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ELSEYIER Procedía - Soc a and Bchav oral Scicnces 95 (2015) 2253 - 2262
i l i 1

World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Sustainability in Construction Sector

Mustafa Yilmaz", Adem Baki�ª·
ªTurkish Military Acndemy, Civil Engineering Depnrtment

Abstract

The concept of "Susta inabil it y" defined for the firs t titne by B rudland Report wh ich is pub lished in 1989 by Un ited Nations of
the World Conun iss ion on Env ironment and Deve opmen l t has been p aced
l in he
t center of severa l studies and pract ces i .
Adaptation of env ironmen t and energy polic ies supporting economic deve lopment not threatening natura l life , in intemational
community makes states , establ isluuents, insti tut ions and bus iness world and non-govermnenral organizations and other
stakeholders force to ac t at th is \vay . Eco-friend ly and smart buildings are the resu lt of susta inab le environment polic es i ni
construction sec tor which is w idely responsib le for con sumption of natura l resources and for env ironmen t pollution. Susta nab i el
constructions ca lled sma rt buildings or green bu ilding.s are h i-tech bu ild ings with their contro l and automation sys rems. For th is
kind of build ing design , stakeholders such as arch itects , eng ineers , landscape architects , produc t manufacturers , energy
consultants, projec t managers , bu ild ing users , and local administrators are working together. The identification of po ential t
threats and opportun ities by fo llowing these technolog ies , the se lection of appropria te rechnolog ical capabilities for the co 1npany
and industry , the acqu is ition of these rechno log ies froui intemal or ex tema l companies and usa ge of hem t are required for s
rategic
t managemen tof technology .F nns i which make nvestmentsi on research and deve opmen l ac
t s t(R&D) in het
construct ion indu srry of the future in het world by using strateg ci echno t ogy
l managemen tand which can make sit po\ve r
sustainab le to compete in the g lobal market will be ab le to find a p lace for them selv es in the marke t.

([) 20 1 5 Thc Au thors . Publ ishcd by E lscvicr Ltd. This si an open acccss artic cl undcr hc
t CC BY-NC-ND licensc
(h ll p ://crcat ivccom mon s.org/ 1 i ccn ses/by- ne- ndl4. 0/) .
Pccr-rcvicw undcr rcspons ibility of lstanbu l Univcr is ty .

Keywords: Sustainability . Green Building . Technology Managemenr .Consnucriou Indus ry

t .Iunovanon .R & D .

l. Introduction
Technological developments begun with industrial revolution have brought an idea about that it could become
dominant over nature . After World War II, rapid economic development plans have been put inro practice in order to

•E-mnil. 1J1J'llmn:@kho .ed 11.rr ,nbnkis:@kho .edu .tr

1877-0428 © 20 1 5 Thc Authors. Publ ishcd by Elscvicr Ltd. This is an open acccss art ic le undcr thc CC BY-NC-ND liccnsc
(h t l p ://crcat ivccom mon s.org/1 icenses/by· ne- nd/4. 0/) .
Pecr-rcv icw undcr rcspons ib ility of ls tanbul Univcris ty .
do i: 1 0.1O 1 6/j.sbspro.20 1 5.06 . 3 1 2
2254 Mustafa Ytlmaz and Adem Bak1J / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262

