Cagvris socialuri da

politikuri aspeqtebi
Teoria da praqtika

2016
publikacia momzadebulia kanadis saelCos adgilo-
brivi iniciativebis fondis mxardaWeriT„`adamianis
uflebebis swavlebis da monitoringis (EMC)~ pro-
eqtis“`marginalizebuli jgufebis uflebebis dacvis
mxardaWera samoqalaqo ganaTlebisa da sajaro di-
skusiebis waxalisebis gziT~ farglebSi.

publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar

gamoxatavdes EMC-isa da kanadis saelCos adgilo-
brivi iniciativebis fondis pozicias.

redaqtori: laSa qavTaraZe

ydis dizani: musia qeburia

adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centri (EMC)

misamarTi: ir. abaSiZis 12a, 0179, q. Tbilisi

tel: 032 2233706
www.emc.org.ge
humanrightsemc@gmail.com
fb.com/RIGHTSEMC
twitter @EMCrights
sarCevi:
sarCevi

Sesavali:
soso WauWiZe ........................................................................... 3

socialuri uTanasworoba:
lela rexviaSvili -„`reprezentaciulobisgan
daclili socialuri politika~ ................................... 3
vaxo (vako) nacvliSvili -„`axali drois ZiebaSi~ .. 3”
giorgi Rvinjilia -“`pozitiuri Zalaufleba,
neoliberaluri subieqturoba da progresis idea~ .. 3”

religia da politika:
TamTa xalvaSi - `sircxvilis periferia~ .................. 3
giorgi maisuraZe - `marTlmadidebloba da
postsocialisturi kapitalizmis suli~ .................... 3

genderi da seqsualoba:
giorgi CubiniZe - `politika ‘absoluturi
sxvebis’ gareSe~ ...................................................................... 3
Tamar cxadaZe - `dasavleTi~ da `qarTuli
gansxvaveba~: genderuli da seqsualuri
emansipaciis diskursuli
politika saqarTveloSi..................................................... 3

interviu:
interviu
sreCko horvati - `evropis gadarCena~
(Jurnali ‘indigo’) ............................................................... 3
katarina principe - `revolucia, solidaroba da
partia: Tanamedrove memarcxene politika~
(Jurnali ‘liberali’) ......................................................... 3
4

Sesavali

bolo ramdenime welia, arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciebi, aqtivisturi Tu akademiuri wreebi da in-
teresTa jgufebi qarTul samoqalaqo sivrces sa-
jaro aqtivobebiT anebivreben. am aqtivobaTa mom-
ravlebasTan erTad, met-naklebad, sajaro sferos
“sadiskusio kunZulebic” gafarTovda. rogorc
Cans, ramdenime wlis win, jer kidev axladSobi-
li, virtualuris viwro kedlebSi gamomwyvdeu-
li aliansebi adgils pouloben. rasakvirvelia, es
adgili arc myar niadagze dgas da arc limitebis
naklebobas uCivis: TavSesaqcevad sauniversite-
to sivrceebis, samoqalaqo TavSeyris adgilebisa
da araformaluri SexvedrebisTvis winaswar mo-
niSnuli da mkafiod dasazRvruli teritoriebis
“darukva” rom gvecada, umeteswilad dedaqalaqis
sazRvrebSi vitrialebdiT. Tumca, es sivrculi
da teritoriuli limitebi imdenadvea gasagebi,
ramdenadac - TvalSisacemi: Tbilisi qveynis po-
litikuri cxovrebis epicentrad rCeba da am mo-
cemulobas versad gaveqceviT. metic, am sivrceebis
gamoCena da aTviseba axlo warsulSic araprogno-
zirebad perspeqtivad moCanda. zemoT xsenebuli
jgufebi, romlebic swored am araxelsayrel pi-
robebSi amoizardnen, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
imeds aCenen, rom msgavsi “simagreebi” sxva qalaqeb-
Sic gaCndebian da politikur aqtualurobas Sei-
 5

Zenen. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ukanasknel wlebSi,

saqarTvelos industriul zonebSi (WiaTura, fo-
Ti, tyibuli, kazreTi, qsani) gaCenili winaaRmde-
gobis kerebis sajaro, politikur argumentebad
artikulacia is gamowveva iyo, romlis miRebas
EMC, “TviTorganizebis qseli”, “mwvane muSti” da
sxvebi ar SeuSinebia. erTi sityviT, qvemodan wamo-
suli politika nel-nela sivrceebs iTvisebs, po-
litikur relevanturobas iZens da, rac mTavaria,
sajaro sferoSi fexs ikidebs.
qvemodan wamosuli politikis aseTi gamZafre-
buli, magram mainc fragmentuli da araprogno-
zirebadi dinamika tipur liberalur warmosaxva-
Si samoqalaqo sferos fexmoTreul, magram mainc
damaimedebel winsvlad aRiqmeba. am Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad, universitetebi, barebi, kafeebi, Ria sa-
jaro TavSeyris adgilebi, saxelmwifos institu-
ciuri politikisgan avtonomiiT sargebloben da
sazogadoebrivi interaqciis iseT kerebs qmnian,
sadac gonebas sajarod (Tavisuflad) movixmarT.
sajaro sferoSi “moTamaSe” interesTa jgufebi,
gansxvavebuli diskursebi da mopaeqre argumente-
bi, marTalia, instituciur cvlilebebze wvdomi-
sa da reformaTa iniciativebis “datacebas” cdi-
loben, magram arsebiTad, konkurenciis pirobebs,
“TamaSis wesebs” iziareben da samoqalaqo sivrcis
avtonomiasa da misi inkluziurobis ideas icaven.
am sivrceebis momravlebis damaimedebeli di-
namika sxva terminebSic SegviZlia moviazroT. li-
beraluri argumentis sapirispirod, romlisT-
visac sajaro sfero inkluziuri, konsensualuri
sivrcea, sadac sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi saboloo
6

angariSiT mainc saerTo niadags poulobs, poli-

tikur intervenciaTa wyebebi, romelTac, Cveu-
lebisamebr, “qvemodan wamosul” moZraobebsa da
maTTan afilirebuli organizaciebs mivawerT da
romelTa aqtivobebic, xSirad, swored, qarTuli
sajaro sferos gacnobierebul Tu gaucnobiere-
bel eqskluziebze miuTiTeben, “kontr-sajaroo-
bis” terminiT SegviZlia aRvweroT. amerikeli fe-
ministisa da “kritikuli Teoriis” (frankfurtis
skola) mesame Taobis warmomadgenlis, nensi frei-
zeris es arsebiTad polemikuri cneba, Tavis mxriv,
pozitiurad da negatiurad SeiZleba aRiweros:
a) negatiuri TvalsazrisiT, kontr-sajaro siv-
rceebi “oficialur”, sanqcirebul sajaro sfe-
rosTan winaaRmdegobaSi yalibdebian. maTi opo-
ziciuri, kritikuli xasiaTi myarad fesvgadgmu-
li sajaro sferos alternatiuli politikuri
qcevisa da intervenciis gansxvavebuli formebis
generirebas ganapirobebs;
b) pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT, “kontr-sajaro-
oba” Cagruli da/an diskriminirebuli jgufebis
(freizeri maT “subalternuli kontr-sajaroo-
bis” subieqtebs uwodebs) moTxovnebis, saWiroebe-
bisa da kontr-diskursebis artikulirebis are-
nad SegviZlia moviazroT.
“adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitorin-
gis centris” (EMC) mier, socialuri da kulturis
kvlevebis institutTan TanamSromlobiT organi-
zebuli forumi, “Cagvris socialuri da politi-
kuri aspeqtebi: Teoria da praqtika”, amgvari kon-
tr-sajaro sivrcis teritorializaciasa da misi
sajaro gaaqtiurebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda.
 7

amas garda, forumma farTo platforma SesTa-

vaza axlad warmoqmnil jgufebs, romelTac Zne-
lia, socialuri moZraobebi uwodo, Tumca maTi
qseluri da horizontaluri organizebis for-
ma, iseve rogorc maT mier wamoWrili socialuri
dRis wesrigi da “winaaRmdegobis ena” amgvari gan-
viTarebis konturebs saxavs. uelseli marqsisti
da kulturis kritikosi, reimond uiliamsi, amg-
var moZraobebs “amozrdili cnobierebis” (emer-
gent consciousness) terminSi gaiazrebda. uiliamsis
mixedviT, yoveli socialuri kompleqsi dominan-
turi, rezidualuri da amozrdili cnobierebis
rTul amalgamas warmoadgens. marTalia dominan-
turi cnobiereba, romelic hegemoniuri ideo-
logiis Tanaziaria, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis,
adamianuri praqtikis yvela SreSi iWreba, magram
igi agreTve tovebs “naSTs”, mouxelTebel “cocxal
gamocdilebaTa” mTel wyebas (lived experiences), rom-
lebic Cagruli jgufebis samoqmedo vels xSirad
opoziciuri sentimentebiT avseben. yoveli amozr-
dili cnobiereba dominanturisa da rezidualu-
ris daZabulobaSi aRmocendeba da memkvidreobiT
swored am antagonizms iRebs. misi formireba so-
cialuris am myife, aramyar garemoSi mimdinareobs
da amozrdili cnobiereba hegemoniur ideologi-
asa da avtonomiur subalternul praqtikebs So-
ris arsebuli daZabulobis garRvevas cdilobs.
magram es mcdeloba mkafiod gawerili strategiiT
sulac ar moqmedebs, radgan cnobierebis es forma
rwmenaTa da RirebulebaTa formalizebul siste-
mad jer ver Camoyalibebula. Tu gvsurs, forumis
simboluri mniSvneloba uiliamsiseul termineb-
8

Si gaviazroT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igi “amozr-

dili cnobierebis” infrastruqturas qmnis da -
sxvadasxva dRis wesrigis mqone, magram arsebiTad
potenciur aliansebad moazrebuli jgufebis erT
samuSao sivrceSi TavmoyriT - am cnobierebas sim-
yares aZlevs.
amrigad, imisaTvis, rom, politikuri simZime Se-
iZinon, am dafantul, fragmentul aliansebs, rom-
lebic sajaro sferos opoziciur velze moqmede-
ben, magram jer kidev ver axdenen gavlenas politi-
kuri elitebis gadawyvetilebebsa Tu konkretul
instituciur cvlilebebze, saWiroa simboluri
da materialur sivrceebi - kontr-sivrceebi - sa-
dac, bevr sxva ramesTan erTad, maTi politikuri
dRis wesrigi unda gamoiwrTos.
sanam forumis monawileTa uSualo moxsenebe-
bis mokle mimoxilvaze gadavalT, minda aRvniSno
kidev erTi aspeqti, romelic, vfiqrob, proeqtis
erT-erTi centraluri mimarTulebis mkafiod
warmoCenas emsaxureboda: vgulisxmob forumSi
ucxoeli mkvlevrebisa da aqtivistebis aqtiurad
CarTvaSi gaweul Zalisxmevas, romelmac sabolo-
od nayofieri Sedegi gamoiRo. sreCko horvatisa
da katarina principes leqciebma didi interesi
gamoiwvia da forums internacionaluri atmos-
fero SesZina. unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso
interesi da CarTuloba, romelic msgavsi datvir-
Tuli RonisZiebebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania, jer kidev embrionul fazaSi myofi qar-
Tuli memarcxeneobisTvis damatebiT Rirebulebas
Seicavs: garda imisa, rom globaluri politikis
niuansebze, winaaRmdegobebsa da krizisebze gans-
 9

xvavebuli mocemulobebidan amozrdili Sefase-

bebi saintereso sadiskusio garemos qmnis, saSua-
leba gveZleva visaubroT memarcxeneobis mdidari
tradiciis diskursuli gadaazrebis pirobebzec
- davsvaT kiTxvebi Tanamedrove memarcxene parti-
ebisa Tu socialuri moZraobebis strategiebis,
dRis wesrigebisa Tu limitebis Sesaxeb. politi-
kuri gamocdilebebis gaziareba da axlo Tu Sore-
uli warsulis TviT-kritikuli revizia solida-
robis aucilebeli komponentia.
forumi sreCko horvatis sajaro leqciam, saxel-
wodebiT “demokratiis dasasruli”, gaxsna. leqci-
is ZiriTadi fokusi evropaSi mimdinare procese-
bi da demokratiis krizisi gaxldaT. ltolvil-
Ta sakiTxma, aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi
(poloneTi, ungreTi) mkafio nacionalisturi Se-
ferilobis memarjvene populizmis aRzevebam da
evrozonis krizisma, romelic qamrebis SemoWeris
politikis gamZafrebisa da saberZneTSi “sirizas”
mTavrobis evropul finansur institutebTan war-
marTuli molaparakebebis CixSi Sesvlis Tanad-
roulad mimdinareobda, yuradReba saqarTvelo-
Sic miipyro. horvatis moxseneba am tendenciaTa
politikuri gaazrebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda.
evropis memarcxene politikuri Zalebis ususu-
robam, arsebul da potenciur krizisebze mkafio
pasuxisa da mwyobri gegmis ararsebobam, bevrs ga-
axsena valter beniaminis melanqoliuri Tezisi
imis Sesaxeb, rom yoveli faSizmi damarcxebuli
revoluciis Sedegia. zemoT xsenebuli movlenebi-
sa da politikuri dinamikis fonze, es pesimistu-
ri diagnozi kidev ufro SemaZrwuneblad moCans:
10

memarjvene populizmi, liberaluri demokrati-

is krizisSi, afeqturi politikis mobilizebas
nawilobriv im gzavnilebis meSveobiT axerxebs,
romelTac, tradiciulad, muSaTa klass memarcxe-
ne Zalebi ugzavnidnen. amrigad, polonuri “samar-
Tlisa da samarTlianobis partiis”, germanuli
“pegidasa” da franguli “erovnuli frontis” aR-
zeveba (viqtor orbanis “fidesze” rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT) ukeTes SemTxvevaSi damarcxebul revolu-
cionerTa da kuTxeSi mimwyvdeul reformistTa
mokrZalebuli Tu radikaluri politikuri dRis
wesrigis didi xniT gverdze miCoCebas moaswavebs,
uares SemTxvevaSi ki - krizisis axal fazas, an mis
kidev ufro gaRrmavebas, sadac evropuli qariSxa-
li kvlav ltolvilebis, religiuri umciresobe-
bisa da muSaTa klasis Tavze gadaivlis.
horvatis sajaro moxsenebis Semdeg forumma in-
tensiuri diskusiebis samuSao garemoSi gadainac-
vla. sami dRis ganmavlobaSi, momxseneblebma eqvsi
leqcia waikiTxes. pirveli dRe, romelic socia-
luri uTanasworobis sakiTxis qveS gaerTianda,
giorgi Rvinjiliasa da lela rexviaSvilis moxse-
nebebs daeTmo. orive moxseneba post-sabWoTa gar-
damavali etapisa da „vardebis revoluciis“ Semd-
gomi ekonomikuri da socialuri transformaciis
garSemo trialebda. Rvinjilias moxseneba - gvi-
andeli fukos analitikuri aparatis gamoyenebiT
- post-sabWoTa subieqturobis instituirebisa
da krizisis aspeqtebs mimoixilavda da axalgazr-
da danieli anTropologis, martin fredriksenis
(“axalgazrdebi, dro da mowyeniloba saqarTvelos
respublikaSi”) uaRresad saintereso kvlevasa da
 11

fukodianuri biopolitikis tradiciaSi momuSa-

ve post-sabWoTa sivrcis mkvlevaris, stiven koli-
eris naSromze (“post-sabWoTa socialuri”) dayr-
dnobiT, cdilobda, gamoekveTa is daZabulobebi,
romlebic vardebis revoluciis Sedegad mosuli
mTavrobis ekonomikur politikas gasdevda Tan.
Rvinjilias centraluri fokusi araformaluri
qselebis horizontalur doneze gadaTamaSebuli
Zalauflebrivi urTierTmimarTebebi da am Zala-
uflebrivi wesrigis inkluzia-eqskluziis praq-
tikuli kriteriumebi gaxldaT. garda amisa, Rvin-
jilia saubrobda subieqturobis axal formebze,
romlebic am turbulentobis wiaRSi amoizardnen.
lela rexviaSvilis moxseneba metwilad im ins-
tituciur reformebsa da, ufro zogadad, soci-
alur politikaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas, rome-
lic 2003 wlidan dRemde, zemodan qvemoT xorci-
eldeboda da demokratiuli CarTulobis dabali
maCvenebliT xasiaTdeboda. rexviaSvilis Sefase-
biT, 2012 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad, xelisuflebaSi
mosuli “qarTuli ocneba”, ekonomikuri politi-
kis TvalsazrisiT, marTalia SedarebiT efeqturi
da Tanmimdevruli iyo, magram metwilad naciona-
luri moZraobis mier gatarebuli marketizaci-
is (kerZo kompaniebis mier bunebrivi resursebis
efeqturi aTvisebis reJimi industriul zonebSi;
strategiuli obieqtebis privatizaciaTa wyeba;
uari socialuri xarjvasa da ganaTlebis siste-
mis reformirebaze - sia SegviZlia gavagrZeloT)
politikis gagrZelebas, anda, ufro zustad, am po-
litikasTan kompromiss warmoadgenda. axali mTav-
roba ekonomikuri politikis prioritetebis gan-
12

sazRvrisa da aRsrulebis procesSi samoqalaqo

iniciativebis, interesTa jgufebisa Tu organiza-
ciebis farTo CarTulobaze uars ambobda: metic,
amgvar iniciativebs aqtiuri dumiliT pasuxobda.
amrigad, erTi mxriv, warmomadgenlobiTobisa da
CarTulobis, meore mxriv - SesaZleblobebis ga-
farToebaze orientirebuli socialuri poli-
tikis ugulvebelyofis xarjze, “qarTuli ocneba”
mogvevlina mmarTvel politikur Zalad, romelic
nacvlad inkluziurobisa, qvemodan wamosuli,
arainstituciuri socialuri iniciativebis eqsk-
luzorad warmoCinda.
forumis msvlelobis meore dRe, 18 ianvari, re-
ligiisa da politikis urTierTmimarTebis aspeq-
tebs daeTmo da giorgi maisuraZisa da TamTa xal-
vaSis moxsenebebs daeTmo. pirveli maTgani 1980-i-
ani wlebis miwuruls aRzevebuli erovnuli moZ-
raobis mier religiuri da nacionalisturi nara-
tivebis qorwinebis Sedegebsa da transformaciebs
mimoixilavda da yuradRebas amaxvilebda religi-
uri institutebis mzard ekonomikur gavlenaze,
romelic “nacionaluri moZraobis” xelisufleba-
Si mosvlis Semdgom mniSvnelovanwilad gaizarda.
post-sabWoTa kapitalizmisa da nacionalisturi
suliskveTebiT SemarTuli axali religiurobis
es ucnauri wyvili memarcxene politikas rig kiTx-
vebs uCens: ramdenad SegviZlia gaviazroT marTl-
madidebeli eklesiis mzardi politikuri gavle-
na, misi privilegirebuli pozicia sajaro sfe-
rosa da araformalur ekonomikaSi marqsistuli
“ideologiuri saxelmwifo aparatis” terminebSi?
maisuraZis SemoTavazebaa, garkveuli azriT, rea-
 13

bilitirdes valter beniaminis Zveli Tezisi - “ka-

pitalizmi rogorc religia” - da dominanturi ek-
lesiis politikuri manevrebi post-sabWoTa mar-
ketizaciis procesebs daukavSirdes.
TamTa xalvaSis moxseneba empiriul kvlevas ey-
rdnoboda da muslimuri Temis marginalizaci-
is zogierT saintereso aspeqtze amaxvilebda yu-
radRebas. aWaris muslimi mosaxleobis SigniT
sircxvilis/darcxvenis, rogorc ritorikuli
meqanizmis gamoyenebis istoriul magaliTebze
dayrdnobiT, xalvaSi qarTuli eri-saxelmwifos
formirebasa da muslimuri Temis marginaliza-
ciis Tanadroulobaze svamda aqcents. xalvaSis
TvalsazrisiT, sircxvilis afeqturi politika,
romelic ara mxolod instituciuri centrebi-
dan, aramed lokaluri saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-
lebebidan da araformaluri wreebidan muSaobda,
efeqturad emsaxureboda ara mxolod muslimuri
Temis integraciis xelSeSlas, aramed mniSvnelo-
van dabrkolebebs uqmnida eri-saxelmwifos ink-
luziuri narativis SemoTavazebasac. am politi-
kis Sedegebi centrsa da periferias Soris kidev
ufro asimetriuli mimarTebis Camoyalibeba da
gaZliereba, muslimuri Temis SigniT sircxvilis
internalizeba da forsirebuli “gaqristianebis”
ritorikis momZlavreba mohyva.
momdevno dRe genderisa da seqsualobis sa-
kiTxebs daeTmo da giorgi CubiniZisa da Tamar
cxadaZis moxsenebebiT gagrZelda. cxadaZis mox-
seneba feministuri moZraobis post-koloniuri
linzebiT danaxvis mcdelobas warmoadgenda da
mniSvnelovan kiTxvebs svamda “dasavleTis” carie-
14

li aRmniSvnelis gasaazreblad. xazi gaesva moZra-

obis samomavlo perspeqtivebisa Tu dRevandeli
gamowvevebis safexurebrivi xedvis problemuro-
bas. am fonze “qarTuli feminizmis” narativi, ro-
melsac mniSvnelovani pozitiuri Sedegebic aqvs,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT post-koloniur manevrs
imeorebs, romelic an fesvebis Ziebis procesSi
ikargeba, anda “ganviTarebis” dasavlur xedvas yi-
dulobs. aseT pirobebSi, istoriografiuli (mag-
ram ara mxolod istoriografiuli) Tvalsazri-
siT, saintereso iqneboda adresabWouli emansipa-
toruli moZraobebisa Tu Zvrebis reviziac, ro-
melic qalTa moZraobis zemoTxsenebul narativSi
an ugulvebelyofilia, an sruliad mokrZalebul
adgils ikavebs da “70-wliani Caketilobis” libe-
ralur arguments uapelaciod iTavisebs.
giorgi CubiniZis moxseneba - “feministuri po-
litika totalobebis gareSe” - reprezentaciuli
politikis problemebsa da limitebs Seexo. Cubi-
niZem politikuri subieqtis (socialuri politi-
kis subieqtis, feministuri politikis subieqtis
da a.S.) diskursuli konstruirebis praqtikebsa
da am praqtikebis Tanmdev safrTxeebze isaubra.
misi TvalsazrisiT, feministuri politikis ga-
farToebisTvis saWiroa “stabiluri feministuri
subieqtis” dekonstruqcia da misi garTulebuli,
niuansirebuli xedvis SemoTavazeba, romelic Cag-
vris markerebis (rasa, klasi, genderi da a.S.) gar-
Semo Semokrebil emansipatorul diskursebs ink-
luziur, aliansur politikaSi gaaerTianebs. amas
garda, totaluri, unificirebuli xedvisgan ga-
Tavisuflebuli feministuri politika Cagvris
 15

axali praqtikebis aRmoCenisa da gaazrebis pers-

peqtivebs saxavs.
forumi katarina principes sajaro leqciam da-
asrula. leqcia ilias saxelmwifo universitetSi
gaimarTa da didi interesi gamoiwvia. es gasakviri
ar aris, ramdenadac principes moxseneba memarcxe-
ne politikis strategiul ganzomilebasa da so-
cialuri moZraobebisa da politikuri partiebis
urTierTmimarTebas Seexo. pesimisturi diagnozi,
romelic sreCko horvatma evropul demokratias
dausva, principem SedarebiT optimisturi xedviT
Seavso, romelic axali tipis memarcxene politiku-
ri partiebis aRmocenebas ukavSirdeba. es partiebi
(“siriza”, “podemosi” da, garkveulwilad, jeremi
korbinis britaneTis leiboristuli partia), prin-
cipebs TvalsazrisiT, 70-iani wlebis gariJraJze
Sobil da 90-ianebSi aRzevebuli alter-globa-
listuri moZraobis Semdgom kidev ufro gapopu-
larulebul memarcxene socialur moZraobebTan
mWidro TanamSromlobiTa da socialuri bazisis
formirebiT arsebiTad axal politikur hibrids
gvTavazoben, romelSic meore da mesame internaci-
onalis epoqis politikuri debatebis gadauWreli
winaaRmdegoba - winaaRmdegoba socialur moZrao-
bebs, masebsa da partias Soris - pozitiurad gada-
ilaxeba. masTan erTad, nel-nela araarsebiTi xdeba
dapirispireba reformistul da radikalur memar-
cxeneobas Soris, ramdenadac axali memarcxene par-
tiebisa da eqstra-parlamentarul doneze moTamaSe
socialuri moZraobebis mWidro TanamSromloba
orive flangs sTavazobs sadebato sivrces, sadac
axali strategiebi unda SemuSavdes.
16

winamdebare krebuli zemoT xsenebul moxse-

nebebs ufro daxvewili, niuansirebuli statiis
formiT gTavazobT. igi Tavs uyris TiTqmis yvela
moxsenebas, romelic monawileebma forumis msvle-
lobis ganmavlobaSi waikiTxes. vfiqrob, mkiTxve-
lisTvis saintereso unda iyos ara marto sakiTxTa
da TemaTa farTo speqtri, romelmac Tavi am kre-
bulSi moiyara, aramed is argumentebi da SemoTa-
vazebebi, romelTac krebulis avtorebi icaven.
gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, roca qarTul memar-
cxene moZraobebs, jgufebsa Tu individebs reaq-
ciuli, spontanuri protestis formidan axal,
mravalwaxnagian formatSi uwevT muSaoba, sadac
akademiuri Tu aqtivisturi codnebi, winaaRmde-
gobis strategiebi da politikuri praqtika ko-
ordinirebul Zalisxmevasa da axali energiebis
mobilizebas moiTxovs.

soso WauWiZe
socialuri uTanasworoba:
lela rexviaSvili
vaxo (vako) nacvliSvili
giorgi Rvinjilia
18
 reprezentaciulobisgan daclili
socialuri politika
lela rexviaSvili

zogadi komentari

ager ukve sam welze meti gavida mas mere, rac

„qarTuli ocnebis“ mTavrobam „nacionaluri moZ-
raobis“ mTavroba Caanacvla. arCevnebis moaxlove-
basTan erTad, ufro da ufro relevanturi xdeba
axali, „ocnebis“ mTavrobis miRwevebisa da gamow-
vevebis kritikuli Sefaseba. am statias msgavsi
Sefasebis kompleqsuri analizis ambicia ar aqvs,
Tumca, konkretulad socialur politikasTan
dakavSirebiT msurs Cemi Sefasebebi gagiziaroT.
es Sefasebebi Rrma kvlevas da sistemur analizs
ar eyrdnoba. erTi mxriv, am Sefasebebis safuZve-
li Cemi sadisertacio kvlevaa, romelic 2003-2012
wlebSi saqarTveloSi instituciuri tranforma-
ciis socialur Sedegebs ganixilavs. meore mxriv,
es Sefasebebi 2012 wlis Semdgomi movlenebis ara-
sistemur, magram gulisxmier dakvirvebas efuZne-
ba. Sesabamisad, aq mocemuli analizi nawilobriv
akademiuria nawilobriv ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, ub-
ralod erTi moqalaqis wuxilebia. anu, ar gamov-
ricxav rom problemebs vazviadebde, ararelevan-
tur sakiTxebze vsvamde aqcents an piriqiT, kar-
20

gad ar mqondes gacnobierebuli aq dasaxelebuli

problemebis simwvave. winaswar imisTvisac vixdi
bodiSs, rom analizi zedmetad zogadia da konkre-
tuli magaliTebs an Rrma ganxilvas ar gTavazobT.
Sesabamisad, es statia ufro metad mkiTxvelis di-
alogSi gamowvevas emsaxureba, vidre rame myari da
soliduri analizis gaziarebas.
Cemi erTi, centraluri wuxili socialuri po-
litikis reprezentatuli politikisgan dacli-
lobaa. meore wuxili ki, socialuri politikis
ekonomikuri politikis gadaazrebis gareSe Secv-
laa. Tavidanve rom cxadi iyos pozicia, aqve vity-
vi - Cemi azriT, „qarTulma ocnebam“ bevrad meti
gaakeTa socialuri politikis ganviTarebisTvis
bolo sam welSi, vidre „nacionalurma moZraobam“
misi mmarTvelobis 9 wlis manZilze. socialuri
xarjvis absoluturi da relatiuri wili gaizar-
da da socialuri programebi da socialuri re-
gulaciebic fardobiTad daixvewa. samwuxarod,
es pozitiuri cvlilebebi moqalaqeebis politi-
kuri CarTulobis gareSe da aseve, nacmoZraobis
droindeli ekonomikuri politikis SenarCunebis
paralelurad mimdinareobs. es Cemi gadmosaxedi-
dan, sakmaod problemuri ganviTarebaa da advi-
lad Seiyvans (Tu ukve ar Seiyvana) saxelmwifos po-
lit-ekonomiur CixSi an SeiZleba krizisSi.

politikuri reprezentatuloba

pirvel problemad socialuri politikis rep-

rezentatulobisgan dacliloba davasaxele. rep-
 21

rezentatulobisgan daclilobaSi igulisxmeba

socialuri politikis warmoeba samoqalaqo ini-
ciativebis, profesiuli kavSirebis, interes-jgu-
febis CarTulobis gareSe, an SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi
gamoTiSulobis xarjze. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,
imis magivrad, rom saxelmwifo organizebuli
jgufebis interesebis artikulacias, maTi wuxi-
lebis gaziarebis instituciuri gzebis gamonaxvas
cdilobdes, saxelmwifo ubralod ufro da ufro
met fulad da arafulad benefitebs gvTavazobs.
amiT iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom saxelmwi-
fo cdilobs socialuri politika moqalaqeebis
koleqtiuri xmis dasaxSobad, misaCumeblad, mosa-
duneblad gamoiyenos da ara am xmis da interesebis
artikulaciis meqanizmad.
meti sicxadisTvis, socialuri politikis for-
mireba ori umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis gariyvis
xarjze moxda: 1. demokratiuli procesis xarjze:
arsebuli socialuri moZraobebis da profesiu-
li kavSirebis CarTuloba, mSromelTa da mewarme-
Ta Soris mediacia politikuri gadawyvetilebe-
bis miRebis procesSi mniSvnelovani ar gamxdara;
2. SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaze orientirebu-
li socialuri politikis ignoris xarjze: imis
magivrad rom xelisufleba cdilobdes aqtiuri
SromiTi politikis danergvas, ganaTlebasa da
gadamzadebaSi investirebas, umuSevrobis benefi-
tebis SemoRebas da mis mibmas samuSao gamocdile-
baze, Sesabamisad formaluri dasaqmebis waxalise-
22

bas, saxelmwifo, ZiriTadad, ubralod met fulad

daxmarebas iZleva.
amis paralelurad, qarTuli marTlmadideb-
luri eklesia rCeba qveyanaSi reprezentaciulo-
baze pretenziis mqone yvelaze Zlier institutad.
anu, yvelaze gamokveTilad eklesias SeuZlia mo-
qalaqeebis saxeliT saubari. aseve, sxva warmomad-
genlobiTi samoqalaqo moZraobebisgan gansxvave-
biT, eklesia mis wevrebs asociaciuri cxovrebis
yvelaze mdgrad pirobebs sTavazobs. eklesia qmnis
socializaciis sivrces, axerxebs wevrebis mobi-
lizebas, yvelaze warmatebulad agrovebs sawevro
kontribuciebs da yvelaze warmatebulad akeTebs
politikur sivrceSi instituciuri interesebis
artikulacias.
eklesiis aseTi siZliere, danarCeni socialuri
moZraobebis daqsaqsulobis fonze, ramdenime mi-
zeziT aris problemuri. erTi rom Tavad eklesia
abijebs sakuTar mandats, xdeba politikuri agen-
ti da aseve politikuri manipulaciis Tavisebu-
ri msxverplic. es ki, Cemi gadmosaxedidan, marT-
lmadidebeli mrevlisTvis sakmaod problemuri,
marTlmadideblur eTikasTan Seusabamo ganviTa-
rebaa. meorec, eklesia politikur reprezentaci-
aze pretenziebis gacxadebis procesSi sakmaod eq-
skluziur, umciresobebis gamriyav diskursebs da
praqtikas eyrdnoba. da bolos, eklesiis mTavari
sazrunavi qarTuli identobis specifikuri nara-
tivis formirebaa da mas yvelaze naklebad ainte-
resebs socialuri da SromiTi uflebebis dacva.
 23

rom SevajamoT, erTaderTi Zlieri samoqalaqo

aqtori socialuri politikis damcvelad ar ga-
modgeba, sxva samoqalaqo aqtorebi ki mTavrobis
mier ignoris fonze, kvlav sustebi arian socia-
luri politikis dasacavad.

