Filter EMI

Astec Standard Power Europe Astec France S.A.R.L.
Astec Standard Power Germany Astec Netherlands

Astec House, Waterfront Business Park 424 La Closerie, Mont D’est Robert-Heil-Str. 8 Kerkenbos 10-125
Merry Hill, Dudley 93194 Noisy le Grand 36251 Bad Hersfeld Nijmegen
West Midlands. DY5 1LX France Germany The Netherlands
Telephone: +44 (0)1384 842211 Telephone: +33 (0)1 4305 8680 Telephone: +49 (0)6621 50570 Telephone: +31 (0)24 372 3210
Facsimile:+44 (0)1384 843355 Facsimile: +33 (0)1 4304 6033 Facsimile: +49 (0)6621 505720 Facsimile:+31 (0)24 372 3219
11.0 EMI Suppression

11.1.1 EMI and EMC
EMI (Electromagnetic Interference), also known as RFI (Radio Frequency Interference), is

unwanted electromagnetic energy polluting the environment. Its propagation via radiation and
conduction over system signal and power lines can affect the operation of electrical equipment
around the source. EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) is the ability of a system to function
reliably in the presence of significant levels of EMI and, at the same time, to limit its internally
generated EMI to avoid interference with the operation of other systems around it.
EMI effects are not only a nuisance but can also be destructive. Effects can range from annoying
picture disturbances on TV sets to an aeroplane crash due to an EMI related flight control failure.
EMI can not be completely eliminated but can be attenuated to safe levels recommended by the
International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR). Most countries, especially the
US and EEC countries, have regulatory bodies that set EMC regulations based on CISPR
recommendations. In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is the guiding
body; while in Europe and internationally, the German Verband Deutscher Elektroniker (VDE) is
widely recognized.
11.1.2 FCC Requirements

The FCC Rules - Part 15, Subpart J, sets regulations in the US to minimize the interference
potential of devices using RF energy incidentally as an intermediate step to an end function other
than communication. Examples of these devices are digital equipment and switching power
supplies. Devices or systems covered by this definition are subdivided into two classes.
Class A (Industrial) - computing devices for use in commercial, industrial or business areas.
Class B (Consumer) - computing devices for use in residential areas.
The FCC conducted emission limits for these two classes starts at 450KHz as shown in Fig. 11.1
11.1.3 VDE Regulations
Of all European regulatory agencies, VDE generally has the strictest and most well defined
regulations. Compliance with VDE standards enables one to meet the requirements of almost
any European country. VDE has two regulations dealing with conducted emissions, namely, VDE
0871 and VDE 0875. The conducted emissions limits of VDE 0871 is more stringent than those
of VDE 0875 throughout the frequency range. Hence, VDE 0871 is generally used as reference
for compliance testing. In Germany, the FTZ division of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunica-
tions is responsible for enforcing VDE 0871 regulations.
Unlike FCC Rules - Part 15, VDE 0871 covers a much wider range of frequencies and is more
stringent (see Fig. 11.1). It is applicable to any equipment using, generating or processing inten-
tional high frequency signals above 10KHz that are not used for telecommunications. Equipment
covered are subdivided into three classes.
Class A is applicable to non-movable units. Any piece of equipment complying with this limit
must have its location registered at the FTZ.
Class B is applicable to stand-alone equipment. This class covers electronic typewriters, per-
sonal computers, equipment with switching power supplies, etc.
Class C applies to testing instruments.
Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98
www.astec.com PowerFAX: 760-930-0881 A34

Fig. 11.1 -
Conducted
emission limits
according to
VDE 0871 and
FCC-Rules
Part 15
11.1.4 The Need for EMC
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become a major challenge for equipment and switching
power supply designers. As more and more countries apply EMC regulations on products
entering their respective markets, EMC compliance of a product has become a major factor
defining its acceptance.
The EMC challenge has two parts :

✔ Suppression of interferences at the source.
✔ Making devices or systems immune to EMI.
There are three general approaches to suppression of EMI :

