37
USIS Report 2005 ........................................................................................................ 38
VOLUME 12/13
EDITORIAL: “Just Do It” By Declan J. O'Donnell ......................................................... 1
USIS Space Humanitarian Award to Maggie Zubrin .................................................... 2
Finally, a Moon Base: A Report from NASA and National Space Society ................... 3
The United Nations Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space......................... 4
What Way Forward? By Cynda Collins Arsenault, Secure World Foundation .............. 5
The Committee for a Positive Future By Barbara Marx Hubbard.................................. 10
The International Space Station (Continued from Vol. 11) By Marianne Dyson (with
pictures courtesy of NASA) ..................................................................................... 12
A Space Policy Proposal Regulating Martian Water Resources By Dr. J.J. Hurtak,
AFFS Corporation & Dr. Matthew Egan, UC, Berkeley ........................................... 16
First Wonder of the Off-World: First Follow-On Design Contest ................................... 22
USIS Report 2006 ......................................................................................................... 23
Volume 13
EDITORIAL: “Space Colonization and Commercialization – An Alternative to the
Moon and Mars” By Richard M. Westfall ....................................................................... 26
The Heinlein Model for Lunar Habitats, Modified and Updated..................................... 27
Life Support Systems in the Mars Cycler Orbiter ......................................................... 33
Space Barter Bank – Groundbreaking Developments By Declan J. O’Donnell ............ 38
Russia Started the Space Age ...................................................................................... 40
New Board Members Named ....................................................................................... 40
 JOURNAL CREDITS
Publisher. ........................................................................... Declan Joseph O’Donnell, PC
Editor ......................................................................................... Declan J. O’Donnell, JD
Managing Editor ......................................................................................Renee Gorman
Assistant Editor ....................................... Gary Rodriguez, Brad Blair & Richard Westfall
Website Master ...................................................................................... Richard Westfall
Founding Editor Emeritus .............................................................. Philip R. Harris, Ph.D.

United Societies in Space, Inc.

777 Fifth Street
Castle Rock, Colorado 80104 USA
Telephone: (800) 632-2828 or (303) 688-1193
Fax: (303) 663-8595
E-mail: djopc@qwest.net
Website: www.angelfire.com/space/usis and www.space-law.org

Subscription Rates: $20/yr and USIS membership is $120/yr which includes this
journal and all mailings and conferences and co-membership in the National Space
Society of which USIS is a Special Interest Chapter. Library Edition available for $50.

10th International Mars Society Convention

The 2007 convention was held 30 Aug - 2 Sep 2007 at the University
of California, Los Angeles. The International Mars Society convention
presented a unique opportunity for those interested in Mars to come
together and discuss the technology, science, social implications.
Visit their Website at www.marssociety.org for details.

Plenary Speakers included an exceptional line-up: Loretta Hidalgo discussing the

Spaceward Bound Program and other outreach endeavors
Dr. Penelope Boston on Earth Analogs for Martian Microbes
Dr. Fuk Li on the Jet Propulsion Lab Mars Exploration Program
Carolyn Porco presenting the latest Cassini discoveries with striking images returned form
the most capable scientific probe ever sent to the outer solar system.
Elon Musk, founder and CEO of SpaceX, an entrepreneurial rocket development company
that just made history by reaching an altitude of 200 miles with its privately developed Falcon
1 launch vehicle.
Dr. Scott Horowitz, Associate Administrator for Exploration Systems at NASA.
And of course, we will have a full report on the four month mission currently underway at
FMARS, including Crewmember First Person accounts and a report on the results of the
scientific survey by the remote science team.

Great People Contributed Freely
By Declan J. O’Donnell
The common thread among truly great people in space activist circles is open contribution. Our
organization has hosted many such exemplary guests, members, and observers. It is richer for the
dialogue, better off than before, and more confident about the future.
Philip R. Harris
Philip R. Harris, Ph.D.,
discovered a bar association
article I wrote in 1992: “A Basis
for Government in Outer
Space.” He circulated it,
sponsored me at the Inter-
national Astronautical Congress
in Washington, DC, and
partnered with me to create
United Societies in Space that
year. He was the first Editor in
Chief of this Space Governance
Journal. Phil is an outspoken
advocate of humans in space.
Brad Blair &
Rashmi Mayur
Board members Brad Blair
and Rashmi Mayur promoted
our young organization
internationally and at the United
Nations. Rashmi liked our
philosophy of advocating one
rule of law and policy
EDITORIAL
internationally during the
upcoming space development
phase. Part of his legacy was
to sponsor me for the Indira
Ghandi Award of India. We did
that in Mumbai, India, in
October, 1998. Rashmi
suffered a stroke in 2004 in Ronnie Lajoie &
Africa at the UN Summit on
Environmentalism and passed Kathleen Woody
away in New York, New York,
USA, in 2005. He began his Kathleen Woody, Esq.,
space advocacy with the found us by reading a copy of
legendary Gerard K. O’Neill of this journal in her dentist’s
Princeton, remained on the office in 1995. She called to
Board of the Space Studies say “here I am.” Kate recently
Institute, and ended with our left the teaching faculty of
group. Harvard Law School and an
Henry Cheung, Ph.D., of assignment in Kazakhstan,
Lawrence Livermore Labor- Russia for our U.S. State
atories followed, editing my first Department. She also taught at
book, “Cosmic Man Coming.” other law schools such as
He seemed to know everything Columbia and Georgetown.
and was quick to let me know. She pitched in with free and
His critique was so good that I open debate, organized LEDA
held up publication. with Brad Blair, consulted to our
World Space Bar Association
Next came David Schrunk, as a member, and has now
M.D., Greg Allison, Ronnie assumed the appointed position
Lajoie, and Kathleen Woody, of Chief Judge of the Supreme
Esq. My contemporaries were Court of the USIS Regency
way ahead of me, but they component of its International
slowed down to help United Space Development Authority
Societies in Space. Dr.
Corporation, ISDAC.
Schrunk pitched in on LEDA to
provide most of its advanced
thinking for creating a
permanent base on the Moon.
Greg Allison and Ronnie Lajoie,
both members of the Board of
Directors of the National Space
Society, joined our group,
contributed openly, and were
Buzz Aldrin, Robert
elected to the USIS Board of Zubrin, and Maggie Zubrin,
Directors.
1
(pictured above), called on me
to assist as a lawyer in forming
the Mars Society in 1997. I
remain on its Board of Directors
and USIS has become a
chapter. I was totally surprised
to learn from Buzz that Mars is
his preferred destination in
space and that he promotes the
concept of a large Mars cycler
orbiter space vessel. Robert
Zubrin, of course, created the
“Mars Direct” program while
working at Martin Marrietta and
is well known as a leading
authority on Mars. Maggie won
our space Humanitarian Award
for 2006.
Perhaps our most important
event was the International
Space Governance Convention
Cycler Orbiter Design Winners
More recently, in 2004 and
2005, this journal sponsored a
Mars Cycler Orbiter design
contest. Let me introduce the
winning team:
Asia Wakabayashi
Asia Wakabayashi of Virgina
Beach, Virginia, chairperson of the
committee, now a freshman in
college, an award winning debater,
and an A-plus student.
Dayton O’Donnell of Castle
Rock, Colorado, is now a freshman
in high school, a basketball team
natural, a President’s Award
Scholar, a member of the Colorado
Honor Band, and youngest son of
Declan J. O'Donnell’s family.
of 2000 A.D., ending one year
later in 2001 Professor Ved
Nanda, Esq., head of the
University of Denver Inter-
national Legal Studies Program
sponsored us at the University
of Denver Law School. All
Nations were appropriately
invited, as well as all then
known space industry relevant
offices. The 100++ delegates
created and adopted a regency
style constitution for our space
authorities. Fifty Ph.D. level
regents were then appointed.
Significantly, this convention
extended the common law into
outer space, defined it as the
Black Letter Rules asserted in
Corpus Juris Secundum, and
Dayton O’Donnell
John Hovde, now a freshman
in High School in Castle Rock,
Colorado, a member of its
freshman football team, a member
of the Colorado Honor Band, and
active with Habitats for Humanity.
John Hovde
2
tendered a space court with a
dozen qualified jurists on board.
Gary “Rod” Rodriguez,
Rafael Ponce, William Good,
Yvonne Goolsby-Spencer,
Brad Blair, Alex Lightman,
and Renee Gorman provided
leadership, energy, and
acumen. The event is cited
now as important by way of
defining how astro law should
develop. In 1850 the U.S.
Congress extended American
common law to all extra
territorial courts. This
convention by USIS has
amended that to include “astro
law” in space courts as the
extension of common law at the
year 2000 A.D.
Brooks Jenkins, also a
freshman in Castle Rock, is a
basketball team regular starter,
and a true space activist.
Their work and its results are
set forth later in this journal.
Space artist David Robinson is
credited with portraying this teams
ideas into a viable space vessel.
Saucer image. (See, the cover of
volume 12.) Buzz Aldrin sat on the
advisory committee as chaired by
Gary Rodriguez.
Brooks Jenkins
Thank you all for
these memories. Thanks
for being open,
contributory, and great,
each one of you.
 SPACE HUMANITARIAN AWARD
AWARD FOR 2005 A.D. PRESENTED TO WILLIAM HENRY
SIEGFRIED, PHD
By Declan J. O’Donnell
This gentle giant of the aerospace industry has a dedicated career of 55 years in leadership. His
retirement as head of the Humans in Space program at Boeing in 2004 gave him even more time to
volunteer. His pet projects are publishing and speaking at the International Astronautical Congresses,
AIAA meetings, and almost anywhere space activists congregate
worldwide.
In 1952 he earned both a bachelor and masters of science
degrees from Ohio State University. He also played tackle on the
University’s legendary football team. From there he spent three years
in the US Navy at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, (somehow assigned to
its aeronautical engineering activities). During his spare time he
attended the University of Pennsylvania business school.
Later he matriculated to the University of California-Los Angeles.
Again he concentrated in the field of aeronautical engineering. From
this educational platform he dove into the industry with early work on
NASA projects such as the crew transfer vehicles, the crew return
vehicles, space and defense projects, space systems, and lectured at
the Armed Forces Management School. By 1992 he was program
manager and director of the McDonnell Douglas Space Exploration
Initiative group that involved a seven-company team and all NASA
centers.
Then to Boeing. By 1998 he served as chief project engineer for Space Platforms and Exploration
in Advanced Engineering in the Boeing Space & Communications Group. By 2002 he contributed to
that company’s Phantom Works as an advanced designer. Dr. Siegfried also worked on the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory’s Mars Sample Return Mission. His volunteer work continued, also, as he
assumed chairmanship of the International Academy of Astronautics, (IAA), Human Exploration and
Development of the Moon and Earth’s neighborhood. Following that he assumed chairmanship of the
IAA study on Development for Infrastructure for the International Human Exploration of Space. His
run with the UN affiliated International Astronautical Federation matured during these years. He
became the perennial chair of its sessions on Strategies for Lunar and Mars Colonization and
Infrastructure for Human Exploration of Space.
Positions of responsibility include member of the NASA RASC-AL steering committee for the
USRA; IAA committee chair; AIAA co-chair for Space Colonization Committee; Board of Directors of
the Lunar Economic Development Authority, per NASA; and a member of United Societies in Space,
Inc. ab initio.
What a career! What a guy!

Local Chapters Needed

Both National Space Society, NSS, (www.nss.org) and the MARS SOCIETY,
(www.marssociety.org), welcome and encourage space enthusiasts to form local chapters
nationally and internationally. Each have international chapters and wish to grow both venues.

3
LUNAR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY: TEN YEAR REPORT
BY DECLAN J. O'DONNELL, J.D.;BUZZ ALRDIN, PH.D.; BRAD BLAIR, M.E.; GARY
RODRIGUEZ, P.E.; DAVID SCHRUNK, M.D.
ABSTRACT support, and test out the plan for feasibility and
consensus. The industry has been supportive
The establishment of an interim municipal of the general concept of an authority for
government for the Moon is proposed. The transition purposes. However, most leaders
task of planning and sponsoring resource worldwide wished to await some detailed plan.
utilization and utility development on the Moon This may be the first public statement by the
for the use of all developers, visitors, and LEDA staff and it will await leadership
settlers, for a fee, should be accomplished comment.
before these activities commence. This is the
province of the Lunar Economic Development
Authority, Inc., (LEDA). Its 10-year history will
be disclosed. Municipal projects that would
come under the jurisdiction of LEDA include
water treatment and delivery; waste disposal;
a building code; a railroad; certain monument
areas for preservation; a telescope park; and
electric power grids. Fees are earned to repay
bond holders who provide funds for these
facilities. There are plenty of investors for
such basic space development projects
worldwide. If LEDA is successful on the Moon,
then its form of interim governance may be
transported to Mars.
Because all of its principal projects are non
profit and designed for the use and benefit of
all countries and humankind, it is clearly treaty
compliant and not subject to the benefit
sharing burden of the Outer Space Treaty of
1967.
ESTABLISHMENT
View Graph 1
By United Societies in Space, Inc. United Societies in Space, Inc., (USIS),
Ten years ago the Lunar Economic was started in 1992, International Space Year,
Development Authority, Inc., (LEDA), a with Declan O’Donnell, Esq., George S.
proposed interim government for the Moon Robinson III, Esq., and Philip R. Harris, Ph.D.,
was established and filed. The organic charter in Washington, D.C. It was incorporated as a
was issued by the Secretary of State of non-profit Colorado corporation in 1993. The
Colorado in August 1996. The plan was World Bar Association designed and
seminared at the National Space Society’s sponsored it as a space governance entity and
International Space Development Conference co-sponsored with USIS the Space
in June 1996 in San Diego, California. The Governance Journal in 1993. It then reformed
authors were the protagonists and many well into the World Space Bar Association in 1994
known space activists supported it over that and filed as a Colorado non-profit corporation
decade. See, View Graph No. 1. affiliated with USIS.
The concept was to prepare an overall LEDA
municipal development plan for the Moon,
opine on the likely sources of economic The Lunar Economic Development
Authority, Inc, was the first substantial
4
expression of USIS space governance
philosophy. Apollo astronauts Edgar Mitchell
and Buzz Aldrin lent support as board of
director members and leading participants of
the LEDA advisory committee, respectively.
The first principle it announced was that it was
a 100-year maximum and clearly temporary
governance unit. The mission was to assist
with the transition to space habitats for
humans, opine on economic development of
the Moon, and, as soon as practicable within
that 100 year span, sponsor a political
convention for a more permanent lunar
governance model.

