Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. Introduction to VSP
a. Introduction to communication
b. Role of communication
c. Types of communication systems
d. Objective
2. Coke ovens & vhf system
a. Block diagram
3. Construction
a. Description in detail
• Receiver
• Transmitter
• Microprocessor control
• Synthesizer
• Phase locked loop
• Phase comparator
• Voltage controlled oscillator
• EPROM
• Signaling
• Power supply and Reset
• Switched mode power supply
• Control and Display
4.Technical specifications
5. Additional features of the base station
6. Programming of the base station
7. Trouble shooting of the base station
8. Suggested applications of the vhf systems
9. Conclusion
1. Introduction to VSP:
Visakhapatnam steel plant is the only shore based integrated steel
plant in our country. Smt.Indira Gandhi laid the foundation stone fulfilling the long
cherished dream of the people of Andhra Pradesh.
Due to the past experience it was realized that in order to be viable,
this plant need to operate at high levels of efficiency comparable with international
standards. It is also necessary that the plant reach its rated capacities at the shortest
possible time. For achieving this it is essential that this plant be characterized as
one having
a) Minimum manpower
b) Better discipline
c) Good team work.
The blue print of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant described the plant as the most
modern Steel plant employing new technologies - very best in the industry with
latest instrumentation and introduction of computerization on large scale.
Visakhapatnam steel plant is located 15 Kms to the South West of the
Visakhapatnam Port. It lies between the Northern boundary of the National
Highway No. 5 from Madras to Calcutta and 7 Kms to the South West of Howrah
Madras railway line.
Coke oven plant consists of three coke oven batteries of 67 ovens each
with useful coke chamber volume of 41.6 cubic meter. Each battery is of 7 meters
height. It produces coke in the sizes of 25 to 70 mm, which meet the coke
requirement of the Blast furnaces. The annual capacity of the three batteries is
2.261 mt. During production operation the CO gas (carbon monoxide) generated is
used in the Coke chemical plants to extract different byproducts like Benzol,
Ammonium Sulphate, Tar products etc. After extracting all the valuable products
the remaining gas is used as an energy source.
ii) Sinter Plant:
There are two sinter machines each of 312-sqmt-grate area. Here iron ore
fines, coke breeze, lime stone, dolomite are mixed together to from the
agglomerated mass, called gross sinter which is used in Blast Furnaces as the
primary input. The annual production capacity is 5.256 mt.
Space Wave:
For frequencies in the range of 30 MHz ground waves get attenuated within
a few hundred feet distance. These waves do not get reflected even by the
Ionosphere. Hence the only way of transmission is by line of sight. The limitation
is the curvature of the Earth. Space wave comprises of two types. The direct wave
and the ground reflected wave. The problem with the later type is unless the
resultant of the direct wave and reflected wave is significant at the receiving end
the signal strength may not be of any use. The problem of shadow zone is
associated with space, antenna height and LOS reception.
Ionospheric Wave:
Due to ultra violet radiation the molecules in the atmosphere get ionized.
Since the density of molecules is high and radiation is low at lower heights the
ionization effect is not felt. But at distances of 50 Kms to 500 Kms above the
Earth’s surface this is considerable. This area of ionization is called ionosphere.
For waves of frequencies below 100 KHz the change in electron density
occurs over a distance relatively smaller than wavelength and the ionosphere will
act as a perfect reflector. Long distance propagation is possible due to multiple
reflections between Earth and Ionosphere. In case of waves of higher frequencies
the Ionosphere acts a bad conductor and as a refractive medium due to which the
wave gets refracted as it passes through the layers and eventually gets bent towards
the Earth. For certain angles of incidence the wage will not get reflected back but
passes through the layers. So a critical angle of incidence comes into effect. When
an electromagnetic wave gets trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere it tends travel
fairly large distances along the surface of the Earth and this phenomenon is termed
as duct propagation.
Maximum usable frequency:
This is the maximum frequency that can be reflected back for a given
distance of transmission using reflections from the atmosphere.
Skip Distance:
The minimum distance over the transmitted after going into the atmosphere
touches the Earth for the first time. Reception within the skip distance is not
possible while using sky waves.