meet rising needs in urban areas with migration from the country to town , in addition to population explosion . An
unplanned urbanization process has begun by putting into practice these deve lopment polic ies not regarding
protection of natural environment and adopting the idea about became dominant over nature with techno ogical l
force . Unplanned urbanization as a result of industrialization has caused reduction in green-field gradually , increase
in energy need per capita , consumption of limited natural resources unconsciously and usage petroleum resources
intens ively. Environmental issues including in crease in greenhouse gas ernission , g obal l warming , ozone ayer l
depletion and decrease in biodiversity have reached global dimens ions as a result of unbalance between production
and consumption caused by unlimited production policy of industria l revolution while their impact were feeling on
l l scale. Environmeutal ssues
oca i as a result of current economic developm ent mode lsbased on ove con r umption
s of
natural resources and destroying life , has downgraded the soc ia l wealth and the standards of living to the lowe st
l
evel of ali time .
The worries about rapidly cons uming natural resources could fail to satisfy the necessities of mankind and about
sl c i ;
owing clown or even stopping of community development and economi growth as a result of this insuffic ency
, i , 1 1
one <lay have been made a current ssue for the fírst time at Brnndtland Report (WCED 989) in 989. Although it
, , s s, , , e al
has been raised doubts in published years today states in titution organizations business world non-governm nt
l
organization and other stakeholders have a consensus about the fact that natura resources are limited and human life
i . c
s under risk in the world Sustainability concept whi h can be defined as "meeting the needs and expectations of the
s e t "
present without compromi ing futur generations to mee their own needs and expectations in the Brundtland
, l c
Report (WCED 1989) has been ocated in ommon denominator ofreconunended solutions.
,
Literature survey method was used as basic research method in this article Within the scope of this perfonnance,
"
future of "Sustainability or "Sustainable Development" concepts which has accepted by stakeholders recently and
has not denied economic development but has adopted l the environmental
l and energy policies not threating the
natural life, are tried to predict by analyzing the deve opments both at g obal scale and in Turkey,
i
2. Literature Rev ew And Hypotheses
2.1. Sustoinobility
In general,
, sustainability means using of natural resources in such an equilibrium condition that they
, do not reach
decay depletion and unrenewable point and handing down the next generations byl developing them In this context,
sustainability seems to be a concept branding to every field l ranging
i from globa )development. policy to usage of
energy sources and from production planning to architectura des gn (Hoskara, 2007 in our age
, l l
Sustainability aims to be ab e to ai so exist generations in the next l century ( by protecting
. . natural and built
environment
, and taking care of continu ty of human beings and natura resources Osso et al , 1996). At the saine
time sustainability is a multi-dimensional
i system
, which aims increase
l in life quality of
l ali people
i through healing
the conditions of people
i l with, d sadvantages making valuab e bonds among peop e by giv ng importance
, to
;
cooperation ).and soc a benefit and doing refonn in economics fed from these natural resources , , (Hoskara
l ; 2007
Oktay, 2005l Concept fundamentally aims providing equilibrium , with respect to human time and p ace in other
words, equa allocation of world resources among ali nations living things and future generations.
i
Sustainability actually foresees a. continuous idevelopment with lchang ng only l our consumption habits l without
reduction in our present life quality . Being susta nable of thist deve opmentl is a so related l to i a universa solidarity
and al democratic and fair allocation In other words; via sus ainable , ideve
l opment mode , it s suggested that total
deve opment understanding that aims environmental
i . i management, isoc a responsibility and economic solutions by
abandonment from being consumer soc ety Fro111 , th s perspective
, t can
l. be stated that sustainability has three main
dimensions/components i called
i environmental econornic and soci eta, Interactions among each , other of effective
parameters of sustai . nab
. lity which are protection of environment economic progression and social fair are
dernonstrated in F g 1
i l i l, ,
A strategic development can be provided
. vl a ba
i anced and cons l stent
i synergy
i of environmenta economic and
social components
i , i of sustainability As eco t og cal and i socia susta i nab lity cannot present i without
. economic
sustainab lity it s accepted that social sus ainability s a precond tion of l economic susta nability These three
components( should be taken into , consideration
). as inseparable parts of a who e beca use of their foil integrations with
each other HKU Architecrure 2002
 Mustafa Yilmaz and Adem Batas / Procedía - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262 2255

Fig. l. Sustainability(Hat1.1999)

