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Clarification & Filtration

 FILTRATION may be defined as the “Separation of Solid from a fluid by means of a porous
medium that retains the solids but allows the fluid to pass.
 CLARIFICATION: When solid do not exceed 1.0%, filtration is termed as clarification & filtrate
is the primary product.
 STRAINING: Object of filtration is to remove large visible particles using coarse filtering
medium (muslin/cotton wool).
 ULTRA-FILTRATION: Separation of intermicellar liquid from solid by use of high pressure on
a semi-permeable membrane
 SLURRY/FEED: Suspension of solid in liquid to be filtered
 FILTER MEDIUM: Porous medium used to retain the solids
 FILTER CAKE: Accumulation of solids on the filter medium
 FILTRATE: Clear liquid passing through the filter medium
 DARCY’S THEORY (Rate of filtration):
𝐾𝐴 ∆𝑃
o 𝑉= η𝑙

V= Volume of filtrate
K= Permeability coff.
A=Area of filter bed
∆P= Pressure difference on liquid & below the filter medium
η= Viscosity of liquid
l= thickness of filter cake

 Factor affecting rate of filtration

1) Filtration
2) Viscosity
3) Surface area of filter media
4) Temp.
5) Particle size
6) Pore size of filter media
7) Thickness of cake
8) Nature of solid materials (porosity of filter cake)
 TYPES OF FILTER MEDIA
1) Filter paper (Grade-Coarse, medium & Fine)
2) Glass wool (Corrosive liquids)
3) Cotton wool
4) Asbestos(Al. silicate): Corrosive liquids, Alkalinity of filtrate)
5) Sintered glass: borosilicate glass, Parenteral, corrosive liquid & Oxidising
agents)
6) Membrane filter
7) Filter cloths
 FILTER AIDS: Substances which reduces the resistance of the filter cake & increase the
filtration. (Added to liquid slurry to be filtered)
o Should form a porous cake & Insoluble in liquid
o Examples
 Diatomaceous earth (silica)
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PHARMACON CLASSES (Registered unit of Pharmapedia education pvt ltd)
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 Perlite
 Asbestos (aluminosilicate)
 Cellulose- chemically inert and expensive
 Carbon

 M/A OF FILTRATION
1. Straining like Sieving = pores are smaller than the particles so that particles are retained
on the filler medium.
2. Impingement = Streamlined strike the cylinder- triangular ridge

3. Entanglement = particles are smaller than the pores

- Particle became entangled
4. Attractive forces:- potential difference are used
- Particles may collect on a filter medium as a result of attractive forces.

 FILTRATION EQUIPMENT
1. Filter leaf
2. Filter press – plate & Frame
3. Meta-filter
4. Membrane filter
5. Sintered filter
6. Rotary filter
7. Filter candle

1. Filter Leaf
Vacuum
Reverse of Airflow
Removal of Cake
Is very easy Immersing the filter in a water
- Use for Slurry upto max 5% solid content can be filtered
- Batch process / Not Continuous
- No. of leaves are connected to common outlet (to provide large surface area) =
Sweetland filters
2. Filter Press- 2 units – plate & frame press:- Surface filtration
Pressure
Frame → Receive/inlet
Plate→Support filter cloth & outlet
Filter cloth → placed between plate & frame
Advantages:-
- Large volume can be handled/filtered.
- Provide large surface area for filtration
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- Filtering media can be used repeatedly by washing
- Surry – max 5% → produce dry cake
- Presors upto 20 bars (withstand)
Disadvantages:-
- Batch process / Not continuous process
- Slum upto 5%
- Costlier – labour is required for washing & replacement of filter cloth
- Leakage between platae may take place
3. Edge filter → Meta filter → Corrosive Liquid
Vacuum-
Grouped drainage rods – which are packed a no. of metallic ring.
- Edge filters use a pack of filter medium so that filtration occurs on the edges.
- Back flushing = Removal of cake
Clarification of syrups elixir & parenteral solution (more viscosus liquid)
- Withstand High pressure & corrosive liquids

4. Membrane filters: handled with carefully

- Made of cellulose nitrate & cellulose acetate
- Thickness → 50 – 150 𝜇m (120 𝜇m Average)
- No. of pores – 400 – 500 pores per cm2
o Uniformly in size
- Rigid Perforated Support required
- Pre-filtration → required to prevent clogging

Pre size
1. 0.2 𝜇 → All Bacteria
2. 0.45 𝜇 → All coliform gr of Bact.
3. 0.8 𝜇 → All air borne particles
4. 1.2 𝜇 → Non living particles which are dangerous is in fluids
5. 5 𝜇 → All cells from body fluids
6. 0.010 to 0.10 → Can remove virus from water & air
- Used for sterilization of both Aq & Non Aq preparation Liquids
- Disposable, No cross contamination → but cost ↑
- Can not be used for filtration of – organic solvents (alcohols, Keton as, esters, CHCl3)
- Adsorption → negligible

5. Filter Candles:
- Made of porcelain or kieselguhr
- Filter candle – Blocked with continuous cleaned by scratching the external surface or
passing water through in the reverse direction.
- Used for sterilization of solutions
Disadvantages:-
- Tendency to adsorb liquid
6. Sintered filters:- Made of Borosilicate glass
- Sinely powdered of desired size peaked into a disc & heated at a temp at which adhesion
take place between Particles → Fused to a funnel of suitable shape & size
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PHARMACON CLASSES (Registered unit of Pharmapedia education pvt ltd)
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- Humbered according to
- Reduce pressure
- Mechanical streyfs
7. Rotary filter = Leaf & filter press can handle dilute
Batch process
- Handle – Conc. Slurry
- Continuous process – (has system for removing the cake that is formed so suitable for
concentration slurry.)
-

Pharmacon Classes, Behind Suncity Hospital, Maanji Ka Hatha, Paota, Jodhpur; Mob. 9983781304, 7014447884
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