Impedance matching:
The iron-cored transformer is used for matching impedances at the lower
frequencies. At higher frequencies air core transformers are used for impedance
matching. Another method used for impedance matching is the usage of four
terminal networks. The four terminal networks is composed of reactive elements
to avoid dissipation of the RF power and also it can be used over a narrow band of
frequencies thus resulting in increased efficiency of transmitted power. The
network is designed on an image basis to match the resistance part of the load.
Wave Guides:
Up to 1 GHz, the attenuation in polyethelene cables is mainly due to the
conductor material (i.e. copper losses). The attenuation varies as the square root of
the frequency. Beyond 1 Ghz, the dielectric losses also become appreciable and
vary as the frequency of operation at 10 Ghz. At still higher frequencies the
current tends to travel at the outer surface and loss is due to the core material.
Removing the core material can increase the efficiency of transmission. This gives
rise to the hallow pipe or the wave-guide.
Antennas:
An antenna is a structure – generally metallic and sometimes very complex –
designed to provide an efficient coupling between space and the output of a
transmitter or the input to a receiver. Like a transmission line, an antenna is a
device with distributed constants, so that current, voltage and impedance all vary
from point to the next one along it.
The antenna offered with the fixed station Transceiver is of ground plane type
having omni directional radiation pattern.
Antenna Gain and Effective Radiated Power:
Certain types antennas focus their radiation pattern in a specific direction, as
compared to an omni directional antenna.
Directive Gain:
Directive gain is defined as the ratio of the power density in a particular
direction of one antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an omni
directional antenna (isotropic antenna). The power density of both types of
antenna is measured at the same distance, and a comparative ratio is established.
1. The longer the antenna, the higher the directive gain.
2. Non-resonant antennas have higher directive gains than resonant antennas of
equal lengths.
Directivity and power gain:
The maximum directive gain is defined as the gain in the direction of one of
the major lobes of the radiation pattern. The maximum directive gain is also
referred as Directivity.
Another form of gain used in connection with antenna is power gain. Power
gain is a comparison of the output power of an antenna in a certain direction to that
of an isotropic antenna. The gain of an antenna is a power ratio comparison
between an omni directional & unidirectional radiator.
This ratio can be expressed as
A (dB) = 10log10 (p2/p1)
A (dB) = antenna gain in decibels
P1 = Power of unidirectional antenna
P2 = Power of reference antenna.
Field Intensity:
The field strength (field intensity) of an antenna’s radiation, at a given point
in space, is equal to the amount of voltage induced in a wire antenna 1m long,
located at that given point.
The field strength, or the induced voltage, is affected by a number of
conditions such as the time of day, atmospheric condition & distance.
The voltages induced in a receiving antenna are very small, generally in the
microvolt range. Field strength measurements are thus given in microvolt per
meter.
Antenna Resistance:
Radiation resistance is a hypothetical value, which, it replaced by an
equivalent resistor, would dissipate exactly the same amount of power that the
antenna would radiate.
Radiation Resistance:
Radiation resistance is the ratio of the power radiated by antenna to the
square of the current at the feed point.( P= I*I*R)ISQUARER
Bandwidth, Beam width, & Polarization:
Bandwidth, beam width & polarization are three important terms dealing
respectively with the operating frequency range of an antenna, the degree of
concentration of its radiation, and the space orientation of the radiated waves.
Bandwidth:
The term bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies over which the
antenna radiates effectively i.e. the antenna will perform satisfactorily through out
this range of frequencies.
Beam width:
The beam width of an antenna is the angular separation between the two half
-power points on the power density radiation pattern.
Polarization:
Polarization of an antenna refers to the direction in space of the E field
(electric vector) pattern of the electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna.
Grounded Antennas:
If an antenna is close to the ground, the earth acts as a mirror and it becomes
a part of the radiating system. The ungrounded antenna with its image forms a
dipole array, but the bottom of the grounded antenna is joined to the top of the
image. The system acts as the antenna of double size.
The Marconi antenna has one important advantage over the ungrounded, or
Hertz, antenna. To produce any given radiation pattern it need be only half as
high. On the other hand since the ground here plays such an important role in
producing the required characteristics, the ground conductivity must be good.
Where it is too low, an artificial ground is used. The radiation pattern of Marconi
antenna depends on its height.
Ungrounded Antenna:
An image antenna is visualized to exist below the earth surface and is a true
mirror image of the actual antenna. Once the image has been established, the
resulting radiation may be considered as having come from the antenna and its
image, rather than from an antenna situated above a reflecting surface.
