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1MRS758333 EN
Technical Note
Issued: June 2015
ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products Revision: B / 26 Jan 2016
Contents:
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 2
2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3
3 CT requirements for differential protection ..................................................... 4
3.1 CT requirements for low-set stage differential protection............................ 4
3.2 CT requirements for high-set stage differential protection .......................... 8
3.2.1 Operation of high-set stage ............................................................... 9
3.3 CT requirements for short-circuit protection .............................................. 11
3.4 Notes for generator differential protection ................................................. 12
3.5 Notes for power transformer differential protection................................... 14
4 List of symbols ................................................................................................... 16
5 Reference list ...................................................................................................... 17
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 1 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
1 Scope
This document describes current transformer (CT) dimensioning and effects of CT saturation
in stabilized low-impedance differential protection of power transformers, motors and
generators.
Finally, some special features in the generator and power transformer differential protection
is discussed with example studies.
The rules given in this document are applicable for Relion® 615, 620 and 630 series protection
relays with TR2PTDF and MPDIF low-impedance differential protection functions for
transformers or machines, respectively.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 2 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
2 Introduction
For reliable and correct operation of the differential protection the current transformer (CT)
has to be chosen correctly. The distortion of the secondary current of a saturated CT may
endanger the stability and/or operation of the protection. A correctly selected CT, on the other
hand, enables fast and reliable protection. The selection of a CT parameters depends on fault
current magnitudes, DC component time-constant and actual CT burden.
Nowadays, modern numerical protection relays of today are designed to tolerate some amount
of saturation. Proper operation of a protection system requires that a sufficient part of the fault
current can be sensed by the protection relays, despite of CT saturation. This ability can be
specified with the parameter tal, time-to-saturate, which is the time during which the secondary
current is a faithful replica of the primary current (fig 2.-1).
In case of external, i.e. through-fault situation, sufficient time-to-saturate ensures enough time
for protection algorithm to detect situation and block low-set differential stage. Certain amount
of uniformity on both sides CT performance is still required for the high-set protection stage.
The requirement on the time-to-saturate depends on several factors, such as the required
operation speed of the protection, the applied measuring method and the way of
implementation of the protection function. Therefore time-to-saturate varies between
protection functions and also between relay manufacturers.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 3 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
In these functions, allowed time-to-saturate is half of the cycle time (10ms in 50Hz network).
In 615, 620 and 630 series protection relay technical manual, equations for CT actual accuracy
limit factor is given. Here we make things easier and present the same requirement in form of
𝐼𝑡𝑓_𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≥ × 𝐾𝑡𝑑 × 𝐾𝑟𝑒𝑚
𝐼𝑝𝑟
Where ALFactual is the CT actual accuracy limit factor (or CT total overdimensioning factor)
The transient dimensioning factor depends on the DC time-constant (DC = X/R / ) and can
be read either from the figure 3.1.-1 or 3.1.-2.
The remanence dimensioning factor can be read from the figure 3.1.-3. Closed iron core CT
can have, in worst case conditions, 80…90% remanence. However, tests and studies on CTs
shows that typical remanence is about 40…50 % at maximum, giving Krem = 1.67… 2.0. When
remanence is not considred, Krem = 1 (fig 3.1.-3).
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 4 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Fig. 3.1.-2. Transient dimensioning factor as a function of power system X/R ratio.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 5 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Example: maximum through fault current is 12kA, CT is 1000/1A, system X/R ratio is 50,
ignoring CT remanence Krem = 1.0, and from the figure 3.1.-2, Ktd 4.1.
𝐼𝑡𝑓_𝑚𝑎𝑥 12000𝐴
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≥ × 𝐾𝑡𝑑 × 𝐾𝑟𝑒𝑚 = × 4.1 × 1.0 = 49.2
𝐼𝑝𝑟 1000𝐴
Note that by oversizing CT rated primary current, the CT requirement becomes smaller. This
is one possibility which can be used for fulfilling the CT requirements. For example if 1600/1A
CT would be used
12000𝐴
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≥ × 4.1 × 1.0 = 30.8
1600𝐴
With Relion® 615 and 620 and 630 series protection relays, the CT rated primary current can
be at maximum four times higher than the protected object rated current. However, too high
oversizing means somewhat worsened CT and relay accuracy at rated load current.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 6 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
The relationship between actual accuracy limit factor and CT knee-point voltage (Ukn),
assuming resistive burden, is
𝑈𝑘𝑛
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≈
0.9 × 𝐼𝑠𝑟 × (𝑅𝐶𝑇 + 𝑅𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 )
Where Isr = CT rated secondary current, Rct = CT secondary winding resistance, Rwires =
resistance of the connection wires, Rrelay = impedance of the relay current input. The factor 0.9
is used because knee-point voltage and accuracy limit factor are not exactly in the same point
in the CT magnetizing curve. Actual value depends on CT, and is typically between 0.8 …
1.0. In the IEC 61869-2:2012 value 1.0 is used.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 7 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Example 1: 25MVA power transformer maximum through-fault current is 1312A and 6873A
on HV and LV-sides, respectively. Actual accuracy limit factors are 35 and 40 on HV and LV
side CTs, respectively. CT rated currents are 300 and 1000, respectively. Fig. 3.2.-1.