2.1.1. Environmental Suslainability

Environmeutal sustainability means giving the world to future generation better than taken, prot ecting ecological
balance and natural systems from destruction (Sev , 2009). It is necessi ty t o take into consideration ecol ogical
ba lance and saving in consumption of unrenewable resources. Sustainability of a resource i s dependent on ability of
renewal itself at the saine time, For example; main thing in water cycl e is rise of water vi a evaporation and then
falling again on the earth after condensation as precipitation . One of the prior conditions for continuity of this cycle s
i
kept l Thus
water and the air c ear . ;
pollution of wa ert because of waste water agricultura!
, pesticides and so 011 and air
pollution because of carbon emission negative y l affect sustainable cyc el of wa ter . In one way , environmental
sustainability means handing of natural resources to future generations without destruction. For this reason, when
detennining usage l eve l of natural resources; it must be taken into considerati on not exceeding rat es of renewal of
these resources and rates of these resources for cl earance of contaminants (Patel & Chugan, 20 1 3 ). Environmental
sustainability requires being sensitive in the subjects of;

• Pro tection of aliveness and divers ity on the earth ,

• Conservation of life-supports systems ,
• Sustainable usage of renewable resources ,
• Being saving in using unrenewable resources,
• Minimizing hann to the environment and living things , and
• Pro tection of cultural and historical environments (Hoskara , 2007) .

2.1.2. Economic Sustainobility

In current modern economic deve lopment model , ir is assumed tha t economic activ ity will increase in the market
by increase in buying power of individua ls and thanks to this, increase in Gross National Product (GNP) will
contribute to indiv idua ls. As can be understood from its definiti on , th is deve lopmen t mode l depends 011 Iimitless
production and consumption , When it is taken inro cons ideration from ecologica l respect , aforementioned mode l
requires using ex isting resources as if they are limitless. Nevertheless, ir is a fac t that resources which can mee t
basic need of people are limited and these resources are gett ing decreased <lay by <lay without renewal themse lves as
resu lt of excess ive usage . 011 the other hand , again it is c lear that there are environment problems as a result of
was tes which are resu lts of these consumption frenzy (Torunoglu , 2003). In economic process , because production -
consumption balance mus t be se t by considering eco logical susceptib ilit ies and social fa ir matters, econonuc
sus tainab ility is one of the mos t important subjects of susta inable development , A susta nab i el economic
l
deve opment requires ;

• Creation new markets and merchandising opportunit ies ,

• Decrease in cost v ia providing effic iency by decreasing energy and resource input in product ion , and
• Prov ision added value (HKU Architecture , 2002).
2256 Mustafa Ytlmaz and Adem Bak1J / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262

In summary , economic sustainability is prov i sion of a steady public and privat e investment flow with efficient
usage and management of resources; assessment of economic effici ency with social criteria instead of organization
profitableness (Hoskara , 2007) .

2 . 1. 3. Soc ial Sustuinability

Social Sustainability which is the mos t important target of sus t ainable deve l opment focuses on some basi c right
and freedom jus t related to being a human, The mos t prominent one of bas i c right and freedom i s equality and
balance among generations . Resources can be handed down t o next generation to sustain their exi stences and
provide their wealthy. They will be supplied thanks to social sus tainability ;

• Provided bas ic requirements such as work, house , health conditions, education and cultura l activities for each
individual as long-tenn (strategically) ,
• Increased life quality,
• Reintegrat ed disabled groups into society , and at the sarne tune
• Pro tec t ed right to life of future generation (HKU Archi tectur e, 200 2).