View Graph 2
Emphasis was placed on the need for
venue-wide standards for development,
Buzz Aldrin as NBC News commentator construction, and building maintenance on the
following the Columbia shuttle tragedy
Moon, and property rights issues.
Because of Buzz Aldrin’s early work on Leadership expressed reservation
cycler orbiters and likely orbits for such very regarding “zoning” on the Moon. The World
large and important vessels, USIS then formed Space Bar Association and LEDA felt that
the Space Orbital Development Authority, Inc. libertarian values would predominate and
(SODA). This was filed as a Colorado non- LEDA’s program could be hurt by such an
profit corporation during 1995. It asserts assertion as “zoning.” However, some sort of
authority over likely orbits for cycler orbiters, cooperative planning was approved so it was
has sponsored four international design decided to leave the word “zoning” in the chart
contests for the orbiter, has opined on a with the understanding it is not by fiat, but by
winning design as likely, and plans to push for consensus.
its construction on the Moon. To that end, it
has delegated to LEDA the leading role in The management
preparing the Moon for such a large project technique for space
and governing its ultimate creation at a lunar governance of affiliates
base. was created by USIS in
2000 A.D. by Inter-
Management national Convention.
This was co-sponsored
The original LEDA management structure
by USIS and Professor
was published in 1998. It featured a strong
Professor Ved Ved Nanda of the
executive branch, a modest court system, and
a consortia legislative branch that sat Nanda, University of International Law
Denver, College of Department of the
delegates from governments, industry, and
Law University of Denver
space activist organizations. See, View Graph
Law School. The
No. 2.
Regency of USIS appointed 50 Ph.D. level and
5
equivalent space activists and arranged them participate in construction of these facilities
into executive, legislative, and judicial and utilize the Authority’s bank.
departments.
D. Property Management. LEDA may
In 2004, the USIS board of directors conveniently maintain a property leasing
meeting at a Mars Society Convention in system and site permitting activity as
Chicago, Illinois, voted to do business as the municipalities are constitutionally expected to
“International Space Development Authority do. This would serve as a facilitator for those
Corporation” and caused papers to be filed in who care to build habitats, mines, ports,
more detail in 2006. This is viewed as the lead factories, and, of course, a large ship, catapult,
space governance federation with LEDA, and company town.
SODA, and the Mars Society focused on their
E. Environment. LEDA will oversee
respective municipal governance agendas.
protection of the lunar environment. Venue-
ISDAC would raise senior capital, issue bonds,
wide rules must be tendered before the
coordinate banking and space development
settlers, developers, tourists, and workers
efforts, and run the century out by sponsoring
arrive on the Moon.
a convention for a more permanent space
governance unit, hopefully comprised of space These lunar activities are viewed as
settlers on the Moon, at Mars, and in the cycler traditional, if not actually classical. 3
orbiter space vessel and other orbiting
facilities. PROJECT-DRIVEN
ARCHITECTURE
Moon Architecture
In order to support this and attendant I. Near Term Projects
mining and adjunct activities on the Moon, A. Circumferential Lunar Railroad and
LEDA proposes to sponsor or otherwise cause Utilities. Rather than tolerate trespass to all
a relevant architecture. The centerpiece is of the lunar surface
predicted to be the large shipyard, catapult, needlessly, LEDA
and company town. However, adjunct facilities endorsed the
are contemplated at the lunar poles, in the Sea circumferential lunar
of Tranquillity, and along the circumference of railroad as its first
the Moon as viewed from Earth. The following project. The railroad
important lunar architecture support facilities will help restrict travel
are disclosed in publications by our LEDA to pre-selected areas
leadership. 1 on the Moon. The
lunar railroad will play
A. Security and Administration. LEDA
a major role in
will have the consensus power to create rules,
facilitating global lunar
maintain inspections and standards and safety
development with
rules for all, and resolve disputes and sanction
Title: The Moon. environmental
outlaws in a court system. To assure that the Resources, Future Devel- protection for the vast
rules serve the best interests of all involved opment and Colonization,
lunar surface. 4
parties, quality standards for the design and (May 1999), Authors:
follow up evaluation of rules will be observed. 2 David Schrunk, Burton B. Management
Sharpe, Bonnie Cooper,
of Utility Infra-
B. Coordinate Competing Interests. Madhu Thangavelu.
structures. Utility
LEDA will facilitate or mediate competing
systems such as electric power, commun-
interests of international projects on or near
ications, and pipeline networks will be located
the Moon by national space agencies,
in the same easements as the circumferential
scientific organizations, universities, and
railroad. LEDA will set standards for safety,
private corporations or consortia.
construction, and right of way, and assume a
C. Economic Assistance. LEDA will regulatory-by-consensus role for all. Investor-
control an authority bank that sponsors a fiscal funded commercial enterprises are expected
and monetary system on the Moon. It will to be the principal designers, owners, and
arrange relevant financing out of bond operators of utility networks. If projections for
revenues for developers who care to the growth of the lunar power system are
correct, the Moon will become the major
6
source of clean electric power for the Earth in
the mid-decades of the 21st century.
C. Electronic Catapult. Prior to
construction of the large cycler orbiter vessel,
LEDA calls for the design and construction of
an electronic catapult
Cislunar space near the company
(alternatively, cis-lunar town and the titanium
space) is the volume mine. Capacity must
within the Moon's include the ability to
orbit, or a sphere place components into
formed by rotating cislunar orbit for
that orbit. Volumes assembly. It would be
within that such ... managed by LEDA for
[Wikapedia]
the benefit of all
countries and
humanity. The fee structure is costs plus debt
amortization without profit.
II. Long Term Project
Cycler Orbiter. A major project for LEDA
is predicted to be construction of at least one
very large cycler orbiter space vessel, a bevy
of support systems, and a fleet of smaller and
faster tender vessels for personnel, tourists,
and cargo. This may become a ship yard and
company town on the far side of the Moon
near the solar systems largest proven deposit
of titanium. Mining for other metals, such as
iron ore, may be conducted elsewhere,
perhaps in the Sea of Tranquillity. The cycler
orbiter as promoted by astronaut Buzz Aldrin5
has compelling merit, especially as the
eventual capital for space governance and
headquarters for all space development
industries. The likely design of this saucer-
shaped vessel measuring a mile in diameter is
presented at View Graph No. 3: The first
place award design in our three year hunt for
the “The First Wonder of the Off-World.”
View Graph No. 3: The First Wonder of the
Off-World
It has five levels with three circumferences
on each level. It rotates while cruising to and
from Mars so each level experiences, g, 2/3g,
and 1/3g, respectively (from the outer edges
inward). Ice water is stored deep at the
circumference and deep enough for adequate
radiation protection elsewhere. The entire
center from top to bottom is a cylindrical
storage area for cargo and experiments and
some industry.
Level one located at the top is command
center for managing the vessel. Second level
is permanent residents and the ship’s crew.
Third level is farming and ranching with
hydroponics technology. Fourth level is
accommodations for tourists and settlers in
transit. Level five is ingress and egress, port
of entry, and landing and docking
technologies. Throughout the vessel are
games, telescopes, and sports facilities galore.
International cooperation is expected with
condominium-style financing for participating
nations and commercial entities.
LEDA proposes to name this vessel the
“Buzz Aldrin” cycler orbiter. Buzz has
published and promoted this concept for 20
years. He caused several universities to chart
out likely orbits and opine on feasibility. These
universities include Purdue University and the
University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado.
III. Ancillary Activities
This rendition of lunar development relies
on extensive work by many qualified
commentators. NASA’s 2006 plan for using the
Moon to prepare for development of Mars is
central to the theme. Implied in this report are
many ancillary and preparatory activities
recommended to bring it all together, some of
which are expressed as follows;
A. Mars Exploration should be
undertaken immediately and not deferred until
the cycler orbiter is commissioned. Dr. Robert
Zubrin’s, the Mars Society’s, and the Mars
Direct program’s principles may be funded for
human exploration so there will be a suitable
base on Mars to connect with the Buzz Aldrin
Mars Cycler Orbiter, the First Wonder of the
Off World, when it arrives. 6
B. A ‘Space Governance’ consensus
should be groomed for international
cooperation and wide national participation in
conjunction with the use of citizen supported
authorities. Nations, Corporations and
Individuals would participate by contract rather
than by treaty. 7
7
 C. Underground Cities, factories, and
public parks with rivers should be built and
tested before construction on the Moon and/or
on Mars, especially for long term food supply,
pollution solutions, and human life enhance-
ments. 8
D. Caverns sunk to bedrock below the
regolith may host lunar cities in a developed
county dedicated to building the large Buzz
Aldrin Cycler Orbiter. Three surrounding cities
could be staggered among three consecutive
eight hour work cycles, for example. 9
E. An Electronic Catapult suitable for use
on the Moon needs to be designed,
constructed, and tested to see if cislunar orbits
can be achieved.
F. An International Citizen Astronaut
Corps must be selected, trained, and
maintained to meet the call for the thousands
of managers, engineers, and worker families
required.
IMPRIMATUR BY CONTRACT
This Authority has not relied upon any
treaty or United Nations General Assembly
(UNGA) resolution or national mandate.
Instead it has proceeded from humble
beginnings 10 years ago in reliance on
contracts and memberships and bond
revenues. Each of these adds up to the only
imprimatur currently available, that of popular
support in the relevant marketplace.
The only model of UN treaty sponsorship
for imprimatur has been supplemented
recently. Now developers and industry leaders
rely more on contracts for the sign of approval.
As we move towards implementing the
concepts contained in this 10 year anniversary
report, LEDA will ask for proposals and award
contracts accordingly. At the end of the day
most of the lunar industries in the world may
be contracted in some way. That will lead to
success and be imprimatur enough.
Many attorneys have encouraged the use
of such authority for essentially space
governance purposes. Outer space has no
senior in situ government. The UN is very
helpful but it acts on behalf of its members,
was formed a decade prior to the existence of
the space age, and does not assert jurisdiction
in space, either in rem or in persona.
Nations, corporations, and individuals are
free to pool their interests by contract with the
Authority. No treaty is necessary. 10
NO BENEFIT SHARING
The principal projects, such as construction
of a large cycler orbiter for Moon and Mars
attendance by all, are not sponsored for profit
taking. Instead they are for the benefit of all
countries and all of humanity. A pooling of
interests of countries and corporations is
managed by contracts. For example, any and
all countries may contract for condominium
style ownership of quarters in the large cycler
orbiter. Periodic homeowner fees would be
assessed to cover the actual costs of
operation of this vessel. Therefore, no treaty
burden of benefit sharing will apply to LEDA’s
support activities nor to those relevant
activities of its contractor and subcontractors.
This applies to all of its projects and activities
as described in this report.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons LEDA recommends
progressing to formal approval of these
concepts by the industry and the space
community, with amendments as may be
deemed appropriate. Its projects are treaty
compliant as non profit and for the benefit of all
humankind. 11
ENDNOTES
1
Schrunk, David; Sharpe, Burton; Cooper, Bonnie;
and Thangavalu, Madhu, The Moon,
Resources, Future Development, copyright
1999, Praxis Publishing, Ltd. See, chapter 5,
Mining and Manufacturing; chapter 6,
Circumferential Lunar Utilities; chapter 7,
Governance of the Moon and the LEDA model;
and appendix F: “Facilitating Space Commerce
through a Lunar Economic Development
Authority,” by Harris, P.R.; and O’Donnell, D.J.,
World Space Bar Association.
2
Schrunk, David G., THE END OF CHAOS: Quality
Laws and the Ascendancy of Democracy.
Quality of Laws Press, Poway, CA, 2005
3
Heinlein, Robert A., The Moon is a Harsh
Mistress, Copyright 1966 by Robert A. Heinlein.
Renewed 1994 by Virginia Heinlein. An Orb
Edition published by Tom Doherty Associates,
Inc.
4
Schrunk, David G., et al., Physical Transportation
on the Moon: The Lunar Railroad. Proceedings
of the Sixth International Conference on Space
8
 ’98, pp 347-53, American Society of Civil Modified and Updated,” IAC.07.C2.1.07, IAF,
Engineers, Reston, VA, 1998. Hyderabad, India, 2007.
5 10
Aldrin, Buzz, cycler orbiter, may be found through Smith, Milton, “Compliance with International
his website at www.buzzaldrin.com and multiple Space Law of the LEDA Proposal,” Space
sites feature the Buzz Aldrin Cycler Orbiter Governance Journal, Jan. 1997, p. 16;
information by searching. Goldman, Nathan, “Lawyer’s Perspective on
6 the USIS Strategies for Meta Nations and
Zubrin, R., The Case For Mars, Freedom
LEDA,” Space Governance Journal, July 1996,
Press, 1998, in passim.
p. 16; O’Donnell, D.J., and Harris, P.R.,
7
O’Donnell, D.J., “ISDAC Imprimatur by “Facilitating a New Space Market Through
Contract,” 9th Annual Mars Society Convention, LEDA,” Space Governance Journal, July 1977,
University of California, August 30 – September p. 122; O’Donnell, D.J., “ISDAC: Financing
4, 2007. Capacity for In-Space Projects,” Space Govern-
8 ance Journal, Vol. 9, 2003, p. 23; and
Rodriguez, G., and Good, Wm., “Silicon Moon; Robinson, G.S. IV, “Do the Space Treaties
The Foundation of a Cislunar Economy,” AIAA
Need a Lawsuit,” Space Governance Journal,
2001-4662, Space 2001, August 28-30, 2001, July 1997, p. 116.
Albuquerque, NM.
11
9 This Ten Year Report includes all of the report
O’Donnell, D.J., Buzz Aldrin, Brad Blair, Deepak
delivered to the UN affiliate IAF, 2006,
Kapadia, Gary Rodriguez, Richard Westfall, IAC.06.A5.1 in Valencia, Spain by Mr. Declan
“The Heinlein Model For Lunar Habitats, J. O’Donnell, Esq..

About the Authors

Declan J. O'Donnell is an attorney practicing general trial law in Colorado; President of the World
Space Bar Association; President of United Societies in Space, Inc., and of its Regency of United Societies
in Space, Inc. (ROUSIS); Board of Directors, Mars Society; Board of Directors, Lunar Economic
Development Authority Corporation, Inc.; Board of Directors, Space Orbital Development Authority
Corporation; Publisher, Space Governance Journal; and member, AIAA Subcommittee on Space
Colonization and the International Institute of Space Law, American Astronautical Society, and the National
Space Society.
Buzz Aldrin, Ph.D. is President of Starcraft Enterprise, Laguna Beach, California. In addition, he
lectures throughout the world on his unique perspective of America's future in space. He authored a book
about the Apollo Program titled "Men from Earth". He is a regent of USIS and sits on the LEDA advisory
committee.
Brad Blair, M.A., is on the Board of Directors of LEDA.
Gary “RoD” Rodriguez, P.E., is head of the Space Orbital Development Authority, Inc.; President of
sysRAND Corporation; and a member of the LEDA Board of Directors.
David G. Schrunk is an aerospace engineer and medical doctor, and independent investigator. He is a
regent of USIS and the author of two books: THE MOON: Resources, Future Development, and
Colonization, 1999, and THE END OF CHAOS: Quality Laws and the Ascendancy of Democracy, 2005.