✔ Good screening for radiated EMI.
✔ Proper earthing.
✔ Filtering of power and signal lines to reduce conducted EMI.
11.1.5 Types of EMI
EMI is usually classified into two types depending on how it is propagated:
1. Conducted EMI is noise fed back from a system onto the AC or DC power line or signal
lines. This noise is in the frequency range of 10KHz to 30MHz. It usually has a common
mode component and a differential mode component. The common mode component
appears as a voltage on both line and neutral leads with respect to ground or earth while
the differential mode appears between the line and neutral leads. To suppress conducted
EMI, LC networks are usually used.
2. Radiated EMI comes in the form of electromagnetic waves radiating directly from the
circuitry and leads of a system. A common example is the AC power cord of the system
which can act as a transmitting antenna for radiated EMI. Ranging from 30MHz to 1GHz,
this type of noise can be effectively suppressed by metal shielding around the source.
Note : The scope of this application note will be limited to the subject of conducted EMI.
Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98
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Astec Standard Power Europe Astec France S.A.R.L. Astec Standard Power Germany Astec Netherlands
11.2 EMI Filters
Conducted EMI signals are in the frequency range up to 30MHz and are carried mainly in
the AC or DC power line from the source to the affected systems. The solution is to fit a
Mains EMI filter.
An EMI filter used on the power line is basically a low pass filter that :
✔ Prevents the entry of high frequency interference carried by the AC power line into
the protected equipment.
✔ Prevents the exit of interference energy generated within the protected equipment
into the AC power line.
Fig. 11.2 - An
EMI filter has
to suppress
incoming and
outgoing
interference.

Before an effective EMI filter can be selected or designed, system and equipment designers alike
should understand the nature of conducted EMI.
11.2.1 The Components of Conducted EMI
11.2.1.1 Differential mode component

Differential mode EMI appears as a voltage between the supply lines of the equipment. The
resulting current circulates through the supply lines and the source. None flows through the earth
conductor.
Fig. 11.3 -
Differential
mode EMI
current flow.
C1
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11.2.1.2 Common mode component
Common mode EMI appears as a voltage on both lines with respect to earth. Common mode
current flows through both supply lines to earth (see Fig. 4). If the system has no protective earth
connection, common mode current will flow through the capacitance between the case of the
system and earth.
Fig. 11.4 -
Common
mode EMI
current flow.
11.2.2 EMI Filter Components
An EMI filter is essentially an inductor-capacitor (LC) network designed to attenuate high fre-
quency interference while at the same time allow the low frequency operating current to pass
through unaffected. The filtering action comes from the impedance characteristics of the inductor
and capacitor. The impedance of an inductor increases with frequency; while the impedance of a
capacitor decreases as frequency increases. It is important to note that the basic approach to
EMI filtering is to use a combination of inductors and capacitors to divert the flow of EMI currents
away from the victim. Filtering common mode EMI requires capacitors to earth. These capacitors
are classified as Y capacitors and safety regulations limit these capacitors to relatively low
values. Consequently, high values of inductance are essential for effective filtering. Differential
mode filtering requires capacitors across the input lines. These capacitors are classified as X
capacitors.
11.2.2.1 Attenuating Common Mode EMI

Common mode EMI is usually reduced using a pair of coupled inductors called common mode
choke and two capacitors from each line to earth (see Fig. 5). In this arrangement, the high
impedance of the inductor at high frequencies is used to block the exit of EMI currents to the EMI
victim. On the other hand, the winding arrangement as shown in Fig. 6, allows the flux generated
on each line by the low frequency or DC operating current to cancel thus avoiding saturation.
Fig. 11.5 -
Reduction of
Common
Mode EMI.
Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98
Fig. 11.6 -
Construction
of a common
mode choke.
11.2.2.2 Attenuating Differential Mode EMI

The same filter shown in Fig. 11.5 already has a limited ability to reduce differential mode EMI.
Further reduction is achieved by adding a capacitor across the lines (see Fig. 11.7). The
additional capacitor diverts additional EMI current away from the EMI victim.
Fig. 11.7 -
Reduction of
differential
mode EMI.