2.2. Sustainobility Sea/es

In "Conc eptual Roo f of Sustainab ility " mod el prepared by "Con stru ction Env ironm ental Quality Assessm ent for
Sustainable Tim e" (BEQUEST ) and accepted in intema tiona l dim en sion , sus tainability is examined according to
covered field ; Global , Territoria l, Na tional , Municipal , Stree t, Con stru ction , Sys tem and M aterial/Compo nent sca les
(BEQUEST , 2000).The primary condition far a deve lopment in g loba l sus tainability sca le , there is a need far
internationa l organization whi ch has a supranationa l authority on con sumption of resources and solution of
e
nvironm e al problems, Reg onal
nt i t
sus ainabi li si an intenned ai et sca el between g oba
ty l l and erritoria
t l
sustainabi lity. M anagem ent of sus tainable sys tem , po litic contro l and direc tion , beca use territor ia l resources and
properties are m ore known in this scale , are mor e cons is tent than g loba l sca le. Nationa l sus tainabi lity is an
intennediate sca le b etwee n territorial and municipal/ region al (loca l) sus tainab ility. It is a sca le in making dec is ions
with respect to sus tainability re la ted to economic, social , and politic condit ions of nations and deve oping l of
strateg ies for application. In municipal/regional ( loca l) sus tainability , a fair sertlement and resource allocation are
required for existing sustainability. According to municipal sus tainability principies, in planning of cities and
i
fonning liveable environments, meeting of requirements without damaging environmental values and resources s
t t, l t l
accepted as basis. Sustainability in municipal, s ree system, and material sca es are evalua ed in scope of this sca e.
.
2.3 Sustainable Development Strategies
l
In a report prepared by internationa organizations in 1 99 1 sustainable development
i was defined as "increase in
human life quality with the condition
i f t of staying in l the borders of
t ibearing capac
t ty of the bounded
, ecosystem"
; 2 nine;
principies
, which
; ,can be bas s o sus ainable deve opment stra eg es were de ennined (IUCN 1 9 9 1 UNEP 0 1 1
WWF 1 99 1 Sev 2009).

• Showing respect and care for communal living ,

• In crease in human life quality,
• Pro tection o f aliveness and diversity on the earth,
• Decrease in unrenewable resource consumption ,
• St aying in bear ing capacity ofthe earth,
• Change in ind ividual behav iors and habits,
• Prov is ion of showing respec t to their environment by soc ieties ,
• Fonning a nationa l frarne which supplies integration between deve lopment an pro tection , and
• Fonning world agreement according to applicat ion of sustainability in g lobal sca le .
 Mustafa Yilmaz and Adem Batas / Procedía - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262 2257

Enforcement related to construction sector comes into prominence when developing sustainable development
strategies. Nowadays , construction sector has an important place in both ecouomics and employment , Following
principies of equality and fair is very important in social respect when using fonned living spaces and resources. On
the other hand , it is an also important resource using field for environmental respect . Besides mines such as iron ,
cement , and aluminum which are used during construction of the building and maintenance and repair; resources
such as water , natural gas, and coal which are used in the building during operation of the construction are also the
main of the natural resources used in construction sector . They cause a lot of environmental problems during their
destruction processing. Sustainable construction sector is required for a sustainable deve lopment .

2.4. Snstoinability in Construction Sector

People need a lot of buildings for sustaining their lives during civilization. These facilities cause a lot of
environmental problems during their construction , operation and maintenance , and destruction . Buildings
consuming huge amount of energy and natural resource have and impact on climate change by affecting quality of
air and water in cities (Vyas et . al ., 20 14) . According to 2 010 data, 45% of world energy and 50% of water are used
by buildings. When looked environmental effects ; 23% of air pollution, 50% of greenhouse gas production , 40% of
water pollution , and 40o/o of so lid waste in cities are environmenta l problems caused by buildings (Dixon , 20 l O) .
These environmenta l problems caused by construction industry can be substantially decreased via change in the
applications. Besides , the most explicit or measurable effect of industry is on the environment , soc io-economic
effects of it also cause importan! disadvantages (CIB & UNEP-IETC, 2002) .

Intensive usa ge of natural resources because of activities of construction industry, so li d and liquid wastes and gas
emissions at the end of construction and destruction activities have a lot of negative impact on the environment.
These negative impacts can be summarized as consumption of unrenewable resources, decrease in biological
,
diversity destruction of forest areas, loss of agricultura! areas, air, water and soil pollution, destruction of natural
,
green areas and global warming.