"It is conceivable that some great unexpected mass of matter should presently
rush upon us out of space, whirl sun and planets aside like dead leaves before
the breeze, and collide with and utterly destroy every spark of life upon this
earth... It is conceivable, too, that some pestilence may presently appear, some
new disease, that will destroy not 10 or 15 or 20 per cent of the earth's
inhabitants as pestilences have done in the past, but 100 per cent, and so end
our race... And finally there is the reasonable certainty that this sun of ours must
some day radiate itself toward extinction... There surely man must end. That of all
such nightmares is the most insistently convincing. And yet one doesn't believe
it. At least I do not. And I do not believe in these things because I have come to
believe in certain other things--in the coherency and purpose in the world and in
the greatness of human destiny. Worlds may freeze and suns may perish, but
there stirs something within us now that can never die again."
H. G. Wells, lecture at Royal Institution of London, 1902
9
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10
Fly Me to the Moon and Much, Much Farther
NASA AIMING FOR PERMANENT
MOON, MARS BASES
It's NASA's most ambitious move ever. But how will the outer- space future evolve in business-
centric areas like profit- making, site selection and infrastructure? A long- time advocate of lunar
economic development weighs in. From Earth ... really.
by JACK LYNE,
Site Selection Executive Editor of Interactive Publishing
jack.lyne@conway.com

"This article was first published on SiteSelection.com, the official website of Site
Selection magazine, in January 2007. SiteSelection.com is a property of Conway Data
Inc. in Atlanta, Georgia."The U.S. is opening up a brand-new permanent location that
will have eager job applicants lining up. But there could be one substantial
disincentive: the commute. It's going to be a real bear, almost 240,000 miles (384,000
km.) – one way.
Yep, NASA's going back to the moon for But the long- time supporter of outer- space
the first time since 1972 – and it's planning to development says there's a veritable Milky
stay. What's more, the agency plans to expand Way's worth of thorny lunar issues looming.
well beyond its lunar base, setting up another O'Donnell, for example, foresees "the need for
permanent operation on Mars (see venue- wide lunar standards for development,
accompanying "Living in Outer- Space Time" construction, building maintenance and property
chart). rights." A moon economy will also need a "space
bank" with "space money," he added. (See
That marks a major shift. NASA's six Apollo
accompanying "What on Earth Is Space
moon missions between 1969 and 1972 were
Money?")
there-and-back ventures.
Notions like that may prompt some
"A base on the moon doesn't sound like a
observers to dismiss O'Donnell's ideas as
big deal, but it is a very, very big decision,"
science- fiction fantasy. But, then, it hasn't been
NASA Deputy Administrator for Space
all that long since the notion of a permanent
Exploration Scott Horowitz said at the project's
moon base was considered fanciful fiction. And
Dec. 4th announcement in Houston.
O'Donnell provides a point of view that, however
NASA weighed a permanent operation unconventional, illuminates some major
against the option of flying a series of individual questions that may – and quite possibly will –
sorties. A fixed outer- space presence, it emerge in outer- space development. Corporate
decided, offers compelling advantages. site selection is one of them.
"A lunar outpost," explained NASA Deputy Searching for a Site on the Moon
Administrator Shana Dale, "results in a much
quicker path in terms of future exploration, For the moment, though, NASA is the only
allows for maturation of in situ resource Earth entity that's looking for a lunar site.
utilization, accomplishes many science The agency is now concentrating on two
objectives, and enables global partnerships." areas in which humankind has never set foot.
Literally, it's a very far- out project. But While the Apollo missions all landed on the
Declan O'Donnell, founder of the nonprofit Lunar moon's equator, the current site search is
Economic Development Authority (LEDA), is centered on the polar regions.
thinking beyond that. Way beyond. "We know very little about the moon's poles,"
"The mission is NASA's next logical step – said Dale. "In fact, we know more about Mars
just for this decade, to establish a base on the than the poles."
moon," O'Donnell told The SiteNet Dispatch.
11
 Even so, one south pole area is the strong
early frontrunner for the base site.
The current frontrunner as the moon- base site is
the satellite's south pole,
pictured in this mosaic
composed of 1,500 images
taken by NASA's Clementine
lunar orbiter.
That lode would be the LEDA site's principal
economic driver.
"The titanium would be mined and used to
build spaceships to go to Mars," said O'Donnell,
a Denver- metro attorney who specializes in tax
and securities law, with a strong interest in
space law. "The lunar architecture's predicted
centerpiece would be a large shipyard, a
company town and an electronic catapult to
propel materials into cislunar orbit" (where the
moon and Earth's gravitational pulls balance).
The LEDA's idea for a moon base, he added,
includes operations at the lunar poles, but only
as "adjunct facilities."
While strikingly dissimilar, those two moon-
base visions may not be mutually exclusive.
O'Donnell thinks that Earth's satellite over time
could conceivably be home to both a "NASA
town" and a "company town" dedicated to
private-sector ventures.

Choosing to establish a
moon base was "a very, very
big decision" for NASA, said
Scott Horowitz, the agency's
deputy administrator for space exploration
"There is an area on the edge of Shackleton
Crater that is almost permanently sunlit a very
high percentage of the time, 75 to 80 percent,"
NASA Deputy Associate Administrator Doug
Cooke explained. Nearby, he continued, sits a
300- acre (120- hectare) flat tract that could serve
as a natural landing pad. "There could even be
cometary ices that have lain there for billions of
years," Cooke added. That area, he noted, could
hold helium- 3, a rare element that could be
suitable for producing nuclear fuel to power
return moon missions. The south pole locale
may also contain volatile gases that could prove
The current frontrunner as the moon- base site is
useful in commercial ventures, NASA believes.
the satellite's south pole, pictured in this mosaic
In contrast, the LEDA envisions an altogether composed of 1,500 images taken by NASA's
different base site. Clementine lunar orbiter
"What LEDA has been proposing to sponsor Funding Issues Could Cloud Mission's
or otherwise cause is a permanent base on the Future
far side of the moon (that's always turned away
from Earth), not at the poles," O'Donnell NASA’s lunar base location is still far from
explained. "That location is near the solar being a done deal.
system's largest proven deposit of titanium, as "That's not to say that [the south pole site] is
NASA knows." the final choice or anything," said Cooke. "But it

12
is one that we probably know most about at this
point until we fly a lunar robotic orbiter."
NASA isn't projecting that it will land at the
base site until 2018. In the interim, the agency
will fly a series of unmanned moon intelligence
missions. The first is the Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter (LRO), which is scheduled to launch next
year. The LRO will circle the poles searching for
natural resources that could support the moon
base. The robotic craft will also carry a smaller
satellite that will be deliberately crash- landed in
the Shackleton Crater in 2009. Onboard sensing
equipment will analyze dust from the crash's
impact for evidence of water.
This painting by NASA artist Robert McCall
pictures what a lunar mining operation might look
like.
Critics of recurrent cost overruns on space-
related projects often cite the International Space
Station as a prime example.
13
Funding issues, however, could crash the
entire moon- base mission. NASA hasn't yet
provided a price tag. President George H. W.
Bush, however, led a 1989 study that estimated
that establishing a permanent moon presence
would cost at least $500 billion. That outlay was
so sizable that the study was largely ignored and
soon faded from view.
NASA hopes to learn much more about the lunar
poles through the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
(pictured above in a NASA rendering) which has a
planned launch date of 2008.
Many of the NASA ventures that have
successfully secured funding have been roundly
criticized for recurrent cost overruns and delays.
The International Space Station (ISS) is often
cited as Exhibit A. Initially projected as a $17-
billion project, the ISS has already cost almost
$50 billion.
Such exponential inflation has drawn
considerable criticism from the likes of
Taxpayers for Common Sense (TCS), a
watchdog group that targets wasteful U.S.
government spending. TCS advocates major
cutbacks in NASA's budget.
"While the space program yielded many
successes in years past, taxpayers are no
longer getting their money's worth from a
program that focuses on repeating the deeds of
yesterday," the group asserts. Much of that
funding, TCS contends, should be redirected
into "high- priority scientific research such as
astrophysics, Earth remote sensing and
aeronautics." As for NASA, TCS says that it
"should use new technologies to build a better
space program at less cost."
"Without a price [on the moon- base mission],
you'll end up wasting money," said TCS Vice
President Steve Ellis.
NASA: No Additional Funding Needed
NASA, though, insists
that the moon- Mars
outposts that President
Bush first championed
in 2004 will be pay- as-
you-go projects.
"The Vision for
Space Exploration laid
out a program that is
supposed to be
sustainable and
affordable," Dale said
in Houston. "It is not an
increase above our
Government watchdog baseline budget."
group Taxpayers for
Common Sense is NASA's current
backing major annual allocation is
cutbacks in NASA's $16.8 billion. The
budget. (Pictured: agency anticipates
NASA headquarters in significant additional
Washington, D.C.) revenues for the moon-
base program from international project
participation, and from the 2010 completion of
the ISS and the subsequent retirement of the
space shuttle.
But what if NASA
finds at some
point that
doesn't have
sufficient funds
for the moon-
base mission?
"We go as we
NASA's new plan for space
can afford to
exploration "is not an
increase above our baseline
pay," said Dale.
budget," said Deputy Until funds are in
place, the project
Director Shana Dale.
timetable will
have to move back, she explained.
"Funding could end up being problematic,"
O'Donnell observed. "But if they make it an
international project, it would have a chance."
NASA seems to be counting heavily on other
nations' involvement – and private industry's as
well.
"It is critical that we have international
participation and commercial participation along
the way," Dale noted. The project's "open
architecture," she added, "welcomes the
participation of other countries around the world
as well as commercial entities."
The ISS experience, however, could dim
some nations' eagerness to take part in the
moon- base mission. A number of the space
station's 14 partner countries have complained
that U.S. priorities have dominated the project.
The U.S. conceived and designed the ISS.
But NASA has involved other nations much
earlier in the moon- base project. The agency
has already met with the European Space
Agency, as well as space agencies from
Australia, Great Britain, Canada, China, France,
Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, South
Korea and the Ukraine. NASA says that it has
also solicited input from experts, non-
governmental organizations and commercial
interests in many other countries.
"I think one of the points that has really
resonated when we have talked to other
countries is bringing them in so early in the
process," Dale noted. "They really were here in
terms of the ground floor in the development of
the themes and objectives."
“We have all learned through our past
experiences," added Cooke. "[The moon- base
mission] is not one integral vehicle like the
space station. So there are a lot more options to
it work with, we feel [including] parallel
developments."
Current Treaty Could Curtail
Profit-Making in the Cosmos
The moon- base initiative faces a very
different problem when it comes to securing
long- term private- sector involvement: Existing
laws, O'Donnell says, could end up taking a very
big bite out of space-made profits.
The key private- sector issue centers on one
particular section of the Outer Space Treaty of
14
1967, widely regarded as the legal structure Work on redesigning the Outer Space Treaty
governing outer space: "The exploration and use should've already begun, O'Donnell contends.
of outer space," the treaty states, "should be
"The treaty calls for a new government as
carried on for the benefit of all peoples,
soon as space development becomes feasible –
irrespective of the degree of their economic or
which is now," he noted. "But nobody's come up
scientific development."
with a new government."
Building a Railroad and a ‘Cycler Orbiter’
NASA has
said little about
what might be
built on the
moon.
Characteristi
NASA says that other nations have been involved cally, the LEDA
in depth much earlier in the moon- base project already has
than in the often criticized International Space several initial
Station. (Pictured: A NASA rendering of a lunar
outpost.) The signing of the 1967 Lunar developments in
Space Treaty (pictured left) mind.
"That's the riddle," explained O'Donnell, came six years after Alan
Shepard became the first
"You've got
who's also president of the World Space Bar
NASA astronaut to blast off to create an
Association. "In international treaties, that clause
for outer space (below). infrastructure so
means profit- sharing. Any profit you make you'd
the people who
have to divide in some fashion with the 200- odd Treaty- signing photo: come later don't
nations and territories on Earth." Saskatoon Public School
trample the hell
Division
Individual countries could unilaterally skirt out of the lunar
that provision by opting out of the Outer Space surface," O'Donnell said. "The first project
Treaty. The pact provides that any of the should be a circumferential lunar railroad, which
accord's 124 signatory nations can withdraw by will limit needless trespass. Much of the railroad
giving notice. A withdrawal would become would be underground to protect it from
official a year after notification. But bailing out asteroids."
isn't a realistic alternative, O'Donnell feels.
NASA's plan calls for a "mature
"A permanent outer- space base isn't going to
transportation infrastructure" to be in place on
become part of America," he contended. "There
the moon by 2025.
are too many people who have an interest. And
if you divide the moon between nations, you're The LEDA is supporting another major
just looking at more wars, only now in space. It's construction project that wouldn't really be on
got to be an international thing." the moon. It would be a "cycler orbiter,"
originally championed by Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin,
The Outer Space Treaty echoes that point.
a member of the LEDA board of advisers and
Space, it states, "including the moon and other
the Apollo 11 astronaut who joined Neil
celestial bodies is not subject to national
Armstrong in 1969 in first setting foot on the
appropriation by claim of sovereignty."
moon.
"Redefining the treaty's definition of benefit-
"The orbiter would be a saucer- shaped
sharing would be a better solution than
vessel, a mile (1.6 km.) in diameter and three
withdrawing," O'Donnell continued. "It needs to
miles (4.8 km.) in circumference," O'Donnell
be defined as something other than a handcuff
explained.
on anyone who would go to space to make a
profit. If that's changed so that people can make “All of the nations participating in moon
a decent profit, it will significantly help with moon development would have operations there.
mission funding." Eventually, it might become the capital for space
governance and the headquarters for all space
15
development industries." Orbiter- based
operations, he contended, "can escape benefit-
sharing."
The LEDA's orbiter design features five
different levels. Separate planes would be
dedicated to the ship's managerial operations;
living quarters for permanent residents and crew
members; farming and ranching operations
(using hydroponic technology); and tourists and
traveling moon "settlers." The fifth level would
include ingress and egress operations, as well
as landing fields.
For the private sector, some of the most
promising lunar locations could lie beneath the
satellite's surface. Underground moon areas
could provide quality sites for industrial
operations and housing, O'Donnell contends.
Those human settlements could receive oxygen
seeping up from plants growing immediately
below them, he explained.
Are the moon's most promising sites located
beneath its pockmarked surface?
"Most of the safe living will be underground,"
said O'Donnell. "If you go down six feet (1.8
meters) into the moon's surface, it's 70 degrees
Fahrenheit (21 degrees Celsius) 24 hours a day.
And it's 70 degrees for a long way down.
"From a site selection perspective," he
continued, "businesses are going to have to plan
on digging a lot deeper than normal to access
sufficient space for below-ground operations."
O'Donnell contends that current outer- space
treaties would allow businesses to lease their
lunar sites.
16
"Leasing property on the moon shouldn't be
a legal problem," he said. "A lease wouldn't
violate the treaty's sovereignty provision and
operations on leased land wouldn't use up the
moon's resources."
Packing for Mars
All of this information, of course, boggles
the human mind – at least at this point in Earth's
knowledge of space.
Although NASA hasn't said what it might build on
the moon, one of the agency's concepts is the
inflatable dome pictured in the rendering above.
Spanning a diameter of about 53 feet (16 meters),
the habitat could house as many as 12 people,
with facilities for exercise, operations control,
clean up, lab work, hydroponic gardening, private
crew quarters, dust- removing devices for lunar
surface work, an airlock, and lunar rover and
lander vehicles.
On the other hand, humans' cosmos- related
IQ could grow substantially over the next few
decades, given NASA's ambitious strategy.
The agency plans to make its first Mars
launch from the permanent moon base. When,
though, no one is sure. The earliest estimates
are 2030.
"This is a living document," Horowitz said of
the open- endedness of NASA's moon and Mars
blueprint. "We are going to learn a lot from these
[unmanned robotic] missions . . . that will advise
and be fed into decisions."
NASA currently has two rovers, Opportunity
and Spirit, that have been exploring Mars'
surface for almost four years (initially, they were
expected to survive for only 90 days). The
agency is also getting substantial Martian
information from the Mars Global Surveyor that's Is Outer-Space
circling the planet. Living Essential
The Surveyor craft sent back images in mid- for Human
December that suggested that liquid water was Survival?
present on the planet's surface. That, in turn, O'Donnell also
intimated that Mars at some point possibly favors that moon-
accommodated some sort of life form. first, Mars- second
That information reinforced some scientists' progression. But the
contention that Mars offers a bigger payoff than bigger issue, he
the moon. feels, lies in
exploring much
"You have to realize
we haven't left low
farther afield. In that, Prominent scientist
Earth orbit in the O'Donnell concurs Stephen Hawking
last 30 years," said with renowed equates successful
Steven Squyres, a scientist Stephen space exploration with
Cornell University Hawking's contention the continued existence
professor and that space of the human race.
Photo: British Council
NASA researcher. exploration is United States
"We need some imperative for
place to flex our humanities continued existence.
deep- space
muscles again "It is important . . .
before we go to spread out into
zooming off to space for the survival
Mars." of the species,"
"It would just be unfortunate to lose Hawking said at a
momentum with all these very exciting Mars Hong Kong lecture in
discoveries toward the middle part of the next June of 2006. "Life on
decade," said Ray Arvidson, a Washington Earth is at the ever-
University professor and the deputy principal increasing risk of
investigator for the Mars rovers program. "Those being wiped out by a
become very difficult to do in the constrained disaster, such as
financial environment because of the restraints sudden global
noted at the American Geophysical Union's warming, nuclear war,
(AGU) conference in San Francisco on Dec. a genetically
15th. NASA's Mars Global engineered virus or
engineered
Surveyor sent back other dangers we
other
In contrast, Steven Squyres, a Cornell images like the one have not yet thought
University professor and the principal scientific above that suggested
of."
investigator for the Mars rovers, continues to the presence of liquid
support the lunar base. water on the planet's Finding a suitable
surface. living site, however,
"I'm a big fan of sending robots to Mars," may require an
Squyres said during an AGU conference panel astonishing number of frequent flyer miles, he
discussion that also included Arvidson. "But I added.
firmly believe that the best way to explore Mars
is going to be with humans. "We won't find anywhere as nice as Earth
unless we go to another star system," said
"You have to realize we haven't left low Hawking.
Earth orbit in the last 30 years," he continued.
"We need some place to flex our deep- space "The ultimate thinking," O'Donnell said, "is to
muscles again before we go zooming off to set up a base on Mars for the singular purpose
Mars, and the moon is the obvious choice to do of building a fleet of tough ships to get beyond
that."

