ENG203: CALCULUS I

FUNCTIONS
Overview

• Function f - Any operation or procedure that relates one variable to one or more other variables.
• Domain of f - the set of all possible x values considering the function f(x) provided one notes the following:
• The domain of all polynomial functions and exponential functions is the Real number, R.
• Square root functions cannot contain a negative underneath the radical. Set the expression
under the radical greater than or equal to zero and solve for the variable. This will be the
domain.
• Rational functions cannot have zeros in the denominator. Determine which values of the
input cause the denominator to equal zero, and set the domain to be everything else.
• Logarithmic functions must have a positive value in the argument position. Solve for the
domain like you would for square root functions.
- If one were to find the DOMAIN of a graph, it is all the possible x values covered by the given
function; notice the following:
• Note if certain points are inclusive or not (exclusive)
• Note if the function infinitely extends or it is at a certain x value
• Range of f - this is the set of all possible y values considering the x value in the function f(x)
- If one were to find the RANGE of a graph, it is all the possible y values covered by the given
function; notice the following:
• Note if certain points are inclusive or not (exclusive)
• Note if the function infinitely extends or it is at a certain x value
• Number f(x) - this is the value of f at x and is read as “f of x”.

NOTE:
A function can be like a machine. If x is in the domain of the function f, it can be the input x (independent
variable) that enters the machine and then the machine produces an output f(x) or y (dependent variable)
according to the rule of the function, as shown below:

f
x (function) f(x) or y

e.g.
• The area A (dependent variable) of a circle depends on the radius r (independent variable) as a function:
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2
𝑏𝑏ℎ
• The area A of a triangle depends on both the variables base b and height h: 𝐴𝐴 = 2
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Graphs

Shown below are the graphs of common functions and their respective forms

image taken from: http://scholarsonmayhew.blogspot.com/2011/10/graphs-of-functions-and-systems-of.html#!

* Piecewise Functions are a combination of these parent functions but with restricted values.
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Shifts, Stretches, and Reflections

Shown below are the methods of shifting, stretching, and reflecting graphs considering the forms of their
respective functions:

• Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Suppose c > 0. To obtain the graph of:
o y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units upward
o y = f (x) – c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units downward
o y = f (x – c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units to the right
o y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units to the left
• Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting
Suppose c > 1. To obtain the graph of
o y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c
o y = (1/c) f (x), compress the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c
o y = f (cx), compress the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by a factor of c
o y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x) horizon tally by a factor of c
o y = – f (x), reflect the graph of y = f (x) about the x-axis
o y = f (–x), reflect the graph of y = f (x) about the y-axis

Examples

Sketch the graph of the following:

Linear Functions

Absolute Value Functions

 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Quadratic Functions

Radical Functions

Exponential Functions
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Logarithmic Functions

Piecewise Functions

Trigonometric Functions

Examples taken from the archives of Kuta Software https://www.kutasoftware.com/

 ENG203: CALCULUS I

FUNCTIONS

Graph the following functions then determine their respective domains and ranges:
3𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = & / 2. 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0

Domain: R Domain: R
Range: (-∞, 2) U [3, ∞) Range: [-4,4]

3. 𝑦 = 4√𝑥 + 6 + 5 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔; (4𝑥 + 7) + 3

Domain: [-6, ∞) Domain: (-7/4, ∞)

Range: [5, ∞) Range: R
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓 − 𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨(𝑷𝑷) = 𝝅𝝅 � � + � �
This is the representation of real-world apparatuses, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
objects, or scenarios in Mathematical terms. *since:

Note: There is no exact process or formula in solving 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠 2

Mathematical Modelling questions because each question
entails a different scenario i.e. there are problems
involving only Algebra, some consider Geometry
exclusively, and other questions combine the two with
Trigonometry as well.
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2
2. A Norman Window has the shape of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of the
window is 10m, express the area A of the window as a
function of the width x of the window.