Zveli ekonomikuri politikis SenarCuneba

meore da aseve samwuxaro ganviTareba nacmoZra-

obis dasaxuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xedvis
(didwilad) SenarCunebaa. nacmoZraobis xedva zed-
miwevniT emTxveva arsebul dominantur saerTaSo-
riso diskursebs ganviTarebaze. es xedva ekono-
mikuri winsvlis garantad (rogorc ukve mravali
welia vismenT) saxelmwifos minimalur CarTulo-
bas da sabazro ekonomikis damoukideblad ganvi-
TarebisTvis saWiro instituciuri safuZvlebis
Seqmnas gvTavazobs. es instituciuri safuZvlebi
kerZo sakuTrebis daculoba, kontraqtebis aRs-
rulebis garantiebi da samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos arsebobaa. danarCens kerZo seqtori mixedavs,
ra Tqma unda, im winapirobiT, rom saxelmwifom
rac SeiZleba meti resusrebis komodifikacia un-
da daanebos kerZo seqtors.
nacvlad imisa rom „qarTul ocnebas“ es xedva ga-
daeazrebina, axali mTavrobis amosavali wertili
iyo nacmoZraobis mis mierve gacxadebuli poli-
tikis Ralati. anu „qarTuli ocneba“ „nacionalur
moZraobas“ liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis
ver-aRsrulebaSi Seedava da Sesabamisad, imave po-
24

litikis ukeTesad aRsrulebas dahpirda sakuTar

eleqtorats. miuxedavad inkluziuri zrdis dis-
kursuli gaJRerebisa, cxadia rom „qarTuli oc-
nebis“ mTavrobam amosaval wertilad kvlav Zveli
ganviTarebis xedva aiRo. amaze, sxva rom araferi,
kargad metyvelebs axali farTomasStabiani pro-
eqtebi urbanuli sivrceebis gardasaqmnelad da
energo resursebis eqsploataciisTvis gamiznuli
aseve masStaburi, ucxour kapitalze damokidebu-
li proeqtebis Tavgamodebuli dacva.
maSin, rodesac mTavroba erTi xeliT resurse-
bis brutaluri formebiT komodifikacias mimar-
Tavs, meore xeliT socialur politikas gvawvdis
ukmayofilebis dasaSoSmineblad. am procesSi, sa-
xelmwifo arsebuli socialuri moZraobebis, gan-
sakuTrebiT SromiTi uflebebis damcveli da re-
sursebis komodifikaciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
moZraobebis ignors ar erideba.

socialuri politikis aramdgradoba

es ori problema - reprezentaciuli politikis

nakleboba da ekonomikuri politikis ucvleloba,
saboloo jamSi, savaraudod, isev socialur po-
litikas daazaralebs. erTi mxriv, ramdenadac ar-
sebuli socialuri politikis konkretuli kom-
ponentebis miRma Zlieri da aqtiuri socialuri
moZraobebi ar dgas, socialuri politikis Sesus-
tebis an xarjvis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, arsebul
socialuri politikis dacva/gamoqomageba gaWir-
 25

deba. meore mxriv, ramdenadac saxelmwifo arc aq-

tiuri ekonomikuri agentis rols iRebs, arc saga-
dasaxado bazis Secvlas cdilobs, droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, sabiujeto xarjvis tvirTi aramdgradi
xdeba. msgavsi ganviTareba, ra Tqma unda, qmnis me-
marjvene politikuri ZalebisTvis socialuri
politikis ukugdebis advokatirebisTvis xelsay-
rel pirobas.

problemebis saTaveebi

Cemi azriT, am problemebis erT-erTi mniSv-

nelovani, Tumca ara erTaderTi saTave „qarTu-
li ocnebis“ mier, 2012 wels mobilizebuli eleq-
toratis, da maTi interesebis gansxvavebulobaa.
„qarTulma ocnebam“ 2012 wlis arCevnebSi sami saxis
ukmayofilebiT isargebla: erTi mxriv, nacmoZra-
obis mier gatarebuli agresiuli liberaluri
politikis socialuri Sedegebis mimarT dagro-
vili ukmayofilebiT; meore mxriv, aseve nacmoZ-
raobis mier demokratiisa da adamianis uflebe-
bis damaxinjebuli interpretaciis winaaRmdeg
gaCenili konservatuli da tradicionalisturi
winaaRmdegobiT; da bolos, nacmoZraobis mier
ekonomikur procesebSi araformalurad Carevis
da kerZo sakuTrebis xelyofiT daRlili biznes
seqtoris ukmayofilebiT. am sakmaod mravalfero-
vani interesebis dabalansebis mcdelobam „naci-
onaluri moZraobis“ mTavrobis socialur-eko-
nomikuri politikis araTanmimdevrulobaSi iCi-
26

na Tavi. biznes-seqtoris interesebis dasacavad,

mTavrobam mondomebiT daiwyo liberaluri eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis kursis SenarCuneba da „ga-
umjobeseba“. am procesSi mSromelTa uflebebi da
mSromelTa kavSirebi kidev erTxel gadaido gver-
dze. konservatul/tradicionalisturi interese-
bis SesaTavseblad, saxelmwifom araerTxel daTmo
Zaladobaze legitimuri monopolia da araferi
iRona sxvadasxva umciresobis dasacavad.
Cemi Sefasebebis formirebisTvis ganmsazRvre-
li Teoriuli perspeqtividan, karl polaniseuli
eniT rom vTqvaT, „qarTuli ocnebis“ xelisufle-
baSi mosvla, nawilobriv mainc, nacmoZraobis mier
gatarebuli marketizaciis politikis winaaRmdeg
arsebul kontr-moZraobas asaxavda. marketiza-
ciis politikaSi sabazro ekonomikis xelSemwyo-
bi institutebis Seqmnas da rac mTavaria Sromis,
bunebrivi resursebis da fulis komodifikaciis/
gasaqonlebis xelSewyobas vgulisxmob. kontrmoZ-
raobaSi ki amgvari komodifikaciis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul koleqtiur mobilizacias da aseve, yo-
veldRiur cxovrebaSi individualuri moqala-
qeebis mier komodifikaciis uaryofas. 2012 wlis
Semdgom procesebSi ki, problemad mesaxeba is,
rom socialuri politikis gaumjobesebis miuxe-
davad, kontr-moZraobis konsolidacia SromiTi
uflebebis, socialuri uflebebis da bunebrivi
resursebis dacvisTvis arc Tu warmatebiT moxer-
xda. aseTi ganviTareba ki imis bralia, rom saxel-
mwifom kvlav marketizaciis gaRrmavebis mosurne
 27

interesebis (qarTuli Tu ucxoeli msxvili inves-

torebis) mxardaWera arCia, socialurad orien-
tirebuli moZraobebis interesebis gverdiT ga-
dadebis xarjze.

imedebi da gamosavlebi

amdeni wuxilis gamoxatvis Semdeg, unda vTqva,

rom suraTi mTlad uimedodac ar mesaxeba. ase meC-
veneba, da imedia marto moCveneba ar aris, rom „qar-
Tuli ocnebis“ mTavroba, zogadad, naklebad rep-
resiulia nacmoZraobis mTavrobasTan SedarebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom reprezentaciis nakleboba-
ze bevri viwuwune, fardobiTad, dRes, samoqala-
qo-politikuri artikulaciis sivrce wina aTw-
leulTan SedarebiT ufro didi Cans. socialuri
mobilizebis mxrivac, mainc ufro saimedo mdgo-
mareobaa. marTalia, saxeze ar gvaqvs profesiuli
kavSirebis sagrZnobi gaZliereba, magram ufro da
ufro meti axalgazrduli, horizontalurad or-
ganizebuli moZraoba ufro da ufro Semoqmedebi-
Ti formebiT cdilobs interesebis artikulaci-
as. am procesSi moZraobebi mSromelTa protests
gverdSi udgebian da erTmaneTTan solidarobis
gamoxatvis mravalferovan gzasac naxuloben.
gamosavlebis Ziebisas, da Taviseburad am sta-
tiis mizanic esaa, mgonia, rom socialuri poli-
tikis mxardaWera ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xed-
vis problematizaciis da Cveni, (gansakuTrebiT
koleqtiuri) xmis dafiqsirebiT SegviZlia da-
28

viwyoT. saxelmwifos mier ekonomikur politikaSi

meti CarTulobis, da aseve sawarmoo urTierTo-
bebsa da warmoebis procesSi CarTulobis inici-
ativebi ukve JRerdeba. SegviZlia amas davamatoT
sagadasaxado bazis Secvlaze fiqri. erTi, rom sa-
gadasaxado baza imdenad mwiria, rom marTla ga-
Wirdeba aseTi baziT socialuri xarjvis zrda an
SenarCuneba. meorec, ramdenadac ZiriTadad moW-
ril gadasaxadebs vixdiT, Znelia imis garkveva Tu
ra formiT gvibrundeba benefitebi. aseTi sagada-
saxado sistemebi (ra gasakviria da) ufro libera-
lur-kapitalistur qveynebs axasiaTebT (mag. bri-
taneTi), Tumca, ra Tqma unda, Cven SemTxvevasTan ax-
losac ar modis aseTi qveynebis arc sagadasaxado
sistemis simartive da arc keTildReobis saxel-
mwifos siZunwe. amis sapirispirod, magaliTad,
kontinenturi evropis sagadasaxado sistemebSi
metia egreT wodebuli earmarked, anu konkretuli
miznebisTvis gadadebuli gadasaxadebis wili. mo-
qalaqeebi ixdian sapensio dazRvevis sqemebSi Sena-
tanebs, jandacvis Senatanebs, socialuri daculo-
bis Senatanebs da ician konkretulad romeli ga-
dasaxadi romel benefitzea mibmuli. aseTi sistema
ara mxolod metad solidarulia da socialuri
dazRvevis (resursebis koleqtiuri Segrovebis
da marTvis) rolis artikulirebas akeTebs soci-
aluri daxmarebis nacvlad (Cvennairi sistema, sa-
dac yvela ixdis magram daxmareba miznobrivia, anu
yvelaze Raribs Teoriulad metad vexmarebiT, mag-
ram gadamxdelebis did wils cxadi benefitebi ar
 29

gaaCnia), aramed ufro mdgradicaa cvlilebebis

mimarT, gansakuTrebiT ki, gadasaxadebis Semcire-
bis da socialuri xarjvis Semcirebis winaaRmdeg.
socialuri politikis sagadasaxado politi-
kasTan mibmis sakiTxi relevanturia imitom, rom
socialuri politikis miRma da mis SesanarCu-
neblad, Zlieri sazogadoebrivi interesi gaCn-
des. dRes, magaliTad, ukve ismis universaluri
proeqtebis, konkretulad ki jandacvis universa-
luri dazRvevis winaaRmdeg kritika. erTi mxriv,
universaluri proeqtebis arseboba mniSvnelova-
nia imisTvis, rom mosaxleobis umetesobas (da ara
mxolod socialurad daucvelad Seracxul, an
Raribad aRricxul mosaxleobas) ainteresebdes
msgavsi proeqtisTvis resursebis/gadasaxadebis
gaReba. meore mxriv, sagadasaxado bazis ucvlelo-
bis fonze, msgavsi proeqtebis SenarCuneba droTa
ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba marTlac gaWirdes.
zogadad, diskusia sagadasaxado sistemasTan
dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania, raTa arsebuli me-
marjvene diskursi, TiTqos sagadasaxado sistema
mxolod robin hudiseuli redistribuciis prin-
cipiT (unda) arsebobdes, SevasustoT. paradoq-
sia, magram memarjvene pozicia, erTi mxriv, swo-
red moWril gadasaxadebs da miznobriv daxmare-
bas uWers mxars, meore mxriv ki, mudmivad moTqvams
redistribuciis usamarTlobasa da ekonomikuri
winsvlis sawinaaRmdego efeqtebze. amis sapiris-
pirod, droa sagadasaxado sistemam aseve daiwyos
arseboba, ara rogorc mxolod gansakuTrebulad
30

mowyvladi mosaxleobis, aramed mosaxleobis ume-

tesobisTvis socialuri dazRveulobis garantis
principiT. realobas Tu SevxedavT, isedac cxadia,
rom didi korporaciebi yvelaze nakleb gadasaxa-
debs ixdian. gadasaxadis mTavari gadamxdeli saSu-
alo da saSualosTan miaxloebuli, an mowyvladi
dasaqmebuli fenebi arian (ara mxolod saqarTve-
loSi). isev britaneTis da kontinenturi evropis
magaliTze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moWrili gadasa-
xadebis, redistribuciis da miznobrivi daxmare-
bis principze awyobili sistemebi met uTanaswo-
robas warmoSobs, vidre miznobriv gadasaxadebsa
da mosaxleobis umetesobaze gaTvlil benefiteb-
ze awyobili sistemebi.
kidev ufro zogadad, socialuri politikis
sazogadoebrivi CarTulobis fonze, formire-
bis da ekonomikuri politikis gadasinjvis fon-
ze, saubari imis gamocaa mniSvnelovani, rom mar-
ketizaciis politikas ara mxolod adgilobrivi,
aramed Zlieri da mdgradi saerTaSoriso mxarda-
Wera aqvs, rac kidev ufri didi wnexis qveS aqcevs
adgilobriv moZraobebs. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,
Tu ekonomikur politikaze saxelmwifo mxolod
msoflio bankTan an/da did investorebTan isa-
ubrebs da socialur politikas daxmarebasaviT
gadmogvigdebs (rom mere memarjvene Zalebma isev
socialurad daucvelebs/ maTTvis gaweul daxma-
rebas daabralon ekonomikis krizisSi Sesvla) so-
cialur politikas mxardaWera, kompleqsurobis
gazrda albaT ar uweria.
 31

daskvnis magier

TiTqos ararelevanturia magram, mainc minda

vTqva, rom am yvelafers axlo aRmosavleTSi, uk-
raina - ruseTsa da evropaSi, msubuqad rom vTqvaT,
krizisuli da tragikuli mdgomareobis fonze
ganvixilavT. erTia rom es qarTul, adgilobriv
gamowvevebs ufro amZimebs. meore mxriv, swored
msoflio doneze solidarobebis darRvevis, ada-
mianis uflebebis Seuracxyofis da axali solida-
robebis warmoqmnis fonze, kide ufro relevantu-
ri xdeba adgilobrivi solidarobebis da socia-
luri politikis dacva da gamyareba.
32

axali drois ZiebaSi

vaxtang (vako) nacvliSvili

1.
J. rasinis fedra akrZaluli, kriminaluri siy-
varulis gamxelisas ambobs: „Cemi sneuleba ufro
Soridan modis.“ asec SeiZleba, vTargmnoT: „Cemi
tkivili arc ise axalia.“ arc iseTi axalia Cveni sne-
uleba, rogorc afeTqebebi beiruTSi, parizsa Tu
stambolSi, aseve roJavaSi; is ufro Soridan mo-
dis, vidre evropeli amomrCevlebi, romlebic kla-
uznicSi Tavs esxmian axlo aRmosavleTis devnile-
biT savse avtobuss; ufro Zvelia, vidre 17 maisis
avtobusi TbilisSi, an sakvebi deficitiT mkvdari
4,300 bavSvi saqarTveloSi. Cveni sneuleba Soridan
modis; igi ibadeba komunisturi proeqtis istori-
ul marcxTan erTad.1 “grZelia samarcxvino dReebis
rigi,“ - isev fedra siyvarulis gamxelisas.
2.
erTi SexedviT martivi operacia - ubralo anti-
kapitalizmidan yuradRebis komunistur proeqt-
ze gadatana - cvlis Cvens politikur dRis wesrigs,
an unda cvlides. vimsjeloT ase: ubralo antika-
pitalizms SeuZlia, moiTxovos arsebuli mdgoma-
reobis SenarCuneba. mas es gamosdis; is iTxovs, ar

1 Badiou A., Our Wound is Not so Recent – On the Paris Atrocities <http://goo.gl/
c5nL69> [20.02.2016]
 33

Semcirdes pensia, kicxavs qamrebis SemoWeris geg-

mas, aprotestebs sajaro sivrcis gakerZoebas, sxva
aseTi. ubralo antikapitalizms ar moswons samya-
ro iseTi, rogoric aris, magram is istoriis da-
sasruls verafers uxerxebs - mas ar aqvs sakuTari
momavlis programa.
3.
oqros Tevzis daWerisas, fermeris pirveli
survilia, cols cxvirze sosisi hqondes, meore
survili - colis cxviridan sosisis moSoreba.
am ambavs T. adorno yveba.2 oqros Tevzis daWeri-
sas, Cveni pirveli survili yovelTvis suleluria
da arazusti da meore da mesame mis gamosworebas
xmardeba, an dazustebas. kapitalizmiT ukmayofi-
loa yvela, TiTqmis yvela: Cveni pirveli survi-
lia, es sistema Tavidan mogvwyvdes. keTili. magram
es arasruli, arazusti survilia. saxeldobr ri-
Ti CavanacvloT? meore da mesame survili momav-
lis dazustebas emsaxureba.
4.
aq unda gavixsenoT is, visi saxelis xsenebis
drosac davimorcxvebT xolme. misi revoluciu-
ri praqseologia gia,3 kapitalis kritikasTan erTad,
gulisxmobs sazogadoebis gardaqmnis damoukide-
beli proeqtis SemuSavebas. es nacnobi ambavia; „ka-

2 Bloch E., Something’s Missing: A Discussion between Ernst Bloch and Theodor
Adorno on Contradictions of Utopian Longing in The Utopian Function of Art and
Literature (London, 1988), 2-3.
3 ase axasiaTebs m. sakristani k. marqsis araklasificirebad literaturul
Janrs, sadac samecniero Teoria da momavlis proeqtis samoqmedo gegma
erTmaneTs enacvleba. ix. Sacristan M., The Marxism of Manuel Sacristan: from Communism
to the New Social Movements (Llorente R., Ed.) (Leiden, 2014), 163-6.
34

pitalis“ pirveli tomidan gvaxsovs misi sityvebi

negaciis negaciis, eqspropriatorTa eqspropria-
ciis Sesaxeb, ramac warsulis muclidan momavali
Svas.4 grZeli mokled vTqvaT: am tradiciis
unda Svas
farglebSi, Cven gvaqvs antikapitali, rogorc ka-
pitalis opozicia, magram gvaqvs komunizmi, rome-
lic srul asimetriaSia kapitalTan, an unda iyos.
5.
davubrundeT pirvel punqts, sadac fedras
sityvebis moxmobiT vcadeT, mogveniSna aTvlis
axali wertili fiqrisTvis, aseve moqmedebisTvis.
kapitaliT sasowarkveTili sazogadoebebis xma
ar aris SeZenili xma komunisturi proeqtisTvis,
radgan es ukanaskneli ar arsebobs. xom ase xdeba da
ratom xdeba ase, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Sem-
deg, memarcxene aqtivistebi Zalasa da energias kar-
gaven? aRmoCndeba, rom ar aris, ar moipoveba sakma-
risi dro momavlis proeqtis dasawyebad.
6.
momavlis proeqtamde Cven gvaqvs komunizmis -
an vTqvaT ase - komunizmebis gamocdilebebi. sxva
sakiTxze ramdenime sityviT: Tanamedrove samya-
ro yvela mxridan awarmoebs Zlier suraTxatebs.
wylis napirze napovni bavSvis sxeuli, SimSiliT
ganadgurebuli qalebi da kacebi, militarizebu-
li dasavleli policieli, romelic mudmiv sa-
gangebo mdgomareobas aRniSnavs, gamoSignuli sa-
xelmwifoebi aRmosavleTSi, kacebi da qalebi omis
4 Engels F., Anti-Dühring (written: 1877) < https://goo.gl/6TRJhU > [20.02.2016]
 35

dros da omisgan gamoqcevis dros. saidan es Zli-

eri xatebis industria, saidan es sisxliani mara-
Toni, vin ufro Sokismomgvrel sanaxaobas Semog-
vTavazebs? media mondomebiT gadmogvcems am saxe-
ebs; SerCeviT gadmogvcems, rogorc amboben, imis
mixedviT, sad ufro fasobs adamianis sicocxle; es
Zveli dakvirvebaa; aseTi dakvirvebacaa, rom medi-
is mier gamofenil am suraTebSi, magaliTad, omis
suraTebSi, omi heroikul da esTetizebul sanaxa-
obad warmogvidgeba.5 (aq gavixsenoT b. brexti: fo-
tografia xandaxan simarTlis SeniRbvis saSuale-
baa.) davubrundeT komunizmis gamocdilebas.
7.
komunizmis arsebuli gamocdilebebic awarmo-
ebdnen aseT Zlier suraTxatebs. es mxolod a. sol-
Jenicinis gamofenili jojoxeTis suraTebi ki ar
aris, aramed kadrebia Zaladobisa, romelic Tan
axlavs Zalauflebis aRebasa Tu axali socialuri
urTierTobis Senebas. sabWoTa komunizms mouwia,
Svilad aeyvana kapitalizmis logikebi, magaliTad,
ganviTareba yvelafris fasad. es Zlieri komuniz-
mia, omis komunizmi, kontrrevoluciis SiSiT nak-
vebi.6 mTavari gakveTili wina saukunidan: Cagvris
problemis swrafi gadaWris survilma garyvna ko-

5 devid Sildsma gaanaliza Jurnal niu-iork taimsis garekanebis is

nawili, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva wertilSi mimdinare omebs
exeba; daskvnis mixedviT, Jurnali mizanmimarTulad aqveynebs garekanze
iseT fotoebs, romlebic omebs lamaz sanaxaobad warmoadgens. ix.
Shields D., War is Beautiful, powerHouse Books (2015)
6 ix. Vattimo J., Zabala S., Hermeneutic Communism from Heidegger to Marx (New
York, 2011).
36

munizmis idea. es drois problemaa.7 damarcxebu-

li komunizmis tragedia - es aris misi survili,
magaliTad, xuT weliwadSi daafuZnos axali eko-
nomikuri urTierToba; mas dro ar hyofnis da te-
roris implementacias iwyebs.
8.
am werils, Tu saTqmeli aqvs, es aris saWiroeba,
komunizmis momavlis proeqtma Seqmnas sakuTari
dro. SevTanxmdeT: ubralo antikapitalizms saku-
Tari dro ar aqvs, is kapitalis droSi da droiT
operirebs. arc unda hqondes. komunisturi prog-
ramis Sesaqmnelad ki saWiroa axali dro, neli, de-
mokratiuli dro, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momav-
lis neli, TandaTanobiTi gamogoneba.
9.
me mxolod erTi magaliTis moyvana SemiZlia,
ras vgulisxmob aseT droSi. gTavazobT, frag-
ments s. beketis piesidan „TamaSis dasasruli.“
„na
nagi
gi:
erTxelac mogiyvebi.
(mTxrobelis xmiT)
erT inglisels saaxalwlod saswrafod das-
Wirda zoliani Sarvali. mivida mkeravTan da zo-
mebi aiRo.
(mkeravis xmiT)
„esec ase, oTx dReSi SemomiareT, mzad iqneba.“ ke-
Tili da patiosani. gavida oTxi dRe.
7 Badiou A., The Communist Idea and the Question of Terror in The Idea of
Communism (vol. 2) (Slavoj Zizek, Ed.) (London, 2013), 3-13.
 37

(mkeravis xmiT)
„vwuxvar, sajdomis nawili raRac ar gamovida.
erT kviraSi mobrZandiT.“ keTili da patiosani.
ras izam, ar iqneba martivi saqme sajdomis gamoyva-
na. gavida erTi kvira.
(mkeravis xmiT)
„Zalian vwuxvar, mobrZandiT 10 dReSi, moxdeni-
li ube ver amovWeri.“ keTili da patiosani. kargi
ubis amoWra didi wvalebaa. gavida aTi dRe.
(mkeravis xmiT)
„saSinlad vwuxvar, or kviraSi mobrZandiT, Se-
sakravi xelaxla unda gavakeTo.“ keTili da patio-
sani. Sesakravis gamoyvanas siCqare ar uxdeba.
(pauza. Cveulebrivi xmiT)
ase cudad arasdros momiyolia.
(pauza. daRvremilad)
sul ufro da ufro cudad vyvebi ambavs.
(pauza. mTxrobelis xmiT)
mokled rom vTqva, bzobac dadga da mkeravi am-
jerad Rilkavebs imizezebs.
(ingliselis xma)
„RmerTma dagwyevloT! warmoudgenelia, yvela-
fers sazRvari aqvs. eqvs dReSi - gesmiT Cemi? - 6
dReSi RmerTma samyaro Seqmna. diax, samyaro, arc
meti, arc naklebi. Tqven kidev mTeli sami Tve ar ge-
yoT erTi Sarvlis Sesakerad!“
38

(mkeravis xmiT, aRSfoTebuli)

„ki, magram, Cemi Zvirfaso, jer SexedeT -
(amrezili, zizRnarevi JestiT)
am samyaros -
(pauza)
da mere SexedeT -
(siyvaruliT, siamayis JestiT)
Cems Sarvals.

(pauza. uyurebs nels, romelic gaunZrevlad

zis. TvalgaSterebuli. ZaldatanebiT iwyebs xma-
maRla sicils, uceb wyvets, Tavs nelisken dax-
ris, xelaxla iwyebs sicils.)“

* vaxtang (vako) nacvliSvili aris iribi moqmedebis kiber-

Teatris wevri, iuristi, Jurnal „liberalis“ blogeri.
 39

pozitiuri Zalaufleba, neoliberaluri

subieqturoba da progresis idea
giorgi Rvinjilia

saqarTveloSi ganxrocielebulma neolibera-

lurma eqsperimentma mZime socialuri uTanaswo-
roba, biznes elitebisaTvis micemuli saxifaTo
Tavisufleba da am yvelafris fonze gabatonebu-
li politikuri apaTia dagvitova. istoriuli
konteqstis gaazrebisaTvis mniSvnelovania samTav-
robo da inteleqtualuri elitebis mier SemoTa-
vazebuli progresis ideis, dasavleTze warmod-
genisa da am warmodgenis mier nawarmoebi binaru-
li opoziciebis kritikuli wakiTxva. alan badius
kvaldakval SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cvens kriziss
subieqturi da obieqturi mxare aqvs. obieqturi
mxare simdidris gadanawilebis sirTules da po-
litikuri institutebis funqcionirebas gulis-
xmobs, xolo subieqturi mTlianad azrovnebis,
sakuTari Tavis istoriulobisa da sazogadoeb-
rivi pasuxismgeblobis aRqmis dezorganizebaSia
gamoxatuli. badius mixedviT am krizisis erT-er-
Ti mTavari mizezi socialuri sferos konkuren-
ciis principisaTvis daqvemdebarebaSi, adamianis
survilebisa da miswrafebebis komodificireba-
40

Sia gamoxatuli, rac SeuZlebels xdis politikur

Tanamonawileobas da axali socialuri realobis
Seqmnis mcdelobebs.
moxsenebisas Cveni warsulis magaliTze visaub-
reb neoliberaluri progresis subieqtur ganzo-
milebaze. vecdebi vaCveno, rom subieqturobis es
forma ar warmoadgens ubralod ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebis kulturul zednaSens da strategi-
ul rols asrulebs sazogadoebis arsebuli mode-
lis SenarCunebaSi.
miSel fukos Teoriis mixedviT Zalauflebas
ar aqvs mxolod negatiuri mniSvneloba, romelic
Cagvrasa da akrZalvaSia gamoxatuli. Zalaufleba
produqtiulia, is awarmoebs ideebs, institutebs
da Cvens yoveldRiurobas. misi efeqtebi ara mxo-
lod represiis, aramed garkveuli qmedebebisa da
azrovnebis wesis waxalisebis gziT vrceldeba.
„Cven samudamod unda SevwyvitoT Zalauflebis
negatiuri terminebiT aRwera TiTqos is gamo-
ricxavs,arepresirebs, acenzurebs da niRbavs, si-
namdvileSi Zalaufleba awarmoebs, is awarmoebs
realobas, obieqtebis sferos da WeSmaritebis da-
fuZnebis ritualebs.“1
fukos meore mniSvnelovani koncepti, romelic
unda gamoviyeno Governmentality iqneba (romelsac
Segnebulad ar vTargmni).uxeSad rom vTqvaT,es
aris iseTi moqalaqeebis warmoeba, romlebic sa-
ukeTesod asruleben Zalauflebis konkretuli
modelis politikas. Governmentality - aris organi-
1 Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and Punish: the birth of a prison. London, Penguin.
 41

zebuli praqtikebi, mentalobebi, politikuri ra-

cionalobebi da teqnikebi, romlis daxmarebiTac
subieqtebi imarTebian da marTaven sakuTar Tavs.
sabolood, am teqnikebis gavliT, isini asruleben
garkveul rols sazogadoebis politikur da eko-
nomikur modelSi. fukosTvis mmarTvelobis idea,
gulisxmobda ara mxolod saxelmwifo institute-
bis funqcionirebas, aramed imas Tu rogor mar-
Taven adamianebi sakuTar Tavs, zrdian Svilebs da
a.S. Governmentality amgvari urTierTmimarTebebis
formebs da centraluri institutebisaTvis xe-
lis Semwyob socialur qselebs awarmoebs.
marTvis amgvari gageba zevidan qveviT momavali
Zalauflebis ideis kritikul gadaazrebas da su-
bieqtis irgvliv arsebul Zalauflebriv qselebze
koncentrirebas gulisxmobs. mniSvnelovania ara
mxolod is Tu rogor muSaoben centraluri ins-
titutebi, aramed rogor moqalaqeebs saWiroeben
isini, raze pasuxad fuZndebian da ra winaaRmdego-
bas awydebian sakuTari interesebis gatarebisas.
institutebisa da am qselebis urTierToba stra-
tegiuli winaaRmdegobisa da mudmivi daZabulo-
bis suraTs qmnis.
eseSi neoliberaluri subieqturobis Sesaxeb,
jeison ridi2 wers, rom fukosTvis neolibera-
lizmis gaCena gulisxmobda ara ubralod ideo-
logiis SigniT momxdar transformacias, anu erTi
ideologiis Canacvlebas meore ideologiiT, ara-

2 Read.J. (2009) A Genealogy of Homo-Economicus: Neoliberalism and the Production

of Subjectivity. Foucault Studies, No 6, pp. 25-36,
42

med, mTlianad ideologiis ideis, misi ganxorci-

elebis pirobebisa da efeqtebis transformacias.
klasikuri liberalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, ro-
melic instituciur doneze bazris saxelmwifosa-
gan avtonomiurobis ideas, xolo subieqtur done-
ze gacvlis princips efuZneboda, neoliberalizmi
konkurencias da kapitalizmis, anu bazris „gare“
sivrcis gauqmebas efuZneba. rac gulisxmobs imas,
rom sazogadoeba ganxilulia rogorc bazari, sa-
dac yvela konkurenciaSia yvelasTan, xolo muSis
funqcia ara mxolod samuSao saaTebSi produqtis
warmoeba, aramed sakuTar TavSi mudmivi investi-
ciis ganxorcielebaa. konkurencia moqmedebs ara
mxolod samuSao adgilze da bazarze vaWrobisas,
aramed yoveldRiurobaSi, sadac sakuTar Tavze,
rogorc „adamianur kapitalze“ zrunva mimdina-
reobs. subieqturobis amgvari modelisTvis yve-
laferi garegnobiTa da codniT dawyebuli da
urTierTobis formebiT damTavrebul komodifi-
cirebul, anu gasaqonlebul saxes iRebs, romlis
funqciac socialuri konkurencia da mogeba xde-
ba. neoliberalizmi ara ubralod krZalavs, an iZ-
leva garkveul uflebebs, aramed moqmedebs adamia-
nis arsebobis fundamentur modusebze, awarmoebs
garkveul mimarTebas sakuTar Tavsa da sazogado-
ebasTan da subieqturobis sabazro konkurenciis
principebisTvis daqvemdebarebas cdilobs. saku-
Tari Tavis amgvari aRqma sazogadoebis atomiza-
ciasa da gaTiTokacebas, koleqtiuri pasuxismgeb-
lobisa da solidarobis ukana planze gadawevas
gulisxmobs, rac Zalauflebis legalur, insti-
 43

tuciur da mikro qselebis doneebzea gamoxatuli.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi ekonomikis da Sromi-
Ti urTierTobebis regulirebiT dawyebuli da
qalaqis dagegmarebiT damTavrebuli kapitalis
mqone individasTvis micemul usasrulo Tavisuf-
lebasa da koleqtiuri socialuri pasuxismgeb-
lobis deficitze metyvelebs.
„samagaliTo neoliberali moqalaqe aris is,
vinc awarmoebs sakuTari moqmedebis strategiebs
sxvadasxva politikur, socialur da ekonomikur-
SesaZleblobebs Soris da ara is, vinc cdilobs am
SesaZleblobebis Secvlasa da organizebas.“3
Sesabamisad, sakmarisi ar aris neolbieraliz-
mis ubralod rogorc politikuri da ekonomi-
kuri programis kritika, aramed saWiroa misi ro-
gorc axali tipis ideologiuri fenomenis gaaz-
reba, romelic adamianis bunebis da sazogadoebis
sabazro logikisaTvis daqvemdebarebas cdilobs.
postsabWoTa sivrce specifikuria im azriTac,
rom travmatuli sabWoTa gamocdilebis Semdeg, is
noyier niadags warmoadgens bazris deregulaci-
is, individualuri pasuxismgeblobis ritoriki-
sa da progresis ideis gaigivebisaTvis.

postsabWoTa neoliberalizmi

pirveli naSromi, romelsac Sevexebi stefen qo-

lieris wigni „postsabWoTa socialuri“4 iqneba,

3 Brown. W. (2005) “Neoliberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy,” in Edgework:

Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. 43.
4 Collier. S. (2011) Post-Soviet Social: Neoliberalism, Social Modernity, Biopolitics.
Princeton University Press
44

xolo meore kvleva martin fredriksens ekuTvnis5

da uSualod saqarTvelos exeba. fredriksenis wig-
ni neoliberaluri tranziciis periodSi, baTumSi
mcxovreb erT-erT „saZmakacos“exebada am „saZmaka-
cos“ wevrebisa da progresis axali ideis Seusaba-
mobiT gamowveul subieqturobis kriziss ikvlevs.
ruseTis ganxilvisas, qolierisTvis mniSvne-
lovani iyo ara neoliberalizmis zogadi koncep-
tis wakiTxva, aramed misi praqtikuli mimarTeba
konkretul realobasTan, anu rogor miemarTeba
is konkretul institutebs da infrastruqturas.
sagulisxmoa, rom Tavdapirvelad neoliberaliz-
mi Seiqmna, rogorc kritikuli reaqcia keTildRe-
obis saxelmwifos warmoSobaze. qolieris azriT,
igive modelis postsabWoTa sivrceSi gadmotana
sruliad sxva, specifikur Sedegebs gvaZlevs. qo-
lieris analizis erT-erT magistralur xazs, sab-
WoTa moqalaqis, bazarze moqmed subieqtad trans-
formaciis procesi warmoadgens, materialuri in-
frastruqtura da saxelmwifo politika sakuTari
miznebisaTvis Sesaferis socialur normebsa da
subieqturobis formebs moiTxovs.
sabWoTa ekonomikidan sabazrosken svlaze sa-
ubrisas,qolieri ruseTis mTavrobis mrCevlis
jefri saqsis programas ganixilavs. 90-ianebis da-
sawyisSi, saqsi wamyvani ekonomisti da mrCeveli iyo
im qveynebisTvis, romlebic socialuridan sabaz-
ro ekonomikaze gadadiodnen. 1994 wels, tranzici-