Horn Antenna:
There are two types of horn antennas present. They are basic horn and
special horn. When a wave-guide is terminated by a horn, the abrupt discontinuity
that existed is replaced by a gradual transformation.
1d.OBJECTIVE
To Study VHF Communication systems employed in Coke Ovens Batteries
of C&CCD department in VSP. The study starts with comparison of various types
of communication systems that can be used in battery applications. After this the
superior system i.e. VHF Communication is explained in detail. Of the various
models employed, the VHF Base Station with PRM 8020 Transceiver of Simoco
Telecommunications make, is taken up in this project. This involves the study of
circuit diagrams, the hardware aspects, programming screens and trouble shooting
techniques.
(iv) I.F. Amplifier: A multistage I.F. amplifier is used to provide large gain.
Further this I.F. amplifier should be designed to have high overall bandwidth of the
order of 150KHz. Since the overall bandwidth decreases as the number of stages
in cascade increases, it is necessary to design individual stage to have
correspondingly higher bandwidth than the overall bandwidth desired.
(v) Limiter: The IF amplifier is followed by a limiter which limits the I.F.
voltage to a predetermined level and thus removes all amplified variations which
may be incidentally caused due to changes in the transmission path or by man
made static or natural static.
(vi) F.M. Detector: This extracts the original audio modulating frequency
voltage from the frequency modulated carrier voltage. A discriminator is used as
the F.M. detector.
(vii) Audio Amplifier: The output of the F.M. detector is fed to an audio
frequency small signal amplifier and one or more audio frequency large-signal
amplifiers. The o/p audio voltage is then feed to the loud speaker. Often two or
more loudspeakers are used, each reproducing a limited range of frequency.
Advantages of super heterodyne receiver:
The advantages of super heterodyne receiver make it the most suitable type for the
great majority of radio receiver applications; AM, FM, communications, single
side band and even radar receivers all use it, with only slight modification in
principle
Phase Discriminator:
Phase discriminator is also called as the center-tuned discriminator or the
Foster-Seelay discriminator. It is used as a FM demodulator. Its main function is
to change the frequency deviation of an incoming carrier into AF amplitude
variation. This conversion is done efficiently and linearly.
The circuit diagram of Phase Discriminator is as given above. The Foster
Seelay discriminator is derived from a balanced slope detector. It uses two slope
detectors connected back to back, to the opposite ends of a center-tapped
transformer, and hence fed 1800 out of phase. The presence of L3 ensures that the
voltages fed to the diodes vary linearly with the deviation of the input signal.
The primary and secondary voltages are related as given below:
1. Exactly 900 out of phase when input frequency is fc
2. Less than 900 out of phase when fin is higher than fc
3. More than 900 out of phase when fin is below fc
2.Transmitter:
The transmitter power amplifier amplifies the 20 mill watts level of the
VCO to achieve 25 watts final output. The amplifier design in broadband without
mechanical tuning. Power output is stabilized by the action of a feedback loop.
This power control loop circuit also protects the amplifier from excessive load
mismatch conditions and temperature rise. The output from the amplifier is
coupled to the antenna socket via the antenna change over switch and the harmonic
rejection low pass filter.
Power output can be set between 1 and 25 watts, with the option of
switching between to preset power levels.
Transmit audio processing begins with an active microphone containing a
transistor preamplifier. The microphone signal is filtered and amplified, in the
transceiver unit, ahead of an amplitude limiter stage. Following the limiter, the
signal is low pass filtered prior to modulating the transmit VCO.
3. Microprocessor Control:
A single chip 8-bit CMOS microprocessor forms the basis of the computer
control circuitry within this device is a masked program read only memory. The
program generates and detects selective call tone sequential signaling, as well as
the operational characteristics of the selcall system response. In addition, the
microprocessor programmes the synthesizer, updates the LCD display, controls the
receiver audio mute and transmit microphone mute, monitors the front panel
buttons, controls CTCSS and reverse tone burst signaling, programmes and reads
the electrically erasable memory.
The electrically erasable memory contains the user customizable
information, which includes features such as channel frequency, signaling system
requirement (tone set, code, system response etc). and transmit limit timer value.
The memory is programmed or read, via the microprocessor, from the microphone
socket interface.
The microprocessor operates from an external 12MHz clock controlled by a
crystal oscillator. The clock frequency in divided by an additional IC to provide a
clock signal of 1MHz for the CTCSS option.