Let:
Examples:
P = perimeter of the window
1. A 5m wire is cut into two pieces. One part is used to
construct a circle. The other part is used to construct a h = height of the rectangle part
square. Express the combined areas of the two figures in
terms of the perimeter P of the circle. x = width of the window = diameter of the semicircle

Let: r = radius of the semicircle

P = perimeter of the circle

s = side of the square

r = radius of the circle

First consider P, which is:

𝑃𝑃 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

Knowing the formula of P and that one part of the wire x

was used to construct a circle and the other a square, Much like in the prior number, first consider that x is
use the perimeter formula of a circle 𝑃𝑃 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 and a also equal to two times the radius of the semicircle or
square 4𝑠𝑠 to find the total length of the wire, that is: that x is the diameter of the semicircle:
𝑃𝑃 + 4𝑠𝑠 = 5 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑟𝑟 → 𝑟𝑟 =
2
5 − 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 + 4𝑠𝑠 = 5 → 𝑠𝑠 = Next we take into account h in the equation where the
4
perimeter of the semicircle 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 and the perimeter of the
𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 → 𝑟𝑟 = rectangle 𝑥𝑥 + 2ℎ is equal to 10m:
2𝜋𝜋
𝑥𝑥
With this equation in mind, the problem now states 𝜋𝜋 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2ℎ = 10
2
that the combined area must be found in terms of the
perimeter P of the circle thus: 10 − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
∴ℎ=
2
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Now knowing the value of these variables, form the PROBLEM SETS:
final equation:
1. A taxi company charges two dollars for the first mile
𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐 (or part of a mile) and 20 cents for each succeeding tenth
𝝅𝝅 �𝟐𝟐� 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙 − 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅
𝑨𝑨(𝒙𝒙) = + 𝒙𝒙 � � of a mile (or part). Express the cost C (in dollars) of a ride
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 as a function of the distance d traveled (in miles).
𝟐𝟐, 𝒅𝒅 ≤ 𝟏𝟏
Answer: 𝑪𝑪 = � 𝒅𝒅
3. The manager of a furniture factory finds that it costs 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 ∗
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
, 𝒅𝒅 > 𝟏𝟏
2200php to manufacture 100 chairs in one day and
4800php to produce 300 chairs in one day. Express the 2. A square bottom box without cover is made from a
cost as a function of the number of chairs produced, material that costs 39php per square meter for the sides
assuming that it is linear. and 49php per square meter for the bottom. Express the
total cost of the material required to construct the box in
*With the former two questions focusing on function of its width and height.
Geometry, this question delves into Algebra.
Answer: 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Let:
3. A Filipino carpenter produces and sells his own
C(x) = cost of producing x chairs furniture. Pine tables are sold for 2900php, cherry tables
Based on the question, first assume that the function is for 1700php, and maple tables for 3000php. What is the
linear: carpenter’s annual revenue?

𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏 Answer: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

Given that, it can also be assumed that the values (100,

2000) and (300, 4800) can be perceived as points on
the graph of the linear function thus allowing the
computation of the whole linear function through the
two-point form:
4800 − 2000
𝑦𝑦 − (2000) = � � (𝑥𝑥 − 100)
300 − 100
𝑦𝑦 − (2000) = 14(𝑥𝑥 − 100)

𝑦𝑦 = 14𝑥𝑥 − 1400 + 2000

∴ 𝑪𝑪(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

Limits - a way of predicting the behavior of the graph
of a function by determining what value a function
approaches as the independent variable approaches a
given value.
Ways of getting the limit of a function:
1. By looking at the Graph
2. By direct substitution
a. One-sided limits
b. Two-sided limits Now if we try and find the limit of this function as x
approaches 2, we can see that the left approaches 4
1. By looking at the Graph while the right approaches 1. This cannot be, so the
-We simply look at what y-value the function limit of this function does not exist.
approaches as x approaches a certain value from both 2. By direct substitution
its left and right side.
2a. One-sided Limits
Getting the one-sided limit is simply trying to know
where each side is approaching without looking at
the graph.
What we need to do is to directly substitute numbers
very close to x and see what y-value it’s approaching.
lim 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥→2

To get the left-side limit of this function, we need to

Say we want to know the limit of this function as x substitute numbers smaller than 2 but very close to 2.
approaches 2. What we need to do is look at the left (Ex. 1.9, 1.99, 1.999)
and right side of 2 and see what y-value it’s getting 1.9 + 1 = 2.9
close to. In this case, they’re both approaching 4 so
we can say that the limit of the function as x 1.99 + 1 = 2.99
approaches 2 is 4. 1.999 + 1 = 2.999
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4 Looking at this we can tell that the function is
𝑥𝑥→2
approaching 3. So, we can say that the limit of the
If both sides, however, approach different y-values, function as x approaches 2 from the left is 3.
we say that the limit of the function does not exist.
lim 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 3
𝑥𝑥→2−
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