5 Frederiksen. Martin. (2016) Young Men, Time and Boredom in Republic of Georgia.
Temple University
 45

is pirveli talRis CaSlis Semdeg, rodesac dad-

ga saxelmwifos CamoSlis realuri safrTxe, saqsi
xedavda Sanss politikosebis patara jgufisTvis,
romelsac unda SeZleboda stabilizaciis moxdena
qveyanaSi. misi ZiriTadi principi struqturuli
Sesworeba iyo, rac niSnavs resursebis gadanac-
vlebas ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes Tavisufali
sabazro principebis dafuZneba. transformaciis
am procesSi, mTavari samizne iyo is, rasac pola-
ni tranzituli ekonomikebis ganxilvisas ZiriTad
ekonomikas eZaxis, anu institutebi da procesebi,
romlebsac sabWoTa kavSiris SigniT adamianebis
keTildReobis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi unda daek-
mayofilebinaT. aseTi iyo urbanuli dagegmareba,
produqtebis ganawileba da a.S.
sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, martivad moSo-
rebadi iyo dagegmili warmoebis meqanizmebi, fa-
sebis kontroli da koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rome-
lic moiSala sabWoTa saxelmwifos daSlasTan er-
Tad. magram aseve mniSvnelovani iyo industriuli
koordinacia, socialuri keTildReoba da urba-
nuli dagegmareba, romelmac saxelmwifos CamoS-
lasTan erTad arseboba ar Sewyvita. neolibera-
lizmi iyo am institutebis Teoriuli kritika da
modificireba da misi problema ukve ara sabWoTa
saxelmwifoSi, aramed, yoveldRiurobis politi-
kasa da im praqtikaSi iyo, romelic qmnida piro-
bebs imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa moqalaqes arseboba
gaegrZelebina. saxelmwifo moSlili iyo,magram
infrastruqturis doneze rCeboda is sistemebi,
46

romlebic SeuZlebels xdidnen sabazro ekonomi-

kaze gadasvlas da inarCunebdnen sabWoTa moqala-
qis govenrmnetality-is, romelic Seusabamo iyo axa-
li sabazro pirobebisaTvis.
sabWoTa govenmentality-isgan gansxvavebiT, neo-
liberali moqalaqis sazogadoebaSi arsebobis
ZiriTadi principi subieqturi pasuxismgeblo-
bis gaCenaze (responsibilisation) gadis. moqalaqes unda
gauCndes pasuxismgebloba ganaTlebis, gaTbobis,
jandacvis da sxva socialuri sikeTeebis mopove-
bisas(modeli, romelic CvenTan warmatebiT gan-
xorcielda).
am procesSi mniSvnelovani iyo materialuri in-
frastruqturis Zalauflebis axali modelisaT-
vis morgeba da amasTanave im normebis modificire-
ba, romlebic Seiqmna socializmis dros da ar da-
karga egzistencialuri mniSvneloba adamianebis
yoveldRiurobaSi mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa saxelm-
wifo CamoiSala. Sesabamisad,qolieri uars ambobs
neoliberalizmis zogadi konceptis kritikasa da
misi emanaciebis gamovlenaze. sinamdvileSi, misT-
vis mniSvnelovania neoliberalizmis rogorc ar-
sebuli materialuri realobis mimarT ganxorci-
elebuli kritikuli praqtikis gaanalizeba. Sesa-
bamisad, neoliberalizmis identificireba xdeba
ara abstraqtul principTan, ideologiur pro-
eqtTan an marTvis specifikur teqnikasTan, aramed
xdeba misi rogorc socialisturi marTvis taqti-
kebze kritikuli refleqsiis wakiTxva.
 47

amgvari winaaRmdegobis magaliTad qolieri be-

laia kalitvas ganixilavs(qalaqi rostovis oblas-
tSi). sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis momentSi, qalaqSi
mkacri urbanuli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis geg-
ma arsebobda.qolieriaCvenebs, rom raRac moment-
Si, is rac am qalaqis macxovreblebisTvis momavali
iyo, romelic unda ganxorcielebuliyo (urbanu-
li da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gegma), nangreveb-
Si myof warsulad gadaiqca. isini xvdebian droSi,
romelSic arc warsulia da arc momavali.am droSi
orive maTgani Tavidan unda Seiqmnas.
responsibilizaciis programis ganmavloba-
Si erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelicruseTis
mTavrobis mrCevlebs awuxebdaT, gaTbobis siste-
mis problema iyo, radgansabWoTa kavSirSiqalaqis
centraluri gaTboba saxelmwifos mier uzrunvel-
yofil aucilebel sikeTed iTvleboda. mas Semdeg
rac saxelmwifo CamoiSala, am sistemis narCenebi,
iseve rogorc sxvadasxva araformaluri sistema
dakorufciuli biurokratia, iyo is meqanizmebi,
romelTadaxmarebiTac adamianebiinarCunebdnen si-
cocxlesbelaia kalitvas msgavs patara qalaqebSi.
amasTanave,ruseTi specifikuri SemTxveva iyo, im az-
riTac, romsabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirvel pe-
riodSidagegmili urbanizaciaganxorcielda, rac
imas niSnavs, rommosaxleobis didi nawili dRemde
mcire zomis qalaqebSi cxovrobs.
reformatorebs winaaRmdegoba daxvdaT mosaxe-
lobisa da naxevrad dezorganizebuli memarcxene
partiebisgan,xolo sabolood 2001 wels, ruseTis
48

mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom gaTbobis uzrunvel-

yofa isev aris saxelmwifos aucilebeli valde-
buleba da qveynis did nawilSi gaTbobis sistema
aucilebeli sikeTis saxiT SenarCunda. qolieris-
Tvis specifikuri socialuri sikeTeebis SenarCu-
neba im lokaluri winaaRmdegobis magaliTia, ro-
melsac neoliberaliuri politika yvela konkre-
tul situaciaSi awydeba.
ramdenime ZiriTadi momenti, romelsac es wigni
aCvenebs SemdegSi mdgomareobs - fukos kvaldakval
moxsnilia istoriis, rogorc erTiani, progresis
gziT mimavali kontinuumis aRqma da msjelobaSi
drois wyvetiloba da SemTxveviToba Semodis. po-
litikuri da ekonomikuri elitebisTvis diskur-
sul doneze mniSvnelovani iyo sabazro ekonomiki-
sa da progresis ideis gaigiveba, rac sabazro eko-
nomikis, rogorc ganviTarebis Semdegi safexuris,
xolo dasavleTis rogorc „Tavisufali samyaros“
identificirebas moiTxovda. amasTanave, mniSv-
nelovania sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis speci-
fikis gageba, rac sakuTar TavSi kapitalizmis da
neoliberalizmis, rogorc abstraqtuli moce-
mulobebis kritikaze uaris Tqmas gulisxmobs da
koncentrirebas lokaluri mutaciebis specifi-
kaze axdens. kvleviT doneze mniSvnelovania isto-
rizirebis sakiTxi, saerTod konkretika, romelic
ruseTSi metnaklebad daculia, radgan ruseTSi
arseboben memarcxene mkvlevrebi da amasTanave, qve-
yana saerTaSoriso akademiuri sazogadoebis fo-
kusSi moxvda. CvenTan aseTi kvlevebi TiTqmis ar
 49

gakeTebula - istorizirebis sakiTxi, gulisxmobs

imis gagebas, Tu rogor da ra formiT gavxdiT ne-
oliberaluri saxelmwifo. aseve mniSvnelovania
yuradRebis gamaxvileba imaze Tu sad da rogor
mimdinareobs winaaRmdegoba neoliberalur subi-
eqturobasTan, yoveldRiurobis mwarmoebeli in-
frastruqturis da socialuri normebis doneze.
qolieris mier memarcxeneebisTvis dasmuli cen-
traluri kiTxva ki SemdgomSi mdgomareobs - ra
unda vakritikoT da vaanalizoT Cven? unda vakri-
tikoT neloberalizmi zogadad, Tu unda vakriti-
koT misi konkretuli efeqtebi? xom ar awarmoeben
es efeqtebi,romlebsac vxvdebiT specifikurad
postsabWoTa sivrceSi, raRac axal realobas, vi-
naidan rodesac Cven vsaubrobT neliberalizmze,
Cven vsaubrobT raRac tipis postsocialurze.
sinamdvileSi, ruseTi SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom aris
neoliberaluri, magram is ar aris postsocia-
luri yvela mis gamovlinebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri-
dan darCenili bevri sistema isev funqcionirebs.
postsabWoTa socialuri specifikis Seswavlisas,
aucilebelia infrastruqturuli da diskursu-
li winaaRmdegobis velebis maTsave konkretikaSi
gaanalizeba.
saqarTvelos SemTxveva ruseTisgan radikalu-
rad gansxvavdeba. Tu neoliberalizms wavikiTxavT,
rogorc konkretuli realobis kritikas da Tu
ruseTis SemTxvevaSi, es iyo socialuri saxelmwi-
fos kritika, Cven SemTxvevaSi,es aris reaqcia Ca-
moSlil saxelmwifoze,vinaidan, sabWoTa perioSi
50

Seqmnili keTildReobis sistemebi mTlianad Camo-

iSalasabWoTa kavSiris dangrevasTan erTad. amas-
Tanave,adamianebis sicocxlesa da yovedRiurobas
inarCunebda, erTi mxriv, korufcia da Savi bazari,
romelic saerToa Cvensa da ruseTs Soris, xolo
meore mxriv, mWidro naTesauri kavSirebi, anu si-
keTis gadanawileba da xandaxan kriminaluri eko-
nomika qurduli samyaros saxiT, romelsac aseve
hqonda redistribuciis funqcia.
fredriksenis kvleva svams kiTxvas imis Sesa-
xeb, gaqra Tu ara es samyaro neoliberalizaciis
procesSi? rogori iyo masTan winaaRmdegobisa da
kritikis praqtikebi da xom ar migviyvana am winaaR-
mdegobam sruliad axali tipis socialur krizi-
samde? wigni Semdegi monakveTiT iwyeba: „miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom misi Tma WaRaravdeboda da filt-
vebi ukve Ralatobdnen, rodesac SevxvdiT, emili
(emili aris pirobiTi saxeli) mxolod oci wlis
iyo. fizikurad Zalian swrafad berdeboda, mag-
ram socialurad ver axerxebda zrdasrul mamaka-
cad gaxdomas. kriminalur miwisqveSeTi, romelic
batonobda mis mSobliur qalaq baTumSi, 1990-aneb-
Si, misi bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi, oficialurad
warsulis nawilad gamocxadda. magram es samyaro
raRacnairad axerxebda awmyod darCenas emilis
cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom warsuli aRar
iyo, xolo momavali jer ar damdgara, orive axer-
xebda aCrdiliseburdaswrebulobas mis cxovre-
baSi da moqmedebdnen mis awmyoSi gaCenil SesaZleb-
lobebze. emili Sepyrobili iyo drois wyvetilo-
 51

biT da is ar iyo erTaderTi axalgazrda baTumSi,

romelic cxovrobda am gamocdilebiT.“ 6
fredrikseniis kvleva exeba konfliqts subieq-
tur da socialur dros Soris. mmarTveli elite-
bi qmnian progresis ideas da socialur dros, ro-
melic am progresze sworebiT muSaobs. amasTanave,
Zvelisocialuri normebi da subieqturebis mode-
lebi, warsulad cxaddeba. Tumcafredrikseni aCve-
nebs, romwarsulad gamocxadebuli subieqturoba
raRacnairad agrZelebs sakuTari Tavis SenarCu-
nebas, maT Soris, materialuri praqtikebis doneze
(belaia kalitvas centraluri gaTbobis sistemis
msgavsad). fredriksenis wignSi ganxiluli subi-
eqturobis krizisi da ori narativis winaaRmde-
goba, centraluri xazia saqarTvelos neolibera-
lizaciis da am procesSi warmoqmnili binaruli
opoziciebis gansaxilvelad, romelic sazogadoe-
bis „bnelebad da pradvinutebad“, progresulebad
da regresulebad dayofas gulisxmobs. CemTvis
mTavari amocana ara am diskursebis empiriulobis
damtkiceba an uaryofa, aramed maTsave specifika-
Si gamokvlevaa. mniSvnelovania, daisvas kiTxva imis
Sesaxeb Tu ra SesaZleblobebs klavs progresis am-
gvari gageba da Zalauflebis ra meqanizmebs mala-
ven is binarobebi, romlebis daxmarebiTac sazoga-
doebis klasificireba xdeba.
tranziciis erTerTi mniSvnelovani momenti,
piradi pasuxismgeblobisken mowodebis ritori-

6 Frederiksen. Martin. (2016) Young Men, Time and Boredom in Republic of Georgia.
Temple University
52

ka iyo. teqnikuri codnis saWiroeba saxelmwifos

doneze iyo gafetiSebuli, mag: kompiuteris da in-
glisuris codna, unarebi romlebiTac adamianeb-
ma Tavi bazarze unda gaitanon. fredrikseni aCve-
nebs, rom am mowodebis obieqtebs ar aqvT sakmari-
si codna da unarebi da amasTanave, bazaric ar aris
iseTi ganviTarebuli, rom yvelas dasaqmeba uz-
runvelyos. amitom,fredriksenisTvis es konfliq-
ti uwonadobaSi gamokidebuli subieqturobis
problemaa, romelmac dakarga warsuli da ver er-
geba momavlis socialur ideas. amasTanave mkvidr-
deba trendi, romlis mixedviTac yvela problemis
fesvebi kulturul da mentalur CamorCeniloba-
Sia, romelic saqarTvelos mosaxleobis garkveul
fenebs axasiaTebT, rac maTgan isev da isev gambeda-
obas, stereotipebis rRvevas da progresis axal
ideasTan morgebas moiTxovs.
Tu neoliberalizms vkiTxulobT rogorc kri-
tikas da sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, is iyo so-
cialurisaxelmwifos infrastruqturisa da nor-
mebis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli kritika, Cven SemTx-
vevaSi, es iyo araformaluri, xandaxan kriminalu-
ri ekonomikis da saxelmwifos CamoSlis Sedegad,
sicarieleSi Seqmnili axali konservatiuli su-
bieqturobis kritika. nulovani tolerantobis
politika, iyo ara mxolod brZola korufciasa
da kriminalur samyarosTan, aramed es iyo brZo-
la subieqturobis garkveul formasTan, romelic
Seusabamo iyo progresis ideis Tanmxlebi socia-
luri da ekonomikuri normebisaTvis. konservati-
 53

uliwarmodgenebiT gansazRvruli subieqturoba,

krizisul periodSi ekonomikur funqcias asru-
lebda, sanaTesao da kriminalur wreebSi gawevri-
anebuli adamianebi, monawileobdnen sicocxlis
SenarCunebasa da garkveuli sikeTeebis gadanawi-
lebaSi. es iyo subieqturobis mier gansazRvruli
ekonomika da piriqiT. neoliberalizmi, saqarTve-
loSi am subieqturobasa da ekonomikaze reaqciis
saxiT warmoiSva.misi amocana iyo ara socialuri-
dan, aramed araformaluri da Savi ekonomikidan
sabazroze gadasvla.
progressa da regress, „sinaTlesa da sibneles“
Soris Seqmnili am opoziciis ganxilvisas,mniSv-
nelovania imis gageba Tu ra tipis progresis idea
upirispirdeboda am realobas, anu konkretulad
ra igulisxmeboda sityva progresSi, romelsac
mmarTveli elitebi iyenebdnen.neoliberaluri
subieqturobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ukiduresi
individualizmis da sakuTar warmatebasa da jan-
mrTelobaze sruli pasuxismgeblobis garda, am
ideas reaqciuli damokidebuleba axasiaTebs sxva
politikuri proeqtebis mimarT. magaliTad,memar-
cxened yofna TavisTavad regresulobas da sabWo-
Ta nostalgias niSnavda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kri-
tikul damokidebulebaze natosa da evrokavSiris
mimarT. individualizmis, liberaluri multi-
kulturalizmis da tolerantobis paralelurad,
progresis am koncepts, politikuri diskursebis
mimarT reaqciuli da avtoritaruli damokide-
buleba axasiaTebda.
54

lokaluri progresis ideis diskursuli spe-

cifikis saintereso magaliTia daviT kovziriZis
blogi „ai ia“7, sadac CamoTvlilia debulebebi,
romlebzec yvela progresuli qarTveli unda Se-
Tanxmdes. erTi mxriv, statiaSi kargad Cans, ganma-
naTlebluri toni, romelic „progresis gzas ac-
denil“ mkiTxvels upirobo pirad pasuxismgeblo-
bas akisrebs da arc ki saubrobs saerTo sikeTis
Seqmnis instituciur gzebze, romlebmac am ada-
mianebs gamorkvevis pirobebi unda Seuqmnan. meo-
re mxriv, homoseqsualebTan da sayurian biWebTan
tolerantuli damokidebulebis uwyinari idee-
bis gverdiT, upirobod dgas natosa da ucxoeli
investorebispozitiur movlenad Sefasebis idea.
Cveneburi progresis ideis naklovaneba ara natos
da investorebis TavisTavad uaryofiT movlene-
bad yofnaSi, aramed maTi upirobod miRebis da
evoluciis Semdeg safexurTan gaigivebis tenden-
ciaSi mdgomareobs. amgvari tendenciis samTavro-
bo ritorikis doneze gadanacvleba, politikuri
Tanamonawileobis dasavlurideas, romlis war-
modgenazec mas pretenzia aqvs, politikuri dog-
matikiTa da reaqcioneruli damokidebulebiT av-
sebs, rac TavisTavad antidemokratiuli da anti-
politikuri movlenaa.
meore tendenciis gansaxilvelad gadaval giga ze-
danias statiaze (RiseofReligiousNationalisminGeorgia)8,
romelic saqarTveloSi religiuri nacionaliz-

7 http://www.tabula.ge/ge/blog/72579-ai-ia
8 Zedania.G. (2011) The Rise of Religious Nationalism in Georgia. Identity Studies Vol.3
 55

mis warmoSobas exeba daam statiis wakiTxvas su-

bieqturobis Sesaxeb msjelobis WrilSi vecdebi.
statiaSi ramdenime saintereso momentia - 1850-ian
wlebSi, qarTuli nacionalizmi sekularuli iyo
misi ritorikis doneze, RmerTisa da religiis
xsenebas mxolod metaforuli funqcia hqonda. mag-
ram, amasTanave, eklesias hqonda didi roli soci-
aluryoveldRiurobaSi.am periodis religiuri
cnobiereba asrulebda garkveul rols sazoga-
doebis funqcionirebaSi, magram ar hqonda„qarT-
velobis“ reprezentaciis funqcia. sinamdvileSi,
rac moxda neoliberaluritranziciis periodSi
da rac aris saintereso progresisa da regresis,
„sinaTlisa da sibnelis“ winaaRmdegobis ganxil-
visas, aris is, rom eklesiam raRac momentSi aiRo
am mikro donis reprezentatoris funqcia poli-
tikur doneze.anu is gaxda „qarTvelobis“repre-
zentatori,romlis dafuZnebac sabWoTa saxelmwi-
fos CamoSlis procesSi moxda.
im winaaRmdegobis ganxilvisas, romelic ekle-
sias da nacionaluri moZraobis ideologias So-
ris gaCnda, CemTvis mTavari kiTxva aris - neolibe-
ralizmTan winaaRmdegobis nacvlad, xom ar cdi-
lobs eklesia masTan Serigebas? anu xom ar gvaqvs
saqme or ideologiur platformasTan, romelic
cdilobs neoliberaluri ekonomikis mier Seqm-
nili infrastruqturis saTavisod gamoyenebas?
sakuTari ritorikis doneze eklesia arasodes
akritikebs ekonomikuri institutebis funqcio-
nirebasa da uTanasworobas, misi kritikis mizani
56

liberaluri multikulturalizmis ideaa, rome-

lic safrTxes uqmnis eklesiis, rogorc politi-
kuri erTeulis Zalauflebas.
Cvens lokalur realobaSi, sakmaod xelSesaxe-
bia idea, romlis mixedviTac, kapitalizms funq-
cionirebisTvis aRar sWirdeba liberaluri de-
mokratia misi dasavluri saxiT. bolo wlebis sa-
qarTveloSi warmodgenili winaaRmdegobis orive
mxare amas adasturebs. erTi maTgani alternatiu-
li politikuri proeqtebis da socialuri poli-
tikis WrilSi, xolo meore eTnikur da seqsualur
umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. saqme ormag antide-
mokratiul safrTxesTan gvaqvs - pirveli neoli-
beralizmi da kapitalizmi religiuri da konser-
vatiuli saxiTda meore, neoliberalizmi ukidu-
resi individualizmiTa da reaqciuli damokide-
bulebiT socialuri mgrZnobelobis mimarT,dis-
kursul da instituciur doneze.

winaaRmdegobis moZraoba

ganaTlebis sistema am winaaRmdegobis velis

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wertilia. umaRlesi
ganaTleba, sadac inteleqtualuri duRili kvle-
visa da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis irgvliv unda
mimdinareobdes, am ori ideologiuri narativis
winaaRmdegobis kerad gadaiqca. erTi mxriv, ekle-
sias kargad esmis simboluri Zalauflebis mniSv-
neloba, amitomac mudmivad cdilobs am sivrceSi
sakanonmdeblo da araformalur doneze SeRwevas.
 57

meore mxriv, universitetebSi mimdinareobs prog-

resulobis naxsenebi ideis warmoeba, romelsac mi-
nimumamde dahyavs politikuri Tanamonawileoba
socialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.
rac Seexeba winaaRmdegobis moZraobas, mniSvne-
lovania, rom am or narativTan winaaRmdegobaSi
myofi moZraoba universitetebis SigniT warmoiS-
va da maTi warmoSobis pirveladi impulsi kultu-
ruli da yofiTi ukmayofileba iyo.
am winaaRmdegobis moZraobebis ZiriTadi maxa-
siaTebeli isaa, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs
aranairi memarcxene tradicia, romelsac es moZra-
obebi SeiZleba daefuZnon. am moZraobebs ZiriTa-
dad subkulturuli fesvebi aqvT, romlebidanac
Semdeg garkveuli memarcxene ideebis kristaliza-
cia da struqturireba moxda. es procesi jerac ar
damTavrebula. ruseTisgan da evropisgan gansxva-
vebiT, sadac kritikisa da kvlevis uamravi mimar-
Tuleba arsebobda, Cven gzebis sibneleSi xelis
cecebiT gakvleva gviwevs. is, rac Cven dasavlu-
ri akademiuri da aqtivisturi gamocdilebisgan
gvWirdeba, kvlevis meTodebi da TviTorganize-
bis praqtikebia, romelTa gareSec, arsebuli re-
alobisTvis pozitiuri alternativis dapiris-
pireba SeuZlebeli iqneba. tendencia, romelic
universitetis rogorc mkvdari codnis uar-
yofas cdilobs, Cven SemTxvevaSi, politikurad
araadekvaturi, ara ganaTlebis xarisxTan, aramed
universitetTan, rogorc politikuri ideolo-
gizirebis meqanizmTan mimarTebaSi aris. sinamd-
58

vileSi, ganaTlebis sistema awarmoebs im codnas,

romelic SemdgomSi koleqtiur organizebas da
progresis ideis kompleqsurad gaazrebas arTu-
lebs. sanam Cven vdgavarT universitetis gareT da
vebrZviT Zalauflebis negatiur efeqtebs, iq Za-
lauflebis pozitiuri ganzomilebisaTvis stra-
tegiuli mniSvnelobis muSaoba mimdinareobs,
romelic awarmoebs Governmentality-is formebsa da
samyaros aRqmas, romelic SesaZlebels xdis sazo-
gadoebis, rogorc politikuri menejmentis obi-
eqtis ganxilvas.
moZraobis subkulturuli fesvebi represiis
irgvliv gaerTianebas gulisxmobs. es ki niSnavs,
rom subkultura yovelTvis axerxebs kulturu-
li da politikuri akrZalvebis, anu Zalauflebis
negatiuri ganzomilebis identificirebas,Tumca
misi pozitiuri mxaris organizeba misi interese-
bis, an SesaZleblobebis miRma rCeba.amis naTeli ma-
galiTi iyo „laboratoria 1918“-is reaqciuloba,
rac kapitalisturi, an ubralod sistemuri Cagv-
ris emanaciebis identificirebas da mis irgvliv
gaerTianebas gulisxmobda. mocemuli msjelobi-
sas me ara amgvari strategiis negacias, aramed misi
limitebis Cvenebas vcdilob. unda aRiniSnos, rom
arsebobs am wesis darRvevis kargi mcdelobebic
(TviTorganizebis qseli, mwvane muSti da a.S.).
erT-erT moxsenebaSi,slavoiJiJeki saintere-
so anekdots yveba - Cvens postmodernul samya-
roSi, politikuri winaaRmdegobis ganxilvisas,
mas liftis magaliTi moyavs. mogexsenebaT yvela
lifts aqvs Rilaki, romlis funqciac karis daket-
 59

vaa. sinamdvileSi, kari TavisTavad iketeba, magram

Cven mainc vaWerT Rilaks da gvgonia, rom kari Cven
davketeT. JiJeki ambobs, rom sinamdvileSi,Cveni
postmodernuli politikis mdgomareoba amgvar
liftSi yofnas da Rilakebze xelis daWeras hgavs
- Cven gvgonia, rom kari iketeba imis gamo, rom Cven
davaWireT Rilaks, magram sinamdvileSi,kars vi-
Rac an raRac sxva ketavs.
amgvari liftis mdgomareobidan, mxolod kon-
teqstis istorizireba, sakuTari strategiis Seq-
mna, sakuTari fesvebisa da TviTkmayofilebis kri-
tika gamogviyvans.mediis mier gadametebuli yu-
radRebis da studenturi moZraobis mimarT libe-
raluri fetiSebis pirobebSi, Cven mudmivad varT
amgvar liftSi yofniT gamowveuli TviTkmayofi-
lebis safrTxis winaSe, sadac Cven gvgonia, rom Cven
vakeTebT raRacas da sinamdvileSi akeTeben isini,
visac kapitali da politikuri Zalaufleba aqvT.
CemTvis saboloo provokaciuli kiTxva ase da-
ismis - postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi, romelic aris
specifikuri da unikaluri konteqsti da me vecade
es meCvenebina, saerTod sakmarisia Tu ara neoli-
beralizmis kritika imisTvis, rom ar iyo neoli-
berali? ar iyo gansazRvruli misi Sinagani logi-
kiT, im Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT, romlebsac is
warmoSobs da iyo Caketili am mankieri wris Sig-
niT, romelsac JiJeki aRwers. subkulturuli me-
marcxeneoba yvelgan da yovelTvis aseT Sida wina-
aRmdegobas warmoadgens.
msjelobas alan badius mier axalgazrdobis
misamarTiT gakeTebuli mowodebiT davasruleb.
60

badius TqmiT, SesaZloa, dRes, Cven ar gvaqvs sak-

marisi Zala imisTvis, rom SevcvaloT krizisis
obieqturi mxare (warmoebis wesebi, redistribu-
ciis sistemebi), Tumca Cven SegviZlia vebrZoloT
mis subieqtur mxares, romelic istoriis, sazo-
gadoebis da sakuTari Tavis rogorc politiku-
ri subieqtis aRqmis gamrudebaSia gamoxatuli. am
procesSi mniSvnelovania progresis neolibera-
luri ideis gadaazreba da diskursul da infras-
truqturul doneze(SegaxsenebT, uTanasworobis
maCvenebliT saqarTvelo pirvel adgilzea regi-
onSi) im opoziciebis moSla, romlebic uZlur-
da cinikurpasuxebs scemen im socialuri kriziss,
romelsac Cven ukve vxedavT da romelic Cvengan
ara ubralod neoliberalizmis rogorc poli-
tikuri programis uaryofas, aramed pozitiur,
damajerebel pasuxs moiTxovs.
lokaluri socialuri krizisi gvaCvenebs, rom
individualizmi uZluria gascespasuxi kiTxvas,
Tu rogor unda vicxovroT erTad, erT sazoga-
doebaSi. politikuri da inteleqtualuri eli-
tis mier individualuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesa-
xeb ritorikis, centralur diskursad gadaqcevis
ukan ki neoliberalizmis ekonomikuri da polici-
uri aparati imaleba. am tendenciis sapirispirod,
qarTuli memarcxene moZraobis mTavari amocanas
individualur da koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas
Soris gadakveTis wertilebis moZieba da sazoga-
doebriv klasebs Soris gaCenili xidCatexilobis
aRmofxvra unda warmoadgendes.
 61

religia da politika:
TamTa xelaSvili
giorgi maisuraZe
62
 63

“sircxvilic harmonias uwyobs xels, magram mxolod iseT

garemoebebSi, romlis damalvac SeuZlebelia.”
spinoza - didebaze, sircxvilsa da usircxvilobaze

sircxvilis periferia1
TamTa xalvaSi

2004 wlis 5 maiss, baTumis bulvaris Sesasvlel-

Si, demonstrantebma cecxli daanTes adgilobrivi
erovnuli gmiris, memed abaSiZis Zeglis brinjaos
kalTaze. almokidebuli Zegli vardebis revolu-
ciis gamarjvebas aRniSnavda aWaraSi. Zeglze cecx-
lis danTebis aqti, wina mTavrobis politikuri
mniSvnelobebisa da simboloebisgan radikalur
gamijvnas moaswavebda.
memed abaSiZe muslimi begi iyo, romelmac me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo
osmaluri aWaris saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebis
saqmeSi. misi avtoritetis aRiareba 1960-iani wle-
bidan daiwyo aWaraSi, rac sabWoTa nacionaliza-
ciis politikis nawili iyo.
post-sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, memed abaSiZem sxva
mniSvneloba SeiZina. brinjaos ZeglebiTa da sa-

1 statia momzadebulia avtoris sadoqtoro disertaciaze dafuZnebiT,

romlis saTauria, Peripheral Affects: Shame, Publics and Performance on the Margins
of the Republic of Georgia (“periferiuli afeqtebi: sircxvili, publika da
performansi saqarTvelos sazRvrebze”), kopenhagenis universiteti,
socialuri mecnierebebis fakulteti, 2015.
64

mecniero naSromebiT, is aslan abaSiZis 13-wliani

avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis legitimacias em-
saxureboda. memed-begis brinjaos Zeglebi asla-
nis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis genetikur sacavebs
warmoadgenda aWaris periferiul avtonomiaSi.
„vardebis revoluciis“ mTavroba post-sabWoTa
saqarTvelos saTaveSi gardamavali epoqis dasru-
lebis misiiT movida. amitom aslan abaSiZis koruf-
ciuli da naxevrad separatistuli mmarTvelobis-
gan gamijvna, misi mTavari amocana iyo. aseT viTa-
rebaSi, memed abaSiZis Zegli Seusabamo simbolod
CaiTvala baTumis cvalebad politikur peizaJSi.
misi brinjaos sxeuli maleve Camosves bulvaris
SesasvlelSi mdgari pedestalidan da naklebad
TvalsaCino adgili miuCines. is aWaris mTavrobis
saxlis ukan moaTavses, memed abaSiZis quCis kuTxe-
Si. memedis meore, dasadgmelad gamzadebuli Zeg-
li qobuleTis sandasufTavebis teritoriaze aR-
moCnda. misi sxeuli horizontalurad ganaTavses
da Tavi satvirTo manqanis borbalze daadebines.
Zeglisgan gamoTavisuflebuli bulvaris Sesasv-
leli niJaris formis TeTri saqorwino saxliT Ca-
nacvlda. simboloTa aseTi monacvleoba post-sab-
WoTa politikuri warsulis amoSlisa da modernu-
lobis ineqciis mcdeloba iyo Tanamedrove aWaraSi.
Tumca, erovnuli gmiris Zeglis uCinar adgilas
gadatanam, qalaqis masiuri mRelvareba gamoiwvia.
adgilobrivi inteligencia da rigiTi moqalaqee-
bi aslanis Secdomebis mis did babuaze proeqcias
gaumarTleblad Tvlidnen, radgan memedma aWaris
 65

saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebas Seuwyo xelio. ami-

tom Zeglis gadatana araTvalsaCino adgilas is-
toriis upativcemulobad da sayovelTao sircx-
vilad CaiTvala.
vardebis revoluciis mTavrobisadmi miweril
werilSi, romelsac daaxloebiT asi adamiani awer-
da xels, mRelvareba Semdegnairad iyo gamoxatuli:
“am erovnuli gmiris Zeglis xelyofis faqti
Cveni istoriis uaxlesi periodis sircxvilia,
romelsac gamosworeba Wirdeba (nawilobriv ma-
inc). mTlianad es SeuZlebelia, radgan rac moxda,
imas veRar waSli. ...xuT maiss memed abaSiZis Zeglis
muxlebze danTebuli cecxli aWaris axali etapis
istoriaSi erTi sasircxo furcelia... Zegls, ro-
gorc eris kuTvnilebas aseTi ram ar unda akadro,
mas gafrTxileba unda, rogorc sakurTxevels.”
rogorc aRmovaCine, es werili babuaCemis, fri-
don xalvaSis leqssac Seicavda. misi leqsi meme-
dis saxeliT iyo dawerili, sadac is maTxovari-
viT kuTxeSi mdgar erovnuli gmiris daufasebel
Rvawlze Cioda. miuxedavad imisa, rom me gansakuT-
rebuli urTierToba mqonda babuasTan da udides
pativs vcemdi mas, fridonis da misi Tanamoazree-
bis Relva Zeglis gadatanasTan dakavSirebiT cota
gadaWarbebulad meCveneboda. ar masvenebda fiqri,
Tu ratom da rogor SeiZleba memedis Zeglis gada-
tanam ase aaRelvos adamianebi da ra saerTo hqon-
da am yvelafers sircxvilTan da erTan, rogorc es
werilSi iyo naxsenebi?
66

sircxvili, rogorc marginaloba

imis gasagebad, Tu ratom SeiZleba rigiTma po-

litikurma aqtma, rogoricaa magaliTad Zeglis
gadatana, “sircxvilis” mniSvneloba SeiZinos Ta-
namedrove saqarTveloSi, saWiroa vicodeT ra kav-
Siria sircxvilsa da marginalobas Soris. es dag-
vexmareba sircxvilis im politikuri da afeqturi
aspeqtebis gaanalizebaSi, rac safuZvlad udevs
aWaraSi gavrcelebul “sircxvilis” enasa da ga-
mocdilebas.
Cemi mTavari argumentia, rom aWaris muslimi
da gaqristianebuli Temi SeiZleba ganvixiloT
marginalurad ara mxolod maTi geografiuli,
socialuri, politikuri an kulturuli statu-
sis da poziiciis mixedviT, aramed istoriulad
miRebuli sircxvilis gamocdilebiTac. amitom,
am naSromis saTauri - sircxvilis periferia - aR-
niSnavs ara mxolod aWaris periferiul geogra-
fias, aramed masSi macxovrebeli adamianebis sxe-
ulTa periferiebsac, sadac sircxvilis afeqtebi
iyris Tavs. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, sxvadasxva
politikuri formaciis fonze, aWaraSi sircxvi-
li iyo ideologiuri kultivaciis an socialuri
wnexis Sedegi, romelic gariyvisa da marginali-
zaciis SiSebs aRZravda adgilobrivebSi. amitom
sircxvilma am periferiul adgilas warmoSva, er-
Ti mxriv, gaerTianebis, meore mxriv ki izolaciisa
da avtonomiurobis survilebi, rac daZabulobis
atmosferos qmnida.
 67

anTropologiaSi, sircxvilis Temas ZiriTadad

sxvadasxva kulturaSi arsebuli moraluri siste-
mis WrilSi ikvlevdnen. magaliTad, mediteranul,
axlo aRmosavlur an Sua aziur magaliTebze da-
fuZnebiT, anTropologebi sircxvils socialuri
wesrigisa da kontrolis damyarebis kulturul
meqanizmad ganixilavdnen, romelic gandevnis mo-
ralur SiSzea dafuZnebuli (Herzfeld 1980; Mahmood
1986). sircxvilis cnebis gamoyenebiT, anTropo-
logebi iseT sakiTxebs aanalizebdnen, rogoricaa
genderi, seqsualoba, agresiuli siamaye an saja-
ro reputacia, rac qalisa da mamakacis socialu-
ri rolebis ganmsazRvrel moralur kategoriebs
gulisxmobda. terminebiT “sircxvilis sazoga-
doeba” an “sircxvili-Rirsebis kultura” swored
aseT kulturul da moralur sistemebs aRniSnaven
anTropologiaSi.
am naSromSi sircxvilze, rogorc calke mora-
lur kategoriaze ar visaubreb, rac isedac sak-
maod problemuri midgoma mgonia. aq, sircxvils
ganvixilav, rogorc gansxvavebuli istoriebis,
politikuri formaciebisa da adamianTa jgufebis
Sejaxebis Sedegs, romelic afeqtur reaqciebsa da
urTierTmimarTebebs warmoSobs. es imas niSnavs,
rom aWaraSi sircxvili RirebulebiTi sistemis
nawili ki ar aris, aramed sakuTari gansxvavebulo-
bis aRqmiT gamowveuli grZnobaa, rac sxvadasxva
istoriul momentSi sxvadasxvainairad gamoixate-
boda da marginalizaciis wyarod iqceoda xolme.
sxva sityvebiT, sircxvili nacionaluri erTiano-
68

bis damyarebis mcdelobis Sedegia, rac sxva Tana-

medrove eri-saxelmwifos konteqstebzec SeiZleba
gavavrceloT.
am argumentis ganviTarebaSi damexmareba, Cem mi-
er 2012-2013 wlebSi Segrovebuli eTnografiuli
Canawerebi, aseve saarqivo masalebi da memed abaSi-
Zis biografiuli gza, romelic aWaraSi sxvadasx-
va politikur ZalTa cvlilebebis fonze viTar-
deboda. am formiT, imedia, SevZleb sircxvilis
sxvadasxva gamovlinebis aRweras, romlis drosac
Sevecdebi avxsna, ra genealogiuri kavSiria sircx-
vils, adgilsa da ers Soris.