Economic effects of construction industry; according to CIB (20 02) report, construction industry with its
.
strucrure, organizational strucrure, and performance has a potential which can in crease economic sustainability
,
However, because national organizations cannot compete with international organizations due to globalization
depending on becoming widespread of import material usage; financia! decisions cannot be hold inside the country
and GNP decreases. Construction industry which is not efficient in economic respect, it also cannot support
environmental sustainability because of producing much wastes and not using resources efficiently. Construction
industry can increase life quality of low incoming people substantially with job opportunities thanks to its labor-
intense nature. It can contribute
. development of social sustainability by service for preventing poverty in the society
(CIB & UNEP-IETC, 2002)
,
Otherwise pennanent solutions are not found to problems caused
. by productions of construction industry
sustainability and sustainable development are not seen possible In this step, "sustainable architecture" and,
"sustainable construction" concepts which serve a systematic approach to l subject by detennining i principies
strategies, and methods become prominent for finding solution to environmenta problems caused by build ngs.

2.4.J. Sustainable Architecture (Ecological Architecture)

i i ,
Sustainable architecture s defined as body of activities
l , which, minimize the g ven hann to, the environment care
about ecological balance, and use. effectively materia s iwater, and energy during making using and destroying ,
process of ineeded construction In sustainable construct ons i when protecting health and comfort of users not
threating ex stence and future of natural resources and fonn ng sources after
, destruction
. for other constructions or
fonning wastes which are not harmful for the environment are aimed (Gür 2007)
, , .
Energy
, water and
l material are basic resources
i which form main input for the construction Protection. of energy,
water and, materia, which is one
l of the princip
i es of the sustainable architecture leads architecture design Protection
of energy wa ter and materia can be prov ded via decrease in unrenewable resources which fonn input for the
2258 Mus tafa Ytlmaz and Adem Bak1J / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262

construction or control on wastes which are out from construction (Kim & Rigdon, 1998). Besides construction
process, both service period and maintenance and repair activities and during destruction control on wastes fonned
are required huge amount of resource usage. By al so considering that human welfare aims in these all construction,
sustainable architecture principies are ruled out under titles of "Economy of Resources", "Design of Life Cycle" and
"Humane Design", detennined strategies and methods for implementation ofthese principies are stated in Table 1 ,
2, and 3.

Table l. "Ecouomv of'Resources" Princinle. (Kitn & Rideon. 1998: Gültekin. 2007: Sev. 2009)
Principles Strategies l\1ethods

Energy-conscious urban planning

_ga Energy-conscious site planning

i
uo
Altemarive sources of energy

Use of low embedded-energy materials

�
�
i" a
'"
Daylighting
Energy-efficient equipment & appliances
�
"'
o
>, Use of energy efficient appliances with timing devices
§
§ Water Reuse water onsite ( rainwater collection and gray water collection)
u

'" Conservation
Reduce consumption

a Adaptation existing buildiugs to new uses

s
�.
.. ! Material couserviug design and consrrucrion
i§ Incorporation reclaimed or recycled materials - use materials that can be
u recycled

2.4.2. Snstainable Construction

Sustainable construction s application of sustainable development princip es to a building life cycle from
i
planning the construction constructing mining raw material to production andi becoming construction materia
,
usage destruction of construction ,
and management of wastes. It s a holistic process which aims to sustain harmonyl,
, the nature and constructed
between , environment by creating settlements
i which suit human and support economic
equality
.
Mode ed concept by Kibert, sustainable construction s present at intersection of components of princip es, stages
l
(Kibert, 2005), and resources see F g 2. According to thii s model, sustainable construction princip es are iapplied to
any needed resources at every stagei . during construction life cycle. On the basis of this model, iri can be said that
consc ious design is placed at the center of sustainable construction and decrease in effects on consumption of
natural resources and eco log ica l systems are aimed .
 Mustafa Yilmaz and Adem Batas / Procedía - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262 2259