Getting the right-side limit is just the same as the Ex #2 Rationalizing- multiply with conjugate then
previous one except we substitute a number larger cancel
than 2 but close to 2. (Ex. 2.1, 2.01, 2.001)
𝑥𝑥 − 4
lim
2.1 + 1 = 3.1 𝑥𝑥→4 √𝑥𝑥 −2
2.01 + 1 = 3.01 𝑥𝑥 − 4 √𝑥𝑥 + 2
lim � �� �
2.001 + 1 = 3.001 𝑥𝑥→4 √𝑥𝑥 − 2 √𝑥𝑥 + 2
∴ lim+ 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 3 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)(√𝑥𝑥 + 2)
𝑥𝑥→2 lim
𝑥𝑥→4 𝑥𝑥 − 4
Since the left and right-side limits are equal, we can
finally say that the limit of the function as x (𝑥𝑥 − 4)(√𝑥𝑥 + 2)
lim
approaches 2 is 3. 𝑥𝑥→4 𝑥𝑥 − 4

lim 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 3 lim √𝑥𝑥 + 2 = √4 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4

𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→4

2b. Two-sided limits 𝑥𝑥 − 4

∴ lim =4
𝑥𝑥→4 √𝑥𝑥 −2
Getting the two-sided limit is done by simple direct
substitution as shown below: Ex #3 LCD- get the LCD and cancel

lim 𝑥𝑥 + 1 1 1
−6
𝑥𝑥→2
lim 𝑥𝑥 + 6
2+1=3 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥
6 − (𝑥𝑥 + 6)
∴ lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3
𝑥𝑥→2 6(𝑥𝑥 + 6)
lim
The problem with this is that sometimes, the answer 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥
could be undefined (0/0). What we do when this 6 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6 1
lim ∗
happens is to either factorize, rationalize, or get the 𝑥𝑥→0 6(𝑥𝑥 + 6) 𝑥𝑥
LCD of the function.
𝑥𝑥
lim −
Ex #1 Factorizing- factorize and cancel 𝑥𝑥→0 6𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 6)
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 1 1 1
lim lim − =− =−
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥→0 6(𝑥𝑥 + 6) 6(0 + 6) 36
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) 1 1
lim −6 1
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥 − 2 ∴ lim 𝑥𝑥 + 6 =−
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 36
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)
lim LIMIT THEOREMS
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥 − 2
lim 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 1. Limit of a constant lim 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 Example: lim 10 = 10 ; lim 25 = 25

𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→2
∴ lim =4
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥 − 2
ENG203: CALCULUS 1

2. Limit of the variable lim 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 lim 2𝑥𝑥 + 1

𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→3
lim � � =
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 lim 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2
Example: lim 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ; . lim 𝑥𝑥 = 3 𝑥𝑥→3
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→3
2(3) + 1
3. Sum and Difference Law = =1
32 + 1
lim [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ± 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ± lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
Example: ∴ lim � �=1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥𝑥→3 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
lim[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥→3 7. Power Law lim [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)]𝑛𝑛 = �lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)�
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
= lim(2𝑥𝑥 + 1) + lim(𝑥𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3
= [2(3) + 1] + [(3)2
− 2] = 14 Example:
∴ lim[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] = 14 lim[𝑥𝑥 3 + 1]2
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→2
2
�lim 𝑥𝑥 3 + 1�
𝑥𝑥→2
4. Constant Multiple Law lim 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐lim 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
(23 + 1)2 = 92 = 81
Example: lim 5𝑥𝑥 = 5lim 𝑥𝑥 = 5(2) = 10
𝑥𝑥→2 𝑥𝑥→2 ∴ lim[𝑥𝑥 3 + 1]2 = 81
𝑥𝑥→2

8. Root Law
5. Product Law 𝑛𝑛
lim �𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑛𝑛� lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
lim [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ∗ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ∗ lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 Example:
3
Example: lim �𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥𝑥→3
2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
3
lim[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ∗ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] lim 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
�𝑥𝑥→3
𝑥𝑥→3
= lim(2𝑥𝑥 + 1) ∗ lim(𝑥𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3 3
= [2(3) + 1] ∗ [(3)2 − 2] = 49 �32 − 1 = 3√8 = 2
∴ lim[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ∗ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] = 49
𝑥𝑥→3 3
6. Quotient Law ∴ lim �𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 = 2
𝑥𝑥→3