Ratios are
35 × 300𝐴 40 × 1000𝐴
∶ ⇒ 8.00 ∶ 5.92 = 1.35
1312𝐴 6873𝐴
Result: setting can be 80% of through fault current, or higher
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 8 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Ratios are
45 × 500𝐴 57 × 2500𝐴
∶ ⇒ 4.32 ∶ 5.47 = 0.79
5.21𝑘𝐴 26.03𝑘𝐴
Result: setting can be 80% of through fault current, or higher
For ensuring fast and reliable operation in case of inside fault, the high-set differential
protection stages in the TR2PTDF and MPDIF protection functions will operate (trip) under
the following principles:
- The fundamental frequency component (DFT) of the differential current exceeds the
setting, or
- The instantaneous peak value of the differential current exceeds 2.5 times the setting.
- In addition, the TR2PTDF also monitors ratio of bias and differential current and
current phase angles, then halving the high set stage setting in case of inside fault.
In low-set differential protection stage the dissimilarity of the CT performance, i.e. unequal
time-to-saturate, is handled by internal blocking from through-fault detection. As the high-set
stage has no blocking, the CT dissimilarity must be considered together with the sensitivity of
the stage.
- The upper part of the figure shows current waveforms assuming full DC-component,
no CT remanence, with 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 times higher saturation point (actual
accuracy limit factor in comparison to the protected object rated current) to the
reference (1.0) CT.
- The middle part of the figure shows DFT component of the differential current.
- The lower part of the figure shows peak value of the differential current divided with
factor 2.5.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 9 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
- Ratio should not exceed 1.5 when high-set stage setting is about 80% of the through-
fault current or higher (otherwise protection might trip from peak value)
- Ratios over 1.5 can be used when high-set stage setting is over the through-fault
current.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 10 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
However, when the CTs are selected according the rules given in this document, the PHIPTOC
will operate reliable up to about 20 times the though-fault current.
Figure 3.3-1. illustrates the example case. Dotted red and black curves shows current seen by
the relay using peak-to-peak and DFT measurement mode, respectively.
Fig. 3.3-1. Example case CT simulated with three different fault current levels.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 11 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
The MPDIF differential protection function for machines have a special algorithm for
1. Blocking low-set stage in case of CT saturation. Basically, if algorithm first finds high
bias current and low differential current, then followed by high differential current,
this indicates that CTs have saturated and blocking will be activated until CTs recovers
from the saturation. However, at the same time the angle between neutral and line side
phase currents is monitored, if angle is not as expected for external fault, the blocking
is overruled/removed. This ensures reliable tripping in case of inside fault and CT
saturation after time-to-saturate.
2. DC component detection, and de-sensitizing the low-set stage accordingly. This (DC
restrain enable -setting) is recommended to be used in case of network long DC time-
constants can be expected. In this algorithm, the highest DC component found in any
of the three differential current is used to rise the relay operation curve.
When a big power transformer was energized in a bus fed by a single generator, the
transformer inrush-current caused generator neutral side IL3 phase CT to partially saturate
after about 2 cycles (fig 3.4.-1) which created differential current causing protection to operate.
Fig. 3.4-1. Generator currents during transformer inrush, upper graph has IL3 current
waveforms, middle has differential current waveform and lower shows protection trip.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 12 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Figure 3.4.-2, upper graph shows bias current (green curve) rise when inrush begins. After
about 2 cycles, the CT saturation causes differential current (red curve) to rise. The blue curve
shows how the protection low-set setting is changed (de-sensitized) based on the DC
component measurement. The lower graph shows the same in the protection relay operation
curve characteristics (bias-diff characteristics): Relay operation curve rises due to de-
sensitization.
Fig.
3.4.-2. Example case bias and differential currents, normal and de-sensitized settings.
Notes:
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 13 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
In case of an inside fault, where protection is required to trip, the CT saturation can cause
activation of the 2nd harmonic blocking. As an example, figure 3.5.-1 shows result of a CT
simulation, where fault current was 5 x CT rated, but high DC component causes saturation at
about 0.04 sec.
- Upper plot shows CT secondary current waveform scaled to primary. Dashed line
shows the unsaturated primary current.
- Lower plot shows the amplitudes of fundamental (1st harmonic) and 2nd harmonic
components
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 14 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
From the figure 3.5.-1, we can see that when CT saturates the fundamental component drops
and 2nd harmonic content rises, which can cause activation of the blocking. However, please
note that:
1. Because the differential protection operates instantaneously, the question is not “will
there be 2nd harmonic blocking”. We are interested on minimum time to saturate for
reliable trip operation. Saturation after trip command is insignificant.