SiSi da imperia

memed abaSiZis brinjaos ZeglTan dakavSirebu-

li dava Tanamedrove baTumSi ucnauri iqneboda,
Tu mas qalaqis warsulSi aqtiuri monawileoba ar
eqneboda miRebuli. misi cxovreba mravali Zalis
fonze viTardeboda - osmaleTis imperiis, caris-
tuli ruseTis, liberaluri qarTuli inteligen-
ciis, menSevikebisa da komunistebis - romlebmac
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli politikuri muSao-
ba Caatares am adgilsa da xalxze.
memedi xuTi wlis iyo, roca 1878 wels, aWara
berlinis traqtatiT ruseTis imperiaSi moqceul
saqarTvelos SemouerTda. manamde, aWara 300 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, osmaleTis imperiis periferiuli
nawili iyo, sadac mosaxleobis udidesi nawili
sunitur islams emsaxureboda da Turqulsa da
 69

qarTul enebze monacvleobiT saubrobda. aq, adgi-

lobrivi muslimi Tavadebi da samxedroebi sakma-
od did Zalauflebasa da avtoritets flobdnen.
osmaleTis imperia aWarel Tavadebs begis statu-
sebiT ajildoebda, rac maT saSualebas aZlevda
regioni ufro damoukideblad emarTaT.
ruseTis imperiis farglebSi gadasvliT aWa-
ram sakuTari periferiuli pozicia Seicvala. Sav
zRvaze strategiuli mdebareobis gamo, baTumi ev-
ropasa da azias Soris damakavSirebel mniSvnelo-
van ekonomikur centrad iqca kavkasiaSi. aq, mcire
zomis navsadguri modernizebuli portiT Canacv-
lda, saidanac baqos navTobi evropaSi gahqondaT.
axladSemoerTebul teritoriaze sakuTari Za-
lauflebis ukeT demontrirebisTvis, caristul
ruseTs osmaluri imperiisa da ruseT-TurqeTis
omis nakvalevic unda waeSala. amisTvis, tyviebiT
dacxriluli baTumis urbanuli qsovili fsevdo
barokouli da klasikuri evropuli arqiteqtu-
ruli stiliT Secvala, xolo osmaluri samxedro
galavani - burun Tabie - miwasTan gaaswora.
Tumca, imperiuli sazRvrebisa da qalaqis ur-
banuli struqturis cvlileba aWaris muslimi mo-
saxleobis gariyviT, an maTze pirdapiri Zalado-
bis saSualebiT moxda. magaliTad, “qalaqis baRis”
(dRevandeli 6 maisis parki) gasaSeneblad, muslimi
afxazebi da Cerqezebi iZulebiT gadaasaxles baTu-
midan. aWarel muslimebs ki, romelTac axal imperi-
ul kanonebTan Segueba ar surdaT, osmaleTSi gada-
saxleba urCies. aman gamoiwvia gadasaxlebebis udi-
70

desi talRa, anu muhajiroba, romlis drosac asi-

aTasobiT aWareli muslimi TurqeTSi gadaixvewa.
muhajirobis amsaxvel aWarul folklorSi kargad
Cans am gadasaxlebiT gamowveuli sevda da SiSi, ro-
melic imperiisadmi Seugueblobas gamoxatavda.

”baTumi da qeda, rom dimirCa deda, lalee,

wevel, gavxdi firali, deda davtie tirali.
memleqeTis derdi, gogo damrCa erTi, lilee,
Citi gavxde, gadavfrinde, Simibralebs RmerTi,
lilee.”2

baTumis dacarielebul quCebze da sasoflo-

sameurneo miwebze ruseTidan Camosuli Cinovnike-
bis sacxovrebeli rezidenciebi, saxelmwifo Seno-
bebi Tu bulvarebi gaSenda. aseTma kolosalurma
sivrciTma Tu demografiulma cvlilebebma aWara-
Si araTanaswori socialuri da politikuri da-
yofa warmoqmna. amis gamo, is muslimebi, romlebic
aWaraSi ganagrZobdnen cxovrebas, xSirad, organi-
zebulad janydebodnen caristurli ruseTis wi-
naaRmdeg (TurmaniZe 2009).
imperiuli reJimebi, brain larkinis mixedviT,
infrastruqturul teqnologiebs “koloniuri
didebis” Sesaqmnelad iyeneben. “koloniuri dide-
ba” gamiznulia mianiSnos “Zalauflebis arseboba-
ze” teqnologiuri fandis saSualebiT, romelic
gaTanamedrovebas da “civilizacias” hpirdeba
2 citirebulia Tina SioSvilis statiaSi, “ruseT-TurqeTis omebisa
da aWarelTa muhajirobis amsaxveli folklori.” Jurnali firosmani,
No. 6, Semodgoma (2008: 6).
 71

adamianebs (Larkin 2008: 36-37). baTumis urbanuli

sivrce swored aseTi koloniuri didebis Sesaq-
mnelad gamoiyena rusulma imperiam. termini “Ta-
Tari,” romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba muslimi aWar-
lebis dasaxasiaTeblad saqarTveloSi, swored am
periodSi gaCnda. rusi da qarTveli qristianebi
am terminiT muslimebis “aracivilur” bunebaze
mianiSnebdnen, rac “kolonialuri didebisadmi”
eWvisa da SiSis grZnobebs kidev ufro aRvivebda.
es SiSebi ara mxolod ruseTis imperiaze, aramed
qarTvel qristianebzec vrceldeboda, romleb-
sac aWaris muslimi mosaxleoba imperiuli mmarT-
velobis gansxeulebad miiCnevda. es SiSebi kargad
aris asaxuli aWarul legendaTa ciklSi dedja-
lis, anu igive derjalis Sesaxeb (SioSvili 2010).
aq dedjali aris qristiani qmnileba, romelic
muslimebis Zaladobriv gaqristianebas cdilobs:
“derjali udinoa3, qristiani, magram imis umf-
rosi RmerTia kidev (nbifa, saqme No. 68, gv. 67); “igi
(dedjal-oxruji) xristiania da mis julze gada-
yavs xalxi, Tu daajera da ramiT moatyuila; Tu
ver daajera, maSin Wris Tavs yilijiT.4 jameSi ver
Sedis marto igi” (nbifa, saqme No. 43, gv. 35); “derja-
li qristiania, qabeeSi5 unda wevdes, mara ar uSve-
ben” (nbifa, saqme No. 67, gv. 80).6

3 udino - urwmuno. dini (arab.) - rwmena, religia.

4 yiliji (Turq.) - xmali.
5 qaabe/qaaba - islamis mTavari salocavi taZari meqaSi, romelic
iTvleba muslimTa erTianobis simbolod.
6 citirebulia Tina SioSvilis naSromSi,”religiaTa Soris urTierTobis
asaxva aWaris folklorSi.” “qarTveli muslimebi Tanamedroveobis
konteqstSi,” redaqtorebi Tina SioSvili da ruslan baramiZe, rusTavelis
fondi, ssip niko berZeniSvilis instituti, baTumi (2010: 53).
72

aWarul folklorSi gabneuli SiSebi qristiani

qmnilebebis mimarT, aRniSnavda muslimi aWarlebis
mier koloniuri ruseTisa da maTi qarTveli warmo-
madgenlebisadmi undoblobas. amitom, yoveldRi-
ur socialur urTierTobebSi, muslimebi qristi-
anebs “giaurebs” eZaxdnen, rac Turquli sityvaa da
qarTulad urjulos niSnavs. es sityva zemo aWaris
muslim TemSi dRemde gamoiyeneba da gamoxatavs ara-
muslimi adamianebis arasando da daundobel bune-
bas, romlebsac SeuZliaT adgilobrivi cxovrebis
wesisa da tradiciebis safrTxis qveS dayeneba. axal
imperiul sivrceSi moqceuli aWareli muslimebi
ruseTis mier damontaJebul “civilizaciur inf-
rastruqturas” sakuTar Tavsa da adgilze kont-
rolis dakargvad aRiqvamdnen. amitom isini ufro
met avtonomiurobas moiTxovdnen, rac imperiuli
Cagvris mimarT arsebuli SiSiTa da marginalobis
gancdiT iyo gamowveuli.

`dakarguli Zmebi~

memed abaSiZis ojaxs swored aseT garemoSi mou-

wia sakuTari socialuri da politikuri pozici-
ebis Tavidan warmosaxva da ganmtkiceba. es procesi
daemTxva liberaluri inteligenciis gaaqtiure-
bas saqarTveloSi, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe edga
saTaveSi. rogorc pol meningi wers, es iyo perio-
di, roca aristokratuli inteligencia sakuTar
Tavs liberalur “sazogadoebad” miiCnevda, ro-
melsac hqonda civilizaciuri mizani gaenaTlebi-
 73

na axladSemoerTebuli muslimi “xalxi” (2012: 30).

inteligencia cdilobda Zlieri politikuri da
lingvisturi fundamenti Seeqmna qarTveli eris
formirebisTvis. amitom sxvadasxva publikaciaSi
aWaras “osmalur” an “samuslimano” saqarTvelos,
xolo aWarlebs “dakargul Zmebs” uwodebda, ri-
Tac am adgilisa da xalxis arsobrivad qarTul
warmomavlobas usvamda xazs.
gazeT „droebis“ redaqtori, sergei mesxi, ro-
melmac aWaraSi erT-erTma pirvelma imogzaura mi-
si SemoerTebis Semdeg, werda:
“Cven, rusis qarTvelebi, TiTqmis ar vicnobT
am axlad Cven ubeSi dabrunebul moZmeebs. viciT
mxolod, rom yvela eseni gamahmadianebulebi ari-
an, rom mometebul nawils amaTgans Zveli saqarT-
velos xasiaTi da Cveulebani jerac ar daviwyebi-
aT da asruleben, viciT, rom zogan imaT TavianTi
samSoblo da qarTuli ena jerac ar dakargviaT da
sxva araferi.”7
mesxis werili gamoxatavs siaxloves, magram amav-
droulad gaucxoebas aWareli muslimebis mimarT,
romlebic “dabrunebul moZmeebad” moevlinen sa-
qarTvelos. idea aseTi iyo - moZme an Zma SeiZleba
daikargos da gaucxovdes, magram is mainc rCeba
axloblad, sisxlismier oreulad. amitom “Zvel
qarTul maxasiaTeblebsa” da “mSobliur enaze” yu-
radRebis gamaxvilebiT, sergei mesxi cdilobda
saerTo niSnebisa da Tvisebebis gamoyofas, rac da-
7 “axlad SeZenili saqarTvelo” - daibeWda inicialebiT - s.m. “droebaSi”
(1878 w., 10, III No. 50). werili Setanilia agreTve ramaz surmaniZis mier
gamocemul sergei mesxis nawerebis wignSi “werilebi aWaraze.”
74

kargul moZmeebs, rogorc erTi ojaxis wevrebs ise

Seaxvedrebda da gaaerTianebda.
Tu erovnuli erTianobis es modeli sekula-
rul principebze aRmocenda, inteligenciis sxva
warmomadgenlebi religiuri ideebiTac xelmZR-
vanelobdnen. imdroindeli publikaciebis nawil-
Si detaluradaa ganxiluli, Tu rogor asruleb-
dnen da saidumlod inaxavdnen muslimi aWarlebi
zogierT qristianul ritualsa da tradicias
osmalur aWaraSi (baqraZe 1987; WiWinaZe 2004; yazbe-
gi 1995). saerTo qristianul ritualebze xazgasma
gavrcelebuli erovnuli warmosaxva iyo me-19 sau-
kuneSi. Tumca, am diskurss ufro orientalisturi
datvirTva hqonda (Said 2003), vidre Teologiuri
da aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, muslimi Zmebis “erov-
nul” potencials gulisxmobda.
miuxedavad inteligenciis mier gaxmovanebuli
“moZmeobis” ritorikisa, romelic kulturuli
erTianobis ideebs efuZneboda, rusma Cinovnikebma
maRali gadasaxadebi daaweses aWaraSi. am midgomam
kidev ufro gaaRviva arsebuli socialuri dayo-
fa aWaris axladSemoerTebul sazogadoebaSi, ro-
melic 1877-78 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omianobis
Semdeg, isedac gaRatakebuli iyo. aman biZgi mis-
ca muhajirobis talRis gazrdas aWaraSi, ramac
warmoSva identobis krizisi muslim da qristian
“moZmeebs” Soris da mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa erT-
maneTis aRiarebis procesi. miuxedavad Seqmnili
viTarebisa, maSindeli qarTuli presa muslimi
aWarlebis migracias mxolod molebisa da Turqi
 75

agitatorebis muSaobas miawerda. presaSi ganixi-

leboda, Tu rogor arwmunebdnen muslimi agita-
torebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas, rom ruseTis
imperia maT religiur cxovrebas safrTxis qveS
daayenebda (kaxiZe 2008). amis gamo, muslimebis SiSe-
bi caristuli imperiis mimarT xelovnurad gaRvi-
vebul, ufro metic, “samarcxvino” gamocdilebad
CaiTvala ara mxolod aWaraSi, aramed mTlianad
kavkasiaSi, rac arapirdapir muslimebis “CamorCe-
nilobas” miewera (Grant 2009). sircxvilis kultiva-
cia aWaraSi pirvelad swored am periodSi iwyeba,
rac mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli muslimebis “ara-
civilurobis” aRqmasa da gavrcelebasTan.
liberaluri inteligenciis mTavari warmomad-
geneli, ilia WavWavaZe muslimTa SiSebs erTmaneTis
miRebis mTavar winaRobad aRiqvamda da maT gafan-
tvas cdilobda. amitom, diskursul doneze, is
religiuri gansxvavebulobis dakninebas Seecada,
xolo praqtikulad, ruseTis imperiisgan gadasa-
xadebis gauqmeba moiTxova. socialur da saganma-
naTleblo saqmianobaSi CarTviT, ilia cdilobda
adgilobrivi muslimebis ndobisa da simpaTiis
mopovebas. is werda:
“ar gvaSinebs meTqi Cven is garemoeba, rom Cven
Zmebs, osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa, dRes
mahmadianis sarwmunoeba uWiravT, oRond movides
kvlav is bednieri dRe, rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev
SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT, da qarTveli, Cven-
da sasiqadulod, kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanasa, rom
igi ar erCis adamianis sindiss, da didis xnis gan-
76

Sorebul Zmas Zmuradve SeiTvisebs (WavWavaZe 1987

[1877]: 10).
memed abaSiZe erT-erTi im muslim aWarelTaga-
ni iyo, romelic “Zmobisa” da erovnuli erTiano-
bis ideebis gavrcelebaSi exmareboda liberalur
qarTul inteligencias. misma mamam, ibrahim beg
abaSiZem, 1883 wels, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daxmarebiT, pirve-
li qarTuli skola gaxsna baTumSi. memedi swored
am skolaSi swavlobda da qarTul enasTan erTad,
Turqul da sparsul enebsac eufleboda. am codnis
saSualebiT, memedi mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas
eweoda da qarTul enaze ramdenime poemis, moTx-
robisa da piesis avtoric gaxda. literaturuli
saqmianobis paralelurad, memedi politikuradac
aqtiuri iyo. amitom, wera misTvis ara mxolod li-
teraturul, aramed politikur saqmianobadac ga-
daiqca. sajaro sferoSi CarTviT memedi cdilob-
da, sakuTari periferiuli kuTxis “civilurobis”
demonstrirebas da muslim aWarlebSi gavrcele-
buli SiSebis gafantvas, romlebic “ZmaTa” Soris
ormxriv aRiarebas uSlida xels.

sircxvili imperiisa da eris mijnaze

XX saukunis dasawiyisi didi socialuri da po-

litikuri Zvrebis periodi iyo, ramac sircxvilis
rubrikis saxecvlileba gamoiwvia periferiul
aWaraSi. Tu sircxvili aqamde religiur WrilSi
iyo kultivirebuli da muslimebis “aracivilur”
 77

bunebas aRniSnavda, axla is erisa da imperiis gar-

damaval formats gulisxmobda, sadac erisadmi ke-
Tilganwyobileba ufro progresul politikur
midgomad CaiTvala.
es iyo epoqa, rodesac axladaRmocenebuli so-
cialisturi da nacionalisturi moZraobebi ru-
seTis imperiis politikur da administraciul
organizacias sastikad daupirispirdnen. saqarT-
veloSi, socialistebis sxvadasxva jgufi klasob-
riv interesebs nacionalur sakiTxTan akavSireb-
da, raTa socializmis ideebs ukeT SeeRwia eTni-
kurad da religiurad daqsaqsuli sazogadoebis
yvela fenaSi (Suny 1994). amitomac, socializmi sa-
qarTveloSi ara mxolod klasebis, aramed erov-
nuli gaerTianebis ideologiur CarCosac warmo-
adgenda. am epoqis daxasiaTebisas, stefan jonsi,
Tavis wignSi qarTuli socializmis Sesaxeb wers,
rom socializmi “qarTuli sazogadoebisa da te-
ritoriis modernizaciis, integraciisa da nacio-
nalizaciis” saSualeba iyo (2005: 15).
memed abaSiZe swored am dros gaerTianda so-
cialistur-federalistur partiaSi. federa-
listebi saqarTvelos erovnul da kulturul
avtonomias iTxovdnen ruseTis imperiis farg-
lebSi. gansxvavebiT social-demokratiuli par-
tiisagan, romelic klasTa Soris brZolis marq-
sistul doqtrinas uWerda mxars, federalistebi
yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen erisa da erovnuli enis
cnebebze (jorjaZe 1914). memed abaSiZisaTvis erisa
da saqarTvelos kulturuli avtonomiis ideebi
78

misaRebi iyo, radgan is muslimuri aWaris kultu-

rul avtonomiasac gulisxmobda. avtonomiis ideis
dacviT, memedi cdilobda, is SiSebi da gaucxoeba
daemarcxebina aWaraSi, rac mis muslim TanamoZmeebs
gaaCndaT rusuli imperiisa da misi warmomadgen-
lebis mimarT. Tumca, federalisturi partia, gans-
xvavebiT liberaluri inteligenciisagan, ruseTis
imperiisadmi Riad dapirispirebuli politikuri
Zala iyo. amitom, memed-begi politikuri devnis
msxverplic iyo - 1905 wlidan 1917 wlamde, is ram-
denjerme daiWires da gadaasaxles saqarTvelodan.
politikuri safrTxeebis Sesamcireblad, me-
medma sabolood miatova federalistur-socia-
listuri partia da Tavis politikur saqamianobas
liberaluri inteligenciis daxmarebiT agrZe-
lebda aWaraSi. avtobiografiaSi memedi detalu-
rad aRwers sirTuleebiT mocul saqmianobasa da
sakuTar politikur rols aWaraSi:
“qarTuli da Turquli enebis codna saSualebas
maZlevda gavcnobodi progresul ideebs, libera-
lur azrovnebas. gasuli saukunis bolodan urye-
vad videqi saqarTvelos mTlianobis niadagze da
brZolis am xazze ara erTi da ori sastiki ieriSi
momigeriebia, rogorc presaSi, ise yrilobebze ga-
mosvliT. vicavdi da vatarebdi zemoaRniSnul ide-
ebs, ramac dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo da samuslimano
da saqristiano saqarTvelos Soris Catexili xidi
kvlav gaamTela, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv.” 8
8 memed abaSiZe, “avtobiografia” (1931). Setanilia nargiz abaSiZis
da Teimuraz komaxiZismier gamocemul krebulSi “samuslimano
saqarTvelo: 1919-1921,” “gamomcemloba aWara” (2008: 27).
 79

am weriliT Cans, rom memed abaSiZe Tavis TavSi

aerTianebda im winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse epoqas,
romelic imperiisa da eris gasayarze muslimebisa
da qristianebis erT kulturul arealSi moqcevas
gulisxmobda. misi identoba iseTive kompleqsu-
ri iyo, rogorc TviTon aWara. memedi cdilobda
islamisa da “progresulobis” erTmaneTTan dakav-
Sirebas aWaris qarTveli erisadmi mikuTvnebiT,
radgan erovnuli formati misTvis ufro prog-
resuli politikuri mowyobis idea iyo. aqedan
gamomdinare, werilSi naxsenebi “Catexili xidi”
qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris gaRvivebul re-
ligiur konfliqts ki ar asaxavda, aramed imperii-
sa da eris mijnaze mdgar sazogadoebas, romelsac
arCevani erovnuli politikuri mowyobis sasar-
geblod unda gaekeTebina.
swored am politikur gzajvaredinze Cndeba
sircxvilis cneba da impulsi aWaraSi. sxvadasxva
publikaciaSi, memedi im muslim aWarlebs, romle-
bic damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gaerTianebas em-
xrobodnen, “progresul” adamianebad moixsenieb-
da, xolo maT, vinc osmalur imperiaSi yofnas ar-
Cevdnen, “fanatikosebsa” da “Turqofilebs” eZaxda.
misi azriT, aseTi adamianebi Turqi agitatorebis
gavleniT moqmedebdnen aWaraSi da safrTxes uqm-
nidnen Tanacxovrebis erTian formats qarTveli
eris CarCoSi, rac mas “samarcxvinod” miaCnda.
Sercxvenis am aqtSi, ukve SeiZleba davinaxoT
sircxvilis grZnoba TviTon SemarcxvenelSi.
“progresuli” muslimi aWarlebi sakuTar TavSi-
80

ve atarebdnen sircxvils sakuTari osmaluri mem-

kvidreobis gamo. rac ufro metad arcxvendnen maT,
vinc osmaleTis imperiaSi darCenas uWerda mxars,
miT ufro metad arcxvendnen sakuTar Tavsac am
memkvidreobaSi uneburi TanamonawileobisaTvis.
sxva sityvebiT, es daZabuloba aRniSnavda imperii-
sa da eris mijnaze arsebul adgilsa da xalxs, ro-
melic sircxvilis wyarod gadaiqca sakuTari war-
sulis gamo.
swored, am gardamaval periodSi Cndeba kiTxva
- vin SeiZleba CaiTvalos qarTvelad? es aris mniS-
vnelovani gansxvaveba imperiasa da er-saxelmwifos
Soris. imperia gulisxmobs subieqtebis nomina-
lur kavSirs, anu fics monarqTan, maSin, roca eri
gulisxmobs konkretuli tipis adamians, romelic
konkretuli “geografiuli da politikuri siv-
rciTaa SemosazRvruli” (Donnan 1999: 129). Tumca,
rogorc liza uedini wers sakuTar monografiaSi
iemenuri nacionalizmis Sesaxeb, “xSirad naciona-
lizmi sxva ideologiebTan da master narativebTan
erTad viTardeba da xandaxan erwymis kidec maT”
(Wedeen 2008: 14). aWaris SemTxvevaSi, es imas niSnavs,
rom aq macxovrebeli adamianebi araTanabrad izi-
arebdnen nacionalizmis “progresul” ideebs. ami-
tom isini ar iyvnen erovnuli sivrcisa da drois
Tanadrouli monawileebi (Anderson 2006: 24). piri-
qiT, aWaris daqsaqsuli sazogadoeba imperiisa da
eris Sesaxeb arsebuli sapirispiro ideebiT ikve-
beboda, rac sircxvilis rubrikas warmoSobda.
aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebisa da adgilis
 81

formireba periferiul aWaraSi sircxvilis wya-

rosTan mWidro kavSirSi Camoyalibda, rac saku-
Tar gansxvavebulobasTan Widilsac gulisxmobda.

sircxvili avtonomiis ZiebaSi

swored am gansxvavebulobis SekavSireba surda

memed-begs qarTul nacionalur ideasTan. Tumca,
imperiul da nacionalur horizontebs Soris da-
pirispireba kidev ufro garTulda 1917 wlis bol-
Sevikuri revoluciis Semdeg, romlis drosac, sa-
qarTvelos politikuri atmosfero dramatulad
Seicvala. transkavkasiuri seimi, moklexniani sam-
xreT kavkasiuri saxelmwifo, romelSic sasomxe-
Ti, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo erTiandebodnen,
regionis politikuri cxovrebis marTvas Seudga.
liberaluri inteligenciis ideologiuri mxar-
daWeriT, memedma da misma muslimma Tanamoazreebma
am dros daarses muslim qarTvelTa komiteti. komi-
tetis mizans memedi Semdegnairad aRwerda:
“komitetis mizani mravali iyo, umTavresi ki
imaSi mdgomareobda, rom gagvegrZelebina TviT-
Segnebis Setana samuslimano saqarTvelos mosax-
leobaSi, farTod gagveSuqebina masebis winaSe
samuslimano saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli,
gagvemtkicebina masSi mTliani saqarTvelos idea,
da sazogadod mzad vyofiliyaviT yovelgvari mo-
salodneli xifaTis Tavidan asaSoreblad.”9

9 memed abaSiZe, “avtobiografia” (1931). Setanilia nargiz abaSiZis

da Teimuraz komaxiZismier gamocemul krebulSi “samuslimano
saqarTvelo: 1919-1921,” “gamomcemloba aWara” (2008: 29).
82

qarTvel muslimTa komiteti im Suamaval sajaro

sferos warmoadgenda, romelsac aWaraSi “prog-
resuli” nacionaluri ideebi da grZnobebi unda
gaeRvivebina da saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis po-
litikuri safuZvlebi moemzadebina. Tumca, am miz-
nebis ganxorcielebas droebiT xeli SeuSala ru-
seTSi damyarebulma komunisturma reJimma, rom-
lis drosac, axali mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda,
1918 wels, brest-litovskis zavisTvis moewera xe-
li. am zavis mixedviT, komunistur mTavrobas uari
unda eTqva caristuli ruseTis mier kontrolire-
bul teritoriebze, maT Soris baTumis, yarsisa da
ardaganis olqebze, Sedegad ki, osmaleTis jarebma
droebiT isev daikaves aWaris periferia.
am daZabul fonze, baTumSi gaZlierda muslimTa
is jgufebi, romlebic aWaris osmaleTis imperi-
is farglebSi darCenas emxrobodnen. maT Camoaya-
libes axali politikuri partia „sedai mileTi“,
romelmac sakuTari gazeTis gamoSvebac daiwyo da
aWaris avtonomiis osmaleTis imperiis sazRvreb-
Si gadasvlis ideas avrcelebda. sapasuxod, memed-
ma da misma Tanamoazreebma nacionalisturi Zalebi
Semoikribes da samulimano aWaris ganmanTavisuf-
lebeli komiteti daaarses, romelic osmaluri im-
periisa da misi momxreebis gavlenebis winaaRmdeg
iyo mimarTuli. „sedai mileTisgan“ gansxvavebiT,
aWaris ganmanTavisufebeli komiteti mxars uWerda
aWaris avtonomias saqarTvelos farglebSi.
1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelom damoukideblo-
ba swored am daZabul politikur pirobebSi gamo-
 83

acxada. axladSeqmnili saxelmwifos arasruli da

bundovani sazRvrebi gamokveTas moiTxovda, rac
mxolod nacionalisturi jgufebis xelSewyobiT
iyo SesaZlebeli. amitom, noe Jordanias socia-
listur-demokratiuli partia aWaraSi memed aba-
SiZis politikur qmedebebs uWerda mxars da mis mi-
er daarsebul gazeTs “samuslimano saqarTvelos”
afinansebda. gazeTis mizani iyo ara mxolod soci-
aluri Tanasworobis ideebis gavrceleba aWaraSi,
aramed aWaris saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis sur-
vilis gaRvivebac. gazeTis aseT ormag funqciaze
memedi Semdegnairad werda:
“Cveni mizania, samuslimano da saqristiano sa-
qarTvelos politikuri mTlianobis uzrunvel-
yofa da amave dros, samuslimano saqarTvelos Ta-
visuflebis uzrunvelyofa. ...amasTan erTad, Cveni
gazeTi mxolod avtonomiis formaze da sistemaze
saubrebis aRZvriT ar dakmayofildeba: amave dros,
igi Cvens sarwmunoebriv, erovnul da socialur
cxovrebazedac daiwyebs laparaks: Cveni sarwmuno-
ebis amaRlebas, erovnuli Segnebis gafarToebas da
Cveni cxovrebis gaumjobesebasac emsaxureba.”10
miuxedavad memedis mondomebisa, aWara damou-
kidebeli saqarTvelos farglebSi moqceuliyo
avtonomiis statusiT, am ideis ganxorcielebas
xels uSlida rTuli geopolitikur viTareba.
1919 wels, aWaraSi, osmaluri jarebi britanulma
Caanacvla. am qmedebiT britaneTs surda regionSi
10 gazeTi “samuslimano saqarTvelo,” No. 1, 11 ianvari 1919. Setanilia
nargiz abaSiZis da Teimuraz komaxiZis mier gamocemul krebulSi
“samuslimano saqarTvelo: 1919-1921,” “gamomcemloba aWara” (2008: 13).
84

bolSevikebisa da germanelebis Semosvla Seefer-

xebina da baqos navTobis strategiuli xazi gae-
kontrolebina.
britanuli okupaciis pirobebSi, aWaraSi Ca-
tarda pirveli adgilobrivi arCevnebi, romelSic
ori mTavari partia, „sedai mileTi“ da aWaris gan-
manTavisuflebeli komiteti daupirispirda er-
TmaneTs. partiebs Soris dapirispireba imperiisa
da eris sapirispiro ideebs Soris dapirispirebac
iyo. am daZabul saarCevno brZolaSi ganmanTavis-
fulebelma komitetma aWaris mejlisSi skamebis um-
ravlesoba moipova, memedi ki mejlisis Tavjdomare
gaxda. brZolam mejlisSi gadainacvla, sadac dapi-
rispirebis mTavari Tema aWaris avtonomiis erov-
nul Tu imperiul topografiaSi moqceva iyo. am da-
pirispirebas xSirad erTmaneTis dadanaSaulebisa
da Sercxvenis forma hqonda. erT-erT werilSi me-
medi ase mimarTavda Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs:
“dadga dro, Zveli Secdomebi gamovasworoT,
movixsnaT mZime uReli Turqebis batonobisa, mo-
viSoroT Cveni mZarcvelebi, mkvlelebi, Semarcxve-
nelni. dadga dro, roca SegviZlia Cveni saqme, Cve-
ni bedi TviTon movawyoT.”11
meore werliSi, romelic “samuslimano saqarT-
veloSi” gamoqveynda, memedi axcadebda:
“…SevignoT, rom mxolod saqarTvelosTan ga-
erTianeba mogvaniWebs bednierebas… Tu amas ar vi-
zamT, mtrebs gavaxarebT. samudamod Sercxvenile-
11 gazeTi “saqarTvelo”, No. 1, 11 ianvari, 1919. Setanilia nargiz
abaSiZis da Teimuraz komaxiZis mier gamocemul krebulSi
“samuslimano saqarTvelo: 1919-1921,” “gamomcemloba aWara” (2008: 12).
 85

bi viqnebiT, monobis uRels davidgamT kiserze da

saSviliSvilod Tavi mogveWreba.”12
es werilebi gamoxataven sircxvilis enisa da
gamocdilebis aRmocenebas aWaraSi, romelmac axa-
li mniSvneloba SeiZina nacionalur konteqstSi.
ufro konkretulad, sircxvilis ena maSin aRmo-
cenda aWaraSi, roca gaCnda erovnulobis forma-
ti. rogorc afeqtis Teoriis fuZemdebeli, sil-
van tomkinsi wers, sircxvili maSin Cndeba, roca
sxvisi mzeraa adamianze mipyrobili, “roca adami-
ans surs Sexedos, an daukavSirdes meore adamians,
magram ucbad mas es ar SeuZlia, radgan is ucxoa,
an is eloda nacnobobas, magram aRmoCnda, rom ar
aris nacnobi” (citirebuli Sedgwick 2003: 35). tom-
kinsi Tavis naSromSi ZiriTadad sircxvilis su-
bieqtur gancdaze saubrobs. zemoT moyvanil weri-
lebSi ki naTlad Cans sircxvilis ideologiuri
aspeqtebi, romelic gaucxoebuli muslimi aWar-
lebis nacionalur CarCoSi moqcevas ukavSirdeba.
memedi, romelic ucxosa da nacnobis identobas sa-
kuTar TavSive aerTianebda, sircxvils miiCnevda
aucilebel winapirobad nacionalurTan dasaax-
loeblad. maT, visac ar SeeZlo sircxvilis SegrZ-
neba, radgan osmalur imperias uWerda mxars, aRiq-
vamda aWaris “Semarcxvenelad”. sircxvili aseT
viTarebaSi ara mxolod subieqturi ganwyoba iyo,
romelsac “progresuli” muslimebi grZnobdnen,
aramed erovnul horizontTan dakavSirebis er-
12 samuslimano saqarTvelo, No. 367, 1920. Setanilia nargiz abaSiZis
da Teimuraz komaxiZis mier gamocemul krebulSi “samuslimano
saqarTvelo: 1919-1921,” “gamomcemloba aWara” (2008: 17).
86

T-erTi aucilebeli komponentic. sxva sityvebiT,

sircxvilis uxerxuli da personaluri afeqtebi
koleqtiurad unda gaziarebuliyo, rac erTan da-
kavSirebis aucilebel winapirobad iTvleboda.
swored am viTarebaSi gaxda aWara 1920 wels damou-
kidebeli saqarTvelos nawili. Tumca, demokratiu-
lad arCeuli mejlisi iZulebuli gaxda maleve ga-
damdgariyo, radgan 1921 wels ruseTis wiTelma ar-
miam damoukideblobis samwliani epoqa daasrula.