Table 2. ·'Life Cycle Desien" Principie. (Kitn & Ridaon. 1998: Gültekin. 2007: Sev. 2009)
Principies Strateaies Method s
Land use
.s""
� � Sustainable - flexible building design
'"' .eo.
e
c. Ma terial choose
-�)

o eo
Couse rvarion of existing flo ra and fauna
Miuimiziue sire ilnoact
"
ü .-os •�
� t:
s-,
u Was te mauaeemenr
� Usage of ene rgy efficient uia rerials
;:¡ '" P ro rection con struction workers
Adaotar ion existina s nucrures to new users and uroarams
..!.
• -o
6: � �
en
.a.....
" . Reuse building componenrs and marerials
Recvcle building componenrs and marerials
'" Reuse the land and exis riue infra srrucrure
. 1 : . .
i l Table 3 .:: Humane Desien" Princiule. (Kim & Rideon 998 Gültekin 2007: Sev 2009)
Princ o es Strateeles Methods
.
g] :§ Respect topographical contour
t t
�É E
�Z " ' g Not disrurbingisthe wa er able

ab o:" �o uo Preservarion ex ting flora and fauna

-� si Avoid lipollmion conrriburion
e Urban De gn se
t Promo on mixed u developmenr
¡¡" Si e Planning
Provision for hmnan-oowered rransoortarion and desien oede strian roads
j t: Provision t hermal. vis ual . and acous tic comfort
,2 .g
@i 6 Davliahtina and providina visua l connection to ex erior
t
·;;; u Provide clean. fresh air
oa ¡¡
U nomoxic. uon-outeassine materials
se
"
:i: Users ' needs

2.5. Sustoinoble Construction Industry in Global Sea/e

Undoubtedly, effect of international public opinion has a great impact on change in habits in construction
industry. Attempts related to resource usage in construction sector particularly in EU and USA public opinion have
revived green buildings also in a lot of countries. For instance; ir is obligated to take precautions to reduce energy
consumption in buildings by "Energy Performance of Buildings Directive" (ISO, 2010). By this directive, they are
aimed new buildings which will be constructed until 2020 will have used nearly zero energy and supplied some part
ofthis energy from renewable energy sources (Cakmanus et . al., 2010).
Buildings which are designed to remove negative effects of construction on the environment and human health
are accepted as green buildings (Vyas et. al., 2014). By acceptance that green buildings are buildings which have
m ínimum effect on the environment during their existence (Pat el & Chugan , 201 3 ); beginn i ng from design process
of the construction , during construct ion, repair , maintenance, and usage period , it emphasizes to produce as a ,.vay
that is respectful towards environmental values and respons ible for effect ive usage of resources.

World Green Building Counc il (WGBC) states that at the first time green build ings rise as a reaction agains t
excessive consumption of energy and natural resources; but in time, green building construction means more than
2260 Mustafa Ytlmaz and Adem Bak1J / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262

effective usage of energy by changing concept of green building (WGBC, 201 3). India Green Building Council -
IGBC (2012) which is one of the most important green building council in the World, defines green buildings as
"buildings which consume less arnount of water, use at optimum amount of energy, protect natural resources,
produce less amount of waste, and provide to protect health ofliving things than traditional ones",

Sustainable
C.:.nsuuction O�ction Proces.s
Process

l'l.i.nnin.g ._ 1 Sources
Frn�"'llóf"<Pffl

1. R.cJ.ucc cuua.uvt.iuu u,( ,c�un:-c:a.

2. R.euae lou.i1Jia1g cu1u1:1uu.:.1.lb--.1a.Ju.""le.&.Í,¿1a,

l. U•e 111. 4.\c. 1i.. btl14l" -4.. 11\,c1a. ac-cJ. 4_ 11J1c ....-yJcJ

.
4 Pres.erve natur.tl en,"lrorvnent
,. Reduce toxtc m.atuials
e. Use ure Ctrde J\n.alysls
7. Qua11ty

Principies I
Fig. 2. Sus t ainable Cons rrucrion Model (Kibert . 2005)

Constructions defined as green buildings must provide detennined standards about subjects including sustainable
land planning, usage of low embedded-energy materials, saving water and energy, indoor quality, presenting healthy
and comfortable 1nediu1n, and control of wastes (Erten, 2 0 1 1 ) . Buildings which can meet these standards are
certificated. Among t hese certificates, comm onl y mosr acceptable ones are LEE D (L eadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) and BREEAM (B uilding Research Establi shm ent Environmental Assessment Method).

