Lab Name: To familiarize with Control Engineering and Control Lab Apparatus.

Course title: Total Marks: 20

Practical No. 1 Date of experiment performed:
Course teacher/Lab Instructor: Engr. Syed M kashif Shah Date of marking:
Student Name:
Registration no.

Marking Evaluation Sheet:

Knowledge components Domain Taxonomy Contribution Max. Obtained

level marks marks

1. Student is aware with

requirement and use of Perception (P1) 3
apparatus involved in
experiment.
2. Student has conducted the
experiment by practicing the Psychomotor 70% 11
Set (P2)
hands-on skills as per
Instructions.
3. Student has achieved required -
Guided
accuracy in performance.
Response (P3)
4. Student is aware of discipline &
safety rules and followed the 2
Affective Receiving (A1)
rules during experiment.
20%
5. Student has responded well and
Respond (A2) 2
contributed affectively in
Respective lab activity.
6. Student familiarize with Control Comprehension
Engineering and Control Lab Cognitive (C2) 10% 2

Total 20

Normalize
marks out of 5
(5)

Signed by Course Teacher/ Lab Instructor

 EXPERIMENT # 1
To familiarize with Control Engineering and Control Lab Apparatus.
PRE LAB TASK
OBJECTIVE:
1. To be familiar with Control System (CS)
2. To be familiar with a computer Algebra System (CAS) named MATLAB.
3. To be familiar with basic introduction of Control Engineering Lab apparatus.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUNG:

1. INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM:

A system is a combination of number equipment or component connected in a sequence to
perform a specific function. In a system, when the input quantity is control by varying the
input quantity then the system is called as a CONTROL SYSTEM.
The meaning of control is to regulate or to direct or to command and therefore a control
system is an arrangement of district physical components connected in such a manner so as to
regulate or to direct or to command itself or some other system.
In a control system, the variation in the output quantity is continuously through feedback and
compared with the input quantity. The excitation given to the system is a reference to input
and the output quantity is called as a response.
1.1 COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEM:
The basic components of control system are as below;

 Plant.
 Feedback.
 Controller.
 Error detector.

The combined unit or error detector, controller, plant and feedback make a complete AUTOMATIC
CONTROL SYSTEM.

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 Fig 1: Components of Control System

 PLANT:
The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated is called as PLANT or PROCESS. It
is a unit where actual processing is performed and if we observed in the figure, the input of the plant
is the controlled signal generated by a controller. A plant performs necessary actions on a
controlled system and produces the desired output.
 FEEDBACK:

It is a controlled action in which the output is sampled and a proportional signal is given to the
input for automatic correction i.e. information about output is given to input for the correcting the
changes in output due to disturbances. The feedback signal is fed to the error detector. Negative
feedback is preferred as it results in better stability and accuracy.
 CONTROLLER:

The element of a system within itself or external to the system which controls the plant is called
as a controller. The error signal will be a week signal and so it has to be amplified and then modified
for better control action. In most of the system, the controller itself amplifies the error signal and
integrates or differentiates to generate a control signal. An amplifier is used to amplify the error
signals and the controller modifies the error signals.
 ERROR DETECTOR:

The function of error detector is to compare the reference input with the feedback signal. It
produces an error signal which is a difference of two inputs which are the reference signal and a
feedback signal. The error signal is fed to the controller for necessary controlled action. This error
signal is used to connect the output if there is a deviation from the desired value.

1.2 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEMS:

Control systems are of two types:
1. Open Loop System.
2. Closed Loop System.

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1. OPEN LOOP SYSTEM:

A system which is not capable of correcting the changes in output by itself is called as an open loop
system. The system which does not have any FEEDBACK LOOPS connected to it is called open
loop feedback system. These type of system depend upon its output i.e. in open loop feedback
system, output is not used as the control variable for the system. Open loop systems are one way
signal flow systems.
As these systems doesn’t contain a feedback loops, these are also known as NON-
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS. As there is no feedback loop, no data is transferred back to the open
loop systems.

EXAMPLES:
Fig 2: Open Loop Control System

We use open loop control systems in many applications of our day to day life. Some of the systems
designed based on the concept of open loop control system are given below;
 Automatic Washing Machine.
 Electric Bulb.
 Electric Hand Drier.

 Time Based Bread Toaster. Volume of the Audio System.

 TV Remote Control.
 Clothes Drier.
 Servo Motor.
 Inkjet Printer.

ADVANTAGES OF OPEN LOOP SYSTEM:

Open-loop system is also called as Manual Control System. The advantages are;

1. Simplicity and stability: they are simpler in their layout and hence are economical and
stable too due to their simplicity.
2. Construction: since these are having a simple layout so are easier to construct.