11.2.2.3 Multi-stage Filters
Sometimes the EMI generated by devices such as switching power supplies are so strong that
single stage filters described previously will not suffice. In this case, a combination of several LC
networks called multi-stage filter is necessary. Fig. 11.8 shows a 2-stage filter arrangement. In
this example, Stage 2 has an additional pair of separate inductors called differential choke
designed to reduce differential mode EMI reaching the EMI victim.
Fig. 11.8 - Two-

stage filter for
Astec's 78XX
AMR Series of 47K
DC-DC
converters.
Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

EMI filters usually include additional components other than those used for filtering such as
transient suppressors and energy discharge resistors. In Fig. 11.9, the VDR is used to protect the
equipment against line voltage transients. Resistor R1 is used to discharge the X capacitors
when the equipment is disconnected from the power line as recommended by safety regulations
defined in VDE 0806 and IEC 380.
Fig.11. 9 - An
EMI filter with
transient
protection and
energy
discharge
resistor.
11.3 Installation of EMI Filters
Effective reduction of interference requires proper installation of EMI filters. Following the guide-
lines below will help insure effective use of EMI filters.
1. EMI filters must be installled directly in the path of the input power line and should be
located right at the exit of the source of interference (see Fig. 11.10A). Ideally, the EMI
filter should be mounted on the wall of the housing.
2. In case the EMI filter can not be mounted at the exit, the power cable from the EMI filter to
the exit must be screened (see Fig. 11.10B). The screen must be connected to earth.
Fig. 11.10 -
Effective
filtering requires
proper EMI filter
installation.
3. For an EMI filter mounted on the same PCB as the source, the same guidelines apply
(see Fig. 11).
Fig. 11.11 -
Mounting an
EMI filter on a
PCB.
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11.4 Safety Requirements of EMI Filters
The use of capacitors in EMI filters creates a current path from high voltage circuits and the
casing of the device. For safety of the user of the device, this leakage current through the capaci-
tors must be limited or allowed to flow directly to earth. For mobile equipment with earth connec-
tion, leakage currents must be limited to 0.75mA maximum. For fixed installations, the limit is
3.5mA.
Due to these limits, Y-capacitors are limited to relatively low values and designed to withstand
surges or spikes and have self-healing characteristics. For earth decoupling in EMI filters, only Y-
capacitors certified by safety agencies should be used.
The value of X-capacitors connected across the line are not limited in value. However, values
over 0.1µF are required to have a discharge resistor to prevent electric shock to someone
touching and unplugged filter.
Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

Filter EMI

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Astec Standard Power Europe Astec France S.A.R.L.

Astec Standard Power Germany Astec Netherlands

11.0 EMI Suppression

EMI (Electromagnetic Interference), also known as RFI (Radio Frequency Interference), is

11.1.2 FCC Requirements

11.0 EMI Suppression

11.1.3 VDE Regulations

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

www.astec.com PowerFAX: 760-930-0881 A34

11.1.4 The Need for EMC

The EMC challenge has two parts :

There are three general approaches to suppression of EMI :

11.1.5 Types of EMI

EMI is usually classified into two types depending on how it is propagated:

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

11.2 EMI Filters

11.0 EMI Suppression

11.2.1 The Components of Conducted EMI

11.2.1.1 Differential mode component

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

www.astec.com PowerFAX: 760-930-0881 A36

11.2.2 EMI Filter Components

11.2.2.1 Attenuating Common Mode EMI

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

11.2.2.2 Attenuating Differential Mode EMI

11.0 EMI Suppression

Fig. 11.8 - Two-

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

www.astec.com PowerFAX: 760-930-0881 A38

11.3 Installation of EMI Filters

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

11.4 Safety Requirements of EMI Filters

11.0 EMI Suppression

Doc No:1821 • REV 03 11.12.98

www.astec.com PowerFAX: 760-930-0881 A40

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