BREEAM w hich wa s developed and put into practice by Building R esearch Ens titut e ( BRE) in England in 1990
is the first example of sys tem s which make assessment based on environm ent al st andards . In LE ED program which
is put into practice by U nited S tates Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1 998, the main target is that giving
info n nation about possible e ffects of co ns tru ction to the env ironment to people and organizations in construction
sector and minimize these effects. T oday, in great number of countries ofth e World, in n ewly constructed buildings,
green building standard are tried to t ake into con sideration.

World Green Building Co u ncil (WG BC) was found in 1 988 to incentivi z e mak ing green building. When council
had 26 member countries in 20 07 , nu mbers of members become 98 in 20 1 3 . T oday, more than 140.000 green
buildings and more than 27 .000 member organi z ation are found as registered to WGBC (WGBC, 20 1 3). Green
buildings becom e an importa nt eco no mic sector in today' s world. According to in vesnnent proj ections r esearch,
they are estimated that green bu ildings will become a sector with 1-trillon dollars u ntil 2050 and energy consumed
in constructions thro ug hout the world decreases in 1/3 ratio depending increase in number of green building s
(UNEP, 2 0 1 1) .

2.6. Sustainable Construction Indus try at National Sea/e

Also in T urk ey that wants to be a member of EU these developments in the world were followed closely and
"Ener g y Performance in Building R egulation" was pu blished in 5 December 2009. Subjects such as increasing
energ y efficiency, srudying usage of renewal ener g y resou rces, fou nding building automation systems, uti liz ing
from da ylight are placed in t his regulation (Cakmanus et . al. , 201 O) .
 Mustafa Yilmaz and Adem Batas / Procedía - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262 2261

Will about environment protection and saving energy are reflected into the govermnent poli cies via "Climate
Change Action Plan 2 011 - 2023" published in 2 0 1 1 . Aims such as making heat insulation in at least 1 million
buildings, inc reasing in renewal energy usage , reducing energy usage in public buildings and facilities at between
10% - 20o/o until 2023 and g iving Energy Identity Document to ali buildings until 2 01 7 are given in this plan (<:;$B ,
2012). Besides , At leas t 20% reduction in consumption of energy amount per Gl\TJ> in Turkey in 2023 i s aimed by
"Energy Effic iency Strategic Document 201 2 - 2023" which was constituted in 201 2. Another strategic aim in the
document is that at leas t one fourth of construction stock in 201 O i s becorne renewable construction until 2023
(Camlibel, 2013).

Sus t ainability studies in Turkey are al so supported by Nongovenunental Organizations (NGO). In this scope ,
"Sustainability in Construction Sector" report was prepared by Turkish Indust ry and Business Association
(
TÜSÍAD ) and Association of Turkish Building Material Producer (ÍMSAD). In this report , importance of being
sustainable fo r buildings with l ess amount energy consumption and l ess arnount C02 emission i s emphasized.
Besides, in aforementioned report; by stating consumption huge amount of ener gy in production of construction
materials, it is stated that in new era, Turkey must be t echnology-centered inst ead of production-centered in
construction sec to r (Candemir, 2012).

