CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Related Studies

Sleep duration and Performance

Having poor amount of sleep has a great impact in our physical and mental health.

Spending too much time on using cellular phone is one of the most reasons why the

academic performance of the students is affected. Poor sleep quantity and quality, which

include late nights, earlier wakeup times, and irregular sleep-wake patterns areas

associated with lower academic performance, suggesting that routines around sleep, in

addition to sleep amount, affect college students. That's why this study explore the

mounting evidence that IT use. (University of California, 2016)

Use of Blue Light-Emitting Devices and Its Impact on Habits and Sleep

According to Jniene (2019), that the use and accessibility of blue light-emitting

devices like smartphones, tablets and laptops have a radical effect on the social

transformation process. There is also a problematic and worrying excessive use of the

new technologies in the people.

As we are all aware of bedtime, wake time and the subjective quality of sleep, our

appreciation of the importance of the sleep-wake cycle should be further recognized when

confronted with the consequences of its disruption. A study realized on primary and

secondary school students investigated the prevalence and patterns of the specific smart

device activities and purposes and perceived outcomes including the perception of sleep

deprivation. Results showed that despite the one-week prevalence of perceived sleep

deprivation (nearly 50%), adolescents spent significantly more time per day on messaging,

browsing information, and gaming than those who did not perceive these outcomes.
 They also indicate in this study that to the best of their knowledge there is no

previous reports assessing the perception of sleeo disturbance due to bedtime with the

use of blue light-emitting devices in young adults and it's impact to sleep hygiene and

quality. In this research, they hypothesized that students who perceive bedtime blue light-

emitting device use as detrimental to sleep. They would adopt healthier sleep habits

including less bedtime blue light-emitting device.

The Association between Social Media Use and Sleep Disturbance among Young
Adults

According to the study conducted by Levenson (2014) Many studies have been

done to know how does the social media associates with sleep disturbance but results are

not yet figured out. Recent researches have showed inconsistent results.

Young adults are earlier subjected to social media use since when they were an infant or

toddlers. The growing linking of how social media use affects sleep disturbance has raised

more awareness from the public, especially health aspects. It is claimed that consistent

use of social networking sites had a strong effect of the reduction of sleep and delayed

bed time among young adults. Also, insufficient sleep is said to be the cause of poor self-

rated health and is connected with daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, it can be associated

with negative effects such as cognitive performance, mood, immune function,

cardiovascular risk, weight and metabolism. 38% among young adults are said to be

waking up feeling unrefreshed and 21% have difficulty in falling asleep few nights per

week.
However, sleep disturbance among adolescents and young adults includes

biological changes in the accumulation of homeostatic sleep pressure (the likelihood of

falling asleep), increasing academic and vocational demands, and use of substances such

as alcohol and caffeine. Which can affect their health status.

 In addition to being a period of relative unconsciousness that can be interrupted,

sleep is a regular cycle of a person’s life from birth on and functions as a healthy

preparation for the following day, enabling a person to rest, grow, develop, and learn.

Although the duration of sleep varies from person to person, studies have shown that

adolescents need at least 8-10 hours of sleep per night. Adolescence is a period

wherein individuals experience significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes.

Sleep, as an essential component of development, can significantly affect the thinking,

behavior and emotional well-being of adolescents. Daily activities, individual factors, and

environmental changes can have an impact on the sleep patterns of adolescents. For

example, television, nicotine, caffeine and the internet are important environmental

factors that affect the sleep duration of school-aged children. In today’s culture,

electronic media has been shown to have a negative effect on the sleep patterns of

children and adolescents. (Akçay, 2017)

Social Media and its Negative Aspects

Based on Siddiqui (2016), Nowadays social media has become a new

set of cool tools for involving adolescents. Many young people’s everyday life are

driven by the social media youngsters are in conversation and communication with their

friends and groups by using different media and devices every day. In past years it was

seen that youngsters are in touch with only friends and their groups in schools and

colleges. But nowadays youngsters are in contact not only with their close friends but also

with unknown people through social networking sites, instant messaging etc.

One of the negative effect of social media is that it makes people addicted. People

spend a lot of time in social networking sites which can divert the concentration from the

particular task. Social media can easily effect the kids, the reason is sometimes people
shares photos, videos on media that contain violence and negative things which can affect

the behavior of kids or teenagers. It also abuses the society by invading on people’s

privacy. Social lies like family ones also weaken as people spend more time connecting

to new people. Some people uses their images or videos in social sites that can encourage

others to use it false fully.

B. Related Literatures

Circadian Rhythms

Cited by National Sleep Foundation, part of your hypothalamus. A 24-hour internal

clock that is running in the background of your brain and is known as your sleep/wake

cycle. Non-24-hour sleep-wake cycle is common in the blind but occurs rarely in normally

sighted persons. Chronic use of evening melatonin may be necessary for these patients

to maintain a useful, conventionally timed sleep-wake cycle. Irregular sleep-wake cycles

are probably common in persons with multiple handicaps or dementia. Chronic use of

melatonin in the evening and exposure to morning light may be useful.

Irregular sleep–wake rhythm disorder (ISWRD) is characterized by the relative

absence of a circadian pattern in an individual's sleep–wake cycle. ISWRD is thought to

result from some combination of degeneration or decreased neuronal activity of

suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons, decreased responsiveness of the circadian clock to

entraining agents such as light and activity, and decreased exposure to bright light and

structured social and physical activity during the day. Studies of the effectiveness of

pharmacologic treatments for ISWRD generally.

Social Media Use and Disturbed sleep

According to Levenson (2018) data from Pew Research Center has shown that

use of social media among adults has grown from 5% in 2005 to 69% in 2018, with almost
90% of 18–29-years-olds indicating use. Using social media of distinct forms may have

some benefits. In addition to entertainment value, social media can also expose us to new

ideas and current events, promote community participation, facilitate connection with long-

distance friends and family, and develop access to social networks.

On the other hand, it can also cause some negative impacts on health-related

matters. It has being integrated with sleep-related outcomes like fewer hours of sleep at

night and poor sleep quality. It provided that most of young adults don't get the require 7-

9 hours of sleep due to use of social media. In addition, the journal pointed out 3

argumentative statements that are relevant to the topic.

• social media use may delay bedtime and displace time available for sleep;
• mental activation can hinder ease of falling asleep;
• the light from screen-based devices can delay the onset of sleep.

Heavy use of social media linked to poor sleep

It is said that the teenagers are using social media for more than three hours a day

are more likely to go to bed after 23:00 and wake during the night with one in five spending

five hours or more on apps like Instagram, WhatsApp and Facebook every day, the study

said. The researchers said 13 to 15 year-olds may be delaying bedtime by being on their

phones. Psychiatrists say screens should be avoided in the hour before bed. The study

said 12,000 of teenagers are challenge getting them off their phones because of growing

independence when keeping in touch with friends was important. Teenagers who were

using social media (five hours or more per day) were around 70% more likely than average

users (one to three hours) to fall asleep late on nights and midnight on other day. The

study adds that time spent by teenagers on social media is reducing the time they spend
sleeping lack of sleep can have an impact on health and performance at school. Sleep is

already in short supply because of hormone changes making many teenagers go to sleep

later and wake up later.

Data was gathered from a representative sample of UK adolescents from 2015 who

took part in the Millennium Cohort Study. They were asked how much time they spent on

social media, on a typical school day and at weekends, and quizzed on their sleep habits.

One third said they used social media for less than an hour a day. It were least likely to

fall asleep late. Girls were twice as likely as boys to spend more than five hours on social

media girls also more disrupted sleep. (BBC News, 2019)