sircxvilis sabWoTa geografia

“roca 1970 wels Tbilisis skolaSi daviwye si-

aruli, pirvelad gavacnobiere, rom dedaqalaq-
Si aWarlebs sxvanairad aRiqvamdnen. roca klasSi
vTqvi, rom aWaridan viyavi, erT-erTma maswavle-
belma naxevrad xumrobiT miTxra, “ese igi TaTa-
rio.” isic ki maxsovs, erTma Cemma Tanaklaselma
rogor mkiTxa, aWaraSi qarTulad Tu laparakobe-
no. es CemTvis Zalian usiamovno aRmoCena iyo. bav-
Svobidan im cnobierebiT vizrdebodi, rom qar-
Tveli viyavi, magram mogvianebiT aRmovaCine, rom
yvela ase ar fiqrobda. amitomac, bavSvobaSi vcdi-
lobdi damemala, rom aWaridan viyavi. mrcxvenoda
meTqva, rom aWareli var.”
es istoria dedaCemis moTxrobilia. Tumca, aWa-
raSi Cemi savele kvlevis dros, msgavsi ambebi mrav-
lad movismine sxvadasxva adamianisgan. 65 wlis ma-
rina, romelic aWaris erT-erTi soflis skolis
direqtoria, miyveboda Tu rogor uxerxulad ig-
 87

rZno Tavi, roca erT-erT sufraze, Tamadam aWaris

osmalur warsulze gaamaxvila yuradReba. “ise ga-
movida, TiTqos TviTon ufro magari qarTveli
iyo, vidre danarCeni aWarlebi.”
sircxvilis gancda aWarasa da danarCen saqar-
Tvelos Soris urTierTobis ganuyofel nawilad
gadaiqca sabWoTa saqarTveloSic. maSin, roca XX
saukunis dasawyisSi, memedi sircxvilis grZnobis
naklebobas aprotestebda da saWiro gamocdile-
bad miiCnevda erTan dasakavSireblad, meoce sa-
ukunis meore naxevarSi, is saerTo socialur ga-
mocdilebad iqca aWaraSi. dedaCemisa da marinas
komentarebi amis kargi magaliTia. Tumca imisaT-
vis, rom ukeT gavigoT, Tu ratom moxda ase, saWi-
roa vicodeT, rogor gaiara aWaram sabWoTa naci-
onalizaciis gza.
marina, iseve rogorc dedaCemi, im ojaxebis war-
momadgenlebi arian, romelTa mSoblebmac sabWoTa
kavSiris dros aRmavali socialuri mobiloba ga-
nicades. es imas niSnavs, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifom
imperiuli ruseTisgan memkvidreobiT miRebuli
burJuaziuli inteligenciis sawinaaRmdegod,
Seqmna proletarebisgan Semdgari inteligencia,
romelic dabali socialuri fenebisgan, glexe-
bisgan da muSebisgan daakompleqta (Fitzpatrick 1979).
aWaraSi aRmavali socialuri mobiloba mimar-
Tuli iyo ara mxolod axali socialuri fenebis
ganviTarebisken, aramed muslimi aWarlebis naci-
onalizaciisa da modernizaciisken. amiT sabWoTa
xelisufleba sando sabWoTa moqalaqeebis Seqmnas
88

cdilobda periferiul aWaraSi, romelsac wina-

aRmdegobebiT aRsavse warsuli hqonda da axla
kapitalistur TurqeTs esazRvreboda. muslimi
aWarlebis sabWoTa sistemaSi warmatebuli integ-
racia aucilebeli iyo sabWoTa sazRvrebis dacvi-
sa da gamyarebisaTvis (Pelkmans 2006).
aWaris sabWoTa nacionalizaciis procesSi me-
medic aqtiurad iyo CarTuli. miuxedavad imisa,
rom baTumis politikur cxovrebaSi misi aqtiu-
ri monawileoba sabWoTa xelisuflebam minimumade
daiyvana, memedis gamocdileba da avtoriteti mus-
limuri aWaris Semomtkicebis saqmeSi mainc efeqtu-
rad gamoiyena. Seila ficpatrikis wers, rom axali
sabWoTa reJimisTvis aseTi midgoma gavrcelebuli
praqtika iyo. sabWoTa xelisufleba cdilobda im
profesionalebis, burJuaziuli wreebisa Tu biu-
rokratiuli kadrebis gamoyenebas axali sistemis
asaSeneblad, romlebic ruseTis imperiis dros mu-
Saobdnen. Tumca, aseTi adamianebi politikurad pa-
siurebi unda yofiliyvnen (Fitzpatrick 1979: 3).
am viTarebaSi, memedma aWaris sabWoTa mweralTa
kavSirSi daiwyo muSaoba, sadac mas daevala qar-
Tuli enis “gasufTaveba” Turquli gavlenebisgan
(abaSiZe 1995), rac aWaris osmaluri memkvidreobis-
gan gaTavisuflebasac gulisxmobda. ufro metic,
rogorc revoluciuri komitetis wevrma, memedma
monawileoba miiRo aWaris avtonomiuri respub-
likis pirveli konstituciis SeqmnaSi. am konsti-
tuciis Tanaxmad, aWara im gamonaklis avtonomiur
erTeulad Camoyalibda sabWoTa kavSirSi, rome-
lic religiur da ara eTnikur niadagze warmoiSva.
 89

avtonomiis statusi, romelic oficialurad

muslimebis uflebebis dacvas emsaxureboda, sab-
WoTa xelisuflebam centraluri da Zaladobri-
vi antireligiuri kampaniis sawarmoeblad gamo-
iyena aWaraSi (Derlugian 1998). ruseTis koloniuri
reJimis msgavsad, sabWoTa xelisuflebamac aWaris
politikuri sivrcis transformacia daiwyo mus-
limebis gariyvisa da marginalizaciis saSuale-
biT. xelisuflebam daangria, an sawyobebad aqcia
osmaleTis periodidan SemorCenili meCeTebi da
medreseebi (baramiZe 2010). garda amisa, saxelmwi-
fo struqturebSi administraciul Tu politi-
kur Tanamdebobebze samuSaod ara adgilobrivi,
aramed saqarTvelos sxva mxareebidan Camosuli
Cinovnikebi daasaqma. amitom, 1950 wlamde, aWara-
Si komunisturi partiis arcerTi mdivani warmo-
SobiT aWareli ar yofila (Pelkmans 2006). aseTma
moqmedebebma baTumSi muslimi aWarlebi umcire-
sobad aqcia. imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa sazogadoe-
bis srulfasovani wevrebi gamxdariyvnen, aWareli
muslimebi iZulebulni iyvnen, uari eTqvaT saku-
Tar muslimur tradiciebsa da identobaze. am Za-
ladobrivi antireligiuri kampaniebis dros, ro-
melic 1937 wlis represiebs daemTxva, memedi sxva
muslim aWarlebTan erTad daakaves da daxvrites
saxelmwifo Ralatis braldebiT.
sabWoTa xelisuflebam memedis reabilitacia
aWaris sajaro sivrceSi mxolod breJnevis epoqaSi
daiwyo. memedis daxvretil-represirebuli sxeu-
lis kvlav gacocxleba sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare
90

ufro didi, “performatiuli cvlilebis” nawili

iyo (Yurchak 2005: 26). 1960-iani wlebis ekonomikuri
daRmavlobis xanaSi, sabWoTa xelisufleba cdi-
lobda avtoritetuli diskursebis mobilizebas
da maT reprezentacias sajaro sferoSi, rac saku-
Tari Zalauflebis legitimacias emsaxureboda.
memedis moRvaweoba erT-erT aseT avtoritetul
warsulad CaiTvala, romelsac sayovelTao Rir-
sebisa da sabWoTa ideologiis dafasebis grZno-
bebi unda aReZra sazogadoebaSi. amitom misi por-
tretebi sxvadasxva sabWoTa dResaswaulsa, Tu sas-
kolo RonisZiebaSi gamoCnda, rac formiT nacio-
nalisturi, SinaarsiT ki socialisturi ideolo-
giis kargi gamoxatuleba iyo.
memedis reabilitacia aWaris warmatebuli
erovnuli integraciis niSanic unda yofiliyo.
Tumca, marinasa da dedaCemis uxerxuli gamocdi-
lebebi am warmatebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianebma sabWoTa seku-
larizaciisa da nacionalizaciis proeqtebi war-
matebulad gaiares da Tavs Tanamedrove qarTvele-
bad aRiqvamdnen, es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda dominan-
ti sazogadoebis mxridan maTi identobis Sesaba-
misi aRqmisa da SefasebisTvis.

erovnulTan `dabruneba~

ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiri dai-

Sala? ra bedi ewia sircxvils, romelic aWaris is-
toriul gamocdilebaSi daileqa?
 91

1989 wels, antisabWoTa demonstraciebis dros,

baTums zviad gamsaxurdia ewvia, romlis drosac
man damswre sazogadoebas Semdegnairad mimarTa:
“aWarlebo, Tqvenc qarTvelebi xarT!” am, erTi Se-
xedviT, uwyinarma frazam, sazogadoebaSi sayo-
velTao dabneuloba gamoiwvia. erT-erTi damswre-
Tagani CemTan interviuSi am moments Semdegnairad
ixsenebs: “am frazam zogierTi demonstranti ise ga-
abraza da Seuracxyo, rom mitingi datova. zogier-
Tma CvenTaganma es fraza ise miviReT, TiTqos aWar-
lebis qarTvelobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen.”
1990-iani wlebidan, sabWoTa sekularuli pro-
eqti qristianuli nacionalizmiT Canacvlda. sa-
qarTveloSi qarTveloba marTlmadideblobas
gauTanabrda, romlis drosac sircxvilma kidev
ufro meti simZafre SeiZina sazogadoebis afeqtur
gamocdilebaSi. radganac erovnuloba konkretul
religiur identobas gulisxmobda, konkretuli
istoriebiTa da kulturuli formebiT, post-sab-
WoTa aWaraSi islami da osmaluri memkvidreoba
isev arasasurvel “gadmonaSTebad” CaiTvala. zviad
gamsaxurdias mier warmoTqmuli frazac da misdami
sazogadoebis reaqciac swored am istoriul kon-
teqstSi unda ganvixiloT. vinaidan aWaris musli-
mur-osmaluri memkvidreoba nacionalur CarCoSi
isev ar jdeboda, aWarlebi eris danamatebad aRiq-
mebodnen, rac sircxvilis grZnobas aRvivebda.
erovnul formatSi sruli integraciisTvis sa-
Wiro iyo arasasurveli warsulis uaryofa. ami-
saTvis eklesiam iseTi istoriebisa da religiu-
92

ri saxeebis mobilizeba daiwyo, romelic aWaris

muslimur memkvidreobas nawilobriv mainc ga-
dawonida. andria pirvelwodebuli swored aseT
istoriul figurad mogvevlina. axali naciona-
luri narativis mixedviT, man qristianoba pirve-
lad aWaraSi iqadaga, rac am periferiul adgils
qarTuli qristianuli sivrcis centrad aqcevda.
am fonze, 1990-ian wlebSi, masiuri naTlobebis cik-
li daiwyo aWaraSi, romelsac saTaveSi patriarqi
ilia II edga. es naTlobebi aWaris erovnulobasTan
“dabrunebis” aqtebad CaiTvala. andria pirvelwo-
debulis legendaruli aRzeveba ki qarTul nacio-
nalur narativSi am naTlobebis legitimaciis sa-
ukeTeso saSualeba iyo.
fridon xalvaSi, romelic statiis dasawyisSi-
ve vaxsene, am procesebis erT-erTi mTavari monawi-
le gaxda. rogorc memed abaSiZe, fridonic musli-
muri ojaxis STamomavali iyo. Tumca, memedisgan
gansxvavebiT, man moaswro sabWoTa sekularizaci-
is procesis gavla da post-sabWoTa saqarTveloSi
qristianulad moinaTla. fridonis naTlia Tavad
saqarTvelos patriarqi, ilia meore gaxda, rac mi-
si naTlobis aqtis erovnul mniSvnelobas usvamda
xazs. roca sionis taZarSi naTlobis ceremonia-
li dasrulda, Jurnalistma fridons hkiTxa, Tu
ratom Seicvala religia, razec man miugo: “me re-
ligia ki ar Sevicvale, aramed davibrune Cemi re-
ligia.” aq termins “dabruneba” ormagi datvirT-
va hqonda. pirvel rigSi, is aRniSnavda fridonis
komunistur warsuls, romlis drosac islams mi-
 93

nimaluri datvirTva hqonda mis socialur cxov-

rebaSi. amitom misTvis qristianuli naTloba re-
ligiis Secvlad namdvilad ar aRiqmeboda. meo-
re rigSi, naTloba mTlianad religiuri aqti ki
ar iyo misTvis, aramed im kulturul sivrcesTan
daaxloebis mcdeloba, romelic aWarels “sir-
cxvilis” istoriul laqas moswmendda da ufro
“srulfasovan” qarTvelad aqcevda. amitom fri-
donis qristianuli naTloba ufro sekularuli
aqti iyo, vidre religiuri. miuxedavad amisa, mis
naTlobas, aWaraSi qristianobis gansakuTrebuli
rolis xazgasasmelad iSvelieben da islams, ro-
gorc “adgilidan amovardnil fenomens” warmoa-
Cenen (Douglas 2002), rac sircxvilis rubrikasa da
gamocdilebas kidev ufro amZafrebs.13

sircxvilis periferia

„sircxvili - rogorc afeqtis Teoretikosi el-

sfeT frobini wers - warmoiqmneba gansxvavebuli
sxeulebis, ideebis, istoriisa da adgilebis Se-
jaxebiT, man SeiZleba SeaRwios Cvens sxeulSi, Sec-
valos Cveni gageba sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da Cveni
kavSiri warsulTan” (Probyn 2010: 75).

13 religiuri nacionalizmis gaRvivebis fonze, eris sekularuli

modelis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. amitom fridonis
Semoqmedebis nawili muslimebis saerTo qarTul sivrceSi
nawilobriv miuReblobis problemasac Seexo. erT-erTi moTxroba,
“SeiZleba Tu ara muslimani iyos qarTveli?” swored am dilemis
literaturuli gaazrebaa, sadac is muslim qarTvels eris
sekularul modelSi ganixilavs saerTo enobriv da istoriul
kavSirebze aqcentis saSualebiT.
94

am statiaSi ganxiluli sircxvili swored

msgavsi “Sejaxebebis” Sedegi iyo. is warmoiqmna
sxvadasxva epoqis gadakveTis fonze, romlis dro-
sac aWara moeqca imperiisa da eris, qristianobi-
sa da islamis, tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis
sazRvrebze. swored amitom, aWara gadaiqca “daZa-
bulobis” adgilad, romelsac warmoqmnis “gansxva-
vebulTa Soris uxerxuli, araTanaswori, aramdg-
radi da SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba” (Tsing 2005: 4).
Tu memed abaSiZis dros sircxvili erisa da impe-
riis arCevanis mijnaze warmoiqmna, sabWoTa da pos-
t-sabWoTa aWaraSi, is eris sekularuli da qris-
tianuli proeqtebis fonze gaRvivda.
aqedan gamomdinare, sircxvili gansakuTrebiT
mZafrad erovnuli mowyobis formatSi gamoixa-
teba, romelic erTnairobis ideas efuZneba. naci-
onaluri wesrigis damyareba xSirad konkretuli
jgufebis marginalizaciisa xarjze xorcieldeba.
is, rom zogierTi jgufi unda daemsgavsos umrav-
lesobas, magram mTlianad misnairi mainc ver gax-
deba, warmoqmnis sircxvilis gamocdilebas. sxva
sityvebiT, sircxvili aris sakuTari Tavis gansx-
vavebulobis aRqma erovnuli erTnairobis sivr-
ceSi. ase, rom muslimi da gaqristianebuli Temi
aWaraSi sircxvilis konteqstSi Camoyalibda, ra-
mac rogorc gaerTianebis, ise marginalurobis im-
pulsebi warmoqmna sxvadasxva politikur da naci-
onalur formaciaSi.
swored, es istoriuli gamocdileba gadaiqca
Tanamedrove aWaraSi afeqturi dapirispirebis
 95

mizezadac. memed abaSiZis Zeglis gadatana nakleb

pompezur adgilas adgilobrivebma aWaris isto-
riis upativcemulobad Seafases. amitom vardebis
revoluciis mTavrobis mcdelobam, gadaewera aWa-
ris politikuri warsuli, sircxvilisa da margi-
nalobis asociaciebi gamoiwvia. axali nacionalu-
ri wesrigi, romelic modernulobis ganaxlebul
ideebs gulisxmobda, sakuTar identobasa da is-
toriaze kontrolis dakargvad aRiqmeboda, ramac
sircxvilis afeqtebs kidev erTxel mouyara Tavi
aWaris am SavizRvispira periferiaze.

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der. M. Gregg and J.G. Seigworth, eds. Durham: Duke University Press.
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (2003). Touching Feeling: Affect,
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krebulSi “samuslimano saqarTvelo: 1919-1921.” baTumi:
“gamomcemloba aWara,” 2008.
baramiZe, ruslan (2010). muslimuri sakulto nageboba-
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redaqtorebi Tina SioSvili da ruslan baramiZe. baTumi:
rusTavelis fondi, ssip niko berZeniSvilis instituti.
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saSi. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnologiuri
problemebi. 2.
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50). werili Setanilia ramaz surmaniZis mier gamocemul
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bis asaxva aWaris folklorSi.” “qarTveli muslimebi
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98

marTlmadidebloba da postsocialisturi
kapitalizmis suli
giorgi maisuraZe

marqsis dabruneba

2000-iani wlebis erTi anekdotis mixedviT, karl

marqsi postsabWoTa qveynebSi ori mniSvnelobiT
gaxda aqtualuri: socialisturidan sabazro eko-
nomikaze gadasvliT, kapitalizmis is saxeoba gaCn-
da, romelic XIX saukunis evropis magaliTze mar-
qsma aRwera, anu muSaTa klasis umowyalo Cagvrasa
da eqspluataciaze damyarebuli; xolo sayovel-
Tao aTeizmidan religiurobis swored is saxeo-
ba gavrcelda, erT dros, komunizmis gamarjvebaSi
morwmune xalxebSi, romelsac marqsma „xalxisaT-
vis opiumi“ uwoda.
marqsiseuli religiis kritika ar miekuTvne-
ba RmerTis arseboba-ararsebobaze filosofiu-
ri debatis sagans. Tavis erT polemikur werilSi
- „ebraelTa sakiTxisaTvis“ - marqsi religiis po-
litikur ZalauflebasTan kavSirze saubrobs da
mas „Zalauflebis religias“ uwodebs. aqve, marqss
arasakmarisad miaCnia saxelmwifos religiisgan
emansipacia: „religiisgan saxelmwifos emansipacia
araa realuri adamianis religiisgan emansipacia.“1
1 Karl Marx, Zur Judenfrage, - Marx/ Engels, Werke I, Berlin 1983, გვ. 361.
 99

Tavisi adreuli periodis erT-erT umniSvnelo-

vanes narkvevSi - „hegelis samarTlis filosofiis
kritikisaTvis“ - marqsi religiis namdvili saxis
mxilebas filosofiis amocanad miiCnevs. religi-
is kritika aRar unda iyos warmosaxviTi sagnebis
kritika, aramed is mTlianad realurad arsebuli
samyaros wesrigis kritikad unda iqces: „amdenad,
zecis kritika miwis kritikad gadaiqceva, religi-
is kritika - samarTlis kritikad, Teologiis kri-
tika - politikis kritikad.“2
marqsisaTvis religia socialuri Cagvris meqa-
nizmia da, amdenad, religiis kritika socialuri
kritikaa: „religiuri ubadrukoba erTdroulad
realuri ubadrukobis gamoxatulebacaa da pro-
testic am namdvili ubadrukobis mimarT. religia
gaduxWirebuli qmnilebis kvnesaa, ugulo samya-
ros sagulea, iseve, rogorc usulobis suli. igi
xalxis opiumia. religiis, rogorc xalxis moCve-
nebiTi bednierebis mocileba niSnavs, misTvis nam-
dvili bednierebis moTxovnas. moTxovna imisa, rom
xalxma uari Tqvas sakuTari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
iluziebze, aris iseT mdgomareobaze uaris Tqmis
moTxovna, romelic Tavis motyuebis saWiroebas
gviqmnis. amdenad, religiis kritika CanasaxSive
kritikaa im udaburebisa, romlis siwmindis Sa-
ravandedic religiaa.“3 iqve, marqsi religias „ga-
ukuRmarTebuli samyaros cnobierebas“ uwodebs
da yvela kritikis sawindarad religiis kritikas
2 Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie, - Marx/ Engels, Werke
I, Berlin 1983 გვ. 379.
3 იქვე, გვ. 378-379.
100

miiCnevs („religiis kritika yvela kritikis wina-

pirobaa“4).
mokled rom SevajamoT, religiis opiumoba, misi
narkotizirebadi zemoqmedebis unari, swored, rea-
lurad arsebuli socialuri da politikuri prob-
lemebis ganuxilvadobaSi, maTgan yuradRebis gada-
tanasa da maTi daZlevisa Tu mogvarebis nacvlad,
fuWi imedebisa da iluziebis SeqmnaSi vlindeba.
amasTanave, religias, rogorc Zalauflebis
sistemas, ierarqiuli, socialur uTanasworoba-
sa da Cagvraze damyarebuli wesrigis dacvisa da
legitimaciis funqcia aqvs. religia, Tavisi soci-
alur-politikuri ganzomilebiT, Cagvris imunu-
ri sistemaa, romelic gabatonebuli klasebis ga-
batonebul poziciebs amyarebs da Cagrul fenebs
saiqio cxovrebis imediT abruebs, raTa saaqao
wesrigis Secvlaze ar ifiqron. amitomac, reli-
giis kritika socialuri usamarTlobis kritikaa
da masze ieriSi Zalauflebis ierarqiul struq-
turebze Tavdasxmas niSnavs. nebismieri saxis kri-
tika - samarTlis, politikis, socialuri Cagvris,
sabazro urTierTobebis, kolonializmisa da eq-
spansionizmis, anu yvelafer imisi, rasac kapita-
lizmi ewodeba - religiis kritikiT unda daiwyos.
amitomac, marqsTan, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebis
udidesi nawili kapitalizmis kritikas miuZRvna,
swored religiis kritikiT daiwyo, rac, amavdro-
ulad, kapitalizmis kritikac iyo.

4 იქვე, გვ. 378.

 101

kapitalizmi da/rogorc religia

1921 wels, germanelma Teoretikosma valter

beniaminma pirvelma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom ka-
pitalizmi araTu garkveuli niSnebiT waagavs re-
ligiebs, aramed Tavadaa religia: „kapitalizmSi
religia unda davinaxoT, rac imas niSnavs, rom ka-
pitalizmi Tavisi arsiT imave sazrunavis, Tavsa-
texisa da saSfoTvelis dakmayofilebas emsaxure-
ba, razec, erT dros, egreT wodebuli religiebi
iZleodnen pasuxs.“5 es religia, beniaminis azriT,
mTlianad kultisgan Sedgeba, romelsac aranairi
Teologia da dogmatika ar gaaCnia. am kultis msa-
xureba uwyveti da totaluria. Tuki, Cveulebriv,
religiebi codva-braleulobisgan gamosyidvas
emsaxurebodnen, kapitalizmis, rogorc religi-
is, istoriuli siaxle, beniaminis Tanaxmad, misi
usaSvelo damavalianeblobaa: rac SeiZleba meti
valis aReba, meti saqonlis SeZena da moxmareba. ka-
pitalizmis RmerTi arc transcendentulia da arc
mkvdari - is adamianTa cxovrebaSia CarTuli da sa-
qonelbrunvaSi, moxmarebaSi, dagrovebasa da dava-
lianebaSi aCens sakuTar saxes. fulis kupiurebs da
samomxmareblo nivTebs kapitalizmSi igive mniS-
vneloba aqvs, rac religiaSi reliqviebs. arsob-
rivi principi, ris safuZvelzec kapitalizmis re-
ligiad ganxilvaa SesaZlebeli, misi is funqciaa,
romelic aqamde mxolod religiebis prerogativa

5 Walter Benjamin, Kapitalismus als Religion, - Gesammelte Schriften Bd. VI,

Frankfurt am Main 1985, გვ. 100.
102

iyo: kapitalizmi imave sazrunavis, Tavsatexisa da

saSfoTvelis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba, razec
aqamde mxolod religiebi iZleodnen pasuxs.
beniaminamde sami aTeuli wliT adre, germanel-
ma filosofosma da sociologma georg zimel-
ma kapitalizmis religiur niSnebze gaamaxvila
yuradReba. zimelis mixedviT, es mTavari niSani
fulia, romelic RmerTis adgils ikavebs: „ise,
rogorc RmerTi sarwmunoebaSi, isevea fuli kon-
kretul formaSi uzenaesi abstraqcia, romelTa-
nac praqtikuli goneba amaRlebulia.“6 anu fuli,
romelic Tavisi arsiT aris saSualeba, gadaiqca
umaRles miznad da aman misi wmindad praqtikuli
mniSvneloba gadafara.
zimeli, iseve, rogorc beniamini, kapitalizmSi
profanulis religiurad gardasaxvaze saubrobs.
magram Tu zimeli religiuri analogiebiT Semo-
ifargleba, beniamini kapitalizms „arsobrivad
religiur gamovlinebad“ ganixilavs, romlis ar-
sobrivi maxasiaTebeli aragamosyidvadi davalia-
nebaa (germanuli sityva Schuld, romelsac beniamini
iyenebs, valTan erTad „danaSauls“ da „codvasac“
niSnavs.): „kapitalizmi, savaraudod, pirveli Sem-
Txvevaa ara gamomsyidveli, aramed damavalianebeli
kultisa. amiT vardeba es religiuri sistema uSve-
lebel moZraobaSi. uSvelebeli danaSaulis (valis)
cnobiereba, romelic gamosyidvas ar eqvemdebareba,
6 Georg Simmel, Psychologie des Geldes (1889), - Georg Simmels Philosophie
des Geldes, Frankfurt am Main 2003, გვ. 281. ზიმელმა ეს იდეა კიდევ უფრო
განავითარა 1900 წელს გამოსულ მონოგრაფიაში „ფულის ფილოსოფია“
(Philosophie des Geldes).
 103

eWideba kults, raTa masSi Tavis codva-brali ki ar

gamoisyidos, aramed universalurad aqcios...“7
aragamosyidvadi davalianeba kapitalizmis re-
ligiur eTosze metyvelebs. beniaminis fragmen-
tis erT-erTi mTavari STamagonebeli iyo germa-
neli sociologi maqs veberi, romelmac pirvelma
scada religiuri eTosis kapitalizmTan dakav-
Sireba. veberis azriT, kultmsaxurebma, samRvde-
loebam Seqmna specifikuri eTikuri principebi,
transcendentuli Sinaarsebis racionalizacia
moaxdina da yoveldRiur praqtikaSi gadmoitana,
ramac religiaTa formirebis procesSi, RmerTe-
bis saxeebi da xasiaTebi ganapiroba.8 veberis mier
SemuSavebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic man Ta-
vis epoqalur naSromSi – „protestantuli eTika
da kapitalizmis suli“ – Camoayaliba, „Tanamed-
rove kapitalizmis suli“ protestantul eTikas
efuZneba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, martin luTeris
reformaciasa da Jan kalvinis arasasuliero, sa-
ero (innenweltlich) asketizmze dgas. luTeris Tanax-
mad, adamianis „netareba“ ara mis gansakuTrebul
xelobasa Tu socialur mikuTvnebulobaze, aramed
miwieri valdebulebebis Sesrulebazea damokide-
buli da amdenad, nebismieri xeloba Tu profesia,
romelic sakuTar valdebulebebs warmatebulad
asrulebs, RvTis nebis aRsrulebad unda iqnes ga-
gebuli, damoukideblad imisagan, iqneba es sasu-
liero Tu saero profesia. aseTi transformacia,

7 Benjamin, Kapitalismus als Religion, გვ. 100.

8 Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Tübingen 1980, გვ. 259-260.
104

veberis azriT, axal samuSao da saazrovno eToss

ayalibebs, romelic kapitalistur urTierTobeb-
Si aisaxeba. aqve, veberi xazs usvams protestantul
aRzrdas, romelic ufro teqnikuri Sinaarsisaa
da profesiis dauflebiskenaa mimarTuli, gansx-
vavebiT kaTolikurisgan, romelic umetesad saer-
To-humanistur principebs emsaxureba. veberis az-
riT, amiTaa ganpirobebuli kaTolikuri sarwmu-
noebis adamianTa naklebi monawileoba dasaqmebis
sferoSi.9 protestantuli eTosi racionaluria
da idealurad ergeba, erTi mxriv, mogebis saqme-
Si dabandebis principebs, rac industrias aviTa-
rebs; meore mxriv, protestantuli racionalizmi
kapitalizmis sulTanaa harmoniaSi, romelic sa-
vaWro-samewarmeo Sinaarsisaa da is klienturis
mizidvasa da mogebazea orientirebuli.10
veberis mixedviT, kapitalizmi Tavisi klasiku-
ri formiT mocemulia dasavleTis protestantul
qveynebSi. sarwmunoeba sakuTari eTosis meSveobiT
ganapirobebs sazogadoebis mentalur wyobas, mis
zne-Cveulebebs da socialur-ekonomikur urTi-
erTobebs. gansxvavebiT beniaminisgan, romlis ze-
moTxsenebuli fragmentic veberze erTgvari re-
aqciacaa, veberi kapitalizms religiad ar gani-
xilavs, aramed mxolod sameurneo formebisa da
religiuri eTosis urTierTzegavlenis aRweriT
Semoifargleba, sadac religiur elements makon-

9 Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus, Hamburg
1975 (1904), გვ. 337.
10 იქვე, გვ. 56-57.
 105

stituirebeli mniSvneloba eniWeba. beniaminTan ki

kapitalizmi, rogorc religia, tradiciuli re-
ligiebis kapitalizmiT Canacvlebas gulisxmobs
da, Sesabamisad, misi „eTosic“ mTlianad reli-
giuri Sinaarsisaa, Tumca am religiurobis ukan
sakraluris ara transcendentuloba, aramed misi
gaqroba moiazreba.11 sakraluris samomxmareblo
sferoSi gadmotana, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvar mu-
tacias iwvevs, sadac sakralurisa da profanulis
tradiciuli gamijvna azrs kargavs. amgvari mu-
taciis Sedegebi mxolod simbolur doneze ki ar
aisaxeba, aramed mis ukan socialuri Cagvris axali
formebi imaleba, romelic specifikur saxes post-
socialistur sazogadoebebSi avlens.

marTlmadidebloba da postsocialisturi
kapitalizmi

kapitalizmisa da religiurobis mutaciam axali

saxe da funqciebi SeiZina sabWoTa socialisturi
sistemidan kapitalistur urTierTobebze gadasv-
lis procesSi, sadac is politikuri manipulaciisa
da socialuri Cagvris instrumentad Camoyalibda.
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos magaliTze, hibriduli
kapitalizmi marTlmadideblur eTikas, an marTl-
madideblobaSi eTikuris ararsebobas da misi ri-
tualuri praqtikiT substitucias efuZneba.12

11 Benjamin, Kapitalismus als Religion, გვ. 101.

12 შდრ. გიორგი მაისურაძე, მართლმადიდებლური ეთიკა და არათავისუფლების
სული, თბილისი 2013, გვ. 56-66.
106

marTlmadidebloba Tanamedrove saqarTvelo-

Si ara bizantiur tradiciaze amozrdili mraval-
saukunovani religiis gagrZelebaa, aramed kapita-
lizmis bolo da yvelaze metad amaRlebuli sta-
dia, romelmac religiuri mutaciis saxe miiRo.
boloobaSi ara kapitalizmis saboloo stadia
igulisxmeba, romlis iqiT aRaraferi unda iyos,
aramed misi aqamde ucnobi da axali gamovlineba. ka-
pitalizmis amaRlebuloba ki mis religiad SeniR-
bvas, yofiTi keTildReobisa da qonebis dagrove-
bis profanuli ltolvebis religiur kategori-
ebSi gamosaxvas, sublimacias niSnavs. kapitalizmi
saqarTveloSi marTlmadideblobad moinaTla da
religiuri saburveliT Semosili gamoCnda isto-
riis asparezze. miuxedavad misi amaRlebuli mWev-
rmetyvelebisa, kapitalizmis RirebulebaTa sis-
tema da ZiriTadi principebi saqarTveloSic ise-
Tive materialisturi da samomxmareblo Sinaarsi-
saa, iseve emsaxureba gamdidrebis, momxveWelobisa
da sxvaTa eqspluataciis instinqtebis dakmayofi-
lebas, rogorc misi sxva, aramarTlmadidebluri
da klasikuri variantebi.
Tanamedrove qarTul marTlmadideblobaSic
SesaZlebelia kapitalizmis nairsaxeobis danaxva,
rac imas niSnavs, rom marTlmadidebloba saqar-
TveloSi imave sazrunavis, moTxovnilebebisa da
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri interesebis dakma-
yofilebas emsaxureba, romlebis realizebis sfe-
rod Cveulebisamebr kapitalizmi miiCneva. SeiZle-
 107

ba iTqvas, rom marTlmadidebloba Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi ara imdenad sarwmunoeba, aramed ka-
pitalizmis qarTuli nairsaxeobaa, an, Tu beniami-
nis Teoriul xazs gavyvebiT, imdenadaa religia,
ramdenadac is kapitalizmia. marTlmadidebloba
Tanamedrove qarTvelis ara sulier swrafvebsa da
sazrunavebs, aramed sruliad materialur da uti-
litarul moTxovnilebebs gamoxatavs. Tanamed-
rove qarTul marTlmadideblobas arc Teologia
da arc transcendetuli, zegrZnobiTi da gonebiT
miuRweveli ganzomileba ar gaaCnia. Tavad iseTi
warmodgenac ki, rogoricaa 25 wlis win gamogoni-
li „zeciuri saqarTvelo“, sruliad materialis-
turi fantaziaa, romelic „zecis“, „miRmiuri sam-
yaros“ sekularizacias da mis nacionalur sakuT-
rebad warmosaxvas gulisxmobs.
eklesia da samRvdeloeba mrevlis saxe da nimu-
Sia, misi ocnebebisa da fiqrebis gansxeuleba. sam-
Rvdeloeba Tavisi materialuri keTildReobiTa
da simdidriT, Zvirfasi avtomanqanebiT da bina-
saxlebiT, oqro-vercxliTa da pompezurobiT, ag-
reTve xSirad uswavlelobis miuxedavad, Tavisi
maRali avtoritetiTa da socialuri statusiT,
saSualo qarTvelis ocnebis xorcSesxmaa. ioli
gziT gamdidreba da warmatebuloba, saxelmwi-
fosgan miniWebuli usasrulo privilegiebi, ga-
dasaxadebisgan da samarTlebrivi kontrolisgan
Tavisufleba - yvelaferi, riTic saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesia sargeblobs, saSualo
108

qarTvelis survilebsa da idealebs ganasaxierebs.