There is no a national green building certificate such as LEED or BREEAM in Turkey as in a lot of countri es in
the World. Studies for constituting an assessment system suitab l e for country conditions are maintained by Turkish
Green Building Council ( <:;EDBiK). In Turkey, particularly cons t ructions bel onging to prívate sector such as
organization buildings, shopping malls , university campuses, and houses l ead to green buildings. When 43 buildings
won green building quality by taking LEED and BREEAM certificates in 2003, 150 buildings are waiting for taking
certificate ( <;;EDBiK, 2 01 3). Whils t only 3 houses took certificate in Turkey until 201 4, it i s estimated that this
number will be 228 in 2023. In Turkey where more than 7 million houses are become need until 2023 (Camhbel,
2012), cause of low number in certificated green buildings belonging to prívate sector , there has no t ye t been enough
demand for eco-fri endly productions because of not existing enough conscious about this subject r ather than
unsuitability ofLEED and BREEAM for Turkey.

3. Conclusion
Although the re is no t yet enough demand for eco-friendl y production depending on conscious l evel of public in
Turkey; in recent years via polic i es applied by the government, signs of consciousness about environmental
awareness is promising but not enough are foreseen. In the questionnaire which was done with 1487 peopl e by
Sustainability Academy (Sürdürülebilirlik Akademis i, 2 0 11 ), it was det ennined while % 7 1 of participants st at e that
green/eco-friendly productions must be bought, ratio of people who huy these product frequently i s 1 9%. The %52
difference between them st ates t hat although they are aware of consumption of eco-friendly productions, they dou't
huy eco-fr i end l y productions due to their high cost. There i s no doubt t hat first const ruction cost s of green buildings
are higher than traditional ones. However, consc i ous l eve l of the public abou t when design and operation of green
buildings which have 5°/o-10°/o cos t with respect to traditional buildings are done with thi s ,vay, they will amortize
themselves in 1 - 1 5 years will incr ease at the short time by advertisements done by producer organization, NGOs,
and the government. In Turkey bases of l egal infrastrucrure are found, enforceme nts and e ncourageme nts related to
making sus t ainable cons t ruction of goverrun ent s are increas ing as time goes by. By i ncrease in conscious l evel of
public abou t thi s sub jec t as paralle l to the globa l marke t, exi sting unders tand ing , whi ch has impossib le
su sta inability, base d on limitless usa ge of resources in the nationa l con struction sec tor will change . In the
consequences of thi s change , con structio n organ iza tions which want to protec t its power and comp etition be obliged
to rev iew their strategic plans according ot lega l starut e and needs and e xpectations of clients . Accord ng i ot
integrat ed des ign crit eria , in the tim e period from design of sustainable con struction s ot opera tion of th em , diffe rent
s takeholde rs such as arch itec ts , eng ineers , landscape arch itec ts , produc t manufacrurers , energy con sultants , pro jec t
managers , building users , and local administrators are working togethe r. Containing production or process
innova tion re lated to at leas t one sub jec t abou t materia l, water , or ene rgy usage in the construction g ive important
points to construction in the green building certification . These kinds of bu ildings are h igh techno log ica l equipment
conta ining constructions with their contro l and automation systems. Because cooperation with produce r
or gan izations is required for maintenance of t hese founded t echno l ogi cal systems , prefe r ence of productions of
or ganizations which have high pos t-selling serv ice ability will increase market competition, When looked at
2262 Mustafa Ytlmaz and Adem Bak1J / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195 (20/5) 2253 -2262

prolongations of Kondratieff Waves which take its name from Russian economist Nikolai Dimitrievic Kondratieff
who has theory of "there is a driving techno logy lead to every wave in the economy and growth deve ops l around
this technology" prolonged until today by network analysts , name of cris is in 2020 's will be "Sustainability" and
countries and organizations which are prepared for this can covert this crisis into an opportunity. From now on ,
class ical construction understanding which <loes not consider demands of consumers , which si contractor-centered ,
and which is based on consumption of natural resources as they are limitless will have to change and an in and out
continuous survey will become important for recognizing change and opportunities in the market and choosing
proper ones. Because choose, acquisition in or out ofthe organization, and usage oftechnological abilities which are
suitable for sector and organization requires an effective technology management, organizations which make
investments to R&D and increase its power and competition with strategic technology managements will find a
place for themselves in construction industry world at the future.

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