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DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN LOOP SYSTEM:

Due to absence of a feedback mechanism, they have many disadvantages.

1. The open loop systems are inaccurate and unreliable.

2. These systems do not have a feedback mechanism, so they are very inaccurate in terms of result
output.
3. The changes in the output due to external disturbances are not corrected automatically.
4. The bandwidth of open loop control system is less.

2. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:

Control systems in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity in such a manner so as to
maintain the desired output are called as closed loop system. A control system with feedback loop is
called closed loop system. In other words, the control system which uses its feedback signal to generate
output is called as closed loop control system.
In control system, the input is controlled by the feedback signal from input so that it can correct the
errors occurred. Closed loop control system is two way signal flow systems.

Fig 3: Closed Loop Control System

EXAMPLES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:

The examples of closed loop systems are;

 Automatic Electric Iron.
 Servo Voltage Stabilizer.
 Water Level Controller.

 Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by RADAR.

 Air Conditioner.
 Cooling System in car.
 Automatic Toaster.

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 Automatic Clothes Iron.

ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:

Closed loop system has many advantages as they contain feedback loop.

1. Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the presence of non-linearity.
2. Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to presence of feedback signal.

3. Bandwidth range is large.

4. Facilities automation.
5. The sensitivity of system may be made small to make system more stable.
DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:
Closed loop system has also some disadvantages, these are;

1. They are costlier.

2. They are complicated to design.

3. Required more maintenance.

4. Feedback leads to oscillatory response.

5. Overall gain is reduced due to presence of feedback.

FEEDBACK:

Feedback means some part of output is taken and connected it to the input of the system to maintain the
stability of the control system. By providing a feedback loop, we can convert any open loop control
system into closed loop system.
TYPES OF FEEDBACK:

Based on the nature of the feedback signal the closed loop control systems are divided into two types. The
types of feedback system are;
1. Positive Feedback System.
2. Negative Feedback System.

1. POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM:

The closed loop system with positive feedback signal connected to its input is called positive feedback
system. Positive feedback systems are also called as REGENERATIVE FEEDBACK.

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 Fig 4: Positive Feedback System

2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM:

The closed loop system with negative feedback signal connected to its input is called negative feedback
system. Negative feedback systems are also called as DEGENERATIVE FEEDBACK.

Fig 5: Negative Feedback System

2. Introduction to MATLAB:

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a programming language for technical computing. In

university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced
courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. Basic MATLAB can be used for:
1. computations including linear algebra
2. data analysis
3. polynomials and interpolation
4. modeling, simulation and prototyping
5. forecasts
6. numerical solutions of differential equations
7. graphics in 2-D and 3-D including colors and animation
8. and a lot of other applications.
\
MATLAB’s basic data element is an array (i.e., a vector) that does not require
dimensioning. This allows us to solve many technical computing problems, especially
those with matrix and vector formulations in an easy way.

MATLAB can be thought of a super powerful graphing calculator with many more
buttons. In addition, it is a programming language and is an interpreted language like
Python. Commands are executed line by line.

2.1Getting Started with MATLAB:

1. To start MATLAB, double-click on the icon on your desktop. It will open

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 following different windows in your PC as shown in image.
 The command window that opens and you can enter the commands at the
command line prompt >> which are immediately executed after “enter” is
pressed.
 The command history window is used to view or execute previously run
commands and functions.
 The current directory/workspace window lists the folders/files in the current
directory (=where you are working) or the values and attributes of the
variables you have defined.
 The START button at the lower left gives you quick access to tools and more.

 The current directory line at the top tells you where MATLAB thinks your
files are located. This should always point to the folder that you are working in
so that your files are saved in your own directory.
Fig. 1. MATLAB Startup GUI window

2. How to open a document depends on the document type:

M-file: Select ”File” ) ”Open” and select the M-file
(filename.m). It opens in the editor/debugger.
Workspace variable: In the workspace browser, double-click the
variable. It opens in the array editor.
3. To clear the command window, type in the command clc.
4. To Customize use Home tab as described in Fig 2. below.

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 Fig. 2. MATLAB Startup GUI window

5. To install tool boxes use Home tab as described in Fig 3. below

Fig. 3. MATLAB Startup GUI window

6. To make folders use new folder icon as described in Fig 4. below

Fig. 4 Icon for New folder

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 2.2Scripts:

Scripts are collection of commands executed in sequence and written in MATLAB Editor
and saved as m files (.m file extension).

2.2.1 To make m file from the command folder “EditMyFilename.m” or

click on New Script present on the top left.