17
the Oort Cloud, the egg shell containing billions
of comets that surrounds our solar system."
Those ships will need to be tough indeed,
since they'll be traveling a long, long way. The
Oort Cloud is an estimated eight billion miles
(12.8 billion km.) from Earth. That's about 2,000
times the distance from the Sun to Pluto. (The
spherical envelope of comets is so far away, in
fact, that no one yet has been able to actually
see it.)
Those long- distance craft would also need to
be strong and roomy enough to carry heavy
payloads. O'Donnell envisions that some of the
ships would carry "thousands of people." Others
would ferry a payload that's quite different, but
essential for survival.
"To leave our solar system to go elsewhere,"
said O'Donnell, "we need a fleet that can also
take asteroids with it to provide food and water
as the ships fly."
But to fly to where, you say?
An excellent question. That destination,
though, is one more big thing about outer space
that the human race remains a long way from
knowing. Much, much farther, in fact, than from
here to the moon.

LIVING IN OUTER-SPACE TIME: NASA'S PROJECTED TIMETABLE

2007: NASA begins what Deputy Administrator Shana Dale calls "extensive dialogue with
other countries about the ways in which they want to participate" in the U.S. agency's new
space exploration plan.
2008: NASA launches the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), initiating a new
series of robotic intelligence missions to
the moon.
2009: A smaller satellite carried aboard
the LRO is deliberately crash- landed in
the moon's Shackleton Crater, near
NASA's favored south pole site. The
smaller craft is equipped with sensing
equipment that will analyze dust from the
landing's impact for evidence of water.
2014: NASA begins a series of manned
spacecraft missions. The missions will
orbit the moon's polar regions, working
to identify possible landing sites, natural
resources and hazards to the lunar
This NASA rendering depicts how a moon
vehicles that the agency is designing.
landing might look.
2018: NASA starts sending four-
astronaut crews to land on the moon
(see rendering at right). Initially, crew members will stay on the satellite for about a week
before rotating back to Earth.
2024: Permanent moon base will be completed. Astronauts will begin living on the moon
continually, with crew members staying for longer periods of time – as long as six months.
2030: This is space industry analysts' earliest estimate of when NASA might make its first
launch for Mars. The agency hasn't yet projected the year in which it thinks Mars flights will
begin.
Source, 2007- 24 dates: NASA

18
WHAT ON EARTH IS SPACE MONEY?
Unsurprisingly, the location of the first
ATM on the moon isn't included in NASA's
new outer-space blueprint.
But make no mistake. Eventually, the
moon's economy will have to have some
hard cash in order to function, argues
Declan O'Donnell. And that lunar legal
tender won't be similar to any of the
currencies now in use on Earth, contends
the founder of the nonprofit Lunar Economic
Development Authority (LEDA).
"People in a lunar settlement at some
point will have to barter with something, just
as Christopher Columbus did when he first
arrived in America," said O'Donnell. "And
they'll have to use a totally new kind of
Going (way) up: The Space Elevator (shown above in currency: space money. It would be created
a rendering) is one of the major space- related specifically for use on the moon and
projects now underway. Stretching 32 million recognized by all space-faring nations."
stories high, topping out at about 62,000 miles
(99,200 kilometers), the mechanism would reduce Earthlings are already spending huge
orbital freight costs by 98 percent, according to sums of money to get to outer space.
project supporters. Governments around the world are pouring
an estimated $50 billion a year into space-
related ventures – a 25- percent upsurge
from the 2000 tally. Moreover, since 1998, the private sector annually has been outspending the
world's governments in the quest for outer space.
WHY MOON MONEY?
But once they get there, what will lunar settlers need money for in space?
"It would be a lot of different things involving small fees," O'Donnell explained. "Sort of like the
fee list that a real estate developer provides when he or she is constructing a condominium."
But why create a new currency for space?
After all, Earth's global economy seems to
function pretty well using multiple currencies
and exchanges.
"It wouldn't work," O'Donnell said of using
existing currencies. "Eventually there would
end up being one dominant currency in
space, perhaps the U.S. dollar, and
everything would be pegged to that. In the
long run, that wouldn't be equitable.
Got change for a one? Here's the design that
"It's just logical that there will be some United Societies in Space came up with for a bill
disasters in outer- space development," he denoting one unit of space money. Pictured on
continued. "When that happens, if there's one the bill is an illustration of a space habitat.
leading currency, it would suffer tremendously
and unduly. It's sort of like a new version of an

19
 old saying: 'You cough on the moon, you catch a cold down here.
Creating a separate space currency would also ensure completion of outer- space projects,
O'Donnell contends “It would be a real blight on humanity to have unfinished structures dangling
around on the moon, Mars and other places in space,” he said. “But if you had a lunar
development authority that had its own bank and issued its own money, you could make sure that
people followed through with their outer- space commitments. And if someone didn't follow through,
the authority would find somebody else who would."
TAXES IN SPACE?
The notion of using space money isn't all that futuristic, O'Donnell insists. Legally, most of the
world's governments (including the U.S.) already treat barter- club capital the same as their own
legal currencies.
"That means that there's good news in that most of the world would recognize the space
currency used for barter as normal money," he said. "But there's bad news, too, because they'll
want to tax it like all the other money spent on Earth."
O'Donnell, though, has another idea on that front: a tax- free state in space. He advocates that
user fees, not taxes, fund space government services
And that's an idea that could make space look even more like the land of opportunity.

WHAT’S UP...
‹ Want to see water on the Moon? If so, look up there through your favorite telescope in early
2009. This ice/water/vapor should be visible after NASA crashes an SUV sized cannonball into a
frozen lunar crater (expected to harbor lots of ice beneath its surface) at about 5600 miles per hour.
The crash will churn up dust, dirt, and ice from an impact crater one-third the size of a football field
and very deep. According to Mr. Butler Hine, robotics deputy program manager at Ames Research
Center northern California, “These resources (identified by the impact) can make future human
returns to the Moon and future human occupation of the Moon much more cost-effective.”
This project will cost $80 million US dollars.
‹ Water is the key ingredient for supporting human life on the Moon and is needed to support
NASA’s plan to build a permanent human lunar base by 2018. It will probably be located near the
South Pole (on Malapert Mountain as recommended by SGJ in vol. 7, page 16, entitled “Malapert
Mountain Revisited” by Burton L. Sharpe and David G. Schrunk). The several advance robotic
missions and the lunar base construction and astronaut injection is estimated to cost $600 million to
NASA between 2008 and 2018.
‹ Site selection for the NASA Moon Base will be scientifically selected after data is gathered from
a lunar orbiter. It will circle the Moon during 2008 for about a year with special viewing apparatus and
the large cannonball to impact the frozen crater.

Olaf Stapledon, address to the British Interplanetary Society, 1948:

"Sooner or later for good or ill, a united mankind, equipped with science and power, will probably
turn its attention to the other planets, not only for economic exploitation, but also as possible homes
for man... The goal for the solar system would seem to be that it should become an interplanetary
community of very diverse worlds ... each contributing to the common experience its characteristic
view of the universe. Through the pooling of this wealth of experience, through this "commonwealth
of worlds," new levels of mental and spiritual development should become possible, levels at present
quite inconceivable to man."

20
International Space Station: Uses and Benefits
By Marianne Dyson
Caption: This is a computer-generated view of
what the ISS will look like from the top port side
upon its completion in 2010. NASA image
JSC2006-E-25650.
In November of 1998 during the first
International Space Station (ISS) assembly
mission, fourteen-year old Ryan Jeckel of
Manheim, Pennsylvania asked Commander Bob
Cabana, “How do you respond to those that say
the space station is too costly? What's the most
profitable advantage that will come from the
space station, and what area of science will the
space station benefit most?”
Cabana answered, “We're building a space
station to learn, and it's our destiny to explore in
space. … With the space station, we can
constantly monitor the Earth and its changes.
We're gonna learn all about the human body and
the effects of long duration space flight …All
kinds of areas in material science. There's going
to be new drugs developed. … with the space
station we'll have a world class microgravity
laboratory up there 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year, changing the experiments and learning.”
Eight years and billions of dollars later,
repeats of young Ryan’s questions about cost
and benefits of a space station continue to be
asked, with members of Congress using the
NASA Authorization Act of 2005 to request
detailed answers. Those answers were provided
in The NASA Research and Utilization Plan for
the International Space Station (see Further
Reading #7) that was released to the public in
June 2006. This article examines and describes
21
this plan and provides background and context
for understanding how the ISS supports the
Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) and the
eventual human settlement of space.
Costs and Benefits
With the assembly of the station delayed first
by Russian economic problems, and then by the
loss of Columbia, much of the utilization of the
station has been delayed--or at least the use of
it for scientific research. The delays may have
actually facilitated the learning that Cabana cited
as the primary purpose of a space station. The
need to test procedures, equipment, and gain
experience in supporting crew and spacecraft for
long periods in space were foreseen by
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), Werner
von Braun (1912-77) and Gerard O’Neill (1927-
92) as a logical and necessary part of the
human expansion into space. Constructing large
orbital habitats around the Earth is step ten of
Tsiolkolvsky’s “Plan of Space Exploration” (see
Tsiolkovsky sidebar). Von Braun promoted the
use of low Earth orbit as a staging area for
missions to the Moon and Mars. O’Neill
proposed construction of orbiting cities powered
by solar energy. Advocates of these plans have
remained skeptical that the ISS will facilitate
their fulfillment or meet the long-term objective
of the Vision for Space Exploration “to
implement a sustained and affordable human
and robotic program to explore the solar
system.” And of those who see its integral
connection, the cost versus benefit argument
remains.
Tsiolkovsky’s Plan of Space Exploration
1) Creation of rocket airplanes with wings.
2) Progressively increasing the speed and
altitude of these airplanes.
3) Production of real rockets--without wings.
4) Ability to land on the surface of the sea.
5) Reaching escape velocity and the first
flight into Earth orbit.
6) Lengthening rocket flight times in space.
 7) Experimental use of plants to make an
artificial atmosphere in spaceships.
8) Using pressurized space suits for activity
outside of spaceships.
9) Making orbiting greenhouses for plants.
10) Constructing large orbital habitats
around the Earth.
11) Using solar radiation to grow food, to
heat space quarters, and for transport
throughout the Solar System.
12) Colonization of the asteroid belt.
13) Colonization of the entire solar system
and beyond.
14) Achievement of individual and social
perfection.
15) Overcrowding of the solar system and
the colonization of the Milky Way (the Galaxy).
16) The Sun begins to die and the people
remaining in the solar system's population go to
other suns.
“Affordable” is defined by how much
politicians are willing to assign to space
exploration via the annual NASA budget.
According to the 2007 budget request (see
Further Reading #6), NASA has spent $25.6
billion on ISS from 1994-2005. For 2005 and
2006, the ISS was allocated $1.7 and $1.8
billion respectively. This annual cost is expected
to rise to about $2.4 billion a year by 2010, with
the accumulated cost at ISS completion being
about $35 billion. This number does not include
launch costs or international partner
contributions. Those can be estimated and
added in a number of ways to push the ISS cost
up to $100 billion by the end of its lifetime in
2016. Yet the ISS and Space Shuttle budgets
added together are only about a third of NASA’s
total budget, and NASA’s budget of $16 to $18
billion is less than 1 percent of the budget of the
United States. It will be up to future generations
to decide whether or not the benefits of the ISS
were worth this “affordable” amount.
The second part of Ryan’s question
regarding what area of science benefits most is
much easier to address. The NASA Research
and Utilization Plan (see Further Reading #7)
22
answers that ISS research is being prioritized
and focused to support the VSE, and has in fact
already provided much of the data and
experience necessary for its success. To better
focus the research, NASA is moving away from
individual investigator-driven research to an
outcome-oriented approach, with all research
still subject to peer review.
ISS research has been divided into three
program categories: the Human Research
Program, Technology Development, and
Operations Demonstrations and Development.
In addition to these categories, the ISS is also
being used for Earth observations, educational
outreach, to build experience in international
cooperation, some military research, and as a
destination for spaceflight participants (i.e.,
tourists).
Human Research Program
From the fall of 2004 to early 2005, a review
was conducted to align the existing human
systems research and technology content to
support the VSE, emphasizing near-term needs
for a return to the Moon. The report stated that
“these reviews indicate that much of NASA’s
pre-VSE utilization of the ISS was already
serving to implement the Agency’s new
priorities.”
Human research program requirements are
developed and controlled by the Office of the
Chief Health and Medical Officer (CHMO).
CHMO develops the Space Flight Health Human
Performance Standards that establish what is
considered acceptable medical risk for
spaceflight (see Further Reading #2). These
standards drive operational and vehicle
requirements, decisions during missions, and
development of countermeasures, interventions,
and procedures to amend and prevent negative
effects. An initial set of standards are currently in
development and undergoing approval based on
OSHA standards and research from previous
space missions and analog environments.
Ongoing research includes ground-based
analog head-down bed-rest studies and
collection of orbit data to define space flight
“normal” for body systems. Human research
programs are reviewed by the International Life
Sciences Working Group (See Further Reading
#9) to avoid duplication of equipment and combination and comparative analysis of data
encourage collaboration among investigations. from all ISS increments. Therefore final results
are not yet available.
A current priority is the development of
drugs, diets, exercise programs and procedures
to counteract negative health effects from the
microgravity environment—collectively called
countermeasures.
One current example is a study headed by
Expedition 5 and 16 astronaut Peggy Whitson
into the prevention of kidney stones.
Approximately 10 percent of Americans will
develop a renal (kidney) stone at some point
during their lives. Reduced fluid volume, altered
renal function, and reduced bone mass place
astronauts at even greater risk of renal stones
while they are in space and immediately after
landing. The Renal Stone experiment will Caption: Expedition 5 flight engineer Peggy
determine if the risk of developing renal stones, Whitson, shown here exercising in the Destiny
laboratory, now leads the investigation into the
especially calcium-based stones, increases with
formation of renal stones as a result of long-
the duration of the space flight. It will also duration space flight. NASA photo.
assess the effectiveness as a countermeasure
of potassium citrate, a proven Earth-based
therapy for reducing calcium-based stones.
Renal stone formation can have severe health
consequences for crewmembers and
compromise a mission.
Similar studies were conducted on the
Shuttle and Mir, and so far have been performed
on Expeditions 3-6, 8, and 11-15 (see
Expeditions sidebar). Decreased urine volume
and urinary citrate, and increased urinary con-
centrations of calcium and sodium have been
observed. Understanding how the disease may
form in otherwise healthy crewmembers under Caption: ISS Expedition 13 Flight Engineer
varying environmental conditions will also Thomas Reiter of ESA processes samples for the
provide insight into stone forming diseases on Renal Stone investigation. NASA photo.
Earth. The experiment design calls for the