A latch, between the microprocessor and several controlled functions of the
transceiver, provides a port expansion of the microphone and isolates the more
sensitive radio control interfaces from the microprocessor clock noise.
4. Synthesizer:
The frequency synthesizer provides the function of excitation for the transmitter
power amplifier, and the receiver first local oscillator. A signal phase locked loop
principle is used with synthesis at the required final frequency. The phase locked
loop comprises the transmit and receive VCOs, a prescaler/divider, programmable
divider and phase comparator, reference oscillator, and loop low pass filter. The
action of the loop is phase lock the VCO frequency to the stable reference
frequency, which is derived from a crystal oscillator.
The synthesizer is reprogrammed to a new frequency by a serial sequence of
data commands to the programmable divider IC, this data is latched in the IC. For
frequency modulation in transmit mode, both the transmit VCO and the synthesizer
reference oscillator have modulation applied.
Frequency Synthesized Signal Generator:
To understand the basic function of the frequency synthesizer, imagine that a
technician, wishing to reduce the frequency drift of a signal generators, decides to
set the frequency of the generator every few seconds by reacting to the counter &
adjusting the generator accordingly to the correct frequency. This is the human
equivalent of the phase-locked loop frequency synthesizer.
One very popular method of frequency synthesis is called the indirect
method or the phase- locked loop shown in fig. Four main components are
required the VCO or voltage controlled oscillator, the phase detector, the phase
reference & loop fitter.
The VCO is the source of the O/p frequency & has the ability to tuned
electronically, usually by applying a variable voltage. Some oscillators are
electronically tuned using a current, especially in the higher frequency, but for the
general discussion of a PLL Frequency synthesizer, the signal voltage will be
considered a voltage-controlled device.
The programmable divider is a logic element that divides the frequency of
the VCO by an integer that can be entered via programming switches a
microprocessor or other method.
The phase detector provides an analog O/p that is a function of the phase
angle between the two inputs, which in the case of frequency synthesizer is the
reference source & the o/p of the programmable divider.
The reference source is a very accurate & stable frequency source, which is
typically a quartz crystal oscillator. The accuracy of the entire synthesizer is
independent on the accuracy of the reference source. The crystal oscillator
operates in the region of 1 to 10 MHz and this frequency is divided down using
digital counters to provide the necessary clock & reference frequencies for the
synthesizer. The loop filter is an analog filter.(block diagram manual 31)
Fv = N*Fr
Fv = desired frequency of the VCO
N = integer entered into the programs divide
Fr = reference frequency.
The programmable divider divides the frequency of the VCO by N and the
O/p frequency of the programmable divider is Fv/N. The reference oscillator O/p is
also divided down by a programmable divider to produce the synthesizer reference
frequency Fr.
The signals of Fv/N and Fr are combined in a phase comparator, which
produces an O/p voltage proportional to the phase error between these two inputs.
The error signal is connected, via the loop filter circuit block, back to the voltage
control input of the VCO. The error signal causes the VCO frequency to be
modified so that no phase difference exists between the two-phase comparator
inputs. When this occurs the loop is said to be phase locked and Fv/N =Fr.
If the programmable divider value of N is increased by 1 to N+1, then for
the phase lock to occur, Fv*/N+1 = Fr, where Fv* is the new VCO frequency and
hence it can be shown that Fv*= Fv+Fr. Therefore, by setting Fr to equal the
channel spacing, it is possible to select a particular channel by choosing the
appropriate value for N.
When the synthesizer is used as the transmitter exciter, modulation must also
be applied. This is achieved using the two-point modulation technique. The VCO
is directly modulated but, because this signal will be seen as a phase error, which
the loop will attempt to correct, it is necessary to apply modulation to the reference
oscillator. The modulation polarity for the VCO and reference oscillator must be
the same.
Phase detector:
A phase detector is a mixer optimized for use with equal input frequencies. It is
called a phase detector (or phase comparator) because the amount of DC voltage
depends on the phase angle φ between the input signals. As the phase angle
changes, so does the DC voltage.
Voltage – Controlled Oscillator:
A voltage – controlled oscillator is a source of a periodic signal whose
frequency may be determined by a voltage applied to the VCO from an external
device.