esaa mesakuTreTa da dasakuTrebisken mswrafvel-
Ta warmosaxviTi ganzomileba. amgvar mutaciaSi
religiuri, sabazro da gviansabWoTa xanis tota-
luri korufciis elementebi erTiandeba da erT
masad gardaiqmneba.
sulierebis erTaderTi forma, romelsac mar-
Tlmadidebeli eklesia sulierebad asaRebs, sru-
liad materialuri formis qmedebebia, rogori-
caa marxva, anu sakvebis miReba-armiReba, sanTlebis
SeZena da danTeba, sakuTari seqsualuri cxovrebis
moZRvrisgan daprogrameba, eklesiaSi siaruli da
fulis Sewirva „sulis“ saxsnelad.
sayofacxovrebo sagnebis kurTxeva maTi flo-
bis dakanonebaa, rom nakurTxi avtomanqanis, binis,
avejisa Tu sxva sayofacxovrebo nivTis mesakuT-
reobaSi mflobels veRaravin Seecileba. eklesiis
mxridan utilitaruli sagnebis kurTxeva aris is
paradoqsi, romelsac qarTuli marTlmadideblo-
bis religiurobis eWvqveS dayeneba SeuZlia. yvela
saxis religia, maT Soris, qristianobac, sakralu-
ri, anu RvTaebrivi da profanuli, anu yofiTi sfe-
roebis principul gamijvnas emyareba. sakraluri,
anu wminda, romelic sityva-sityviT nakurTxs niS-
navs, sagnis yofiTi, samomxmareblo sferodan amo-
Rebas niSnavs. sagani, adgili, cxoveli Tu adamia-
ni, romelic nakurTxia, aRar eqvemdebareba moxma-
reba-gamoyenebas, aRar monawileobs „ama soflis“
cxovrebaSi. nakurTxi RvTaebis sakuTrebaa da misi
 109

moxmareba ar SeiZleba. sakraluri sagnebis simbo-

luri mniSvneloba transcendentuli, yofiTisgan
miRma myof samyaros reprezentaciaa, araxilvadis
simboluri warmomadgenlobaa saganTa samyaroSi.
yofiTi sagnebis kurTxeviT eklesia sakralur
da profanul sferoebs erTmaneTSi urevs da amiT
sakuTar profanul, materialur-samomxmareblo
Sinaarss avlens, romlis mizan-mimarTulebac mo-
gebasa da xeirze agebuli sabazro wesrigia. yofiT
saganTa kurTxeviT eklesia sxvis profitsa da biz-
nesSi mewile xdeba da rogorc sadazRveo kompania,
biznesis warmatebulobaSi RvTaebriv mxardaWe-
ras hpirdeba. kurTxevis sadazRveo biznesi imde-
nad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rom eklesiam 2014 wels
saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi yvelaze warmate-
buli biznes-operacia Caatara: jer, ianvarSi, mcxe-
Tis samTavros monasterma gamoacxada, rom wmin-
danad Seracxuli beri gabrieli, romlis neStic
samTavros monastris ezoSia dakrZaluli, yvelas,
vinc mis saflavs Sobamde moinaxulebs, or sur-
vils ausrulebs. ramdenadac oTxdRianma eqsperi-
mentma yvela molodins gadaaWarba da monastris
salaros uricxvi lari Semata, male saswaulmoq-
medad gamocxadebuli beris neSti saeklesio biz-
nesis „saeqsporto“ produqtad iqca, rodesac Te-
berval-martSi gabriel beris neStma „mogzauroba“
daiwyo da bolos sami kviris manZilze Tbilisis
wminda samebis taZarSi esvena. am dReebSi eklesiam
ufro meti sanTeli, beri gabrielis foto, xati Tu
110

sxva msgavsi relikvia gayida, vidre is mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi yidis. es iyo eklesiis sufTa mogeba,
romelic, rogorc daubegravi fuli, ara saxelm-
wifo Tu sazogadoebrivi problemebis mogvare-
bas, aramed eklesiis gamdidrebas moxmardeba.
marTlmadideblobis es mesakuTreobiTi Tu
damsakuTrebeli swrafva gamoixateba mopovebuli
nadavlis sxvisgan, ucxosgan, konkurentisgan Seci-
lebisa Tu dakargvis SiSSi. Tavad iseTi formu-
la, rogoricaa „morwmuneebis“ aRSfoTebis gamo-
xatuleba - „sarwmunoebas gvarTmeven“ - miuTiTebs
imaze, rom maT sarwmunoeba materialur sagnad
warmoudgeniaT, romelic warTmevas an gacvlas
SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes. am panikuri fraziT
qarTveli marTlmadidebeli im materialuri ke-
TildReobis dakargvis SiSs gamoTqvams, romelic
mas misive warmodgeniT sarwmunoebis madliT aqvs
mopovebuli. es erTob kapitalisturi konkuren-
ciis SiSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias
totaluri qsenofobiis ideologad aqcevs, ro-
melic sxva religiebsa Tu misdami arakontroli-
rebad mosaxleobaSi klienturis, anu Semosavlis
wyaroebis dakargvis safrTxes xedavs. ramdenadac
marTlmadidebel eklesias aranairi suliereba da
sulismieri TviTgamoxatvis formebi ar gaaCnia,
Zaladoba da wamqezebloba misi erTaderTi sala-
parako enaa. Sesabamisad, sruliad bunebrivi iyo,
2014 wels, eklesiis mxridan agresia antidiskri-
minaciuli kanonis mimarT: diskriminacia eklesi-
 111

is „sulierebis“ erTaderTi gamomxatveliRaa. is

wmindaTa wminda uflebaa, romelic mis zekanoni-
erebas ganapirobebs. eklesiis es privilegia, rac
ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes sabazro Tavisufle-
bis pirobebs, srul harmoniaSia kapitalisturi
eqspluataciis amosaval principTan, romelic me-
warmes uflebas unda aZlevdes sakuTari survili-
samebr gaagdos samsaxuridan daqiravebuli muSa-
xeli da Tu aseT dros antidiskriminaciuli kano-
ni arsebobs, mas eqspluataciis ufleba ezRudeba.
amgvari interesTa aliansiT saqarTvelos marTl-
madidebeli eklesia kapitalizmis qarTuli versi-
is religiurad Seferili damcavi Tu sadazRveo
sistemaa da amave dros misi sareklamo samsaxuric,
romelic eqspluatatorebisTvis muSaxelis disk-
riminaciis wminda uflebas icavs, xolo eqsploa-
tirebulebs Semowiruli fulisa Tu sxva saCuqre-
bis sanacvlod, zecier saqarTveloSi gamdidre-
bis imeds aZlevs.

marTlmadidebluri kapitalizmis genealogia

1995 wels, saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi erTi

RirSesaniSnavi da uCveulo ambavi moxda: marja-
niSvilis moedanze gaixsna pirveli supermarketi
„babiloni“, romelic prezident eduard Sevard-
naZesTan erTad, kaTalikos-patriarqma ilia II-m
daloca. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mar-
Tlmadidebeli eklesia ukve CarTuli iyo profa-
112

nul RonisZiebebSi, magaliTad, 1991 wels ilia II-m,

im dros prezident zviad gamsaxurdiasTan erTad,
gaxsna saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli Cempiona-
ti fexburTSi, supermarketis kurTxevam im dros
jer kidev calsaxad sekularul saqarTveloSi
uxerxuli asociaciebi aRZra saxarebawakiTxul
adamianebSi, romlebsac ierusalimis taZris te-
ritoriidan qristes mier movaWreebis gamorekva
gaaxsendaT. ramdenime weliwadSi, saxelmwifosgan
daubegravi da sabiujeto dotaciaze myofi ekle-
sia Tavad iwyebs saqarTvelos mTel teritoria-
ze maRaziaTa qselebis agebas. sapatriarqo drois
umokles vadaSi, saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze
warmatebuli mewarme da kapitalisti gaxda.
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom kapi-
talizmisa da marTlmadideblobis Tanamedrove
versiis dabadeba erTdroulad moxda jer kidev
sabWoTa kavSirSi, rodesac „perestroikis“ poli-
tikis saxeliT socialisturi da aTesituri sa-
xelmwifos xelmZRvanelobis nebarTviT, 1987 wels,
religiuri da sabazro-savaWro Tavisuflebis
pirveli niSnebi gamoCnda. SeiZleba arc is yofi-
la SemTxveviTi, rom am wels saqarTvelos marTl-
madidebelma eklesiam yvelaze cnobili qarTveli
bankiri - ilia WavWavaZe wmindanad Seracxa, Tum-
ca ara rogorc bankiri, aramed rogorc poeti da
erovnuli moRvawe. saqarTvelo, romelmac ruse-
Tis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi ver moaswro kapita-
listur urTierTobebze gadasvla, feodalizmi-
 113

dan pirdapir socialistur wyobilebaSi aRmoCn-

da da am wyobilebis ngrevis fazaSi Seudga axali
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da politikuri sis-
temis gamogonebas. swored am axali epoqis Casax-
vis momentSi moxda mutacia: kapitalizmi Seerwya
marTlmadideblobas, xolo marTlmadidebloba
erovnulobasTan gaigivda da eTnikurobasTan, anu
„genetikur“ erTobasTan erTad, axali erovnuli
TviTSegnebis mTavar faqtorad iqca.
is, rac marTlmadideblobis fasadisa da cere-
moniebis miRma imaleba - esaa kapitalizmi, romelic
marTlmadideblobis da, Sesabamisad, qarTuli
erovnuli TviTSegnebis erTgvari aracnobieria.
cnobieri nawili, anu rac garedan Cans, wmindane-
bis xatebiT da erovnuli gmirebis portretebi-
Taa Semosili, paTetikuri da lamis liturgiuli
ritorikaa, romlis meSveobiTac, erovnul-marT-
lmadidebluri cnobieri sakuTar Tavs gamosaxavs.
is, rac am „amaRlebuli“ speqtaklis kulisebSi Ta-
maSdeba da romlis gamosaxvas da deklarirebasac
erovnul-marTlmadidebluri cnobieri erideba
da malavs, aris kapitalizmis qarTuli nairsaxeo-
ba, Tavisi eqspluatatorebiTa da eqspluatirebu-
lebiT, mogebiTa da wagebiT, simdidriTa da siRa-
takiT da, rac mTavaria, dauokebeli JiniT gamdid-
rebisa da moxveWisaken, romelic aranair daokebas
ar eqvemdebareba. kapitalizmis es qarTuli versia,
romelic, rogorc misi dasavluri prototipi
protestantuli eTikidan ki ar amoizarda (ro-
114

gorc es veberisgan momaval tradiciaSia), aramed

misi uSualo winamorbedi sabWoTa yaidis koruf-
cia da korumpirebuli morali iyo.
korufcia gviandeli (stalinis Semdgomi) xanis
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi ara Tu ar yofila dasaZ-
raxi da sazogadoebriv moralTan SeuTavsebeli,
aramed piriqiT, rac ufro metad korumpirebuli
da, Sesabamisad, mdidari iyo adamiani, miT ufro
maRali da sapatio adgili ekava sazogadoebriv
ierarqiebSi. swored korumpirebuli adamianebi
warmoadgendnen sazogadoebis elitas, socialu-
radac da materialuradac privilegirebul fe-
nas. „ubralo“ xalxi ki maT saxelebs icnobda, maT
baZavda, maTi mdgomareobisaken iswrafoda. arako-
rumpirebulobas da „patiosnebas“ damakninebeli
Sinaarsebi mieca: patiosani, e.i. uunaro, briyvi,
arafrismaqnisi... „materializmma“ - materialur
RirebulebaTa primatma sabWoTa kavSirSi ara te-
roriTa da ideologiuri zewoliT, aramed ko-
rufciiT gaimarjva. korufciam sabWoTa kavSirSi
ideologiuri fanatizmi da misi tirania Secvala.
xelisuflebis yvela Stos totaluri korumpire-
bulobiT korufcia ZalauflebasTan da keTil-
dReobasTan gaigivda. aman sabWoTa sazogadoeba
ara mxolod moralurad gadaagvara, aramed saxel-
mwifos ekonomikuri safuZvlebi daungria, rac
bolos mTeli sistemis kraxiT damTavrda.
 115

epilogi: religia, rogorc kapitalizmi

2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, niu-iorkSi momxdari

teraqtis Semdeg, mediac da akademiuri sferos
warmomadgeneli Teoretikosebic kvlav kapita-
lizmisa da religiis urTierTmimarTebaze ala-
parakdnen. 2002 wels, germanelma filosofosma da
valter beniaminis mkvlevarma norbert bolcma
erTi memarcxene tradiciisaTvis ucnauri mosaz-
reba gamoTqva, rom konsumizmi da kapitalisturi
samomxmareblo materilisturi cnobiereba reli-
giuri fanatizmis erTaderTi realuri alterna-
tivaa. bolcis azriT, religiuri (islamisturi)
fundamentalistebis antiamerikanizmi dasavluri
konsumisturi cxovrebis wesis mimarT siZulvilis
gamoxatulebaa, xolo ramdenadac fanatikosi ara-
korumpirebadia, mas materialuri samyaros sikeTe-
ebi ar ainteresebs da kapitalizms misi yidva ar Se-
uZlia. Tavis mxriv, konsumizmi msoflio religiad
Camoyalibda. aq bolci mTlianad imeorebs da, faq-
tobrivad, dadasturebuladac miiCnevs valter be-
niaminis mosazrebas kapitalizmis religiurobis
Sesaxeb da askvnis, rom „Cven dRes saqme gvaqvs ori
msoflio religiis - ‚antiamerikanizmisa’ da ‚kapi-
talisturi konsumizmis’ - brZolasTan.“13
religiuri fundamentalizmi, rogorc „antia-
merikanizmi“, bolcTan meore did msoflio reli-
giadaa warmodgenili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, re-
aqciaa kapitalistur konsumizmze. am mosazrebis

13 Norbert Bolz, Das konsumistische Manifest, München 2002, გვ. 9.

116

damajereblobis sakiTxi amjerad naklebad sain-

tereso mgonia. Tu am models miviRebT, SegviZlia
is amgvarad ganvavrcoT: „antiamerikanizmi“ aris
religiuri niSniT gamoxatuli afeqti dasavlur
-kapitalistur sistemaze, mTeli misi sazogadoeb-
riv-politikuri RirebulebebiT, romelic „li-
beralizmis“ saerTo saxelwodebiT erTiandeba.
rogorc „religia“ is sakuTar TavSi sxvadasxva
sarwmunoebas aerTianebs; is ara mxolod zenaci-
onaluri, aramed zekonfensionaluri religiaa.
rogorc kapitalizmsa da mis liturgiul birTvze
- konsumizmze - reaqcia, sakuTar TavSi yvela im Ri-
rebulebis uaryofas gulisxmobs, rasac dasavlu-
ri kapitalizmi aRiarebs da sakuTar monapovrad
miaCnia. pirvel rigSi, esaa liberaluri demok-
ratia da misgan gamomdinare adamianis uflebebi,
gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT genderul Tanasworo-
basa da umciresobaTa uflebebze. Tavad Tanamed-
rove dasavluri liberaluri-demokratiisaTvis
umciresobaTa uflebebi mis yvelaze „amaRlebul“,
an religiuri terminologiiT, „wmindaTawmindas“
warmoadgens, rac TavisTavad ukve imasac gulis-
xmobs, rom am sublimaciis qveS sxva „bazisi“ unda
iyos saZiebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom „umciresobebi“
antidasavluri afeqtis mTavari samiznecaa: anti-
dasavluroba, gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT postso-
cialistur qveynebSi, umciresobebis samarTleb-
rivi da uflebrivi gaTanabrebis winaaRmdeg moZ-
raobadac iqca. qarTul antidasavlur diskursSi
 117

gaCenili sityvebi „liberasti“, „gvapidarasteben“

an „tradaiciebs/ sarwmunoebas gvarTmeven“ pirda-
pir gamoxatavs da ZiriTad argumentad asaxelebs
swored umciresobaTa gaTanasworuflebianobis
miuReblobas. amis paralelurad, am antidasavlu-
robaSi saerTod ar figurirebs kapitalizmisa
Tu konsumizmis kritika. piriqiT, TandaTanobiT
„antidasavluroba“ mTlianad iTvisebs dasavlur
-kapitalistur konsumizms. saqme gvaqvs samomxma-
reblo kapitalizmisa da religiur-fundamenta-
listuri antidasavlurobis mutaciasTan. es ori
didi „msoflio religia“ erTiandeba, rogorc
hibridi, rogorc erTgvari kapitalisturi fun-
damentalizmi, romlis fundamentic ara RmerTis
gamocxadeba, aramed kapitalia. Sesabamisad, ori-
ve „msoflio religia“ kapitalisturia da erTma-
neTTan mutaciis Sedegad miRebuli. umciresobaTa
Tema - negatiuri Tu pozitiuri formiT - am reli-
giaTa ganmasxvavebelicaa da Tanxvedris adgilic:
Tu antidasavlurobaSi umciresoba „gantevebis va-
cia“, romlis msxverplad Sewirva, Teodor ador-
nosa da maqs horkhaimers Tu davesesxebiT, RmerT-
Tan komerciul garigebad SeiZleba gavigoT, da-
savlur kapitalizmSi msxverplis desakralizacia
da sainvesticio Tu sabazro sferoSi integracia
mimdinareobs, rac idealurad Tavsebadia veberi-
seul protestantul eTikasTan da miseul raci-
onalizmTan, romelic kapitalizmis suls ganasa-
xierebs. antidasavlurobaSi ki umciresobebis,
118

rogorc „gantevebis vacis“ figura, sakraluri

Zaladobis Seferilobas aZlevs antisocialur
sabazro politikas, raTa amgvari „opiaturi“ ze-
moqmedebis qveS socialuri Cagvrisa da usamarT-
lobis realurad arsebul problemebze dafiq-
reba ar moxerxdes. amdenad, antidasavlurobaSi
sakralur msxverplSewirvas kapitalizmisaTvis
imunuri sistemis funqcia aqvs, is misi sadazRveo
samsaxuria, romelmac mCagvrelebi CagrulTa ris-
xvisgan unda daicvas. marTlmadidebluri eTosi
ki religiurad Semosil praqtikebSi gadmotani-
li da realizebuli postsocialisturi kapita-
lizmis sulia, an, ufro metad rom davazustoT,
marTlmadidebloba Tavadaa kapitalizmis am nair-
saxeobis suli.
 119

genderi da seqsualoba:
giorgi CubiniZe
Tamar cxadaZe
120
 121

politika `absolituri sxvebis~ gareSe

giorgi CubiniZe

`vis SeuZlia gabedos sityva“`Cven~ TrTolis

gareSe?; xeli moawero“`Cven~-s yovelTvis SeuZlebe-
li unda Candes, zedmetad mZime an zedmetad msubu
qi, yovelTvis aralegitimuri cocxalTa Soris~.
Jak derida, glovis samuSao1

iqamde sanam feministur Teoriasa da praq-

tikaSi reprezentaciuli politikis limitebze
visaubrebde, minda gavamxilo erTi uxerxulo-
ba, uxerxuloba romelic kvlav reprezentacias-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli, uxerxuloba sxvisi saxe-
liT saubrisa, romelsac yovelTvis Tan axlavs
SesaZlo ver gagebis an ar gagebis SiSnarevi
molodini; uxerxuloba, romelic Tavs damt-
rialebs sxvebze da sxvebis saxeliT saubrisas;
uxerxuloba, romelic yovel jerze adasturebs
im xerxebis mouxerxeblobas, romelTa meSveo-
biT an romlebSic sxva unda amoiwuros; xerxe-
bi, romlebic aRarafers datovebdnen uTqmels,
romlebic aRar datovebdnen kidev erT mTqmels,
romlis naTqvami ver gavaxmovaneT? an mTqmels,
romelic sxva eniT saubrobs da ar gvesmis an
mTqmeli, romelic mxolod usityvo mzeras mog-
vapyrobs xolme, raTa uxerxulobis gamowveviT
1. Jacques Derrida, The Work of Mourning. გვ.216
122

Segvaxsenos Cveni aryofna sityva “`Cven~-is ukan.

da mainc, SemiZlia ki visaubro `kaci feminis-
tis~ saxeliT? SemiZlia ki visaubro yvela `kaci
feministis~ saxeliT? an yvela `kacis~ saxeliT?
an yvela `feministis~ saxeliT? yvelas saxeliT,
vinc Cems asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba? yvelas
saxeliT vinc Cems socialur klass miekuTvneba?
an eTnikur jgufs? an kidev raime sxva niSans,
romelsac `me~ vatareb; niSnebs, romlebic `me~
SesaZlebels, sacnobs da gasagebs (an gaugebars)
mxdian? saerTod, CamoTvladia ki yvela-feri,
romelic `me~ SesaZlebels mxdis? ra aris Tavad
`saxeli~ rac amden SfoTvas da amgvarad - po-
litikas aRZravs? gana politikis SesaZleblo-
bis piroba sworedac rom sxvisi (an Tundac
sakuTari!) saxeliT saubris SfoTva ar aris?
`vin var me~ ar aris suleluri SekiTxva an su-
leluria imdenad, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia misi
saboloo pasuxi da mas ubralod viviwyebT. vi-
viwyebT, Tumc yovelTvis droebiT. pasuxi Se-
kiTxvaze `vin var me~ yovelTvis gadadebulia,
misi pasuxi yovelTvis sxvagan devs; Zevs iq, sa-
dac me ar var da minda (an undaT) rom viyo.
uxerxuloba Cems SemTxvevaSi ori mxare aqvs:
erTi mxriv, me miWirs visaubro maTi saxeliT,
visi saxeliTad vsaubrob, visi saxeliTac ma-
laparakeben, visi saxeliTac elian rom vilapa-
rakeb, visi saxeliTac naiZulebi var visaubro
feministur diskursSi. me, rogorc `kaci~, ro-
gorc is vinc kategoria `kacs~ mivsdev, vinc am
 123

kategoriis Semdeg movdivar, vinc vicnobi am

kategoriiT: SemiZlia visaubro kacebis saxeliT
`qalebis~ politikaze? an SekiTxva rom Sevabru-
noT, amowuravs ki kategoria `kaci~ (rasac ar
unda niSnavdes es) imas, rasac me vityvi am Tema-
ze? SeuZlia ki kategoria `kacis~ moxmobam gamW-
virvale gaxados “kaci” mTqmeli mis saTqmelSi?
arsebobs ki erTi, zogadi, sayovelTao `kaci~,
romelic gansxvavebis gareSe imeorebs `kaco-
bas~? `kaci~, romelic ar Sedis winaaRdegobaSi
`kacobasTan~ an kacebis `Cvenobas~-Tan? rodesac
iTqva, rom `qali ar arsebobs~ an rodesac iTq-
va, rom `qali ar aris erTi~, xom ar aris gakve-
Tili CvenTvis, rom ukve Tamamad vTqvaT - `kaci
ar arsebobs~ an `kaci ar aris erTi~, miuxedavad
imisa, rom falologocentrul ekonomiaSi kaci
universaluri da monoliTuri subieqtis xatia?
Tumca erTia warmosaxva da meore sinamdvile,
romelic am warmosaxvas yovel nabijze nacar-
tutad aqcevs an nakverCxlad, romelic waagavs
imas, rac dawves, Tumc mxolod waagavs, radgan
is kvalia imisa, rac ar arsebobs, igi aris is,
rac mciredi SexebiT dakargavs msgavsebasac da
gaaqrobs sakuTar kvals. Tumca, `kacis~ brWya-
lebSi CasmiT ar msurs odnavadac ki davaknino
is efeqtebi, romlebic am kategorias mosdevs
Cvens(?) kulturaSi; ar davaknino is efeqtebi,
romlebsac es kategoria axdens maTze, vinc am
kategorias misdevs (warumateblad) an visac es
kategoria (zogjer `taburetiT~) mosdevs; ar
124

minda davaknino is efeqtebi, romelsac katego-

ria `kacis~“`adamianTan~ gaTanabreba iwvevs. es
efeqtebi ganuzomelia. is risi Tqmac me msurs
aris is, rom kategoria `kaci~, mis absolutize-
bul versiaSi, saSiSia ara mxolod qalebisTvis,
aramed kacebisTvis, trans-qalebisTvis da tran-
s-kacebisTvis da yvelasTvis, vinc am falocent-
rul ekonomiaSi zedmetad an arasrulfasovnad
kvalificirdeba. amdenad, Cemi uxerxuloba Sem-
degia: romeli kacis saxeliT vsaubrob? muSa ka-
cis? umuSevaris? geis? transgenderis? 10 wlis
biWis? moxucis? azerbaijanelis? xeibaris? Sav-
kaniani imigrantis? msxvili kapitalistis? usax-
lkaros? `kai biWis~? iehovas mowmis? gana pi-
robiTad kapitalist kacs da kapitalist qals
ufro meti ar aSorebT usaxlkaro kacisgan da
usaxlkaro qalisgan, vidre erTmaneTisgan?2 gana
kategoriebi `qali~ da `kaci~ amowuravs qale-
bis, kacebisa da `sxvaTa~ subieqturobebs? ami-
tom miWirs vTqva `Cven kacebi~ SiSis gareSe.
meore mxriv, me miWirs visaubro `kacis~ ad-
gilidan `qalebze~, `qalebisTvis~ da `qalebis
nacvlad~, magram gana vinmes SeuZlia isaubros
“qalebis” nacvlad ise, rom ar igrZnos uxerxu-
loba? gana `qals~ (rasac ar unda niSnavdes es)

2. aq ar msurs klasobrivi gansxvavebis “gamaerTianeleb” niSnad

warmoCena da misi idealizeba. cxadia, rom zogjer klasobrivi
momenti marTlac aerTianebs muSis identobis mqone adamianebs,
magram zogjer es “gaerTianeba” Cagvris calkeuli formebis
damalvis xarjze xdeba an saerTodac zogjer identobis sxva
niSnebi mobilizebis ufro mZlavri faqtorebia, sadac klasobrivi
gansxvaveba umniSvnelo xdeba.
 125

SeuZlia isaubros `qalebis~ saxeliT? SesaZle-

belia ki saerTod saubari gaugebrobis gareSe?
da kvlav epigrafs rom gamovexmauro, gana ar-
sebobs iseTi `Cven~ (da es `Cven~ Zalian bevria),
romelic ar iwvevs uxerxulobas da auqmebs po-
litikas? iseTi `Cven~, romelic marTlac aris
`Cven~ da sxva araferi? xom ar aris es `sxva
araferi~, es `sxva~, romelic `araferia~ `Cven-
Tan~ mimarTebiT, swored is vinc xval kiTxvis
niSans miuwers sityva `Cven~-s da moiTxovs Ta-
visi feris `Cvenian~ ferad, Cvens ferad aRia-
rebas? swored am `Cvenis~ mudmivi uxerxulobis
dadastureba ar iyo Savkaniani feministi qale-
bis winaaRmdegoba, romlebmac moiTxoves (TeTr)
feminizmSi TavianTi feradi kanisa da xmis aRi-
areba? feminizmSi, romelic ambobda `Cven mar-
Tlac `Cven~ varT da sxva ara-feri~? arsebobs
ki saerTod feri, romelic yvela-feria? kidev
erTxel rom davubrunde meore uxerxulobis
mTavar Tavsatexs: SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT
rom me, rogorc `kaci~, ufro axlos viyo zo-
gierT feministur brZolasTan (romelic mec
mexeba, radgan ar/ver mivsdev `kacs~ da piri-
qiT, momsdevs mec da qalsac), vidre romeliRac
`qali~? SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom me,
rogorc `kacs~, ufro meti wvlili Semqondes
falocentrizmis subversiaSi, vidre zogierT
`qals~? gana heteroseqsizmi ar awarmoebs SeuZ-
lebel socialur molodinebs da Zaladobriv
iZulebis meqanizmebs, romlebic sxvadasxva gen-
126

deruli identobis mqone adamianebs (maT Soris

heteroseqsual kacebs), damokidebuls maT sxva-
dasxva socialur poziciebze, sxvadasxvanairad
awevs mxrebze? xom ar aris es naprali molo-
dinsa da mis gardauval ver asrulebas Soris
is potenciali, romelic erTi mxriv `qalebs~
aZlevs politikis keTebis saSualebas da meore
mxriv ki, me, rogorc feminist `kacs~ (amJamad),
mixsnis gzas Tavidan moviSoro mdevari katego-
ria `kacis~ saxiT; monadire kategoria, rome-
lic TofiT daeZebs normidan gadaxrebs?
Tu `kaci ar aris erTi~, Tu `qali ar aris
erTi~ da Tu heteroseqsizmi muSaobs ara mxo-
lod qalis kategoriis kacze daqvemdebarebiT,
aramed pirvel rigSi, Tavad am kategoriebis
(kaci/qali) warmoebiT, maTi roluri danawile-
biTa da policirebiT da am or kategorias So-
ris gaCenili identobebis waSliT, maSin kidev
erTxel unda vikiTxoT, ras an vis ewinaaRmde-
geba feminizmi? binaruli genderis mawarmoebel
normatiulobas Tu am normatiulobis nawarmo-
ebi figurebidan erT-erTs (Cveni kulturis Sem-
TxvevaSi kacs)? magram gana `kacia~ is vinc qmnis
heteroseqsistur wesrigs? gana `kacsa~ da `qalsa~
Soris arsebuli usfskrulis Zaladobrivi ilu-
zia Tavad nawarmoebi da TofiT SenarCunebuli
ar aris? xom ar aris es Zaladobridav Senar-
Cunebuli binaruli opozicia Tavad mawarmoebe-
li im adamianebisa, romlebic TavianTi `anoma-
lurobiT~ daadastureben binaruli opoziciis
 127

`sinamdviles~? da piriqiT, xom ar arian es `ar

-Semdgari-adamianebi~ swored cocxali mowmeebi
Tavad ar Semdgari binaruli opoziciisa?
gana falocentrizmi an patriarqati an `ka-
cis~ da `qalis~ poziciebi eqskluziurad Seqm-
nilia, romelime am (SeuZlebeli) poziciis mier?
gana kaci `Tavisufali nebiT~ qmnis asimetriul
genderul wesrigs? `maskulinuri subieqti mxo-
lod gveCveneba, rom mniSvnelobebis wyaroa da
Sesabamisad sxvebis momniSvneli. misi erTi Se-
xedviT TviT-dafuZnebuli avtonomia cdilobs
SeniRbos represia3, romelic erTi mxriv misi
fuZea da meore mxriv am fuZis gamoclis mudmi-
vi SesaZlebloba. Tumca mniSvnelobebis konsti-
tuirebis procesi moiTxovs imas, rom qalebma
aireklon maskulinuri Zalaufleba da yvelgan
daarwmunon es Zalaufleba misi iluzioruli
avtonomiis realurobaSi.4 sxva sityvebiT, `ka-
ci~ da `qali~ figurebia, romlebic imdenad ar-
seboben, ramdenadac Cven mivsdevT maT, ramde-
nadac isini mogvsdeven Cven, ramdenadac isini
erTmaneTis arsebobas adastureben. Cven maT miv-
sdevT da swored amitom SeuZleblebi da ara-

3. avt. aq `represiaSi~ igulisxmeba maskulinuri identobis

konstruirebisas feminuris gamoricxvis aucilebloba da
ramdenadac es aucileblobaa, imdenad misi SesaZleblobis pirobac;
sxva sityvebiT, maskulinoba TviT-dafuZnebuli ki ar aris,
aramed feminuris ararsebobaze, misi maskulinuri ekonomiidan
gamoricxvazea dafuZnebuli da Sesabamisad maskulinoba saWiroebs
SeniRbos misi namdvili fuZe, romelic sxvaganaa da ara Tavis
TavSi, rogorc `TviT-dafuZnebuli~.
4. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble. gv.57
128

absoluturebi arian. sxva sityvebiT, `kacsa~ da

`qals~ Soris Zalaufleba ara absoluturad,
aramed SefardebiTaa gadanawilebuli, rac da-
mokidebulia Zalauflebis sxvadasxva, met-nakle-
bad stabilur RerZebze (klasi, eTnikuri ni-
Sani, religia da a.S.). es gansxvavebebi ki, ara
safrTxea saziaro identobis agebisTvis, aramed
SesaZleblobaa mizanze orientirebuli koali-
ciuri politikebisTvis, romlebic aucileblad
ar saWiroeben TavianTi politikisTvis ucvle-
li subieqtebis dafuZnebas.
`qalisa~ da `kacis~ kategoriebis ganusazRv-
reloba, maTi saboloo gansazRvrebis eqskluzi-
uroba da Zaladobrioba, maTi politikuroba,
rac maTi mniSvnelobebis mudmivi destabilizi-
rebis SesaZleblobaa, warmoadgens ara safrTxes
`Tanmimdevruli~ politikis sawarmoeblad, ara-
med xsnis axal resursebs, gvaniWebs axal Tva-
lebs, romelTa meSveobiT monoliTuri katego-
riebis miRma davinaxavT simravleebs, potenciur
mokavSireebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs, `bolos da
bolos, qviar Teoriam da aqtivizmma politi-
kuri mniSvneloba SeiZina imis daJinebiT, rom
antihomofobiur aqtivizmSi SeiZleba CarTuli-
yo yvela, miuxedavad maTi seqsualuri orien-
taciisa, da rom identobis markerebi ar un-
da yofiliyvnen politikuri Tanamonawileobis
winapirobebi. igivenairad, qviar Teoria ewina-
aRmdegeba maT visac surs, rom daareguliron
identobebi an pretenzia gamoacxadon epistemo-
 129

logiur upiratesobaze imis Sesaxeb Tu vis Se-

uZlia hqondes pretenzia ama Tu im identobaze,
qviar Teoria eswrafvis ara mxolod antiho-
mofobiuri aqtivizmis saTemo bazis gafarToe-
bas, aramed daJinebiT amtkicebs rom seqsualo-
ba kategorizebis meSveobiT ar aris advilad
Sejamebadi an unificirebadi.5~ igive SeiZleba
iTqvas antiseqsistur, feministur an nebismier
sxva brZolebze socialuri samarTlianobisT-
vis, samarTlianobisTvis, romelic yovelTvis
dapirebis saxiT arsebobs da romlis gansazR-
vreba yovelTvis politikuria da politikuri
brZolis dausrulebeli sagani.
TavSi me davwere, rom yoveljerze roca vla-
parakob `Cvenze~ da `sxvebze~, laparaki amavdro-
ulad uxerxulobasTan mudmivi gamklavebaa, mi-
si amoxsnis mcdeloba, magram xom SesaZlebelia
es uxerxuloba - da amaze ukve ramdenime sity-
va vTqviT - iqces xerxad, iaraRad, saSualebad,
romelic uxerxulobis nacvlad sifrTxiles
gvaswavlis? sifrTxiles, romelic keTilisa da
borotis SeuZlebeli normebis nacvlad Segva-
xedebs angelozebisa da demonebis Sida gansxva-
vebebze? iqneb winaswari normatiuli gansjebis
nacvlad ufro metis gagebam aRmogvaCeninos rom
`angelozebsa~ da `demonebs~ Soris absolutu-
ri gansxvaveba ara absoluturi, aramed far-
dobiTia? ufro martivad rom vTqva, gana imi-
saTvis rom politika vawarmooT, aucileblad

5. Judith Butler, Undoing Gender. გვ.7

130

unda SevqmnaT monstrebi, romlebic amavdrou-

lad Cveni angelozad yofnis pirobebi gaxdebi-
an? imisaTvis, rom `Cven~ angelozebad davrCeT
Sromatevadi TviTZaladoba da sakuTari rige-
bis mudmivi `wmenda~ dagvWirdeba da am winada-
debis dasrulebisas SeiZleba mec da Senc aRar
viyoT angelozis SeuZlebeli normis nawili.
sifrTxile, romelzec me axla vwer, SeiZle-
ba iTargmnos politikebad, romelic daefuZne-
ba ara identobebs, aramed miznebs, romlebic
Tundac sxvdasxva identobis mqone adamianebis
aRiarebisTvis brZolas SeiZleba gulisxmobdes;
politikas, romelic daefuZneba ara identobe-
bis ugulvebelyofas da maT uaryofas, aramed
siRiaves `sxvebis~ mimarT, romelSic winaswar
ar iqneba gadawyvetili legitimuri da arale-
gitimuri solidarobis aqtebi. me vsaubrob po-
litikaze, romelic Seqmnis mizanze orientire-
bul koaliciebs da “`koaliciebi~, wers judiT
batleri, `aucileblad ar aris dafuZnebuli
subieqt-poziciebze an subieqtTa Soris gansx-
vavebebis Sejerebebze; marTlac, isini SeiZleba
daefuZnon droebiT urTierTgadakveTil miz-
nebs da aq SeiZleba (unda) iarsebobs aqtiurma
antagonizmebma im sakiTxebze Tu ra aris es miz-
nebi da rogor ukeT mivaRwioT am miznebs. isini
koaliciebi gansxvavebaTa moZravi velebi arian;
im azriT, rom `sxvam Senze moaxdinos zegavlena~
da `sxvaze Sen moaxdino zegavlena~ nawilia su-
bieqtis socialuri ontologiisa da am azriT
 131

`subieqti~ naklebad aris diskretuli substan-

cia, vidre aqtiuri da gardamavali urTierTmi-
marTebaTa simravle.6~ erTi sityviT, uxerxulo-
ba sasurvelia gaxdes kategoriebSi amouwura-
vi gansxvavebis politikuri cnobiereba, azris
mudmivi sifxizle da `demonebSi~ produqtiuli
SesaZleblobebis aRmoCenis aqtiuri rwmena.