International Space Station Expeditions

(visitors in parentheses)
Prior to occupancy, the ISS was visited by the STS-88 crew in 1998, STS-96 crew in 1999, and STS-101,
STS-106 and STS-92 in 2000.
1. November 2000-March 2001, Shepherd, Gidzenko, Krikalev (Soyuz TM-31 this crew, STS-97 and STS-
98 crews)
2. March-August 2001, Usachev, Voss, Helms (STS-102, STS-100, Soyuz TM-32 (Tito) and STS-104
crews)
3. August-December 2001, Culbertson, Dezhurov, Tyurin (STS-105 and Soyuz TM-33 crews)
4. December 2001-June 2002, Onufrienko, Bursch, Walz (STS-108, STS-110, and Soyuz TM-34
(Shuttleworth) crews)

23
 5. June 2002-December 2002, Korzun, Whitson, Treschev (STS-111, STS-112 and Soyuz TMA-1 crews)
6. November 2002-May 2003, Bowersox, Pettit, Budarin (STS-113 crew)
7. April-October 2003, Malenchenko, Lu (just these two in Soyuz TMA-2
8. October 2003-April 2004, Foale, Kaleri, (Soyuz TMA-3, Duque-ESA)
9. April-October 2004, Padalka, Fincke, (Soyuz TMA-4, Kuipers-ESA)
10. October 2004-April 2005, Chiao, Sharipov, (Soyuz TMA-5, Shagin)
11. April 2005-October 2005, Krikalev (2nd tour), Phillips, (Soyuz TMA-6, Vittori-ESA and STS-114 crew)
12. October 2005-April 2006, McArthur, Tokarev, (Soyuz TMA-7, Olsen)
13. April 2006-September 2006, Vinogradov, Jeff Williams, (Soyuz TMA-8, Pontes-Brazil) Reiter-ESA (up on
STS-121 July 2006), (STS-121, STS-115 crews)
14. September 2006-April 2007, Lopez-Alegria, Tyurin (2nd tour), Reiter (until STS-116 Dec. 2006), then
Sunni Williams (Soyuz TMA-9 (Ansari), STS-116 crew)
15. April 2007-October 2007, Yurchikhim, Kotov, Sunni Williams (until STS-117 June 2007), then Anderson
(TMA-10 (Simonyi) STS-117, STS-118 crews)

Upcoming:
16. October 2007-Spring 2008, Whitson (2nd tour), Malenchenko (2nd tour), Anderson (until STS-120
October 2007) then Tani ( up on STS-120), then Eyharts (ESA, up on STS-122 in Dec. 2008), then Reisman (up
on STS-123 in Feb. 2008) (TMA-11, STS-122, STS-123 crews)
17. Spring 2008-Fall 2008, Volkov, Kononenko, Reisman, then Magnus (up on STS-119 in July 2008) (TMA-
12, STS-124, STS-119 crews)
18. Fall 2008-Spring 2009, Fincke (2nd tour), Sharipov (2nd tour), Magnus, then Wakata (JAXA) (up on STS-
126 in October 2008), then Chamitoff (up on STS-127 in January 2009) (TMA-13, STS126, STS-127 crews)

Technology Development development of a suite of miniaturized sensors

Perhaps the most often overlooked benefit of
the International Space Station is its use as a
technology testbed that will enable human trips
to Mars. Using current spacecraft technology, a
one-way trip to Mars takes about six months and
coasts to Mars using a freefall trajectory. This
subjects the crewmembers and systems to a
weightless environment for about six months,
the same duration as a tour of duty on the ISS.
(Artificial gravity produced via spinning has been
proposed to avoid the effects of freefall. The
now-cancelled centrifuge would have tested the
utility of this approach.)
NASA’s Exploration Technology
Development Program will focus on the
development of enabling technologies for the
Orion crew exploration vehicle (CEV) and lunar
missions. New technologies such as carbon
dioxide removal, potable water, and air and
water quality monitoring are therefore a priority
for testing on the ISS. Current plans involve the
that will require minimal crew intervention.
Sensors in development include vehicle cabin
air monitor, electronic nose, colorimetric solid
phase extraction water monitor (measures silver
and iodide in water), and lab-on-a-chip, a
portable system to monitor surfaces for bacteria.
STS-121 in July 2006 carried a new system
to generate oxygen from condensate water and
urine. A water recovery system is planned for
launch in 2008. The new systems will provide
enough oxygen for six crewmembers and
recover up to 80 percent of wastewater.
Reducing spacecraft mass allows more room
for scientific equipment and supplies. A two-
phase (liquid-vapor) energy transport system
may significantly reduce the size, and thus the
mass, of spacecraft radiators. Boiling is an
effective means of cooling because most of the
heat transfer is from the latent heat of
vaporization as opposed to heating and pumping
a single-phase fluid. Two experiments are

24
planned for testing on the ISS, the Micro-heater
Array Boiling Experiment (MABE) and the
Nucleate Pool Boiling Experiment (NPBX).
Caption: An exploded view of the CEV/Orion
vehicle. Photo credit: Lockheed Martin Corp.
Propellant systems for extended stays on the
Moon and for transport to and from Mars will
require propellant storage tanks about ten times
larger than current spacecraft tanks. Stored
propellants may include methane, oxygen or
hydrogen. Current tanks are overly heavy
because of uncertainty in how the materials and
fuels perform in the space environment. Lighter-
weight cryogenic tanks and new propellant
transfer technologies are planned to be tested
on the ISS.
Structural engineering tests on ISS will have
direct impact on exploration vehicle and habitat
designs. The space environment poses many
hazards to exposed surfaces including ultraviolet
radiation, corrosive atomic oxygen, radical
temperature swings, and micrometeoroid and
debris strikes. The Materials International Space
Station Experiment (MISSE) has two passive
experiment carriers with approximately 900
specimens that were mounted outside the ISS
airlock in August 2001 and returned in August
2005 (see Further Reading #3). A new unit was
mounted in August 2005, and two more went up
on STS-121. Two more are planned for later
shuttle flights along with strain gauges and
accelerometers that will be mounted on ISS
trusses and modules to provide verification of
structural loads during docking and other events.
25
MISSE will also test new lightweight materials
ability to shield the crew from cosmic rays, and
the effects of impacts on inflatable solar sails.
As the tragic Apollo 1 fire proved, the lower
overall pressures and greater oxygen
percentages present in the closed environments
of spacecraft increase the risk of fire. NASA
continues to develop new technologies to detect
fire, quantify material flammability and fire
signatures in reduced gravity and monitor air
and water for contamination. David Urban of
NASA Glenn conducted an experiment on ISS
Expedition 13 that will aid in the development of
improved spacecraft smoke detectors. Currently
little is known about the size distribution of soot
particles from fires in space. Accurate fire
detection requires the ability to distinguish dust
particles from soot particles, and being able to
detect smoke particles of the appropriate size.
The Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility
Test (DAFT) was designed to test the
effectiveness of a device that counts ultra-fine
dust particles.
Caption: One tray of the MISSE experiment,
shown here in an STS-112 photo taken in 2002,
was mounted outside the Quest airlock for four
years. NASA photo.
Preliminary results based on two DAFT
sessions performed on ISS in 2005 and
presented at the Proceedings of the
International Conference on Environmental
Systems indicate very low levels of particles in
the ISS environment. This low particulate level
may be a result of the two-person crew and/or
the filtration system on ISS. The particulate level
is expected to increase now that the number of
crewmembers has returned to three after STS-
121. It is also possible that DAFT is not
measuring the particulates. Most particle
counters work by using a light beam to record
instances when the beam is interrupted. This
method will not record ultra-fine particles that
are much smaller than the wavelength of the
light. The handheld P-Trak device works by
passing dust-laden air through a chamber of
vaporous isopropyl alcohol. When a droplet of
alcohol condenses over an ultra-fine dust
particle, the particle becomes large enough to
The DAFT Dust Trak unit tested on several ISS
expeditions uses a sensor to read the
percentage of light being blocked by particles.
NASA photo.
break the light beam and be counted. (The
alcohol is recycled as it condenses on the
sidewalls.) Upcoming runs of the experiment will
use known dust sources to confirm that the
equipment is functioning accurately on orbit.
Sampling will also be done at more locations
throughout ISS. Once the average particulate
level is known, it can be used to design smoke
detectors that accurately distinguish normal dust
from the presence of dangerous smoke
particles. If the results are satisfactory, the P-
Trak will be used in the Smoke and Aerosol
Measuring Experiment (SAME) during
Expedition 15. SAME requires counts of
particles ranging from 0.2 microns to 1 micron.
Smoke detectors developed from the results of
DAFT and SAME (see Further Reading #10)
may also be useful in submarines or underwater
laboratories where accurate detection of smoke
can save lives.
Operations Demonstrations and
Development
26
“Today was a very nice success,” Expedition
9 science officer Mike Fincke told ground
controllers after completing the first in-orbit
space suit repair. Rather than return the suit to
the ground, a new pump was sent up via a
Progress supply ship. Fincke spent 4.5 hours
replacing the part that pumps cooling water
through miles of tubing inside the suit
undergarment. The repair made maintenance on
the U.S. segment of the ISS easier because the
Russian Orlan suits are not designed to
interface with U.S. equipment.
Caption: Astronaut Edward M. (Mike) Fincke,
shown here in the Quest airlock during
Expedition 9, performed the first on-orbit repair of
a spacesuit. NASA photo.
The ISS utilization plan (see Further Reading
#7) cites this kind of repair operation as an
example of new skills learned by spending time
in orbit. The report states that “ISS is
demonstrating new capabilities to sustain
spacecraft operations over long time periods
which will be critical for lunar/planetary habitats
and Mars transit vehicles. Periodic photographic
surveys of the outside of the ISS are performed
and compared with previous pictures to
understand the degradation of the vehicle over
time. …The team is also demonstrating the
repair of systems in space that were previously
thought to be not repairable. The Expedition
crews recently successfully repaired a
malfunctioning space suit, replaced treadmill
bearings, and replaced an Elektron these power systems perform over time is key in
subassembly. These repairs were thought not moving toward longer stays and building
feasible in space and are a testimony to both satellites to power future O’Neill cities in space.
ground and flight teams that developed
procedures and training for these events.”
……ARTICLE CONTINUED IN VOLUME 12
OF THE SPACE GOVERNANCE
The report also notes that “ISS provides JOURNAL
valuable lessons for current and future
engineers and managers—real-world examples
of what works and what does not work in space.
The international collaboration provides valuable
insights into how our Partner countries approach
building, operating, and maintaining spacecraft.
As such, the ISS is a cornerstone in advancing
knowledge about how to live and work in space
for long continuous periods of time and will
remain critical to our future exploratory
journeys.” One ESA experiment conducted
surveys of expedition 13 and 14 crews to
uncover potential problems in leadership styles.
Other demonstration activities include
Caption: Shown here during STS-116 in
autonomous rendezvous and docking; robotics December 2006, the ISS has the largest solar
and human systems displays and controls, and arrays ever deployed. NASA Photo
the testing of in-flight inspection and repair
capabilities such as those demonstrated on Author Marianne Dyson shares her passion
STS-121. Not only are recycling systems critical, for space through writing
but also the reduction of trash and inventory and presentations for all
management. Virtual training for EVA and ages at schools, libraries
robotic tasks enables safer and more efficient and conferences. She
use of crew time. “High performing crews are also is available as a
critical to successful long-duration missions,” the technical editor and
report states. research consultant on
space and astronomy
ISS has the largest solar arrays ever topics.
deployed, and uses a distributed power system
instead of the “mobile home/self-contained”
Russian-style modules. Understanding how
JOBS IN SPACE
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operations, science, quality, administration, public relations, and/or education. At HE Space Operations
it’s all about people: “We provide highly educated support and technical expertise.” Check it out at
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BUZZ ALDRIN SPACE LIBRARY SELECTION

This year we added another 100+ books into the Buzz Aldrin Space Library Selection. The library
receives books and videos on humans in space from all over the world and from personnel in all
industries.
Members of the space community may borrow books by contacting United Societies in Space or this
journal. Your selection will be mailed to you and you must return it within the time allotted.