Functioning of PLL:
The phase detector, or comparator compares the I/p frequency fin with the
feedback frequency fout. The o/p of the phase detector is proportional to the Phase
difference between fin and fout. The o/p voltage is a dc voltage and it is referred as
the error voltage. The o/p of the Phase detector is applied to the low-pass filter,
which removes the high frequency noise and produces a dc level. This dc level is
in turn is the I/p to the voltage – controlled oscillator (VCO). The o/p frequency of
the VCO is directly proportional to the I/p dc level. The VCO frequency is
adjusted until it is equal to input frequencies. The PLL goes through three states:
free running, capture, and phase lock.
Before the I/p is applied, the PLL is in the free-running state. Once the I/p
frequency is applied, the VCO frequency starts to change and the Phase-locked
loop is said to be in capture mode. When phase locked, the loop tracks any change
in the I/p frequency through its respective action.
EEPROM
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
is a semiconductor memory, which is electrically erasable and hence inherently
possesses on-board programming and erasing facility. The microprocessor and
EEPROM are the only devices on the serial data bus, which can both send and
receive data. The EEPROM is a 512-byte device configured as 256/16,but as it is
communicating with an 8-bit microprocessor, the control program treats it as an 8-
bit array.
When programming the EEPROM, as the initial configuration of the
equipment, the following steps occur:
1.The EEPROM is sent a write enable command and the enable line turns high.
2.Nine bits of data are locked in and the enable line turns low.
3.Next, the 28 bits of data to be written to the EEPROM and the program
command are clocked into the device. The data out line is load during
programming and high when programming is completed. Typically the
programming takes 5 to 10 ms.
4.When finished, a write disable command is issued to the device.
5.Reading of data in the EEPROM is accomplished by setting the enable line
high and then clocking in the read command and address. The data of that
location is clocked out and enable line turned to low.
6.When reading a byte, only 8 bits of data are clocked out. When reading 16bits,
the whole 16bits are clocked out.
7.When reading channel data, the read command, address and then 48 bits of
data are clocked out. When changing channel and an invalid channel selected,
only the read command, address and two bits of data are clocked out. If the
channel data is valid, the 48 bits of data are clocked out.
EEPROM, is hence, referred in applications where the permanent
programs are frequently needed to be updated on board.
Signaling:
Selective call tone frequencies are in the microprocessor. A digital to analog
converter provides a low distortion encode signal. Receiver demodulated selcall is
band pass filtered before a zero-crossing detector. The circuit produces impulses
at twice the frequency of the demodulated selcall tones and provides a waveform
suitable for processing directly by the microprocessor.
The CTCSS encode & decode function is performed in a single integrated
circuit. The IC is controlled by the microprocessor the encoder / decoder IC also
provides a high pass fitter when in receive mode to remove the demodulated tone
ahead of the audio power amplifier.
A reverse tone burst feature is provided. A 180 degree phase shift is
available in encode directly out of the encoder/decoder IC.
The selective call signaling is achieved by means of a software control
program operating in the main control microprocessor for both encode and decode
functions.
Power Supply & Reset: Three regulated supply voltage are required for operation
of the transceiver circuitry. These are +9v, +5v & +23v. The +9v & +5v regulated
supplies are derived from integrated circuit and the +23v supply is generated by a
multivibrator circuit and a voltage multiplier. The high voltage supply is used to
provide a wider control voltage range for the varicap diodes used in the VCO's and
receiver front and filters.
A permanent +5v trickle supply is provided for the microprocessor. This
enables stored information to be maintained during short duration power failures,
and the last programmed state to be retained when the transceiver is switched off.
To ensure reliable operation of the microprocessor, an interrupt and reset
circuit is provided. The circuit detects power failure and induces the
microprocessor to prepare for a reset. The timing between interrupt and reset is
carefully controlled to ensure that the microprocessor is enabled and disabled in a
predictable manner during supply failure and restoration. The reset operation is
also rate limited and prevents enabling of the processor before the supply voltage
has stabilized sufficiently.
The interrupt and reset operation is designed to detect total loss of primary
power, or supply voltage reduction below the regulator limit of the +9v regulator.
Switched Power Supply:
Switched power system and switched mode regulators are used for their high
efficiency intensive development has taken place over the last few years to produce
power supplies of maximum efficiency and small size & weight. Many of these
circuits are developed from the basic inverter. An inverter is a device that converts
dc to ac.