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

lim � � = 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

Example:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
lim � �
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS 𝑐𝑐 −∞; c > 0

lim+ =�
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 +∞; c < 0
-Special conditions for limits involving
𝑐𝑐 +∞; c > 0
trigonometric functions. lim− = �
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 −∞; c < 0
sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
lim 𝑥𝑥
= 1 or lim sin 𝑥𝑥 = 1 Example:
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0

lim
1−cos 𝑥𝑥
= 0 or lim
cos 𝑥𝑥−1
=0 2
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 lim−
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥 − 1
Take note that the coefficient of x in both the 2 2
numerator and denominator must be equal for these = − = −∞
1− −1 0
conditions to work.
2
Example: ∴ lim− = −∞
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5𝑥𝑥 To understand this, think of the 1- as simply a number
lim
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 lower than 1 but very close to 1 (something like
Since they aren’t equal here, what we can do is to 0.999) so when applied direct substitution, the
multiply 5 to the numerator and denominator to make answer was 0- or a number lower than 0 but close to
it equal. 0. Since it’s lower than 0, then it must be negative.
So, when we divide 2 and a negative number, we get
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5𝑥𝑥 5 another negative. Since this answer is negative,
lim ∗
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 5 according to the conditions, the limit should be −∞.
5𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5𝑥𝑥 LIMITS AT INFINITY
lim
𝑥𝑥→0 5𝑥𝑥
-These are limits wherein x approaches infinity.
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5𝑥𝑥
5 lim =5∗1=5 When solving for this, we need to refer to the
𝑥𝑥→0 5𝑥𝑥
following conditions:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5𝑥𝑥
∴ lim =5 +∞; c > 0
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 lim 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �
𝑥𝑥→∞ −∞; c < 0
After multiplying, we simply took out the 5 (constant
multiple law) and applied the first condition since the 𝑐𝑐
lim = 0
coefficients are now equal. The same process can be 𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥

done with the second condition. 𝑥𝑥 +∞; c > 0

lim = �
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑐𝑐 −∞; c < 0
What we usually do when solving for limits at
INFINITE LIMITS
infinity is dividing each term by the ‘x’ with the
-These are one-sided limits that approach infinity highest exponent.
when direct substitution is applied.
Example:
When trying to solve for this, we apply the direct
2𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
substitution method but the answer, according to the lim
following conditions, will either be +∞ or -∞.
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 2 1 After simplifying, we try and plug in infinity to the

3 + 3 − 𝑥𝑥 3
lim 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 function and just visualize a very large number.
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥 3 Since the answer to this is still going to be a positive
−
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 3 number (just very large), we can say that the function
1 1 is approaching infinity.
2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 3
lim 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥→∞ 3
1− 2
𝑥𝑥 CONTINUITY
3
Since x had the highest exponent, each term was
3 CONDITIONS FOR CONTINUITY
divided by it. After this, every term with a fraction
wherein the numerator is a constant and the f(x) is continuous at x = a if:
denominator has an ‘x’ will be turned to 0. (from
condition #2 above) 1. f(a) exists; a is in the domain of f(x)

2+0−0 2 -directly substitute a to the function

lim = =2
𝑥𝑥→∞ 1 − 0 1 2. lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) exists
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
3 2
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1
∴ lim =2 -solve for its limit at x=a and see if it exists
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥
The other two conditions are used when the highest 3. f(a) = lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
degree in the numerator and denominator aren’t
-see if the answer to the first and second
equal. In these cases, we factor out the highest
conditions are equal
exponent of the numerator and denominator
separately. Then the answer should refer to the
conditions given above.
If and only if all conditions are met, we can say that
Example: f(x) is continuous at x = a.
2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 5
lim
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥 − 2 Example:
3 5
𝑥𝑥 3 �2 − + � Test for continuity of √2 − 𝑥𝑥 at x = 2.
lim 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
𝑥𝑥→∞ 2
𝑥𝑥 �1 − 𝑥𝑥� 1. 𝑓𝑓(2) = √2 − 2 = √0 = 0 𝑓𝑓(2) exists
Like the previous problem, each term with a constant 2. lim− √2 − 𝑥𝑥 = √2 − 2− = √0+ = 0
𝑥𝑥→2
numerator and an ‘x’ in the denominator turns 0.
𝑥𝑥 3 (2 − 0 + 0) lim √2 − 𝑥𝑥 = √2 − 2+ = √0− = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑥𝑥→2+
lim
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥(1 − 0)
∴ lim √2 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑥𝑥→2

3. f (2) ≠ lim √2 − 𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥→2
lim = lim 2𝑥𝑥 2 = 2(∞)2 = ∞
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥→∞
∴ √2 − 𝑥𝑥 is discontinuous at x = 2.
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