27
Astro Law as Common Law Extended Into the
Outer Space Territory*
BY DECLAN J. O’DONNELL, ESQ.
ABSTRACT
International space treaties haven’t been amended or supplemented for 25 years. As “space
development” becomes feasible, (per the Moon Treaty, article 11, paragraph 5), a new legal regime is
called for by the United Nations applicable to outer space. This regime should clarify that civil,
criminal, domestic relations, administrative, and environmental laws applicable to individuals who
settle in space are also part of the legal mosaic covered in that new regime. Perhaps that call for a
new regime should include common law as extended into space to be known as astro law. If so, it is
very relevant and material to define astro law as that part of the new regime that exists as a common
law, a body of precedent that grows and adjusts in this new venue of space law according to the
needs of settlers. The common law is approaching a thousand years of tradition. It was extended
from England to America during the 1700s and extended to all extraterritorial courts effective in 1850
A.D. and by convention to outer space in 2000 A.D. Its prognosis as astro law in space is discussed
in detail.
INTRODUCTION systems were based be superceded by
new ones that are more holistic, more
Astro Law Historically ecumenical, and more widely
Professor George S. Robinson III and Harold accepted.”(2)
M. White, Jr., introduced us to the term “astro The common law is marked from 1066 AD
law.” This appears frequently in their seminal when the Norman Conquest of the British Isle
book, ‘The Envoys of Mankind.’ was recognized as completed. It featured not
“The concept of planetary or human only the King’s Bench in London and lower
citizenship must of necessity be courts in stately manors around the island, but,
embodied in what some space lawyers also, the tolerance of people’s courts. These
are beginning to refer to as astrolaw, the mimicked the King’s court in procedures but
body of law that governs human relations focused on equitable relief not permitted in the
in space, principles of social order legal system that was headed by the King, (or
flowing from the unique natural Queen). Both systems rested on solving “cases
requirements of human space in controversy” where one person disagreed with
existence.” (1) another person over genuine problems.
Solutions were recorded and precedent
This definition is refined by these authors developed.
recognizing the need and likelihood that astro
law would take generations of evolution to The system evolved into a comprehensive
represent truly space-oriented law. It would and effective set of rules. Some rules were not
begin as some sort of Earth-made rule of law. at all logical and others did not appear to be fair.
This character of the genera is described However, evaluation of the law of the
prophetically: commoners in England was clearly the result of
experience whether or not logical or fair. (3)
“For these reasons, legal systems
are subject to the same evolutionary In space settlements on the Moon, on Mars,
tendencies we have been discussing— and in cycler orbits, more will be involved than
resistance to change, long periods of the experience of settlers. As reflected below
stability, then acceleration, perturbation, under the title, “Laws that Impact Space,” it is
and either dissolution or complexification clear that competing nations will maintain a legal
and transformation. Such transforma- hold on space policy and future rules of law.
tion, however, requires that the very Added to that will be the interests of investors,
paradigms upon which the previous workers, tourists, and developers. Therefore,

28
the evolution of astro law will be more complex
than that encountered 900 years ago in
England. Nevertheless, a similar sort of case by
case experience will be the bottom of this
process.
Dr. Philip R. Harris predicts a widespread
cooperation, and he sees it as necessary. The
common law in outer space will be evolved by
many interests:
“The high frontier prospects in the
twenty first century are only dimly
perceived, as humankind struggles like
infants to leave our cradle, Earth. For
human enterprise in space to succeed
and flourish, synergy or cooperation
becomes the key ingredient between
public and private sectors, between
planners and policy makers, between
professionals and the technicians, as
well as among organizations and
nations.” (4)
LAWS THAT IMPACT SPACE LAW
Direct Impact
There are five outer space treaties that
directly impact space law and policy. These
were all sponsored by the United Nations and
they obtained the prior approval of the UN
Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,
(COPUOS). Of these, the Outer Space Treaty,
(OST), of 1967 is respected as our constitution
for outer space. On the other hand, the Moon
Treaty of 1979 is least respected because only
France signed it of all the space-oriented
nations. America and Russia and the space-
faring community passed on signing it because
the concept of common heritage of mankind was
introduced. As a group, however, these five
treaties represent the starting point for space
law and policy. (5)
The “common heritage of mankind” and the
treaty provision of “benefit sharing” represent the
most controversial legal issues that haunt space
lawyers. The “common heritage” wording
reappears in the Law of the Sea Treaty of 1989.
It is defined as requiring an actual sharing of
proceeds generated by commercial activity at
the public property site, all nations to manage
the site, all to have access, and for peaceful
purposes only. The term has been applied to
activities of the Deep Seabed Authority
successfully because America manages it.
However common heritage principles in outer
space development are not acceptable, unless
they are modified. (6)
The problem of benefit sharing has a similar
set of legal problems, all focused on sharing
profits with developing nations. The sharing
program was adopted unanimously by UN
General Assembly resolution in 1966 and was
mentioned in the Outer Space Treaty, 1967. In
contrast, a more recent UN General Assembly
resolution was adopted to recast benefit sharing
as just another way to effect international
cooperation, the primary directive of that 1967
constitution level treaty. (7)
This highlights another and larger
consequence of ambiguity in space regulation:
“soft law proliferation”: Space lawyers and
policy makers have conflicting ambiguities. In
this case the burden of benefit sharing was
deemed a good idea in 1967 and a bad idea in
1996. In situ benefit sharing may be a good
idea in the future, (where nations must appear in
space to participate), but there is no legal
system in place to ever sort this out. (8)
As summarized by a leading space law
litigator in 2005:
“Both the OST and the Moon Treaty
have Proven to be an unworkable
foundation for the creation of a usable
property rights regime in space given
their ambiguity and lack of support…” (9)
Indirect Impact
In 2002, Professor Ved Nanda of the
University of Denver Law School, Department of
29
International Law, spoke at the National Space which furnishes the framework for design,
Society Convention as an advocate of development, operation, and utilization of a
establishing property rights in space resources. permanently inhabited civil Space Station for
His thesis was that this void could be solved by peaceful purposes. Here the country that owns
borrowing policies from other international a portion of ISS retains legal control of it, and of
treaties, organizations, and practices. This the crew. For example, an invention made in
same thesis was advocated by space law the Japanese quadrant is subject to Japan’s
litigator Rosanna Sattler at the University of patent law. Because ISS is 100 percent space
Chicago Law School Symposium: Issues in object, (a manmade structure in space), its rules
Space Law, 2005. (10) may not impact the space resources problem,
(natural and indigenous resources in space).
These scholars and others have referred us
to the following five kinds of sources for building
a legal regime for space, particularly in
reference to the creation of property rights for
settlers in space and on space resources:
1. ITU (International Telecommunica-
tions Union). It has the important task of Radio
frequencies and orbital positions of satellites.
This procedure has international consensus.
Some lessons may be learned on how
international procedures result in awarding such
substantial rights by license.
2. The Antarctic Treaty System consists
of four complex agreements commencing in
1959 and ending in 1980. The paradigm is to
declare no private property in real estate, but to
feature use and research rights to admitted
nations. Research must be the principle activity.
The system is now managed by 26 “consultative
parties” who vote annually and continue to NASA Photo Gallery: International Space Station
demonstrate their interest in Antarctica by
carrying out substantial scientific activity. 5. IGA (Intergovernmental Agreement).
Observer nations are permitted to attend its NASA respects the rights and obligations of all
session but cannot vote. who utilize the ISS by a complex system of
agreements and Memorandum of
3. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Understanding. Each participating country
was created by the UN in 1982 and signed by controls up to 100 percent its own user
the USA in 1994, but never ratified by the elements, a.k.a. components. These treaty level
senate. It is a common heritage of mankind subject matters are not treated as treaties and
legal structure, but it utilizes a system of do not have any treaty level enabling act on the
licensing rights to mine sectors of the seabed, a subject of space resources or space objects,
public property, (but not a monument). except Article VIII of the Outer Space Treaty
4. International as to space objects only. This model has been
Space Station (ISS). The cited as having future property rights
ISS is governed by an administered in space vessels and on space
international treaty signed resources. (11)
January 29, 1988,
COMMON LAW EXTENDED
between the United
States, Russia, Canada, The “Void” Problem
Japan, and Europe known
There has been no effort, except one (see
as the ISS Intergovern-
below), to create any venue-wide rule of law or
mental Agreement (IGA),

30
space venue governance paradigm for settlers, held at the University of Denver Law School and
workers, and developers. Space has been hosted by Professor Ved Nanda of the
viewed as not a territory and, therefore, not International Law Center of that school. The
capable of in rem governance. No reason has organic documents produced at that Convention
been sited for this except the admonitions of the were published August 4, 2000, their effective
Outer Space Treaty: date: This was called the Regency of United
Societies in Space and its Constitution, all now
“Article II: Outer space, including the moon
known as the International Space Development
and other celestial bodies, is not subject to
Authority Corporation, (ISDAC). (13)(14)
national appropriation by claim of sovereignty,
by means of use or occupation, or by any other Article III, Section 4, was crafted by the
means.” designers over a five-year series of committee
The scope, meaning, and legal enforceability meetings and conferences, along with the rest of
of this has been questioned as not capable of the documents. It extended the common law
literal construction. For example, if settlers from the United States of America into outer
ordain a town council on Mars, there would be space at a cutoff date of August 4, 2000 A.D.
no national appropriation of anything and Article Here is that official wording:
II would not be deemed to sabotage the town. “Section 4. RULE OF LAW. The
The treaty cannot mean to force a void of all Common Law shall be utilized by the
legal structures in space and thereby force Courts as extended by the Convention to
chaos in the premises. outer space. The rule
of law shall therefore
That would cause conflict A space governance structure include treaty
and lead to star wars. A
space governance
that is not a national provisions,
structure that is not a appropriation, based on a citizen international law,
national appropriation, movement alone, and structured Statutes of
of the Council
Regents, and the
based on a citizen as a trusteeship for the benefit of Common Law to be fit
movement alone, and
structured as a trusteeship all humankind, should be where all of the others
for the benefit of all welcomed by all nations and all are silent, in conflict, or
referred to in fact or by
humankind, should be competing interests. implication by those
welcomed by all nations
and all competing direct legislative
interests. At common law, the trust estate can regimes. The Common Law is defined
be impressed on the king’s title and in astro law, as the Corpus Juris Secundum as it
as we will see, it is available to be maintained on reads on August 4, 2000, having
space resources. (12) developed in England for 1,000 years,
having been extended to America
The common law commencing circa 1100 effective [during the 1700s], and having
A.D. in England, as then extended to America been extended by Congress to all
and each of its states during the 1700s, and as extraterritorial Courts in 1850. [The
extended to its extraterritorial courts by Regency and ISDAC] shall be guided
Congress in 1850 A.D., represents a cable of exclusively by this Rule of Law as so
citizen level justice. The next practical step is to determined and not otherwise.
have that system in outer space for individuals
who live and work in outer space. “Section 5. SETTLERS RIGHTS.
That the Supreme Court of the Regency
The Denver Convention shall apply the foregoing standards of
Commencing in August of 2000 and ending law and equity with full balance and legal
on August 4, 2001, United Societies in Space concern for the individual free person as
conducted the internationally noticed Count memorialized in the UNITED NATIONS
Down Conference No. 1, also billed as the UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF
“Denver Space Governance Convention.” It was HUMAN RIGHTS, dated 12/10/1948,