2.2.2 Make a script file with name “helloworld.m”. When run script should
show the following text.

Hello World!
I am going to learn MATLAB!

2.3Variables:

2.3.1 To create a variable, simple assign a value to name. First character

must be LETTER after that any combination of numbers, letters and
note names are Case sensitive.
myNumberVariable = 3.14
StringVariable = 'hello world!'

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3. CONTROL LAB APPARATUS:
1. 6500B SERIES IMPEDANCE ANALYZER:
The 6500B Series of Precision Impedance Analyzers provide precision and fast testing of
components at frequency up to 120 MHz basic measurement accuracy is ±0.05% making the
instruments the best in the lab. The accuracy and versatility makes the precision analyzer
the ideal choice for many different tasks and applications including passive
components design, dielectric material characterization and manufacturing test.
Engineers need to evaluate components characteristics at high frequencies with high level
of accuracy. The 6500B 120 MHz Precision Impedance Analyzer is therefore ideal for many
demanding tasks, combining accuracy and ease of use at an affordable price.

Fig 8: 6500B SERIES IMPEDANCE ANALYZER

2. FUNCTION GENERATOR:

Fig 9: Function Generator

Function Generator is usually a piece if electronic test equipment or software used to
generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of
the most common waveform produced by the function generator are the sine wave,
square wave, triangular wave and saw tooth shapes. These waveforms can be either
repetitive or single shot which requires an internal or external trigger sources. Integrate
circuit (IC) used to generate waveforms may also described as Function Generator IC’S.

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3. FF-1105 GYROSCOPE APPARATUS:
This apparatus is designed to study the working of gyroscope. The gyroscope is a
mechanical device which is capable of maintaining its axis. The unit consists of a control
box on the top of which entire unit is assembled. The gyroscope consists of a main frame, a
weight at the center of the frame, two motors for rotation of the frame and metallic rod
having weight which can be rotated at a controlled speed by the control panel. The
rotational speed of both these rotating parts is controlled by control panel and adjusts in

such a way that the unit gets balanced

Fig 10: FF-1105 GYROSCOPE APPARATUS

4. IT-5927 TRANDUCERS AND INSTRUMENTATION TRAINER:

IT-5927 Trainer introduces student to input and output transducers, signal conditioning
circuits and display devices through a wide range of practical activities. This self-contained
trainer has all the necessary power supplies, light sources and compressed air supplies to
carry out a wide range of hands on experimental work. It is possible to build and test
complete closed loop control system for rotary speed or position, making the trainer ideal
for use in control engineering.

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 TRANDUCERS AND INSTRUMENTATION TRAINER aching.

5. TWIN ROTOR MIMO SYSTEM:

The Twin Rotor MIMO System (TRMS) behavior resembles that of a helicopter. From the
control point of view it illustrates a high order nonlinear system with significant cross-
couplings. A mathematical model design of TRMS needs knowledge of aero- dynamic
physical laws. The TRMS System has been designed to operate with a PC based digital
controller that communicates with the position, speed sensors and motors by a dedicated
I/O. I/O board is controlled by the real time software which operates in the MATLAB,
Simulink RWT/RTWT environment.

1. Fig 12: Twin Rotor MIMO System Introduction to Computer Algebra Systems (CAS’s)

Observations:
EXPERIMENT DOMAIN & Marks Distribution:

Domains Psychomotor (70%) Affective (20%) Cognitive

(10%)
Attributes Realization of Conducting Data Data Discipline Individual Comprehensi
Experiment Experiment Collection Analysis (Receiving) Participation on

(Awareness) (Act) (Use (Perform) (Respond/

Instrument) Contribute)
Taxonomy P1 P2 P3 P3 A1 A2 C2
Level
Marks 3 5 3 3 3 1 2
distribution

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 LAB REPORT

Prepare the Lab Report as Follows

TITLE:

OBJECTIVE:

APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
(Note: Use all steps you studied in LAB SESSION of this tab to write procedure and to complete the
experiment)

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DISCUSSION:
Q1. How you can describe the control system engineering with examples?

Q2. What is the main difference between open loop system and closed loop system with
examples?

CONCLUSION/SUMMARY:

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 Domains Psychomotor (70%) Affective (20%) Cognitive
(10%)
Attributes Realization of Conducting Data Data Discipline Individual Comprehensi
Experiment Experiment Collection Analysis (Receiving) Participation on

(Awareness) (Act) (Use (Perform) (Respond/

Instrument) Contribute)
Taxonomy P1 P2 P3 P3 A1 A2 C2
Level
Marks 3 5 3 3 3 1 2
distribution
Obtained
Marks

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