Note: In finding the limit at step 2, even though direct SAMPLE PROBLEMS
substitution will give a definite answer, the left and
√𝑥𝑥+7−4
right-side limit of the function is still unequal thus 1. lim � 𝑥𝑥−9
�
𝑥𝑥→9
making the limit non-existent.
√𝑥𝑥 + 7 − 4 √𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 4
TIP: CHECK FOR THE LEFT AND RIGHT-SIDE lim � �� �
𝑥𝑥→9 𝑥𝑥 − 9 √𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 4
LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS WITH SQUARE
ROOTS! 𝑥𝑥 + 7 − 16
lim
𝑥𝑥→9 (𝑥𝑥 − 9)(√𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 4)

TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY 𝑥𝑥 − 9
lim
𝑥𝑥→9 (𝑥𝑥 − 9)(√𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 4)
If some conditions aren’t met, they are said to be
discontinuous at that interval. There are 3 1 1 1
lim = =
classifications of discontinuity: 𝑥𝑥→9 (√𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 4) √9 + 7 + 4) 8
1. Point/ Removable Discontinuity- there is a single
hole in the graph indicating that it’s undefined at that
sin 2𝑥𝑥
point OR only the third condition is not met. 2. lim 5𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥→0
2. Infinite Discontinuity- f (a) is undefined and the sin 2𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
limit at x = a is approaching infinity. lim ∗
𝑥𝑥→0 5𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
3. Jump Discontinuity- left and right-hand limits 2 sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
aren’t infinite but aren’t equal either. lim ∗
𝑥𝑥→0 2𝑥𝑥 5𝑥𝑥
Note: Most but not all piecewise functions have jump 2 sin 2𝑥𝑥 1 1 2
discontinuity. lim ∗ lim = 2 ∗ =
𝑥𝑥→0 2𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥→2 5 5 5

𝑥𝑥+7
3. lim+ 𝑥𝑥 2 −4
𝑥𝑥→2

2+ + 7 9+ 9+
= = = +∞
(2+ )2 − 4 4+ − 4 0+
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

4. lim
3𝑥𝑥−1 PROBLEM SET
𝑥𝑥→∞ √𝑥𝑥 2 −6
𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−20
3𝑥𝑥 1 3𝑥𝑥 1 1. lim Answer: 1
2
− 2 − 𝑥𝑥→−4 𝑥𝑥+4
√𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥−1
2. lim Answer: 0
�1 − 62
𝑥𝑥→∞ 2 𝑥𝑥→∞
�𝑥𝑥 2 − 62 𝑥𝑥→0 sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
|𝑥𝑥−3|
3. lim− 𝑥𝑥 2 −9 Answer: +∞
1 𝑥𝑥→3
3 − 𝑥𝑥 3−0 3
= lim = = =3 √𝑥𝑥 2 +1
√1 − 0 1 4. lim Answer: 1
�1 − 62
𝑥𝑥→∞
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
5. Test for continuity of f (x) at x = 5. Indicate type
of discontinuity.
5. Test for continuity of f (x) at x = 1 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = �𝑥𝑥 − 5 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 5
2 20 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 5
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = �𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1
5 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 > 1 Answer: Point Discontinuity
1. 𝑓𝑓(1) = 12 − 1 = 0

2. lim− 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 12 − 1 = 0
𝑥𝑥→1

lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 5
𝑥𝑥→1+

∴ lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑥𝑥→1

3. 𝑓𝑓(1) ≠ lim− 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

𝑥𝑥→1

⸫ f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
Type of discontinuity: Jump Discontinuity
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Derivatives of Algebraic Functions 6.

𝒅𝒅 2𝑥𝑥+3
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑥𝑥 4 +8
“Four-step rule” (𝑥𝑥 4 + 8)(2) – (2x + 3)(4𝑥𝑥 3 )
=
(𝑥𝑥 4 +8)2
y = f(x)
𝒅𝒅
7. (2x + 3)(4x + 5)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Properties: = (2x + 3)(4) + (4x + 5)(2)

𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
1. k=0 8. (3x2 + 5x – 1)5(4x – 10)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
2. 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛−1 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅, where 𝑘𝑘 ≠ 0
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
= (3x2+5x–1)5(4) + 5(3x2+5x–1)5-1(6x+5)(4x-10)
3. kf(x) = kf’(x)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 = (3x2+5x–1)5(4) + 5(3x2+5x–1)4(6x+5)(4x-10)
4. (f(x) ± g(x)) = f’(x) ± g’(x)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓′ (𝑥𝑥)−𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥)
5. =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) 𝑔𝑔2 (𝑥𝑥)
𝒅𝒅 PROBLEM SET:
6. f(x)g(x) = f(x)g’(x) + g(x)f’(x)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
1. (5x + 1)3
Examples: 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Answer: y’ = 15(5x + 1)2
𝒅𝒅
1. x5 + x4 + 7
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
= 5x5-1 + x4-1 + 7 2. (4x3 – 2x +3)4
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
=5x4 + x3 Answer: y’ = 4(12x2 – 2) (4x3 – 2x +3)3
𝒅𝒅 7 𝑥𝑥 3
3. ( + )
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑥𝑥 2 5
2. 7x2 + 9x + 2
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
14 3𝑥𝑥 2
=7
𝒅𝒅
x2 + 9
𝒅𝒅
x+0 Answer: y’ = − +
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑥𝑥 3 5
= 7(2x) + 9(1) 𝒅𝒅 3
4. �(𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)
= 14x + 9 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

3𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥
𝒅𝒅 Answer: y’ =
3. 15x – x + 3x + 3
3 2 3(𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 2 +1)2/3
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
= 15 x3 – 2x2-1 + 3 + 0 5.
𝒅𝒅
√2𝑥𝑥 + 3 (x + 5)2
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 15(3x3-1) – 2x + 3
= 45x2 – 2x + 3 (𝒙𝒙+𝟓𝟓)𝟐𝟐
Answer: 2(x + 5) √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑 +
√𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒅 𝟓𝟓
4. + 3x, recall laws of exponents
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 √𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅
= 5(x)-1/2 + 3x
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
1
= − 5(x)-1/2 -1 + 3
2
5
= − (x)-3/2 + 3
2

𝒅𝒅 6−𝑥𝑥
5.
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑥𝑥+4
(x + 4) (−1) – (6 – x)(1)
=
(𝑥𝑥+4)2
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 4.

𝒅𝒅
tanx – cos2x
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Properties: = sec2x – 2(cosx)(-sinx)
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= sec2x + 2sinxcosx
1. sinu = cosu = sec2x + sin2x
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
2. cosu = -sinu
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 5. xsecx + xsinx
3. tanu = sec2u 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 2 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= xsecxtanx + secx + xcosx + sinx
4. cotu = -csc u
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 2x
5. secu = secutanu 6. e
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
6. cscu = - cscucotu = e2x(2)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 2 e2x
Recall some trigonometric identities:
𝒅𝒅
• sin2x + cos2x = 1 7. 35x
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
• 1 + tan2x = sec2x = 35x(5)(ln3)
• 1 + cot2x = csc 2x
𝒅𝒅
• sin2x = 2sinxcosx 8. 5sinx
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
• cos2x = cos2x – sin2x = 5sinx(cosx)(ln5)
• tanx = sinx/cosx
• cotx = cosx/sinx
• secx = 1/cosx PROBLEM SET:
• cscx = 1/ sinx 𝒅𝒅
• cotx = 1/tanx 1. cos3(4x + 1)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Answer: -12(cos(4x + 1))2 (sin (4x + 1))

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
𝑑𝑑 u 𝒅𝒅 tanx
1. a = au du (ln(a)) 2. e + 42x
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑑𝑑 u
2. e = eu du
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Answer: etanx(sec2x) + 42x(ln4)(2)
𝒅𝒅
Examples: 3. tan(4x)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
1. sinx + cosx Answer: sec2(4x) (4x)(ln4)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= cosx - sinx 𝒅𝒅
4. (2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
2. tanx – csc2x = 2(2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)(2cosx + 3sinx)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= sec2x – (-csc2xcot2x)(2)
= sec2x + 2csc2xcot2x

𝒅𝒅
3. 4sinxcosx
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅
=4 sinxcosx
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 4( sinx(-sinx) + (cosx)(cosx))
= 4(cos2x –sin2x)
= 4cos2x
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

Higher Order Derivatives • Substitute the value for x

y’’ = -sin0 – 10
y’ or : 1st derivative;
y’’ = – 10
y’ = y’’ or : 2nd derivative;
4. Find y’’ if y =
y’’ = y’’’ or : 3 derivative;
rd
• y= can be written as

y’’’ = y’’’’ or : 4th derivative… y’ = (x + 1)-1/2

y’’ = (x + 1)-3/2
Examples:
or
1. Find f(4)(x) if f(x) = 2x3 – 5x4

y’ = 6x2 – 20x3
5. Find y’’ if y = 2xtanx
y’’ = 12 x – 60x2
• Recall product rule
y’’’ = 12 – 120x
y’ = 2x(sec2x) + tanx(2)
y’’’’= -120
y’’ = 2x (2secx(secxtanx)) + sec2x(2) +
2sec2x