31
 which is incorporated herein as Exhibit B.
The first 20 paragraphs are deemed
inalienable rights of settlers.”
With this basic legal structure asserted by
the 50 Regents and hearing no objection from
the UN nor any member nation, these are basic
building blocks in place. The following legal and
equitable tenants are applicable in outer space
as a result. (15)
PROPERTY AT COMMON LAW
What Estates Don’t Work
In outer space it is clear that title by fee
simple absolute will not work in space
resources. By treaty all such resources off-
Earth are the common heritage of mankind and
treated legally as public property, (but not the
same as monuments). The fee simple absolute
is excluded from consideration because for 900
plus years it has been defined as:
“Fee Simple: (a). Definition. A fee
simple estate is one by which a tenant
holds lands, tenements, or heriditaments
to himself and his heirs, forever. (b) A fee
simple estate is the greatest estate a
person can possess in landed property:
an absolute estate in perpetuity. (16)
An acre on the Moon is public property so it
cannot be converted unilaterally to private
property and be held as an absolute estate in
perpetuity.
LAND
FOR
SALE
Common Law Estates Do Work
The history of the common law reveal that at
least four common law estates rest on top of
superior titles of the king without derogating from
those legal estates. These four are the lease,
the easement, the mortgage, and the trust
estates. During the development of common
law from 1100 AD in England and since 1776 in
America and since 1850 in America’s
extraterritorial courts, these estates were
recognized as the law of the land unless
modified specifically by Parliament in England or
Congress/state legislation in America. Since
August 4, 2000, they also extend to outer space
governance. (17)
These estates are denominated inferior
estates at common law because they are
temporary, terminable, limited, and equitable
only. The underlying legal title, either to the
king, another person, or to the UN as beneficiary
of public property in space, is not legally
diminished by these titles according to 900 years
of common law rulings. Notwithstanding their
legal sufficiency as inferior, they are in common
use worldwide, particularly the lease.
COMMON LAW TORTS
What Law Governs
The general rule is expressed in Corpus
Juris Secundum:
24: “In General: As to transitory torts,
the law of the place where the injury is
occasioned or inflicted governs in
respect of the right of action, and the law
of the forum as to matters pertaining to
remedies.
25: “Existence and Extent of Liability:
The law of the place where the act or
omission, claimed as the basis of tort,
occurs determines the existence of a tort;
and generally the locus delecti is the
place where the last event necessary to
make the actor liable occurs.” (18)
Because of this 900-year-old rule of law
regarding torts, outer space venue torts need to
be litigated in space and near the venue of
occurrence. However, without any law of torts
existent in space venues outside of a nations
space vessel, and without a local court system
in and for space, redress of wrongs is practically
impossible.
Tort law covers a very wide range of
conduct. It may be called assault, battery,
trespass, interference with contract, libel,
slander, slander and/or derogation of title,
negligence, malpractice, false ‘imprisonment,
32
wrongful death, money had and received, theft,
and more. As new cases and new
circumstances come forward in space
settlements, this category of common law will
adjust to astro law most readily.
Torts Defined
The textbook definitions of tort law are broad
enough to encompass these new
circumstances: The elemental definitions of
TORT are set forth in Corpus Juris Secundum
as follows:
6. “Necessity for Existence. An
essential element of tort liability is the
existence of a duty imposed in favor of
the person injured and against the
person whose conduct produces the
injury.” (19)
The novel types of new duties and the wide
range of ways to breach
those new duties in outer
space settlements must As development of outer space petent parties, subject
be sorted out, case by progresses over a thousand year
case. The ISDAC court is estimated time to completion,
expected to deal with such
lawsuits among settlers. It
millions of contracts will be made
will also handle tort suits here on Earth and at various
against governments, venues in outer space.
corporations, and the
individuals. In these cases the defense of
governmental immunity will become at issue
because all corporations and individuals
currently in space are agents of a government.
Effective after the cutoff date, entire common
law was extended from America to space. The
cutoff date was August 4, 2000 A.D., per the
Denver Convention on Space Governance. This
document is reported in the ISDAC official
record: Space Governance Journal. (20)
Torts are now cognizable in outer space on a
venue-wide basis. The law of contracts grew
out of tort law as a trespass on the case.
Contract law then grew much more quickly and it
is said to have eaten its mother, trespass on the
case, which went extinct.
CONTRACTS
What Law Governs
The general rule is that a contract is
enforceable where it is made or intended to be
performed, unless the contract changes this plus
the international rules of comity. (21)
As development of outer space progresses
over a thousand year estimated time to
completion, millions of contracts will be made
here on Earth and at various venues in outer
space. If on Earth, then the usual rules will
apply and dictate which state or federal court
has venue and what laws will apply. If made on
the Moon, then venue is on the Moon and outer
space law applies because the common law of
contract was extended to outer space. This
occurred at the cutoff date of August 4, 2000
A.D. (22)
The formal requirements of a contract on the
Moon are now the same as in America on that
cutoff date. Here they are:
“(a) Contract. A contract is an agree-
ment which creates an obligation. Its
essentials are com-
matter, legal consider-
ations, mutuality of
agreement, and mutu-
ality of obligation….
“(c) Agreement. In
the contract sense,
“Agreement” is the
expression of the Parties of a common
intention to affect their legal relations. It
is synonymous with “compact” and
“understanding” and distinguishable from
“arrangement.” (23)
The whole world knows and understands
this. Common law contracts are used regularly
in America and England and its colonies,
including India and Australia. Countries who do
business there or with citizens of those countries
have a degree of familiarity with this law of
contract. It is not unlikely that this paradigm
would end up as the law of the land on the Moon
regardless of the efforts of USIS.
Criminal Procedures and Crimes
The common law has grafted many rules
onto the substance of crimes. It has evolved
into a respected body of criminal procedures.
These are far beyond the scope of this paper
except to identify that astro law now has a
definable set of crimes and procedures
applicable thereto.
33
CONCLUSION
Astrolaw as common law extended into outer
space allows for a continued cable of citizen-
level laws, remedies, and punishments. A Agreement,” American Bar Association Air &
judicial tradition is enabled with precedent,
commentary, and experience. Evolution is
anticipated. The other legal documents that
affect space law directly or indirectly are
therefore segregated into their own special
circumstance. These may or may not be drawn
upon as persuasive precedents during that
evolution of citizen law in outer space, common
law, now known as astro law.
ENDNOTES
1.
Robinson, George S., and White Jr., H.M.,
Envoys of Mankind: A Declaration of First
Principles for the Governance of Space
Societies, prologue by Gene Roddenbury at p.
xx, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986.
2. Ibid, p. 30.
3. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, The Common Law,
1881.
4. Harris, Dr. Philip R., Living and Working in
Space: Human Behavior, Culture, and
Organization, Ellis Horwood, Ltd., England, 1991,
p. 282.
5. The five space treaties are: (1) The Treaty on
Principles Governing the Activities of States in
the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,
Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies,
January 27, 1967, by the United Nations, a.k.a.
The Outer Space Treaty of 1967; (2) The
Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the
Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects
Launched into Outer Space, April 22, 1968, by
the United Nations, a.k.a. The Rescue and
Return Treaty; (3) The Convention on
International Liability for Damage Caused by
Space Objects, March 29, 1972, by the United
Nations, a.k.a. The Liability Treaty; (4) The
Convention on Registration of Objects Launched
into Outer Space, January 14, 1975, by the
United Nations, a.k.a. The Registration Treaty;
(5) The Treaty Governing the Activities of States
on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, 1979,
by the United Nations, a.k.a., The Moon Treaty of
1979.
6. Benefit sharing as a treaty burden appears to be
restated as the common heritage of mankind in
the UN Treaty on the Law of the Sea, signed by
U.S. President Clinton in 1994. This is a technical
term that requires all nations to actively
participate in asset management and pro rata
distribution of all revenues back to all nations. A
reference to “equitable sharing is provided but is
not defined. See, O’Donnell, Declan J. and
Harris, Philip R.: “Is it Time to Replace the Moon
Space Lawyer, 1994, p. 3.
7. UN General Assembly resolution 51/122:
Declaration on International Co-operation in the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the
Benefit and in the Interests of All States, Taking
Into Particular Account the Needs of Developing
Countries, par. 3, 1996.
8. O’Donnell, Declan J.,: “Benefit Sharing: The
Municipal Model,” Proceedings of the 47th IAF
Congress, (IISL), Beijing, China, 1996.
9. Sattler, Rosanna, “Transporting a Legal System
for Property Rights: From the Earth to the Stars,”
Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, No.
1, 2005, p. 30.
10. Ibid, pp. 31-43.
11. Ibid, p. 39
12. O’Donnell, Declan J., “Astrolaw: The First
Thousand Years, circa 1100 A.D. to 2100 A.D.,
Space Governance Journal, 2003, Vol. 9, p. 11.
13. Space Governance Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 11-31,
1999-2000, re the Regency.
14. The Regency was voted upon as also known as
the “International Space Development Authority
Corporation”: see, Space Governance Journal,
2003, Vol. 9, p. 4, regarding its meeting in
Chicago, Illinois, during the International Mars
Society Convention. A trade name affidavit was
so authorized.
15. The 50 Regents are private citizens and none are
employed by any nation.
16. Corpus Juris Secundum 88 (a) and (b), regarding
estates in real property.
17. Space Governance Journal, Vol. 9, p. 11 et seq.
18. 86 C.J.S. Section 24 and 25.
19. 86 C.J.S. Section 6, Torts Defined.
20. Space Governance Journal, Vol. 6, p. 11, is
deemed the official reporter for the Regency of
USIS [and ISDAC].
21. 17 C.J.S. Section 1, Contracts.
22. Space Governance Journal, Vol. 9, p. 11 et seq.
23. 17 C.J.S. Section 1, Contracts Defined.
* Mr. O’Donnell delivered this paper to the IISL
meeting in Japan in 2005. It was selected for
U.N. Publication.
34
First Wonder of the Off-World: Follow on Design
Contests…
1. DEADLINE DECEMBER 31, 2007: Cargo
transports, tourists tenders, and “space
yachts.”
2. DEADLINE DECEMBER 31, 2008: Interior
living, working, and farming areas for the
Mars cycler orbiter.
3. DEADLINE DECEMBER 31, 2009: Space
Bank, and Space Money designs.
Mars Cycler Orbiter Access Portals (Image by
4. DEADLINE DECEMBER 31, 2010: Final David Robinson)
design/architecture for the space
governance authorities to execute all of the A circular center from top to bottom consists
above. of cargo storage for delivery to Moon, Mars, and
Earth projects. Water storage is placed along
Our cover for volume 12 features the artist’s
the circumference where it will consist of ice at
image of the very large Mars cycler orbiter. This
the outer edges and a river on the inner sides.
design won our yearend 2005 design project for
the First Wonder of the Off-World. The winning As the vessel engages in long term travel it
team consisted of Asia Wakabayashi, age 16; is made to rotate, thus creating a gravity effect.
Dayton O’Donnell, age 13; John Hovde, age 14; The outer most interior is similar to Earth gravity
and Brooks Jenkins, age 14. (1-G), the next level inward is comparable to
Mars, and the inner most is analogous to the
The given premise was to design a large
Moon. The cylindrical storage area at the center
space ship to cycle from Earth orbit to a larger
is low to zero gravity, making it convenient for
Moon orbit and, then, regularly scheduled trips
moving cargo.
to Mars orbit and return, never to land here or
there. The ship is to be headquarters for all The approximate plan for economical
participating nations and space development construction and management is built on the
companies, as well as for our space governance home owners association model for
authorities. condominium apartments.
Each cubic meter is priced
Preliminary planning
features include vessel
“ …headquarters for all for condo marketing to
captain’s quarters, com- participating nations and nations, developers, and
investors. Management is
plete with
communications,
staff,
and
space development companies, conducted by the space
authority that built the
technical advisors on level as well as for our space vessel and governs it.
one: staff living quarters
and space governance governance authorities.” The periodic fees paid by
participants (like
offices on the second
homeowner association
level; farming, ranching,
fees) pay for running the
and hydroponics on the middle or third level;
ship, maintaining common areas, and providing
guest quarters, space development crews,
essential services. The purpose of this grand
explorers quarters, and commercial areas on
vessel, one mile in diameter and 3.14 miles in
level four; and transportation portals, light vessel
circumference, is to assist humankind in
parking, heavy manufacturing on the bottom or
exploration, research, development and
fifth level, along with ingress and egress bays for
settlement of the solar system.
cargo transports, tourist tenders, and space
yachts. A smooth and circular deck with
magnetically controlled docking grids line the
bays.
35

Landing Bay Designs
(Images by David Robinson)
The Space Bank Contest is our way of
finalizing our 10-year debate on how to create a
relevant economic, financial, fiscal, second
monetary system for the space development
phase, the next 100 years in space. The
continued competitive use of yen, rubles, francs,
pounds, and dollars in situ is not tolerable.
Dynamically fluid exchange rates of the
currencies lend instability to business
arrangements in space. Furthermore, a single
venue governance is recommended so all
participants in space development play on a
level field. On the reverse side of this on Earth,
a catastrophe in space at a USA facility may
adversely affect the value of the dollar on Earth,
rather unnecessarily if dollars are perceived as
lost in that space development catastrophe.
By converting all competing national
currencies into space money, (or you assert the
better technique), we may eliminate or cushion
outside economic influences from or to nations
and provide a stable and fluid and level playing
field for the space development phase.
How These Contests Work
The Orbiter Contest was won on March 31,
2006, because we granted an extension for the
Lockheed Martin team, (from the December 31,
2005, deadline). Only one other acceptable
entry was timely received before the yearend
deadline. This kind of extension is clearly
extraordinary. The timely team won and that is
described above and pictured on our cover.
The prize of $2,000, ($500 each for the four
member team), is supplemented by $100,000
each in Space Bank Money of ISDAC, for an
additional $400,000 award to the team. Each
year the prize per team member (up to five) is
increased so, pretty soon, we’ll be talking about
real money here.
Space Governance Journal then
supplements all of that with international
promotion and publicity for each team, (or
individual), and the project. Obviously we will
not release the space money component until
that 2009 contest is won and done. However, a
plaque and bank certificate and an interest
bearing note issue immediately. CALL US TO
ENTER!

International Lunar Observatory SGJ Staff Report

Thanks to Steve Durst and his Space Age Publishing Company affiliates, the world may soon
have a powerful telescope permanently located on the Moon. Jim Benson of Benson Space
Company, (formerly active in SpaceDev, Inc.), supports this project with technical assistance: the
project is feasible as structured. Space Governance Journal is proud to support the effort and has
nominated United Societies in Space vice president Brad Blair to its steering committee. The
International Lunar Observatory is managed from stations on Earth and at international sites, probably
at relevant universities.
Funding is about to commence. Contact Mr. Durst at 808-885-3473 in Hawaii or by e-mail to his
California offices at news@spaceagepub.com. The project is detailed on the company Website at
www.spaceagepub.com. These three space advocacy leaders will deliver if funding is committed at
modest levels.
ISDAC, has amended its Lunar Economic Development Authority directive to include an
International Lunar Observatory in its Moon development plan.

36
 2005 ANNUAL REPORT
OF
UNITED SOCIETIES IN SPACE, INC, a Colorado Non-Profit Corporation
By: Declan J. O'Donnell, President

This will report on club activities for 2005 and follow-up on several unfinished matters at year-end 2004. United
Societies in Space is financially and spiritually alive and well, but it is less visible and more serene than
previously. Our readers have all deferred to their day jobs and family requirements, as it should be, but the wind
shall break the reed. Every volunteer organization must endure these kinds of hiatus from time-to-time.

Here are the important highlights:

1. ISDAC: Our Board of Directors voted unanimously in 2004 in Chicago to formalize the Regency into a
committee of USIS and permit USIS and its affiliates to do business as ISDAC, i.e., "THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY CORPORATION."

The purpose is to provide a corporate sponsor to the otherwise non-corporate association. Not only did that
provide a degree of insulation from debt and possible liabilities, it also made it more conveniently identifiable as
an advisory group for USIS. Since no commerce has been prosecuted to date, there is no debt and no known
liabilities. USIS filed its ISDAC papers in 2006, with the Secretary of State of Colorado. This allows USIS and
its affiliates to be the International Space Development Authority Corporation.

During 2005 and 2006 the authority model has been published domestically and internationally. Since no
business has been accomplished, those papers were considered proposals. The proposal has never been criticized
and many have praised its theoretic value. For example, we have a waiting list of purchasers for our bonds when
they are available after October 6, 2006.

2. Rashmi Mayur, deceased. The 50 Ph.D. level regents are all in place with no resignations and only
one death: Rashmi Mayur of India. He has been replaced by Deepak Kapadia, also of Mumbai, India. Rashmi
suffered a stroke at the UN Summit on World Environmental Status in 2004 in Africa. He entered rehabilitation
in New York while staying with his sister in New Jersey. He died unexpectedly in 2005 amidst an otherwise
progressive recovery. We honor Rashmi Mayur for his devotion and energy for outer space development as part
of the human agenda, as well as for his respect for International Law and Policy. Rashmi nominated Declan for
the Indira Gandhi Award of India for International Law, which he received in October 1998 in Mumbai, India.
Space Governance Journal was the reason for this award because it called for a level playing field of one law in
and for all space venues. India as a newer space participant was fearful of discrimination in that endeavor.

3. The Boulder Meeting, 2005: During the Mars Society Meeting in Boulder, Colorado, USIS conducted
its annual meeting. Among the several topics covered the following are noteworthy:

A. Space Governance Journal would continue with a double tenth year anniversary issue. This is available
for $20 as Volumes 9 & 10 combined. To order, please call 800-632-2828.
B. USIS resolved to assist other organizations by offering affiliation agreements and relevant services. The
first of these was made with the National Space Society (NSS), which features USIS as one of its
chapters. We hope to bridge into formal recognition as a chapter of the Mars Society also.
C. Mike Duke was nominated and approved as the 2003 winner of our SPACE HUMANITARIAN
AWARD. That appears in Vol. 9 of SGJ.
D. David Livingston was nominated and approved as the 2004 winner of the 2004 SPACE
HUMANITARIAN AWARD. That appears in Vol. 10 of SGJ.
E. Additional applications and interlocking director agreements were resolved for affiliates as follows:
i) Lunar Economic Development Authority Inc., a Colorado non-profit corporation, a.k.a. LEDA..

37
 ii) SPACE Orbital Development Authority (SODA), a Colorado non-profit corporation.
iii) World Space Bar Association, Inc., (WSBA), a Colorado non-profit corporation.
iv) The Committee on the Buzz Aldrin Space Library.
v) Space Governance Journal.

4. Committee Meetings at Headquarters have produced the following:

A. Webmaster Richard Westfall has marked a trail for us to recover our original website name: USIS.org.
This has been referred to Corporate Counsel, Mr. Andrew Quiat.
B. The Buzz Aldrin Space Library Collection has been disassociated from Douglas County Public Library.
It is now a USIS project with public endorsement by NSS.
C. Brad Blair has passed on his CEO position with LEDA over to Dr. Bill Good. (See below for LEDA
agenda.)
D. Recommendation that ISDAC as a Regency Authority merge into USIS or incorporate itself as an
affiliate. The idea is to achieve IRS 501(c)(3) status, retain corporate status, issue bonds, and offer 100%
tax deductible gift status to bond holders, (because repayment in 30 years of $100,000 per each $5,000
invested is so speculative). This is on the agenda for our annual meeting at UCLA on August 12, 2007.
E. Meetings in Las Vegas, Nevada and elsewhere with IRS Counsel leads us to believe that bond revenues
may be unrecognized income to USIS and deductible to the donor. Reliance is made on Zaninovich vs.
Commissioner, US Tax Court, 1978, and other cases.
F. The ISDAC structure for Space architecture should be an USIS proposal. Declan to co-author with Dr.
Buzz Aldrin and Dr. Thomas Matula on this subject at NSS-ISDC and is in SGJ and at IAF in Van
Coover, Canada and in Fukuoka, Japan, (which was done).
G. The Mexican Space Agency project was discussed as feasible at this time. Ms. Calzada from Mexico
City reports that the President of Mexico has declined to accept the proposal but did establish a Space
Agency with no appropriations. Mr. Pablo DeLeon will remain our monitor at the Mexican Congress in
Mexico City, thanks to our VP Jesus Raygoza B., has begun hearings on this timely and critically
important subject. A budget with realistic projects will be considered.
H. Ms. Ann Deering has died and left her copyright property in her articles to USIS: Thank you.
I. The Aerospace Xchange Magazine proposal was dropped by USIS because the Committee elected to
promote it as a stand alone "For Profit Corporation." Mr. Gary Rodriquez will report on its progress in
2006.
J. In 2002 the Space Bank was put on deferral by the Board of Directors, but not by LEDA, SGJ, or the
Regency. This status must be reviewed this year.
K. USIS member Nicole McGee has coordinated with USIS to design and launch the newly incorporated
"Aerospace Exchange" enterprise in Colorado.