In the circuit this is achieved by the switches S1 & S2 which alternately
reverse the dc connection to the transformer primary. The transformer has to be
center – tapped on one half cycle current flows through the top half of the primary
winding and on the other, when the switches change, the current flows in the
opposite direction through the lower half of the primary. The result is that A.C
will be produced at the secondary. The switches are usually special purpose
transistors or thrusters driven by some form of square wave or pulse oscillator.
Another method is to have feed back windings on the primary so that the inverter
transistors form a self-oscillating circuit. The frequency of the switching signal,
especially if the inverter is used as part of a regulator, is typically in the range.
By following an inverter with a rectifier circuit of filter a converter, that is
D.C to A.C is created if a feedback loop is them added that senses the D.C O/p,
compares it with a reference level, feeds a signal that can be modify the switching
time of the transistor, a type of switched regulator results show in fig (a) this
circuit uses a principle called primary switching.
4. Technical Specifications:
General operation: Single or Two-frequency simplex
Modulation: Frequency modulation (Phase)
Power requirements: 13.8V dc negative earth
Current consumption:
Stand by: Less than 350 mA
Full Audio: Less than 700 mA
Transmit (25 watts): Less than 6.5 A
Frequency Bands:
5
5.Additonal features of base station:
Description
Feature Summary Benefit
Two versions The PRM 8020/8010 versions. Have Meets different
available variable signaling capability and user
operator selectable scanning. It can requirements.
provide 6a channels.
Industrial Designed by Philips corporate Easy to use- safe
design Industrial design for case of use. to operate
Features smooth rounded design for attractive
safety. Styling matches vehicle facial appearance.
mouldings.
Flexibility Professionally engineering for Will meet
versatility features wideband RF and majority of user
flexible software package. needs.
Automated Manufactured with the latest SMD Improved
manufacturing Technology on common PRM 80 flow Delivery, lower
line cost and high
reliability over a
wide range of
product variants.
OPERATIONAL FACILITIES
Transmit inhibit Prohibits mobile transmission Allows the
when a carrier signal is conversation to
present on the channel. proceed without
interruptions.
Transmit Limits of length transmission Does not allow the
Limit timer by automatically inhibiting the radio channel to be
Transmitter after a inadvertently or
predetermined period deliberately locked
up.
OPERATOR CONTROL
Liquid crystal Large backlit LCD with High visibility even in
display display of channel, selective direct sunlight.
call and operational
information.
Operator control Large size push buttons for Easy to see, find and
push buttons control of main functions. operate.
Volume control Volume control is rotary type Easy adjustment by
user.
Variable squelch Variable receiver mute Allows operator
option threshold provided by a adjustment of receiver
control concentric with muting level in high /
Receiver volume control. low reception signal
conditions or
interference. For
maximum range and
intelligibility.
PROGRAMMING FACILITIES
CUSTOMISING
Customization Broadband RF Mobile is ideally suited
characteristics. Separate to users requiring fast
Receiver and Transmitter customization
VCO's. Onsite: Non-Volatile
memory so no back-up
battery required. No
need to remove covers.
6
6.Programming of base station:
7
9
9.Conclusion:
The VHF systems are widely used because of the following advantages.
2.User friendly:
The VHF sets are very easy to operate. By simply pressing a switch one can
communicate with another in different location.
3.Critical applications:
Since walkie-talkies are designed to operate under critical applications such as
MIL (military) applications, the VHF sets, which are the extension of the walkie-
talkies, can also be used for critical applications.
4.User programmable:
The VHF sets can be programmed very easily. The amount of power to be
transmitted can be adjusted to low, medium or high.
5.Congestion:
The VHF sets are free of congestion because they operate over a wide range of
frequencies (149-174 KHz) where as in telephones depending upon the number of
lines and the number of subscribers, the congestion may arise.
6.Easy to install:
As cables are not required, the VHF systems can be installed very easily with out
loss of time where as the telephone requires installation of cables, towers etc.
7.No external disturbances:
In telephones the cables are installed overhead or they may laid under the ground.
In case of overhead cables there may be disturbances due to external voltages,
thunders, lightenings, magnetic fields created due to H.T wires where as in under
ground cables, moisture may affect the signal. These problems do not occur in case
of VHF communications.
8.Vehicular application:
As these sets do not require cables, they can be carried out easily on vehicles
where as the telephones which require cables and hence they cannot be carried on
vehicles.