2. Find f(3)(x) if f(x) = e-2x

• recall exponential functions
PROBLEM SET:
y’ = e -2x
(-2)
1. Find y’’’’ if y = 2x3
y’’ = -2 e-2x Answer = 0

= -2 e-2x (-2) 2. Evaluate g(3)(x) = 2 if g(x) = -k4 +3k2 +k

y’’’ = 4 e-2x Answer = -48

3. Find y’’ if y = ln5x

= 4 e-2x (-2)
Answer = -x-2
= -8 e -2x

4. Find f(3)(x) if f(x) = e3x

Answer = 27 e3x
3. Solve f’’(x) = 0 when f(x) = sinx - 5x2 + x
5. Find y’’ if y = cot2x
y’ = cosx – 10x + 1 Answer =8(csc22x)(csc2xcot2x)
y’’ = -sinx – 10
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 𝑑𝑑

2. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cot −1 (−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)3
Formulas: 1
=− ∗ (3)(−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)2 (−6𝑥𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + [(−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)3 ]2
1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
sin−1 𝑢𝑢 = √1−𝑢𝑢2 ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(−18𝑥𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)2
=− Power rule
2.
𝑑𝑑
cos−1 𝑢𝑢 = − √1−𝑢𝑢2 ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + (−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)6
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
18𝑥𝑥 2 (−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)2
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
3. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
tan−1 𝑢𝑢 = 1+𝑢𝑢2 ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + (−2𝑥𝑥 3 − 3)6

𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
cot −1 𝑢𝑢 = − 1+𝑢𝑢2 ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
3. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 csc −1 √𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5. sec −1 𝑢𝑢 = ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢2 −1 1 1
=− ∗ ∗1
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2√𝑥𝑥 − 1
6. csc −1 𝑢𝑢 = − ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �√𝑥𝑥 − 1��(√𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 − 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢2 −1

1
=−
Note: 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒖𝒖 & 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒖𝒖 are the same. So is
−𝟏𝟏
2(√𝑥𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥𝑥 − 1 − 1)(√𝑥𝑥 − 1)
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒖𝒖 & 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 𝒖𝒖 etc.
1
= −
2(𝑥𝑥 − 1)�√𝑥𝑥 − 2�
SAMPLE PROBLEMS u
𝑑𝑑 −1 𝑥𝑥 1 1
1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
sin �2 � = 2
∗2 𝑑𝑑
�1−�𝑥𝑥� 4. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2
Derivative of u Product rule
1 1 1
= = 1(sin−1 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑥𝑥 � �+� � (−2𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥 2
2�1 − 2 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥 + −
= √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 2 LCD
2�1 −
4 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥
1 PROBLEM SET
=
4 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2� √4 = 2 𝑑𝑑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 (𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 )
4 1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 [cos −1 (4𝑥𝑥 2 )]2 Answer: −
�𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒
1
= 𝑑𝑑 3 𝟔𝟔
√4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin−1 𝑥𝑥 2 Answer: −
2
/ ∗ 𝒙𝒙�𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 −𝟗𝟗
2
/
𝑑𝑑 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙
3. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sec −1(cos 𝑥𝑥) Answer: −
1 �𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏
=
√4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑 𝟏𝟏
4. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √tan−1 𝑥𝑥 Answer:
𝟐𝟐(𝟏𝟏+𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 )�𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙
 ENG203: CALCULUS 1

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions 𝑑𝑑 1+cos 𝑥𝑥

2. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ln � 1−sin 𝑥𝑥
Properties of Logarithms- Recall
1 1 (− sin 𝑥𝑥)(1 − sin 𝑥𝑥) − (1 + cos 𝑥𝑥)(− cos 𝑥𝑥)
= ∗ ∗
• log 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 ↔ 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 �1 + cos 𝑥𝑥
2�
1 + cos 𝑥𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥𝑥) 2
1 − sin 𝑥𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥𝑥 Pythagorean
• ln 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 ↔ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 identity
• ln 1 = 0 − sin 𝑥𝑥 + sin2 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥 + cos2 𝑥𝑥
=
• ln 𝑒𝑒 = 1 2�
1 + cos 𝑥𝑥
� (1 − sin 𝑥𝑥)2
1 − sin 𝑥𝑥
• lim+ ln 𝑥𝑥 = −∞
𝑥𝑥→0
1 − sin 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥
• log(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = log 𝐴𝐴 + log 𝐵𝐵 = 1 + cos 𝑥𝑥
•
𝐴𝐴
log �𝐵𝐵� = log 𝐴𝐴 −log 𝐵𝐵 2� � (1 − sin 𝑥𝑥) (1 − sin 𝑥𝑥)
1 − sin 𝑥𝑥