6. Judith Butler, Frames Of War. გვ. 147

132

„dasavleTi“ da „qarTuli gansxvaveba“:

genderuli da seqsualuri emansipaciis
diskursuli politika saqarTveloSi
Tamar cxadaZe

sakiTxze, romelzec vilaparakeb, piradad me,

sakmaod gvian, 2003 wels momixda dafiqreba, roca
erT amerikul universitetSi, feministuri filo-
sofiis kursis farglebSi, feministur Teorias-
Tan erTad, dasavluri kolonializmis da imperi-
alizmis kritikasac pirvelad Sevxvdi. zustad is
dro iyo, amerika eraySi oms oficialurad rom
iwyebda da erTma qarTvelma kolegam statia gamo-
aqveyna saTauriT: „ratom vuWer mxars amerikis oms
eraySi“. feministuri filosofiis jgufis Sexved-
raze, kolonializmis da imperializmis kritikas
rom eTmoboda, es statia vaxsene, romlis mTavari
argumentic iyo aSS-sa da evropis civilizato-
ruli misia da pasuxismgebloba, daxmarebodnen
msoflios sxva adgilebis ufro uiRblo xalxebs
adgilobrivi diqtaturebis damxobaSi. ar dama-
viwydeba jgufis reaqcia - gakvirvebisa da sevdis
narevi. arc maTi reaqciis sapasuxod, Cemi ambiva-
lenturi grZnobebi damaviwydeba: saqarTveloSi
SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis bolo weli idga, Zval-
sa da rbilSi iyo gamjdari grZnoba, rom korum-
 133

pirebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis erTaderTi berketi dasavleTisa
da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis zewolaa. msgav-
si gancda mqonda, roca 2010 wels, erT-erT evro-
pul universitetSi, feministuri Teoriis sxva
kursis farglebSi, analogiuri Temis ganxilvisas
Sevexe imas, Tu rogor figurirebda nato da ev-
ropa qarTul koleqtiur warmosaxvaSi, 2008 wlis
agvistos Semdeg. dRes, isev rom movxvde analogi-
ur diskusiaze, evropis an amerikis romelime uni-
versitetSi, albaT isev Sevqmni uxerxulobas 2013
wlis maisis ambebis an Sromis inspeqciaze bolo
dros mimdinare debatebis xsenebiT. meore mxriv,
sapirispiro Sinaarsis uxerxulobas iwvevs Cven-
Tan imaze kiTxvis dasma, Tu rogor muSaobs kolo-
niuri azrovneba da ra rols asrulebs „dasavle-
Tis“ normatiuli idea postsabWoTa saqarTvelo-
Si. dRes aranakleb, vidre 10 an 20 wlis win, bevrs
gvaqvs igive grZnoba da codna, rom xelisuflebas-
Tan dapirispirebaSi erTaderTi iaraRi saerTa-
Soriso normebze apelacia, xolo maTi aRsrule-
bis moTxovnaSi erTaderT berketi - „dasavleTis“
zewolaa. Tumca, mniSvnelovnad Seicvala is, rom
axla, debatebSi, ufro mkafio personaJia „anti-
dasavluri“ politikuri interesi; dRes, ufro
mniSvnelovani Temaa „antidasavleTi“, rogorc
politikuri esencia da antidasavluri propagan-
dis mxileba, vidre dasavleTisken qaCva ubralod
Cveni „dasavlurobis naklebobidan“. am konteqst-
Si, warmomidgenia, sakiTxi, romelsac vexebi, ufro
134

met warbis awevas gamoiwvevs, vidre Tundac 90-ia-

nebis bolos an 2000-ianebis dasawyisSi. amis Tqmis
safuZvels maZlevs, Tundac, reaqciebi EMC-is fo-
rumis gamxsneli oratoris Sexedulebebze saqar-
Tvelosa da amerikis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. amis
miuxedavad, mainc saWirod mimaCnia kiTxvis das-
ma „dasavleTis“, rogorc normis rolze qarTul
diskursul politikaSi da, konkretulad, qalTa
da seqsualur umciresobaTa emansipaciasTan da-
kavSirebul diskursebSi.
mokled avxsni, ras vgulisxmob „dasavleTis“
ideis normatiulobaSi. gansakuTrebuli dakvir-
veba ar sWirdeba imis SemCnevas, rom post-sabWoTa
saqarTvelos demokratiaze gadasvlis narativi
Tavidanve intimurad iyo dakavSirebuli „dasav-
leTis“ ideasTan, rogorc modernizaciis, prog-
resis, adamianis uflebebisa da ekonomikuri ke-
TildReobis standartTan da wyarosTan. xSirad,
es narativi „saqarTvelos namdvili evropulo-
bis“, „evropaSi dabrunebis“, an „evropis, rogorc
saqarTvelos momavlis“ tropebad formdeboda.1
dasavleTSi an evropaSi, rasakvirvelia, zustad
arc erTi konkretuli geografia an politika ar
igulisxmeba. parTa Caterjis sityvebiT, es idea hi-
perrealuria - is ar aris romelime realurad ar-

1 Tu rogor figurirebda qarTul warmosaxvaSi evropa me-19 saukunidan

2008 wlamde, detalurad aqvs ganxiluli a. briskus, romelic qarTul
diskursSi evropis ideis sam ganzomilebas gamoyofs: evropis
geopolitikuri mniSvneloba, evropa, rogorc progresis meCiraRdne,
evropa, rogorc rogorc civilizaciisa da maRali kulturis simbolo
(ix. Brisku, A. 2013. Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe,
1878-2008. New York-Oxford: Berghahn).
 135

sebuli konkretuli sazogadoebis an geografiis

aRwera, magram mas udidesi realuri Zala aqvs.
„ganviTarebis“, rogorc dasavleTTan daaxloe-
bis, tropis gavlena gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa gende-
ruli Tanasworobisa da seqsualuri emansipaciis
diskursSi, bolo aTwleulebis saqarTveloSi.
meore mxriv, swored genderisa da seqsualobis
problemebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli politi-
kis dinamikaze dakvirveba wamoWris saintereso
kiTxvebs dasavleTis am ideis Sesaxeb: rogor fi-
gurirebs da ra rols asrulebs „dasavleTi, ro-
gorc norma TviTon genderul politikaSi an sxva
momijnave diskursebSi? rogor da romeli diqo-
tomiebis konteqstSi muSaobs dasavleTis idea da
ra SinaarsebiT artikulirdeba is Sesabamisad? ra
konteqstebSi upirispirdeba is „qarTuls“, „aR-
mosavlurs“, „sabWoTas“, „rusuls“, an „antidasav-
lurs“? ra tipis argumentebisa da diskursuli
strategiebisTvis qmnis is (an misiT nagulisxmevi
daSvebebi) konceptualur sivrces? da bolos, ra
Teoriuli modelebi da codnis struqturebia
xelmisawvdomi qarTuli konteqstis am aspeqtis
gasaazreblad? yvela am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis
ambiciis gareSe, vecdebi mxolod ramdenime konk-
retuli epizodis magaliTis safuZvelze gamovkve-
To maTi relevanturoba.
am sakiTxebze saazrovnod gansakuTrebiT sasar-
geblod meCveneba indoeli postkoloniuri Teo-
retikosebis ori cneba: dipeS Cakrabartis „tran-
ziciis narativi“ da parTa Caterjis „gansxvavebis
136

wesi“. „tranziciis narativi“ ukavSirdeba ideas,

rom naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis gza
da bedisweraa gadasvla (tranzicia) ufro ganvi-
Tarebuli, modernuli formebisken, romlis mo-
delsac ganviTarebuli, koloniuri centri qmnis.
rasac Cakrabarti sainteresod gamokveTs, aris
mixvedra, rom tranziciis narativis logika auci-
leblad gulisxmobs Tavisebur moZrav mizans - sa-
mudamo CamorCenas Tu gansxvavebas modelisgan,
koloniuri centrisgan.2 parTa Caterji „koloni-
uri gansxvavebis wess“ uwodebs kognitur Jests,
romliTac waSlis ori aqti sruldeba koloniur
diskursSi: erTi mxriv, waiSleba yovelgvari bo-
roteba koloniur centrSi da, meore mxriv, waiS-
leba koloniuri centris yovelgvari istoriu-
li kavSiri periferiasTan - kavSirebi, romelTa
ZaliTac aris centri dRes iseTi, rogoric aris.
am JestiT aigeba arsebiTi gansxvaveba koloniasa
da centrs Soris - gansxvaveba, romelic gulisx-
mobs pirvelis gardauval da gadaulaxav Camor-
Cenas meoresTan SedarebiT.3 Caterji am cnebas ko-
lonizebuli indoeTisa da evropis urTierTobis
analizis konteqstSi ayalibebs. is sainteresod
moargo iozef boroJma postsabWoTa aRmosavleT
evropis (saxeldobr, ungreTis) da dasavleT ev-
ropis urTierTobebis analizs. boroJi, Cater-
jis ideaze dayrdnobiT, laparakobs „evropuli
2 Chakrabarty, D. 1992. “Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for
“Indian” pasts?”, Representations 37: 1-26.
3 Chatterjee, P. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments. Colonial and Postcolonial
Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 137

gansxvavebis wesze“, romliTac aigeba gansxvaveba

dasavleT evropasa da aRmosavleT evropas Soris.
statiaSi „sikeTe sxvagan aris“ (2006)4 boroJi gani-
xilavs, Tu rogor iyeneben modernizaciaze ori-
entirebuli ungreli inteleqtualebi „ukve ganvi-
Tarebuli“ Tu dawinaurebuli dasavleTis ideas,
rogorc ungreTSi mimdinare movlenebis sazomsa
da kompass, da rogor emyareba es gamoyeneba kargi
da cudi evropis, mowinave safrangeTis da CamorCe-
nili ungreTis, keTili dasavleTisa da sikeTisgan
daclili aRmosavleTis gansxvavebis ideas. igive
gansxvaveba mniSvnelovnad figurirebs TviTon pe-
riferiis - aRmosavleT evropis konstruqciaSic:
erTi mxriv, liberali prodasavleli ungreli in-
teleqtualebis umciresobasa da, meore mxriv, ung-
reTis danarCen mosaxleobasa da xelisuflebas So-
ris Sidaungruli gansxvaveba dasavleTsa da aRmo-
savleTs Soris evropuli gansxvavebis korelatia.
„qarTul gansxvavebaSi“, Catrjis cnebaze alu-
ziiT, vgulisxmob „qarTulis“ warmosaxul gans-
xvavebas „dasavlurisgan“. ara zustad paralelu-
ri, magram miaxloebuli mniSvnelobiT, vfiqrob,
SegviZlia vilaparakoT „qarTuli gansxvavebis“
diskursul Jestze, romliTac Semdegi operaciebi
sruldeba: aigeba evropa-dasavleTsa da saqarTve-
los Soris gadaulaxavi gansxvaveba (rogorc me-
oris CamorCena); waiSleba yovelgvari boroteba
karg, sikeTis samyofel dasavleTSi; aigeba Sida-

4 Böröcz, J. 2006. “Goodness is Elsewhere: The Rule of European Difference”,

Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (1): 110-138.
138

qarTuli gansxvaveba prodasavlurad orientire-

bul qarTvelebsa da sxva qarTvelebs (xSirad „gru-
zinebs“ an „savokebs“ Soris); tranziciis narativis
logikiT, progresi gaigeba, rogorc Tanmimdevru-
lad imave nabijebis gavla, romlebic „dasavleTis
(„normalurma“) qveynebma ukve gaiares“.5 qvemoT vec-
debi, ramdenime ilustraciis meSveobiT, gamovkve-
To qarTuli tranziciis narativisa da masSi qar-
Tuli gansxvavebis muSaobis zogierTi aspeqti, da
is, Tu ra tipis destabilizacia Seaqvs masSi gen-
dersa da seqsualobasTan dakavSirebul SfoTvebs.

gansxvaveba Tu naTesaoba?

tranziciis qarTuli narativi or, erTi Sexed-

viT, urTierTsapirispiro Temas aerTianebs: sa-
qarTvelos ZirZveli Tu namdvili evropeloba da
saqarTvelos gansxvaveba (CamorCena) evropisgan.
magram am dapirispirebas iolad xsnis mesame, imave
narativisTvis aranakleb arsebiTi Tema - saqarTve-
los evropuli bedisweridan gadaxveva, evropuli
ganviTarebis gzis zogierTi safexuris gamoto-
veba da a S. (antidasavluri rusuli imperiis Tu
sabWoTa kavSiris iZulebiT). amrigad, saqarTve-
los evropulobis da saqarTvelos araevropulo-
bis Temebi komfortulad Tanaarsebobs erTi da
imave teqstebis farglebSic, erTmaneTTan Serige-
buli safexurebis gamotovebis an gzidan acdenis
sxvadasxva versiiT. magaliTad, oriode wlis win
5 aq gverds avuvli sakiTxs, aqvs Tu ara qarTul diskursul dinamikaSi
saintereso korelati Caterjis mier identificirebul meore aqts.
 139

gamoqveynebul blogSi vkiTxulobT: „…ganmanaT-

lebloba … Cven … Tavis droze gamovtoveT. diax,
Cven evropuli, dasavluri civilizaciis nawili
varT, magram misi yvela etapi ar gagvivlia da maT
Soris mTavari „gauvleli“ etapi sworedac rom
ganmanaTleblobaa.“6 am konkretul teqstSi arafe-
ria naTqvami gamotovebis mizezebze. meore mxriv,
krebuli, romelic qarTul kulturaSi demokra-
tiuli Rirebulebebis istoriuli wyaroebis aR-
moCenas eZRvneba, 7 Seicavs statias „qarTuli ganma-
naTlebloba: evropis kvaldakval da imperiis mar-
wuxebSi“. masSi mtkicdeba me-19 saukuneSi qarTuli
ganmanaTleblobis arseboba da is identificire-
bulia, rogorc evropuli ideebiT nasazrdoebi;
xolo mis damabrkoleblad - ruseTis imperia. ima-
ve krebulSi dabeWdil sxva statiaSi ki („qarTu-
li filosofiis evropuli orientaciis Sesaxeb“)
qarTuli filosofiis evropuli orientaciis
mTavar damabrkoleblad sabWoTa kavSiris tota-
litaruli reJimi saxeldeba.
evropuli Zirebis Zieba da maT winaRobad ruse-
Tis imperiasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris ambivalen-
toba gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gadaTamaSdeba
saqarTveloSi feminizmis aqamde daweril isto-
riebSi. saqarTveloSi qalTa sakiTxis mkvlevar-
Ta umravlesoba win wamoswevs me-19 saukunis meore

6 zedania, g. 2013. „antidasavleTi“, xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://

www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/blog-giga-zedania-anti-west/25195091.html,
bolos nanaxia 29.02.2016, 1:06
7 gafrindaSvili, l. (red.). 2011. demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
nakvalevze saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: dobera.
140

naxevarsa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, feministu-

ri ideebisa da jgufebis arsebobas saqarTvelo-
Si (rac imavdroulad Tanamedrove feministuri
moZraobebis legitimaciis proeqtic aris) da maT
evropul warmoSobas. xolo am Zvrebis tragikuli
dasasrulis momentad saqarTvelos gasabWoebas
moniSnavs. aq sainteresoa ori ram: (1) Tanamedrove
qarTuli feminizmis qarTuli Zirebisa (rogorc
legitimacia im braldebebis winaaRmdeg, rom gen-
deris sakiTxi dasavleTisa da arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebis mier Zalad Tavsmoxveuli Temaa) da,
imavdroulad, misi evropuli identobis mtkice-
ba; (2) dasavleTi am konteqstSi upirispirdeba ara
qarTuls an tradiciuls, aramed sabWoTas.

CamorCena da daweva

saqarTvelos tranziciis narativSi erT-erTi

centraluri adgili ukavia, rogorc zemoT iTqva,
CamorCenis Tu dagvianebis da misi anazRaurebis
trops. zemoT moyvanil citataSic vnaxeT maxvili
imaze, rom saqarTvelos gasavleli aqvs raRac, rac
evropam gaiara. es Tema centraluria genderuli
Tanasworobis diskursSi. amis erTi Zalian gavr-
celebuli ilustraciaa azri, romelic qarTveli
feministebisgan araerTxel momismenia sxvadasxva
konteqstSi, rom „Cven, sadRac, naxevari saukuniT
ukan varT“ (zogjer amboben, rom 70 wliT - sabWo-
Ta reJimze misaniSneblad), rom CvenTan jer meore
talRis feminizmis droa da a. S. garda imisa, rom
 141

tranziciis nartivis srulyofili nimuSia, azris

es forma sainteresoa imiTac, rom srulebiT brmaa
genderuli Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT sabWoTa
kavSirSi arsebuli dinamikis mimarT, im mizez-Se-
degobrivi kavSirebis mimarT, romlebic albaT
arsebobs Tanamedrove mdgomareobasa da sabWoTa
istorias Soris. es azri gvTavazobs 70-wliani sa-
RaTas Zilis suraTs pirvel respublikasa da 90-i-
an wlebs Soris periodSi. sabWoTa warsulis sa-
kiTxs calke Sevexebi da am azrsac davubrundebi.
CamorCena-dawevis tropis kidev erTi saintere-
so nimuSia Semdegi nawyveti feminizmis mxardamWe-
ri erT-erTi blogidan: „[qalebma rom xma amoiRon]
albaT wlebis saqmea da uaxles momavalSi srulad
mxriv,, dasavlur qveynebSic jer
ver mogvardeba (am mxriv
kidev bevri ram aqvT gamosasworebeli)...“ (xazgas-
ma Cemia).8 garda imisa, rom usityvod igulisxmeba
dasavluri qveynebis dawinaurebuli statusi da
maTi orientiroba saqarTvelosTvis, am citata-
Si Tavs iCens aSkara destabilizacia „dasavleTis
uzado sikeTis“, anu Caterjis mier gamokveTili
pirveli aqtis muSaobaSi. ver vityvi rom es mniSv-
nelovani rezonansis mqonea TviTon teqstSi an uf-
ro farTo konteqstSi, an Zirs uryevs dasavluri
normatiulobis ideas, magram mainc sainteresoa.
sakmaod iSviaTad vxvdebiT aseT aRiarebas adamia-
nis uflebebis sxva aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT.

8 g. cxadaia, „obieqturad Znelia feministoba, qalisTvisac da

kacisTvisac“, xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://www.feminism-boell.org/
ka/2015/08/12/obiekturad-znelia-peministoba-kalistvisac-da-kacistvisac, bolos
nanaxia 29.02.2016, 1:06
142

maxvili gansxvavebaze

zemoT miTiTebul „evropuli gzidan gadaxve-

vis“ figurasTan Tanaarsebobs ufro radikaluri
maxvilic qarTul gansxvavebaze. igi, erTi mxriv,
qarTuli CamorCenilobis fonze, dasavleTis ide-
alizacias (Caterjis gansxvavebis wesis pirveli
komponenti) da, meore mxriv, nagulisxmevi „nor-
maluri“ dasavleTis fonze, qarTulis orienta-
lizebas axdens. am mxriv, magaliTebis moyvana mar-
Tlac gulisrevamde SeiZleba da SerCeva Zalian
Znelia. qarTuli realobis nebismieri epizodis
mimarT ukmayofilebis gamoxatvisTvis erT-er-
Ti yvelaze gavrcelebuli formulaa „normalur
qveynebSi [es ar] moxdeboda“. sulac ar aris auci-
lebeli, mTqmels marTla hqondes romelime arse-
buli qveyana mxedvelobaSi.
idealizaciis aqtis saintereso magaliTia Sem-
degi: erT-erT gadacemaSi, romelic evropis po-
pularizacias isaxavs miznad, stumrebs ekiTxebi-
an, ra iyo maTi pirveli STabeWdileba evropul
qveyanaSi moxvedrisas. am pasuxebis umravlesoba
uaRresad sainteresoa. erTze gavCerdebi: stu-
mari wamyvanebs pasuxobs, rom erT-erTi pirveli
yvelaze didi STabeWdileba masze moaxdina Sem-
Txvevam, roca evropis romeliRac universitetSi
misma Tanajgufelma Zvirfasi mZivi dakarga, xolo
mpovnelma el-fostaze miswera da daubruna.9 sain-

9 gadacema „ratom evropa? - evrokvSiris idea“, 18.01.2016, vidoeCanaweri,

25:20, xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/
evrokavshiris-idea/27494657.html, nanaxia 29.02.2016, 13:11.
 143

teresoa, rogor xdeba am JestiT zneobis elementa-

ruli normis evropaSi gatana, rac Zalian zustad
aRiwereba „sikeTis sxvagan yofnis“ boroJis mier
ganxiluli tropiT; da, imave dros, „qarTulis“
radikalurad dacla zneobisgan da sikeTisgan (ga-
dacemis stumari xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom es misT-
vis erT-erTi dauviwyari STabeWdileba iyo).
sainteresoa, rogor muSaobs evropis uzado si-
keTisa da qarTuli gansxvavebis tropis es forma
qalTa uflebebisa da feminizmis Sesaxeb diskusi-
ebSi. prodasavleli inteleqtualebis naazrevSi
erT-erTi gamWoli Temaa qarTveli feministebis
dasavleli da evropeli feministebisgan gansx-
vavebaze laparaki da pirvelTa tuqsva „araswori
feminizmis“ gamo. es tendencia imdenad Zlieria,
rom ukve xelSesaxebad arsebobs „qarTveli femi-
nistis“ xati, romelic agresiul, zedapirul, gau-
naTlebel da feminizmis namdvil arsSi vergarkve-
ul tipaJs warmoadgens. rogorc wesi, am teqstebis
avtorebi genderuli Tanasworobis momxre, pro-
evropel inteleqtualebad pozicionirdebian,
Tumca „qarTuli feminizmis“ iarliyiT ukuagde-
ben da akritikeben qarTveli feministebis faqtob-
rivad yvela svlas, iqneba es politikaSi kvotebis
moTxovna, qalebze gaxSirebuli Zaladobis siste-
mur genderul problemad warmoCena, seqsisturi
enis gamo ama Tu im instanciis kritika da a. S.
magaliTad uamravi SemTxvevidan ramdenimes ga-
movarCev: 1. progresulma profesorma feisbukze
gamoaqveyna sentencia, romelmac maleve moipova
144

didi popularoba: „zogierTi gzaabneuli qarT-

veli feministis „rkinis logika“: colis mkvle-
li kaci – aucileblad Segnebuli moZaladea, xo-
lo qmris mkvleli coli – aucileblad moZala-
de qmrisgan sakuTari uflebebis iracionaluri
(afeqtSi myofi) damcveli“.10 aq sainteresoa is,
rom qarTveli feministebis sagangebo „gzaabenu-
lobis“ simptomad cxaddeba avtorisaTvis miu-
Rebeli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac am utrirebuli
formiT arc qarTveli da arc araqarTveli femi-
nistebi ar iziareben, xolo adekvaturad niuansi-
rebuli formulirebiT marTlac iyo seriozuli
da nayofieri debatebis sagani realur droSi,
realur dasavlur qveynebSi, realurad arsebul
feministebs Soris. 2. popularulma blogerma,
misi videos „rogor movxibloT Rruzinka“ (sic!)
(romelSic, sxvaTa Soris, msxverpli cxaddeba Za-
ladobis gamo pasuxsimgeblad) feministebis mi-
er kritikis pasuxad, gamoaqveyna posti saTauriT
„feminizmi qarTulad, rogorc aseTi“,11 romelSic
laparakia qarTveli feministebis umaqnisobaze.
aqac, qarTuli feminizmi moxsenebulia, rogorc
„e. w. feminizmi“ da dapirispirebulia nagulisxmev
swor feminizmTan (Tumca, am SemTxvevis sasargeb-
lod is mainc unda iTqvas, rom, sxvebisgan gansxva-
10 tabula, verbatimi, 21 dekemberi, 2015, xelmisawvdomia misamarTze:
http://www.tabula.ge/ge/verbatim/103052-kachkachishvili-zogi-feminististvis-colis-
mkvleli-modzaladea-qmris-tavs-icavs, nanaxia 02.03.2016, 13:12.
11 Serozia, g. 2015. „feminizmi qarTulad, rogorc aseTi“,
xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://guramsherozia.com/2016/01/12/%E1%83%
A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96
%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%
E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%
E1%83%92%E1%83%9D/, nanaxia 02.03.2016, 13:10.
 145

vebiT, qarTulze ganzogadeba aq mxolod saTaur-

Sia, teqstSi - naklebad). 3. progresuli inteleq-
tuali Tavis blog-postSi dasavleTSi feminizmis
ganviTarebis Tavis versias moxazavs, xolo Semdeg
gveubneba: „saqarTveloSi feminizmi, an ufro swo-
rad qalTa moZraoba, im fazaSia, rodesac qale-
bi kacebs ejibrebian. undaT ufro sqeli jipebiT
iaron, manqana ukeTesad ataron, ufro Sors gadaa-
furTxon, kvotebiT Sevidnen parlamentSi, meti Za-
laufleba hqondeT da saerTod, ufro yverebiane-
bi iyvnen...“ bolos ki askvnis: „rasac saqarTveloSi
wiTelpomadian feminizms eZaxian, pomadiani femi-
nizmic ar aris, imitom rom ar yofnis gambedaoba
yvelaferi danarCeni gaakeTos, risi simboloc po-
madaa...“12 („pomadiani feminizmi“ avtors esmis, ro-
gorc feminizmis mesame talRa). am teqstSi zemoT
moniSnuli operaciebidan ori erTad gvaqvs: erTi
mxriv, CamorCena-dawevis tropi (saqarTveloSi fe-
minizmi im fazaSia, romelic dasavlurma feminiz-
mma ukve gaiara) da, meore mxriv, gzasacdenilobis,
fundamenturi gansxvavebis tropi (qarTuli femi-
nizmi dasavluri feminizmis romelime istoriul
formasac ver ganasaxierebs jansaRad). 4. sxva popu-
laruli blogeris postSi, safrangeTis da saqar-
Tvelos sazogadoebrivi da politikur cxovre-
bis sxvadasxva aspeqtis ganxilvis da urTierTSe-
darebis konteqstSi, weria: „feminizmma, romelmac
gasul saukuneSi sruliad Secvala samyaro, saqar-
TveloSi faqtobrivad qurduli gageba Caanacvla.
12 andronikaSvili, z. 2015. „pomadiani da upomado feminizmi“,
xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://andronikashvili.blogspot.com/2015/05/
blog-post_15.html, nanaxia 02.03.2016, 13:05.
146

ar vxumrob. sityva qalis xseneba iseTive saSiSi gax-

da, rogorc kanis feris an seqsualuri orientaci-
is… am „dargis“ eqspertebis - qarTveli partizani
feministebis eqstremisti da maCo nawilis SiSiT,
romlebic mamakacebs ise uyureben, rogorc svif-
tis cxenebi gulivers...“13 am citatebis konteqsts ki
uSualod mosdevs sqesobriv gansxvavebebze fran-
guli gadacemis aRwera mowonebis toniT. marTa-
lia, Zneli gasagebia ra aris mTlianobaSi statiis
saTqmeli, magram aSkaraa avtoris gansakuTrebuli
ukmayofileba evropulisgan gansxvavebuli qar-
Tuli feminizmiT.
Cemi azriT, safuZvliania am da sxva, msgavsi re-
aqciebis interpretireba zemoT naxsenebi (kaci)
inteleqtualebis dapirispirebad realur, maT
garSemo arsebul feministur aqtivobebTan (miu-
xedavad zogadad feministur ideebTan gacxadebu-
li Tanxmobisa), romelSic qarTuli gansxvavebis
Jesti - qarTveli feministebis orientalizacia -
Zalian konkretul instrumentad gamoiyeneba. Cemi
wakiTxviT, es, upirveles yovlisa, antifeministu-
ri svlaa, romlisTvisac instrumenti qarTulis
orientalizebaa. meore mxriv, rogorc sxva analo-
giur SemTxvevebSi, aqac es popularuli gamoyeneba
da, Sesabamisad, daJinebuli gameoreba TviTon aZ-
lierebs gansxvavebis diskurss. garda amisa, minda
yuradReba mivaqcio imas, rom ganxiluli SemTxve-
vebi Zalian kargi ilustraciaa gansxvavebis Jestis
Semdegi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebisac: (1) rogor xde-
13 qurdaZe, p. 2015. „populisturi totalitarizmi“, xelmisawvdomia
misamarTze: http://liberali.ge/articles/view/20148/populisturi-totalitarizmi, nanaxia
02.03.2016, 13:06.
 147

ba SidaqarTuli gansxvavebis ageba, roca avtore-

bi qarTuli feminizmis, rogorc qarTulis, dawu-
nebiT TviTon dasavlurad pozicionirdebian da
qarTul gansxvavebas emijnebian; (2) rogor funqci-
onirebs dasavluri, rogorc hiperrealuri idea,
romlidanac yvela realuri winaaRmdegoba amoS-
lilia da romlis realuri prototipic arc ar-
sebobs da arc moiTxoveba diskursis referentad.

qarTulis aradasavluroba - ruseTis imperia

Tu sabWoTa gamocdileba?

dasavleTis hiperrealurobis im aspeqts, rom is

ararealuria, kargad gamokveTs ambivalenturoba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris qarTuli, romelic gans-
xvavebulia dasavlurisgan. zemoT ukve gamoCnda,
rom dominantur narativebSi am rolze erTmaneT-
Tan konkurenciaSia sabWoTa kavSiri da ruseTis
imperia - amasTan, xSirad, am ors Soris gansxvave-
ba gamiznuladaa gabundovanebuli an isini mizan-
mimarTuladaa erTmaneTSi areuli. am konteqstSi
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa marTlmadideblobis
da sabWoTas dakavSirebis diskursuli teqnolo-
giebi, romlebic erTi SexedviT moulodnelia.
dasavleTs, erTi mxriv, upirispireben rusul im-
perias, meore mxriv, sabWoTa imperias, da, mesame
mxriv, marTlmadideblobas. ufro iSviaTad Sevx-
vdebiT aradasvluris Ziebas qarTul tradicieb-
Si an sakuTriv qarTul Taviseburebad moazrebul
romelime niSanSi - es ufro popularuli Tema iyo
90-ianebsa da adreul 2000-ianebSi, rodesac saqar-
148

Tvelos da dasavleTis urTierTobis sakiTxi Zi-

riTadad qarTuli erovnuli Taviseburebebisa da
azia-evropis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb esencia-
listuri diskusiebis konteqstSi ganixileboda.
qalebis mdgomareoba da feminizmi is Temaa, ro-
melSic gansakuTrebiT uxerxulad iCens Tavs qar-
Tuli gansxvavebis narativis dilema - qarTuli
araevropulobis Zirebi ruseTis imperias daukav-
Siros Tu - sabWoTa gamocdilebas („200 weli Tu
70 weli?“). rogorc wesi, genderuli Tanasworo-
bisaTvis zrunva mis momxre Tu mis mowinaaRmdege
banakSi warmodgenilia, rogorc evropasa da da-
savleTze orientaciis Tanxmlebi Tu ingredienti
(pirvelTaTvis - miswrafebis sagani, meoreTaTvis
- xelovnurad da naZaladevad Tavsmoxveuli saz-
runavi). genderul Tanasworobaze zrunvis dasav-
lur orientaciasTan dakavSirebas aqvs Semdegi sa-
intereso aspeqtebi:
1) qarTuli feminizmis Zirebis moZiebisa da
„moTxovnis“ proeqtebSi absoluturi dumilia
sabWoTa periodze. rogorc wesi, miiCneva, rom es
istoria me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan iwyeba da 1921
wels wydeba (Tu sabWoTa periodSi zogierTi ga-
morCeuli feministis represiebs ar CavTvliT
gagrZelebad). sabWoTa periodSi, gansakuTrebiT
mis adreul wlebSi, genderuli Tanasworobisken
mimarTuli iniciativebi da cvlilebebi sruliad
gamoricxulia qarTuli feminizmis istoriidan.
2) qalTa uflebebis sakiTxis istoriuli anali-
zebic, xSirad, ugulebelyofs sabWoTa period-
 149

Si am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul nabijebs.14 metic,

xSirad, isini uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli Sem-
degi paradoqsuli logikiT: SexvdebiT azrs, rom
feminizmis ararseboba an sisuste sabWoTa da pos-
tsabWoTa sazogadoebebSi ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom sabWoTa xelisuflebam qalebs mamakacebis Ta-
naswori uflebebi „brZolis gareSe“ – „zemodan
qvemoT“ mianiWa, ise, rom maT brZoliT, TviTon ar
moupovebiaT isini. am azrze (romelic saqarTve-
loSi arsebuli feministuri moZraobebis gaufa-
surebas axdens) reaqciad JRerdeba sawinaaRmdego
azric, rom qalTaTvis uflebebis miniWeba (rasac
1918-1921 wlis respublikas ukavSireben) swored
wina Taobebis qarTveli feministebis monapovari
iyo da ara umtkivneulod, brZolis gareSe, mama-
kacebisgan miRebuli gulmowyaleba. imis miuxeda-
vad, Tu ramdenad politikurad mniSvnelovani da
istoriulad adekvaturia es pasuxi, mTeli am di-
aleqtikis saintereso aspeqtia is, rom genderuli
Tanasworobisa da feministuri politikis mizne-
bis raime zomiT Tanxvedra sabWoTa xelisuflebis
genderul politikasTan winaswarve usityvodaa
gamoricxuli. es im dros, roca sayovelTaod cno-
bilia, rom XX saukunis dasawyisis mniSvnelovani
feministebis didi nawili swored marqsistebis
da komunistebis rigebs miekuTvnebodnen, rom ad-
reul sabWoTa kavSirSi didi mniSvneloba eqceo-
da qalebis emansipacias da rom adreul sabWoTa
14 magaliTad, genderuli samarTlianobisTvis brZolis cnobili
aqtivisti ar aRiarebs sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul Zalisxmevas
genderuli Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. gadacema „wiTeli
zona“, 28.11.2015, 00:30:30-dan. xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://www.
radiotavisupleba.ge/content/red-zone/27395161.html. nanaxia 20.03.2016, 01:56.
150

kavSirSi genderulma politikam realurad iqonia

gavlena muSa da glexi qalebis mdgomareobaze.
3) genderuli Tanasworobis, rogorc arsebi-
Tad dasavluri ideis diskursSi ugulebelyofi-
lia is, rom saerTaSoriso instrumentebi, rom-
lebTan saqarTvelos mierTebac genderul Tanas-
worobaze mimarTuli aqtivobebis erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi stimuli iyo da dRemde mniSvnelovani berke-
tia, didwilad inicirebuli da mxardaWerili iyo
aRmosavluri blokis qveynebis (sabWoTa kavSiris,
CineTis da sxv.) mier.15 amave dros, erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi dokumenti - sido konvencia (CEDAW)
- dRemde ar aqvs ratificirebuli aSS-s.

gansxvaveba dasavleTSi

Tu dasavleTis uzado sikeTis da misgan qar-

Tuli gansxvavebis daSveba dominanturia qarTul
modernizatorul Tu progresisul narativebSi,
SeiZleba movelodeT, rom konservatiul Tu reaq-
ciul narativebSi, simetriulad, dasavleTis nega-
tiuri xati da, Sesabamisad, qarTuli gansxvavebis
pozitiuri mniSvneloba unda iyos ganmsazRvreli.
garkveuli dazustebebiT, es, albaT, marTlac Se-
iZleba CaiTvalos bolo wlebamde progresistul
-reaqciuli dialeqtikis met-naklebad adekvatur
aRwerad. marTlac, evropisgan (Tu dasavleTisgan),
rogorc garyvnilebis da gaucxoebis adgilisgan,
qarTuli tradiciebisa da marTlmadideblobis
mtrisgan momdinare safrTxeebze apelacia iyo er-

15 am faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas vumadli Tamar sabedaSvils.