5. The 2006 Annual Meeting will be in Valencia, Spain on October 6, 2006, during the IAF convention: it
will cover:

A. Acceptance of new Board of Directors member Deepak Kapadia and David Livingston.
B. Cycler Orbiter spaceship award winners' presentation: Asia Wakabayashi, age 16; Dayton O'Donnell,
age 13; John Hovde, age 14; and Brooks Jenkins, age 14.
C. Approval of several Space Development Corporation Treaty agreements with LEDA, SODA, WB Bar
Association, and Space Governance Journal.
D. Chapter Status with the Mars Society, Inc.
E. Bond issuance procedures and uses of proceeds for ISDAC.
F. Acceptance of Nomination of Jefferey Liss, Esq. as the 2007, SPACE HUMANITARIAN AWARD
WINNER.
G. Workshop on LEDA Presentation at the UN-IAC in October 2006, at Valencia, Spain, and Bond
Distribution Proposal.
H. SJG Vol. II distribution at Valencia, Spain.

38
Index by Author for Volumes 1-13
A Position on SettlingEarth’s Solar System, Vol.
Abend, C. Joshua 9/10, 2003-2004
Innovation, Space & Opportunity: An Inseparable Dore, Roland
Triad, July 1997 p.106 Living and Working in Space -A Foreword, July
Alifanov, Oleg M. 1996 p.20
Space is the Future of Mankind, Dec. 1995 p.26 Doyle, Stephen E.
USIS Russia Progress Report, July 1997 p.154 Military Assistance Program, Vol. 6 1999 p.4
Arsenault, Cynda Collins Durst, Steve
What Way Forward?, Secure World Foundation, For Sale Live From the Moon,” Jan. 1997 p.42
Vol. 12 Dyson, Marianne
B The International Space Station (with pictures
courtesy of NASA), two part article in Vol’s 11
Barrett, Elizabeth Ann Manhart
& 12
Space Nursing, July 1998 P. 126
Becker, Sarah Bode E
Insights From the Space Innovation Workshop, Egan, Matthew
Jan. 1998 p.28 A Space Policy Proposal Regulating Martian
NEWS Focus: Solar Power from Luna & Space, Water Resources, Vol. 12
June 1994 p.32
Benaroya, Haym F
Economically Viable Lunar Development, July Finney, Ben
1998 p.158 Tsiolkovsky’s Vision for Humanity’s Future in
Benson, Jim Space, Jan. 1998 p.44
Near Earth Asteroid Prospector, Jan. 1998 p.86 Foulkes, Roland A.
Bernard, Michael M. Why Space? An Anthropologist’s Response, Dec.
Students for the Exploration and Development of 1994 p.22
Space, July 1997 p.156 Freeman, Marsha
Blair, Brad Herman Oberth: The Father of Spaceflight, Jan.
Economic Development of Lunar Mineral 1998 p.48
Resources, The, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.89 It is Time for Krafft Ehricke’s Moon! Vol. 9/10,
ISDAC: Financing Capacity for In-Space 2003-2004
Projects, Vo. 9/10, 2003-2004 Krafft Ehricke’s Extraterrestrial Imperative, Dec.
Bode, Sarah See Becker, Sarah Bode 1995 p.16
Brachet, Gerard, UNCOPOUS Chairperson G
The United Nations Committee for the Peaceful Glaser, Peter
Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPOUS), Vol. 12 Solar Energy—The Global Energy Source
C Need for a Global Space Based Power
Corbett, Katie Transmission (WPT) Consortium, Dec. 1994
Space Nursing Society, July 1996 p.22 p.32
Criswell, David C. Goldman, Nathan C.
Rationale and Plans for a Lunar Solar Power Lawyer’s Perspective on the USIS Strategies for
System, Jan. 1997 p.35 Metanation and LEDA, July 1996 p.16
D Metanation, Metaworld, Jan. 1998 p.5
Davidson, Dennis M. Policy Considerations for the Utilization of Space
Astronomical Art and the Internet: A New Resources, July 1997 p.112
Paradigm for Creativity, Dec. 1995 p.49 H
Davidson, John Harris, Philip R.
Reconstitution: A Space Governance Philosophy, Case for Practical Visionaries, The, Dec. 1994 p.
Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.19 14
Deering, Ann Challenges in the Space Environment: Personnel
Space Insurance: Don’t Leave Earth Without It! Deployment Systems: Part 1, Jan. 1998 p.58
Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004 Challenges in the Space Environment: Personnel
de Leon, Pablo Deployment Systems: Part 2, July 1998 p.146
South American Copmpetitor in the Ansari X Conference Proceedings: First Space
Prize, A, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004 Interdependence Day a Success, Dec. 1994 p.
Dodds, Ned 6

39
 Facilitating a New Space Market Through a
Lunar Economic Development Authority, July
1997 p.l22
How Space Helps the Earth to Be Sustainable,
Jan. 1998 p.6
Legal Space Frontier Challenges, Jan. 1997 p.48
Macrothinking in Global Space Planning:
Minicases of ESA, USIS, & FMF, Dec. 1995
p.36
NEWS Focus: Solar Power from Luna & Space,
June 1994 p.32
Renewing the Aerospace Industry Through Lunar
Development, Jan. 1997 p.33
Space Book Reviews, July 1997 p.172, July.
1998 p.196
Space Law: Book Review, July 1996 p. 31
Strategies for Lunar Development and Port
Authority, June 1995 p. 6
Why USIS Seeks NGO Status at the United
Nations, July 1997 p.97
Harrison, Albert A.
Humanizing Outer Space: Some Suggestions for
Metanation, Dec. 1994 p.11
Selling Visionary Ideas to Realistic People, Dec.
1995 p.16 Harvey, Brian
New Russian Space Program, July 1996 p. 10
Space Book Review, Jan. 1997 p.88
Space Societies in Britain and Ireland, July 1998
p.184
Hingerty, Arthur M
Exploration Advocacy and the Concepts of
Human Freedom and Destiny, July 1998 P.132
Howerton, B. Alexander
Space Enterprise: Children’s Space, July 1997
p.170
Space Enterprise: Space Stock Surfers Blasting
Off, Jan. 1998 p.112
Space Enterprise: The Slow Steady Rise of
Commercial Space, June 1995 p.38
Space Enterprise: Three Enemies of Space
Development, Dec. 1995 p.49
Hoyt, Diana
The NASA budget Dilemma, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002
p.29
Hubbard, Barbara Marx
The Committee for a Positive Future, Vol. 12
Huntress, Wesley
Testimony of Dr. Huntreess at Senate Committee
Hearings Oct. 2003, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Hurtak, J.J.
A Space Policy Proposal Regulating Martian
Water Resources, Vol. 12
J
Johnson, Anis
Civil Engineer in Lunar Industrialization, The,
Jan. 1997 p.26
Johnson, Stewart W.
Civil Engineer in Lunar Industrialization, The,
40
Jan. 1997 p.26
Koelle, H. H.
Steps Toward a Lunar Settlement, Jan. 1997
p.20
Survey - Objectives of a Lunar Base: Re-
evaluation 1997, July 1997 p.142
K
Kong, Deyong
Chinese Perspective on Space Development, A,
June 1995 p.18
Kozlowski, Olivier
Space Law Exchange, Jan. 1998 p.104
Krichevsky, Sergey
Cosmonautics and Civilian Society, Jan. 1998
p.34
L
Lightman, Alex
Star Scores: Comparing the US vs. UN Cases for
Space Authority, July 1998 p.166
Getting NASA out of the Business of Space
Business, Dec. 1994 p.19 To Mars and Back
Safely, Jan. 1997 p.54
Natural Law and a Declaration of Humankind
Interdependence - Part 1, June 1995 p.14
Natural Law and a Declaration of Humankind
Interdependence - Part 2, Dec. 1995 p.32
Working Definition of Space law” and “Astrolaw,”
July 1997 p.169
Livingston, David M.
A Code of Ethics for Off-Earth Commerce and
Space Development, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Lyne, Jack
Fly Me to the Moon and Much, Much Farther,
Vol. 11
M
Maniatis, Dimitri
McGill Univ’s Institute of Air & Space Law
Recently Honored by ICAO, Jan. 1998 p.87
Matte, Nicolas Mateesco
W-SBAAwards the First “George S. Robinson Ill
Astrolaw Award”:
Acceptance Address, Jan. 1998 p.10
Mayur, Rashmi
Space is the Place for Synergy, Dec. 1995 p.24
The Space Preservation Treaty: How to
Transform the War Industry into a Space
Industry, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.61
Mercer-Fike, Jeri
USIS Director met with Leaders of ISU in
Strasbourg, France, Jan. 1998 p.94
Montaner, Marta Gaggero
1996 Space Essay Contest Winner:
Establishment of an International Space
Organization, Jan. 1997 p.78
O
O’Donnell, Declan J.
Astro Law as Common Law Extended into the
Outer Space Territory, Vol. 11
Astro Law: The First Thousand Years, Vol. 9/10,
2003-2004
A Ten Year Plan, Vol. 6, 1999 p.2
Benefit Sharing: The Municipal Model, Jan. 1998
p.66
Buzz Aldrin Space Collection for Public Libraries,
Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.100
Commercialization by Evolution in the Jurisdiction
of Outer Space, July 1997 p.144
Facilitating a New Space Market Through a
Lunar Economic Development Authority, July
1997 p.122
Fifth Force Editorial, June 1995 p.4
Fifth Force Editorial: A Mir Gift to the World, July
1998 P.120
Heinlein Model for Lunar Habitats, Modified and
Updated, Vol. 13
International Diplomacy and Outer Space Policy,
July. 1998 p.136
International Space Development Authority
Corporation: Financing Capacity for In-Space
Projects, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
International Space Development Authority
Corporation: Why, What, How, When, Where,
and How Much, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Just Do It, an editorial, Vol. 12
Life Support Systems in the Mars Cycler Orbiter,
Vol. 13
“Mars Bucks” are Legal, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.52
Meaning of Space Interdependence Day, The,
Dec. 1994 p.4
Metaspace: A Design for Governance in Outer
Space, June 1994 p.8
Out of the Box Ideas for NASA, July 1997 p.143
Private Property in Space Resources, Vol. 7/8,
2000-2002 p.71
Property Law in Outer Space, July 1996 p.14
Property Law in Outer Space [Revised], Vol. 7/8,
2000-2002 p.37
Property Rights and Space Resources
Development, Vol. 6, 1999 p.22
Reconstitution: A Space Governance Philosophy,
Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.19
Renewing the Aerospace Industry Through Lunar
Development, Jan. 1997 p.33
Space Barter Bank – Groundbreaking
Developmenets, Vol. 13
Space Governance, (w/Constitution for the
Regency of USIS), Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.76
Strategies for Lunar Development and Port
Authority, June 1995 p.6
Survey of the Top Ten Space Policy Problems at
1995, Dec. 1995 p.40
Terrorism in Space, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Two-Page Book Review: Origins of Int’l Space
Law and the IISL of the IAF By Stephen Doyle,
41
Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Two-Page Book Review: Tomorrow’s Standing
Today: How Equitable Jurisdiction Clause of
Article III, Section 2 Confers Standing Upon
Future Generations By John Davidson, Vol.
9/10, 2003-2004
1995 USIS Conference Report, Dec. 1995 p.5
1996 USIS Space Conference Proceedings, The,
Jan. 1997 p.6
O’Donnell II, D.J.
Terrorism in Space, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
P
Peterson, M.N.A.
Rationale and Plans for a Lunar Solar Power
System, Jan. 1997 p.35
Pieson, Dmitry
International Branch Report: USIS-Russia, Jan.
1998 p.32
Plush, Linda
Space Nursing Society, July 1996 p.22
Q
Quiat, Andrew L
Financing Infrastructure for Space Stations and
Related Business Developments, July 1998
p.176
R
Raygoza B., Jesus
International Branch Report: USIS-Mexico, Jan.
1998 p.31 Space Continuing Public Education,
Jan. 1998 p.80
Mexico Needs a Space Agency, Vol. 9/10, 2003-
2004
Mex-LunarHab: A Hispanic-Mexican Habitat for
Settlement on the Moon, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002
p.94
Robinson, George S.
Drafting Competition for the Metanation
Constitution, July 1996 p.18
Robinson, IV, George S.
Do the Space Treaties need a Lawsuit?, July
1997 p.116
Rosenberg, Sanders D.
Lunar Resource Utilization & The Lunar
Economic Development Authority, Jan. 1998
p.12
Mars 1996 Russian Launch Fails, July 1997
p.150
Return to the Moon Conferences Report, Jan.
1997 p.30
Gary “Rod” Rodriguez
USIS Receives “Hands-On” Experience Through
the Space Orbital Development Authority, Vol.
7/8, 2000-2002 p.57
Rosin, Carol
Military Assistance Program, 6, 1999 p.4
The Space Preservation Treaty: How to
Transform the War Industry into a Space
Industry, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.61
 S p.18
Savage, Marshall T. W
Colonizing the Galaxy: Mars Prospectus, Jan. Wasser, Alan
1997 p.82 Law That Could Make Privately Funded Space
Millennial Project Strategy, The, June 1995 p.26 Settlement Profitable, Jan. 1998 p.55
Schmitt, Harrison Webber, Derek
Case for Establishing a Human Presence on the Privatizing Challenges of Station Mir, July 1997
Moon and Mars, July 1997 p.118 p.151 Why Develop Space Resources, Jan.
Schrunk, David G. 1997 p.14
Concept for a Permanent Lunar Utilities System, Webre, Alfred
Jan. 1998 p.74 The Space Preservation Treaty: How to
Lawmaking Standards for Space Governance, Transform the War Industry into a Space
Jan. 1997 p.44 Industry, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.61
Malapert Mountain Revisited, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 Westfall, Richard
p.16 ISDAC: Financing Capacity for In-Space
Physical transportation on the Moon: The Lunar Projects, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Railroad, July 1998 p.162 Space Colonization & Commercialization – An
Sharpe, Burt L. Alternative to the Moon and Mars, Vol. 13
Malapert Mountain Revisited, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 Historic Assessment of Water on Mars, Vol. 13
p.16 Wyckoff, Robert A.
Shneour, Elie A. Plans and Strategies for a California Spaceport
Out of Our Backyard? Jan. 1998 p.40 Authority, July 1996 p.24
Siegfried, William H. Z
Return to the Moon: A Commercial Program to Zubrin, Robert
Benefit Earth, July 1997 p.132 Significance of the Martian Frontier, Jan. 1997
Simon, Michael C. p.60
International Space Enterprise Now, June 1994 Testimony of Dr. Zubrin at Senate Committee
p.28 Hearings Oct. 2003, Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Sloan, James H.
How Will Humanity Create a Spacefaring
Civilization?, June 1995 p.21
Smith, Donald O.
Plans and Strategies for a California Spaceport
Authority, July 1996 p.24
Smith, Milton L.
Compliance with International Space Law of the
LEDA Proposal, Jan. 1997 p.16
Reflections on the Outer Space Treaty, Dec.
1994 p.17
Space Governance Journal Staff
Greater Debater, The, Vol. 7/8, 2000-2002 p.51
How Has Space Governance Journal Outlived so
Many Publications on the Subject of Space,
Vol. 9/10, 2003-2004
Military Assistance Program, Vol. 6, 1999 p.4
Peter Diamandis X Prize Founder, Vol. 9/10,
2003-2004
Stuster, Jack W.
Bold Endeavors: Lessons From Polar & Space
Exploration, Jan. 1998 p.22
U
USIS Documents
The Constitution of the Regency of United
Societies in Space, Vol. 6, 1999 p.11
V
von Puttkamer, Jesco Introducing Richard Westfall, Galactic Mining Industries, Inc.,
1992 Winning Essay: Space Humanization: our Webmaster and Assistant Editor
Always a Mission to Planet Earth, June 1994
42