• log(𝐴𝐴)𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 log 𝐴𝐴 1 − sin 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥

o ln(𝐴𝐴)𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵 ln 𝐴𝐴 =
2(1 + cos 𝑥𝑥)(1 − sin 𝑥𝑥)
• 𝑎𝑎log𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
o 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 log𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
2
o 𝑒𝑒 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 ln 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 3. 𝑦𝑦 = log 3 5𝑥𝑥 4 = 4 log 3 5𝑥𝑥
• log 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 1
log 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
• log 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 = log 𝐵𝐵 Same base = 4∗ ∗ log 3 𝑒𝑒 ∗ 5
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5𝑥𝑥
Formulas: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 log 3 𝑒𝑒
=
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢 ∗ log 𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒 ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ln 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢 ∗ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 1
4. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log 2 (sin−1 6𝑥𝑥 ) =
(sin−1 6𝑥𝑥 )
∗ log 2 𝑒𝑒 ∗
�1−(6𝑥𝑥 )2
∗ 6𝑥𝑥 ln 6

(6𝑥𝑥 ln 6)(log 2 𝑒𝑒)

SAMPLE PROBLEMS =
(sin−1 6𝑥𝑥 )√1 − 36𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4log 3 𝑥𝑥 − 5 ln 𝑥𝑥
PROBLEM SET
1 1
= 4 � � (log 3 𝑒𝑒)(1) − 5 � � (1) Find dy/dx.
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝟑𝟑 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒆𝒆
4 log 3 𝑒𝑒 5 1. y = log(7𝑥𝑥)3 Answer: 𝒙𝒙
= −
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝟏𝟏
2. 𝑦𝑦 = ln(sec −1 √2𝑥𝑥) Answer:
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐(�𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 −𝟏𝟏 �𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)

𝑥𝑥 2 +1 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏

3. 𝑦𝑦 = ln �tan−1 𝑥𝑥� Answer: (𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟏𝟏) 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙

𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥
4. 𝑦𝑦 = ln tan �4 + 2� Answer: 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
 ENG203: CALCULUS I

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION More Examples:

This is the use of the chain rule in order to get the a.) 𝐱𝐱 𝟑𝟑 + 𝐲𝐲 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
derivative of the Implicit Function.
𝑑𝑑
: 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥′ + 6𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Consider the functions:
3𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 6𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 6𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦𝑦′(3𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑥) = 6𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 + 2
6𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
As one can see, it is easy to substitute any value of x in ∴ 𝑦𝑦 ′ = =
order to satisfy the functions present above e.g. 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑔𝑔(4) = 3(4) + 2 = 14 b.) 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚) = 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙

𝑑𝑑
These are examples of explicit functions; thus, there is : �𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)� ∙ (1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦
still a need to acknowledge implicit functions or 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
functions when y, as in y=f(x), is not explicitly defined 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) + 𝑦𝑦′𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦
i.e.
𝑦𝑦 ′ (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) − 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦 − cos (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)
2 2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 1
𝒚𝒚 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚)
When this occurs, one should follow a three-step ∴ 𝒚𝒚′ =
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 (𝒙𝒙 + 𝒚𝒚) − 𝒙𝒙
process:
c.) 𝒚𝒚 = √𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
1. Differentiate with respect to x
2. Collect all the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
on one side 𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 : ∙ −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
3. Solve for 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
Example √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
Consider the aforementioned function: *note: 𝑦𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 1 −𝒙𝒙
∴ 𝒚𝒚′ =
𝒚𝒚
1. Differentiate with respect to x
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 PROBLEM SETS
(𝑥𝑥 ) + (𝑦𝑦 ) = (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
a. 2𝑥𝑥 3 = 2𝑦𝑦 2 + 5 - 𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒙𝒙
= 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 � �= 0 b. 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 = 2 - 𝒚𝒚′ = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒚𝒚
𝟔𝟔𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 c. 5𝑦𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑦𝑦 - 𝒚𝒚′ =
2. Collect all the on one side 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟓𝟓
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
d. 4𝑥𝑥 2 = 2𝑦𝑦 3 + 4𝑦𝑦 - 𝒚𝒚′ =
𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 +𝟐𝟐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 *Problems taken from:
https://cdn.kutasoftware.com/Worksheets/Calc/03%20-
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3. Solve for %20Implicit%20Differentiation.pdf
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 −𝒙𝒙 −𝒙𝒙

∴ = 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒚𝒚′ =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒚𝒚 𝒚𝒚