2. The instantaneous high-set differential protection stage is not biased and not blocked
by harmonics. The higher fault current, the faster CT saturation, but when fault current
exceeds the high-set stage the harmonics comes again insignificant.
3. In addition, the relay manufactures have own algorithms to handle this.
Relion® series transformer protection relays function TR2PTDF have following features in the
differential protection function TR2PTDF
- If the biasing current is small compared to the differential current or if both side
currents are flowing inside the transformer, fault is most certainly inside. Then the
instantaneous high-set stage operation point is automatically halved and low-set stage
harmonic blocking is prevented.
- The 2nd harmonic blocking is based on ratio of 2nd harmonic and fundamental
frequency (Id2f /Id1f) instead of absolute value of 2nd harmonic.
- If the peak value of the differential current is very high, the 2nd harmonic blocking
threshold is desensitized (in the phase in question) by increasing it proportionally to
the peak value of the differential current.
- The connection of the power transformer against a fault inside the protected area does
not delay the tripping, because in such a situation the 2nd harmonic blocking is
prevented by a separate algorithm based on a different waveform and a different rate
of change of the normal inrush current and the inrush current containing the fault
current. The algorithm does not eliminate the blocking at inrush currents, unless there
is a fault in the protected area.
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 15 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
4 List of symbols
ALF CT rated accuracy limit factor: ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current
(value of primary current up to which the CT will comply with the requirements
for composite error) to the CT rated primary current
Itf_max Maximum through fault current of the protected object, rms value
Rwires resistance of the connection wires between CT and relay in corrected to 75°C
Sr CT rated burden in VA
tal time-to-saturate, the time during which the CT secondary current is a faithful
replica of the primary current
Ukn CT knee-point voltage: rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied to the CT
secondary terminals, other terminals being open, which, when increased by 10%,
causes the 50% increase in the exciting current
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CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
5 Reference list
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 17 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Composite error at
Ratio error at rated Phase displacement at
Accuracy class rated accuracy limit
primary current rated primary current
primary current
The CT accuracy primary limit current defines the highest fault current magnitude at which
the CT will meet the specified accuracy. Beyond this level, the secondary current of the CT
will be distorted, and this may effect on the performance of the protection relay.
In practise, the actual accuracy limit factor (ALFactual) differs from the rated accuracy limit
factor (ALF) and is calculated using the equation
𝑆𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑟
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≈ 𝐴𝐿𝐹 × | |
𝑆𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑎
The CT internal burden (Sin) is often assumed to be pure resistive (cos=1). Then the equation
can be also expressed as
𝑆𝑟
𝑅𝑐𝑡 + 2
𝐼𝑠𝑟
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≈ 𝐴𝐿𝐹 ×
𝑅𝑐𝑡 + 𝑅𝑎
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 18 (20)
CT dimensioning in low-impedance differential protection 1MRS758333 EN
Application guide for transformer, motor and generator protection
Example: CT is rated 300/5A, 5P20, 10VA, Rct = 0.07 ohm and the secondary burden
(including wires and relay) is 0.117 ohm.
10𝑉𝐴
0.07Ω +
(5𝐴)2
𝐴𝐿𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≈ 20 × ≈ 50.26
0.07Ω + 0.117Ω
The CT actual burden (Sa, Ra) includes resistance of connection wires and impedances of all
devices in the secondary circuit. In ABB Relion® 611, 615, 620 and 630 series protection
relays the input impedance of the relay 1/5A current input is less than 0.020 ohm.
If CTs are connected to the relay using 6-wire connection, the resistance of the connection
wires must be calculated based on 2 x distance between CT and the relay. In case of common
return wire is used, i.e. 4-wire connection, factor 1 can be used for 2 and 3-phase faults. This
is because there is no current in the return wire in case of 2 or 3-phase faults.
Sometimes the connection is mixed so that 6-wire connection is used at begin of the distance,
and 4-wire for the rest of the distance. For example, if 6-wire connection is used for 20%, and
4-wire for 80% of the total distance between CT and relay, factor 1.2 should be used.
Example: 4-wire connection is used, distance is 15 meter and resistivity of the wires (at 75
deg) is 8.65ohm/km.
Table A3-2 Resistance per cable length (+75 C) for copper.
Material 2.5 mm2 4 mm2 6 mm2
Copper 0.00865 m 0.00541 m 0.00360
m
Copyright 2016 ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products, Vaasa, FINLAND 19 (20)
Document revision history
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Contact information
ABB Oy, Medium Voltage Products
P.O.Box 699
Visiting address: Muottitie 2A
FI-65101 Vaasa, FINLAND
Phone: +358 10 22 11
Fax: +358 10 22 41094
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