 151

T-erTi mTavari ritorikuli xerxi bolo aTwle-

ulebis reaqciul diskursSi.
swored am TvalsazrisiT saintereso da mniSvne-
lovani cvlileba moxda bolo ramdenime wlis gan-
mavlobaSi. saxeldobr, dasavleTis, rogorc mo-
noliTuri sikeTis an misi sarkuli anareklis - mo-
noliTuri borotebis xati zogierT diskursSi
Seicvala ufro mravalferovani da, raRac azriT,
ufro realisturi suraTiT, romelic dasavlur
sazogadoebebs warmogvidgens mimdinare brZoli-
sa da dapirispirebis adgilad, amasTan, swored im
sakiTxebze, romlebzec CvenTanac midis dava. gan-
sakuTrebiT saintereso ki isaa, rom es „ufro niu-
ansirebuli“ suraTi, uwinares yovlisa, im jgufe-
bis ritorikaSi hpovebs strategiul gamoyenebas,
romelTaTvisac manamde dasavleTi safrTxobelas
funqcias asrulebda.
amis pirvel magaliTebs swored genderis da seq-
sualobis garSemo mimdinare brZolebSi vxvdebiT.
saxeldobr, 2013 wlis 17 maisis Semdgom periodSi,
diskusiebSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda miTiTebe-
bi parizSi Catarebul mravalaTasian saprotesto
msvlelobaze erTi sqesis adamianTa Soris qorwi-
nebis winaaRmdeg. ufro axlaxan, italiaSi Catare-
buli analogiuri aqciebic intensiurad gaSuqda
mediagamocemebSi. am ritorikaSi dasavleTi ga-
moiyeneba modelad da gamamarTlebel argumentad
reaqciuli politikisTvis, ris SesaZleblobac
damokidebulia tranziciis narativiTa da gans-
xvavebis wesebiT struqturirebul diskursul
ekonomikaze. marTlac, mtkicebam „erTi sqesis ada-
152

mianTa Soris qorwinebas safrangeTSic ewinaaRm-

degebian“ erTi sqesis adamianTa Soris qorwinebis
winaaRmdeg argumentad SeiZleba imuSaos mxolod
enobriv TamaSSi, romelic agebulia evropis sike-
Tis daSvebaze.
am mxriv, bolodroindeli, uaRresad saintere-
so magaliTi (romelic, marTalia, ar exeba gende-
rul politikas) gvaqvs e. w. religiuri grZnobe-
bis Seuracxyofis amkrZalavi kanonis iniciativis
garSemo gaSlil diskusiebSi. erT-erT satelevi-
zio SouSi, kanonis proeqtis avtori kanonis gasa-
marTleblad faqtobrivad erTaderT arguments
ayenebs - rom analogiuri kanoni evropis bevr qve-
yanaSic moqmedebs.16 misi oponentebic sakmaod did
dros uTmoben imis axsnas Tu gabaTilebas, Tu ra-
tom arsebobs da rogor muSaobs dasaxelebuli ka-
nonebi dasaxelebul qveynebSi. amave diskusiis erTi
epizodi ki „evropis sikeTis“ narativis am inversi-
is marTlac groteskuli gamoxatulebaa: erT-erT
niuansTan dakavSirebiT kanonis proeqtis avtori
kanonTan dakavSirebul garkveul detalebSi evro-
puli SemTxvevebis qarTulisgan gansxvavebas imiT
amarTlebs, rom evropaSi „Segnebuli“ xalxia, xolo
saqarTveloSi jer misaRwevia igive mdgomareoba.17
dasavleTSi realurad arsebul winaaRmdego-
bebze apelaciebi dRemde ZiriTadad reaqciuli
argumentebisTvisaa mobilizebuli. am kuTxiT,
mravalmxriv saintereso gamonakliss qmnis Carlz
16 ToqSou „politika“, 05.02.2016, xelmisawvdomia misamarTze: http://
imedi.ge/index.php?pg=shs&id_pr=6915&id=59&tp=0. nanaxia 20.03.2016, 01:57.
17 „ratom ar gamoiyeneba gindaT giTxraT? iq gacilebiT Segnebuli
sazogadoebaa da ...iseTi ieriSi ar midis, rogorc marTlmadideblur
eklesiaze midis dRes CvenSi“. iqve, 106:13.
 153

fearbanksis Tvalsazrisi: is, 2013 wlis maisis mov-

lenebze ganazrebebis konteqstSi, amtkicebs, rom
saqarTvelos dasavluri orientaciis SenarCu-
nebisTvis aucilebelia saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
bisTvis dasavleTSi arsebuli realuri mraval-
ferovnebisa da winaaRmdegobebis Cveneba, raTa ar
Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom dasavleTze orien-
tacia aucileblad gulisxmobs erTmniSvnelovan
pasuxebs iseT mtkivneul sakiTxebze, rogoricaa,
vTqvaT, araheteroseqsuali adamianebis uflebebi.18
es Tvalsazrisi sakmaod iSviaTia imiT, rom proda-
savluri poziciidan ukuagdebs dasavleTis, ro-
gorc RirebulebaTa Tanmimdevruli sistemisa da
monoliTuri sikeTis19 suraTs. garda amisa, CemTvis
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi ori aspeqti:
(1) is yuradRebas migvaqcevinebs kiTxvaze, ro-
melsac aq saerTod ar Sevxebivar koloniuri dis-
kursis ganmsazRvrel narativebze saubrisas: vin
aris am narativebis avtori? koloniuri centri
Tu periferia? TviTon fearbanksi Tavis statiaSi
dasavleTis saxeliT laparakobs. am kiTxvas ki miv-
yavarT ufro fundamentur kiTxvebTan: legitimu-
ria ki Caterjis, Cakrabartis da sxva postkoloni-
uri Teoretikosebis cnebebis gamoyeneba qarTuli
realobis analizisTvis, sadac indoeTisgan gansx-
vavebiT, albaT ase aSkara da udavo ar aris dasav-
18 Fairbanks, C. 2014. “Weighing What We Do for democracy in the South Caucasus.
The Complex Case of Gerogia.” Asatiani, S., Lejava, N. (ed.). 2014. South Caucasus at
the Crossriad: Thorny Realities and Great Expectations. Tbilisi: Heinrich Böll Stiftung
South Caucasus. pp. 69-78.
19 sikeTis sakiTxi Tumca, dazustebas saWiroebs: is arRvevs
tranziciisa da gansxvavebis lokalurad dominantur narativebSi
nagulisxmev „monoliTuri sikeTis“ suraTs, rac ar niSnavs, rom eWvqveS
ayenebs dasavleTis, rogorc sikeTisa da miswrafebis idealis, statuss.
154

luri kolonializmis istoria? Tu marTlac le-

gitimuria, emyareba maTi legitimuroba mxolod
post-sabWoTa tranziciis periodis istorias, Tu
ufro Zvel - gasabWoebamde an, iqneb, sabWoTa pe-
riodebis istoriasac? rogor unda muSaobdes es
cnebebi, romlebic orpolusiani (dasavluri cen-
tri - kolonia) modelisTvisaa SemuSavebuli, kon-
teqstisTvis, romelSic „mesame polusic“ (bodiSs
vixdi oqsimoronisTvis) figurirebs rusuli im-
periuli centris saxiT? xom ar aris qarTuli re-
alobis gasaazreblad postkoloniuri Teoreti-
kosebis modelebis gamoyeneba koloniuri azrov-
nebis morigi gamovlineba? am did kiTxvebze pasu-
xis gacemas aq ar vecdebi.
(2) msjeloba, rom dasavluri orientacia auci-
leblad ar niSnavs homofobiis gadalaxvas, karg
ilustracias gvaZlevs tranziciis narativis rea-
luri efeqtebis im aspeqtisa, romelsac Cakrabar-
ti indoeTis SemTxvevisTvis aRwers: indoeTSi mo-
dernizaciis proeqti SeTavsebadi aRmoCnda imas-
Tan, rom SenarCunebuliyo ojaxis, kerZo sferos
tradiciuli modeli da, Sesabamisad, genderu-
li ierarqiebic xeluxlebeli darCeniliyo. sxva
sityvebiT, „tranziciis“ realuri procesi araso-
des aris hiperrealuri idealis ganxorcieleba da
arc tranziciis narativis logika moiTxovs amas.
es logika ar gansazRvravs arc imas, Tu am idealis
romel aspeqtSi aRmoCndeba kompromisi dasaSvebi.
es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia, ratomac auci-
lebelia eWvi, sifrTxile da yuradReba dasavle-
Tis, rogorc normis mimarT.
 155

interviu::
sreCko horvati
katarina principe
156
 157

evropis gadarCena
(interviu sreCko horvatTan)

teqsti: laSa qavTaraZe, Tamuna qeburia, daTo laRiZe

gamoqveynda Jurnal„indigoSi“

vidre frensis fukuiama, saqarTveloSi vizi-

tebis raodenobiT, andrea boCelisa da kris de
burgs daeweva da gauswrebs, TbilisSi cnobili
xorvati memarcxene avtori, filosofosi da aqti-
visti sreCko horvati imyofeboda.
mediisa Tu politikuri istebliSmentis yu-
radReba mis aq yofnas veRar gaswvda. horvatma de-
mokratiis Ziebis nacvlad, evropaSi demokratiis
dasasrulis niSnebze isaubra, EMC-is forumis
farglebSi. warmoudgenelicaa, qveyanaSi, sadac
ruseTis [absoluturad safuZvliani] egzisten-
cialuri SiSis gamo, mTeli politikuri narati-
vi prodasavlurobazea agebuli, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba mieqciaT iseTi figuris vizitisTvis,
romelic amtkicebs, rom evrokavSiris aRsasruli
moaxloebulia da misi amJamindeli politika neo-
kolonializmi ufroa, vidre Tanaswor qveyanaTa
mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod 32 wlis aris,
sreCko horvatis, rogorc imedismomcemi memar-
cxene filosofosis, gamocdileba araerT akademi-
ur naSroms, statiasa da aTamde wigns aerTianebs.
misi da slavoi JiJekis TanaavtorobiT gamocemu-
li „ra surs evropas“ ki gansakuTrebiT popula-
158

rulia. horvati iyo Subversive Festival-is erT-erTi

organizatori, amJamad ki saberZneTis yofil fi-
nansTa ministrTan ianis varoufakisTan erTad pa-
nevropul moZraobas „DiEM25“-s ayalibebs.
EMC-is forumze naxsenebi miumxroblobis moZ-
raobis gamo horvati saqarTveloSic gaakritikes,
miuxedavad imisa, rom leqciis dasawyisSive aRniS-
na, rom lokalur konteqsts kargad ar icnobs. ra-
tom aris evrokavSirisadmi kritikulad ganwyobi-
li, ras gulisxmobs miumxroblobis moZraobaSi
da rogor uyurebs periferiuli, patara qveynebis
beds evrokavSiris amJamindeli politikis piro-
bebSi, am da sxva Temebze vesaubreT sreCko horvats
specialurad indigosTvis.
go: evropis erT nawilSi, magaliTad, po-
indigo:
loneTSi, fineTSi, ungreTSi, CexeTSi calsaxaa
memarjvene partiebis gaZlierebis tendencia. meo-
re mxriv, samxreTis qveynebSi axali memarcxene Za-
lebis formirebis procesi midis, paralelurad,
CrdiloeTis qveynebi TiTqos gamoTiSulebi ari-
an radikaluri procesebisgan. am fonze, ramdenad
realuria isaubro saerTo evropul proeqtze da
imaze, Tu ra surs evropas?
sreCko: „ra surs evropas?“ rTuli SekiTxvaa da
hgavs fsiqoanalizis mamis zigmund froidis das-
mul kiTxvas, romelsac man ver upasuxa – „ra surs
qals?“. evropis liderebma sinamdvileSi ar ician,
ra surT. amaze metyvelebs mTeli maTi politika,
maT Soris, qamrebis SemoWeris politika, ZiriTa-
dad, periferiebSi arsebuli qveynebisTvis, Zveli
 159

valebis gasastumreblad, axali valebis gasacemad,

rogorc es moxda saberZneTSi da a.S. Tuki evrope-
li liderebi gaagrZeleben am ekonomikur politi-
kas, vfiqrob, evropis kraxi gardauvalia.
indigo: Tqvens erT-erT bolo interviuSi
TqviT, rom evropa Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs ideas,
romlisTvis brZola jer kidev Rirs. ras gulis-
xmobs es idea da rogorma politikurma dRis wes-
rigma unda ibrZolos amisTvis?
sreCko: Tuki me vakritikeb evrokavSirs, evro-
zonas, romelic Tavis mxriv gansxvavdeba evrokav-
Sirisgan, es ar niSnavs, rom me aRar mjera evropis.
Zalian saxifaToa, rodesac adamianebi, memarcxene-
ebi iqnebian Tu memarjveneebi, cdiloben, uaryon
evropis idea. evrokavSiri Tavdapirvelad ekono-
mikur kavSirad Camoyalibda, romelic mogviane-
biT progresirda da, garkveulwilad, transgre-
sirda imaSi, rasac dRes evrozona hqvia, saerTo
valutasa da politikebSi, romlebic dRes veRar
muSaobs. me kritikulad var ganwyobili evrokav-
Sirisa da evropis swored am konkretuli sistemis
mimarT. amavdroulad, vfiqrob, rom Tuki ar vib-
rZolebT evropis ideisTvis, maSin faqtobrivad
ganwirulebi varT.
rogorc evropeli, Zalian kargad vacnobiereb,
rom materialuri da moraluri Rirebulebebi,
romlebic ukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze Seiqm-
na evropaSi, iyo Cveni kolonialisturi istoriis
Sedegi. miuxedavad amisa, evropa aris kontinenti,
romelmac warmoSva ganmanaTleblobis ideebi, sa-
160

dac daibada solidarobis idea, Seiqmna pirveli

profkavSirebi. vici, SesaZloa evrocentrulad
JRers es yvelaferi, magram evropa iyo kontinenti,
sadac qalebma pirvelad miiRes xmis micemis uf-
leba, sadac radikaluri ideebi, magaliTad, komu-
nizmis, parizis komunis idea daibada. Sesabamisad,
rodesac vsaubrobT evropaze, vgulisxmob swored
am Rirebulebebs, vgulisxmob Tanasworobas, so-
lidarobas, Tu gnebavT, TviTmenejmentis ideasac,
romelic iugoslaviaSi gaCnda da romelic jer
kidev SeiZleba relevanturi iyos. Tuki davubrun-
debiT am ideebs da SevZlebT maT reabilitacias,
mjera, evropis gadarCena jer kidev SeiZleba.
indigo: krizisebi da krizisebze saubari evro-
pis mudmivi mdgomareobaa. xom ar iqca es yvelafe-
ri Tanamedrove evropis akviatebad?
sreCko: pirvel rigSi, kapitalizmi TviTon aris
krizisi. amavdroulad, is aris yvelaze warmate-
buli sistema kacobriobis istoriaSi, zustad
imitom, rom mudmivad krizisSia da krizisia misi
sawvavi. marqsis msgavsad, SegviZlia es sistema Se-
vadaroT vampirs – xar krizisSi, radgan ar gaqvs
sisxli, poulob msxverpls da svam axal sisxls. es
SeiZleba iyos saberZneTi, portugalia, espaneTi
an nebismieri periferiuli qveyana. Sen swov maT
sisxls, cocxlob momdevno ori-sami weli, amaso-
baSi msxverpls aZlev saSualebas, rom xelaxla Se-
ivsos sisxliT – aZlev axal sesxs evropis centra-
luri bankidan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi-
dan, da Semdeg isev iwyeb misi sisxlis wovas. am ga-
 161

gebiT, kapitalizms axasiaTebs cikluroba, prog-

resis cikli, krizisi, romelsac mosdevs progre-
sis axali cikli, mere isev axali krizisi da a.S.
indigo: ramdenad xdeba am krizisebis gaazreba,
progresis miRweva da ratom aris saWiro krizi-
sebze gamudmebiT saubari?
sreCko: evropis krizisi mxolod evropis kri-
zisi ar aris, is, rac xdeba saberZneTTan, migran-
tebTan an terorizmTan dakavSirebiT, gacilebiT
ufro didi geopolitikuri suraTis nawilia, sa-
dac aseve krizisia. CineTi da ruseTi cdiloben,
konkurencia gauwion amerikasa da evrokavSirs,
radgan es ukanasknelni amJamad cdiloben, saidum-
lod gaaformon TTIP SeTanxmeba. maT undaT, 52
qveynis monawileobiT Seqmnan ekonomikuri paqti,
romelic savaraudod iqneba axali, yvelaze didi
ekonomikuri gaerTianeba.
nebismieri krizisi xsnis axal gzebs. nebismieri
revolucia, romelic moxda istoriaSi, iyo pasuxi
konkretul krizisze da am krizissac, romelic Ta-
visi masStabebiT globaluria, 2007-08 wlebSi da-
iwyo da dRemde grZeldeba, SesaZloa mohyves pozi-
tiuri reaqcia.
indigo: Tqvens araerT statiasa Tu wignSi am-
bobT, rom evrokavSirSi Sesvlam xorvatias pozi-
tiuri cvlilebebi ar moutana, evrokavSirma uf-
ro meti sargebeli naxa xorvatiisgan, vidre xor-
vatiam evrokavSirisgan. unda vivaraudoT, rom
saqarTveloc verasdros gaxdeba kavSiris Tanas-
wori wevri?
162

sreCko: gekiTxebiT, ratom gindaT evrokavSir-

Si gawevrianeba? es hgavs misvlas wveulebaze, rome-
lic ukve damTavrda, sadac aRarc saWmelia, aRarc
sasmeli, yvela nasvamia da Sen qurTuksac veRar
hkideb misaRebSi, rom viRac mTvralma stumarma ar
mogparos.
evropis keTildReobis miTi ukve CamoSlilia.
kidev erTi miTi, romelic ZiriTadad aRmosavleT
evropis an postsabWoTa qveynebSi cirkulirebs,
aris miTi veluri da keTilSobili kapitalizmis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. arada, kapitalizmi, rogorc
aseTi, veluria da marto is faqti, rom adamianebs
kargad acviaT da kargad gamoiyurebian, ar niS-
navs, rom brutaluri eqspluatacia gamqralia.
Jak Siraks, safrangeTis yofil prezidents, bra-
li edeboda korufciaSi, iseve, rogorc germaniis
yofil prezidents. damtkicebulia, rom germania
wyalqveSa navebs hyidda saberZneTze, rac aseve ko-
rufciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. SegiZliaT naxoT,
rogor xuWavdnen Tvalebs evropeli Cinovnikebi
finansuri Canawerebis gayalbebaze, rodesac ita-
lia da saberZneTi Sediodnen evrokavSirSi. ev-
rokavSiri aris kapitalisturi sistema da kapita-
lizmi dafuZnebulia korufciaze.
da mesame, saubroben stabilurobaze, arada, Tu-
ki SexedavT evrokavSirs, mixvdebiT, rom Sengenis
sistema ukve mkvdaria, dania da SvedeTi gadian sis-
temidan, germania da safrangeTi abruneben sazR-
vrebis kontrols, ungreTi, serbeTi da slovenia
aSeneben axal kedlebs. Tuki vsaubrobT stabilu-
 163

robasa da mSvidobis SenarCunebaze, vityodi, rom

Tanamedrove evrokavSiri yvelaferia, garda sta-
biluri da mSvidobiani teritoriisa. hoda, ra-
tom unda gavxdeT am kavSiris wevrebi? magram aqve,
Zalian cxadad unda davafiqsiro – miuxedavad am
yvelafrisa, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelo un-
da Setrialdes ruseTisken.
indigo: memarcxeneebis mxridan evrokavSirisa
da dasavleTis kritikis paralelurad, ratom ar
ismis msgavsi Tanmimdevruli kritika ruseTis da
rusuli politikis misamarTiT, romelic Tavisi
bunebiT SesaZloa ufro mCagvreli da kolonia-
listuricaa?
sreCko: dResdReobiT, memarcxeneebis mier ev-
ropis kritika arc homogenuria da arc Tanmimdev-
ruli. ver vityodi, rom saerTaSoriso memarcxene
Zalebi mxars uWeren putins, magram Zalian xSirad
isini ebmebian xafangSi da amboben – oh, rogorc mi-
nimum, es kaci [putini] ebrZvis amerikas da amis gamo,
is ukeTesia, vidre sxvebi. vfiqrob, es geopoliti-
kis da Zalauflebis gamartivebaa, rac memarcxene-
ebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebaa. memarcxene-
ebma unda Seqmnan Tanmimdevruli narativi ruseT-
ze. gansakuTrebiT, Tuki gavixsenebT, ra moxda ko-
munizmis dacemis Semdeg, rogor gamoiyena ruseTma
gardamavali periodi axali oligarqiis asaSeneb-
lad, sadac politikuri Zalaufleba sabolood
aris gadajaWvuli ekonomikur ZalauflebasTan.
memarcxeneebs aqvT problema – isini aidealeben ne-
bismiers, vinc did, cud amerikas „ebrZvis“.
164

indigo: sajaro leqciaze Tqven axseneT miumx-

roblobis moZraoba, rogor unda iyos qveyana ne-
itraluri im pirobebSi, rodesac ruseTis samxed-
ro SenaerTebi sagzao magistralidan ramdenime
aseul metrSi dganan. amis paralelurad, saqarT-
velos saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia seriozuli materi-
aluri resursi, ar aqvs Zlieri ekonomika da a.S.
rogor warmogidgeniaT aseT pirobebSi qveynis mi-
umxrobloba?
sreCko: sabWoTa dros erTi aseTi anekdoti iyo
gavrcelebuli, msmeneli rekavs radio „erevnis“
pirdapir eTerSi da kiTxulobs: „rusul Cais mir-
CevT Tu Cinurs?“ radios pasuxi ki aseTia – „nu Cae-
revi superZalebis konfliqtSi, dalie yava“. Sesa-
bamisad, rodesac daJinebiT vambob, rom Cven unda
SevqmnaT miumxroblobis moZraoba, es ar niSnavs,
rom es moZraoba aris neitraluri, radgan, rode-
sac gadawyvet, ar dalio arc rusuli da arc Cinu-
ri Cai da dalio yava, Sen ar xar neitraluri, Sen
irCev sxvas.
amitomac sakiTxis ase dasma – saiT unda Sevt-
rialdeT axla, ruseTisken Tu evrokavSirisken? –
swori ar aris. es aris mcdari dilema.
pasuxi aris is, rac trockim Tqva ukrainis Sesa-
xeb – unda gaZlierde Seni qveynis SigniT, rac da-
gexmareba warmatebuli cvlilebebis miRwevaSi.
indigo: Tqven axseneT arsebuli warmodgena ve-
lur kapitalizmsa da keTilSobil kapitalizmze.
albaT, igive sqema vrceldeba saqarTvelozec, sa-
dac adamianebi eswrafvian evrokavSirTan daaxlo-
 165

ebas, radgan imedovneben, rom es keTildReobas mo-

itans. rogor fiqrobT, araswori molodinebi da
ocnebebi gvaqvs?
sreCko: modiT, ase vityvi – komunizmis dros
adamianebi komunisturi qveynebidan Sehyurebdnen
dasavleTs, radgan mas hqonda banani. aRmosavleT
germaniaSi Cven ar SegveZlo bananis yidva, xolo
dasavleT germaniaSi SeeZloT. kedeli daingra,
Cvenc SegviZlia bananis yidva, magram aRar gvaqvs
fuli mis sayidlad, samagierod, vcxovrobT bana-
nis respublikaSi. banani aq pirobiTia, Torem Seg-
viZlia vigulisxmoT saxli, manqana da a.S., romel-
Ta yidvac mxolod valebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
rodesac Apple-is damfuZnebeli stiv jobsi gar-
daicvala, yvelam pedestalze Seayena – rogorc
geniosi, romelmac milionobiT adamians misca
SesaZlebloba, gamoeyenebina araCveulebrivi teq-
nika. kapitalisturi kompaniis gansxeuleba iyo.
ramdenime wlis win ki, cnobili gaxda, rom Foxconn-
Si, qarxanaSi, romelic Apple-is produqcias awar-
moebs CineTSi, gaxSirda suicidi dasaqmebulebSi.
da rodesac amis Sesaxeb administraciam gaigo, ra
gaakeTa Foxconn-ma, Apple-ma, stiv jobsma – diadma
kapitalistma adamianuri saxiT? Senobis kedle-
bis ZirSi daalages matrasebi, rom Senobidan ga-
damxtari muSa ar momkvdariyo da ukanve abrune-
buliyo samuSaod. ase rom, vfiqrob, es aris kidev
erTi miTi, TiTqos kapitalizmi adamianuri saxiT
ukeTesia, vidre, vTqvaT, qarTuli an balkanuri ve-
luri kapitalizmi. Tuki arsebobs kanonmdebloba,
166

romelic kompaniebs aZlevs saSualebas, Tavi aari-

don gadasaxadebs, iyolion iafi muSaxeli CineTSi
an sadme sxvagan, es jer kidev ar gulisxmobs, rom
es kompaniebi samarTlianad iqcevian. swored esaa
kapitalizmis problema – visac yvelaze meti lo-
bisti hyavs briuselsa da vaSingtonSi, is adgens
kanonebs.
kapitalizmis es modeli muSaobs yvela qveyanaSi
da sakiTxi unda davayenoT Semdegnairad – rogor
unda moviqceT maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri Zalebi
ufro Zlierebi arian, vidre TviTon suverenuli
saxelmwifo? dabruneba er-saxelmwifosTan aris
iluzia, radgan ar arsebobs am finansuri gavlene-
bis miRma, suverenuli saxelmwifo samyaroSi. Sesa-
bamisad, erTaderTi swori nabijia, ibrZolo sis-
temis Signidan reprogramirebisTvis, radgan Tu-
ki gaxval sistemidan, saerTod xelcarieli rCebi
 167

`revolucia, solidaroba da partia:

Tanamedrove memarcxene politika~
interviu katarina principesTan

ras gulisxmobs axali memarcxeneoba da ra gamowvevebis

winaSe dganan memarcxene Zalebi dRes evropaSi? rogor aris
SesaZlebeli sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris solida-
robis miRweva da rogor SeiZleba aisaxos solidarobis
idea politikuri partiebis saqmianobasa da strategiebSi?
es mxolod mciredia im sakiTxTagan, romelzec portuga-
liis memarcxene blokis (Bloco de Esquerda) da germanuli Die
Linke-s
Linke-s wevri, Jurnal Jacobin-is mowveuli redaqtori kata-
rina principe saubrobs SoTa xinCasTan interviuSi, rome-
lic gasul TveSi EMCEMC-is
-is forumis farglebSi Caiwera.
- leqciaze revoluciaze isaubreT. revoluciis abs-
traqtulma ideam SeiZleba gadados an sulac gaauqmos
aqtivistTa jgufebis politikur procesSi monawileoba -
sworad gavige Tqveni azri?

- diax. revolucia sakmaod sakamaTo koncef-

ciaa - adamianebs is sxvadasxvanairad esmiT. Tu am
SemTxvevaSi „socialistur“ an „memarcxene“ revo-
luciaze vsaubrobT, Cemi gagebiT, pirvel rig-
Si es niSnavs warmoebis sistemis, politikuri
struqturisa da saxelmwifos Zireul gardaqm-
nas. saxelmwifosadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebi
arsebobs: zogierTis azriT, saxelmwifo saer-
Tod unda gauqmdes, sxvebis mixedviT is mainc sa-
168

Wiroa, magram revolucia yvela SemTxvevaSi gu-

lisxmobs TviTgansazRvris yvelaze transforma-
ciul ideas: adamianebs unda SeeZloT TviTorga-
nizeba da eqsploataciisa da Cagvris yvelanairi
formisgan Tavisuflad sakuTari bedis gankargva.
aqve unda vaxsenoT Cveni, memarcxeneebis erTi ga-
mowveva: imis gamo, rom revoluciur moments ax-
lave ver vaRwevT, revolucias sakuTar viwro
wreSi TiTqmis religiur cnebad vaqcevT, „meo-
red mosvlasaviT“: TiTqos raRac sakraluri dRe
unda dadges, romlisTvisac mzad viqnebiT ro-
gorc aqtivistebi, rogorc Teoretikosebi - „ai,
swored im konkretul momentSi“. es Cveni gamow-
veva lamis siZliered warmovisaxeT. arada, bo-
lo wlebis - Tumca ara mxolod bolo wlebis - me-
marcxene politikis gakveTili SemdegSi mdgoma-
reobs: Tu gvsurs aseTi revoluciuri momenti
dadges, amisTvis unda vimuSaoT. TavisiT arafe-
ri mova. Tu Cven ubralod davelodebiT aseT mo-
ments, davTmobT rogorc imeds, ise realur San-
sebsa da brZolebs, romliTac dRes konkretuli
adamianebis cxovrebas ukeTesobisken SevcvliT.
politikur brZolas, cxadia, Tavisi gamowve-
va aqvs: es rTulia, radgan Cven ar varT CarTuli
ZalTa akumulaciis procesebSi, magram Tu marTla
gvsurs ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis sa-
fuZvliani gardaqmna, amisTvis milionobiT adami-
anTa mxardaWeris mopoveba dagvWirdeba. amrigad,
konkretuli gamowvevebi gvaqvs: rogor mivawvdi-
noT Cveni xma maT? rogor movaxdinoT maTi orga-
 169

nizeba? rogor vesaubroT? rogor vibrZoloT

maTTan erTad? Tu am kiTxvebs pasuxi ar gaveciT,
davrCebiT mxolod momavalze mosaubre „mowinave
Zalad“. saWiroa CaverToT adamianTa probleme-
bis mogvarebaSi: unda SevTavazoT brZolis gze-
bi, Tavad isini aRvWurvoT brZolisunarianobiT.
swored es aris TviTgansazRvris ideis arsi. am-
rigad, Tuki vsaubrobT revoluciaze, romlis mi-
zani TviTgansazRvraa, maSin Cven gvWirdeba adami-
anebi, romlebic amisTvis brZolaSi CaerTvebian.
garda amisa, klasobrivi cnobiereba brZolis
procesSi icvleba. marTalia, klasobrivi swra-
fad Zlieri socialuri mRelvarebis fonze gar-
daiqmneba xolme, magram is yovelTvis icvleba
praqtikaSi, brZolis gamocdilebiT. ase rom, sa-
ukeTeso gzaa konkretul brZolebSi CavebaT dRes.
es Svebas mohgvris ara mxolod konkretul adami-
anTa yofas, aramed aseve Secvlis maT cnobierebas,
da dagvanaxebs Sesabamis organizebis formebsa da
momentebs. Cemi azriT, sxva gza ar arsebobs.
- memarcxene aqtivisturi jgufebi xSirad ur-
banuli saSualo klasis wiaRidan Cndebian. an. Tu maT
„privilegirebulebs“ debT, yvela SemTxve-
lebs“ ar vuwodebT,
raa,, rom zogjer realobisgan,
vaSi aSkaraa gan, konkretu-
li socialuri problemebisgan mowyvetili arian. an.
rogoria am TvalsazrisiT portugaliuri gamoc-
ba?
dileba?
- „privilegiis“ gagebasTan problema meqneboda.
imis Tqma msurs, rom yvelani „privilegirebulebi“
varT. es mxolod viRacebTan SedarebiT. zogjer
170

privilegirebulebi varT erT sferoSi, magram sxva

sferoSi - ara. magaliTad, me SeiZleba viyo stu-
denti, saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli, romelsac
ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba aqvs da aseve xeli
miuwvdeba kulturul servisebze, magram SeiZleba
rasistuli Cagvris mZime gamocdilebac mqondes.
gamodis, rom privilegirebuli mxolod raRac
TvalsazrisiT var. modiT ase vTqvaT: „privile-
girebuli“ yvelaze mdidari 1%-ia. Tumca Tqveni
kiTxva mesmis. marTalia, rom socialur moZrao-
bebs xSirad iwyeben adamianebi, romlebic ekonomi-
kurad SedarebiT Zlierebi arian. Tumca isini ref-
leqsireben sakuTari Cagvris gamocdilebebzec.
evropaSi aRmocenebul axal moZraobebs Tu da-
vakvirdebiT, xSirad maTi moTaveebi axalgazrde-
bi arian, isini visac ganaTlebac aqvT miRebuli,
magram aseve aqvT gancda, rom sazogadoebam maT
umuxTla. sakuTar Taobas „molodinebis Taobas“
vuwodeb, radgan Cven maRali molodinebiT gavi-
zardeT: rom SevZlebdiT imis swavlas, rac dagva-
interesebda; gavakeTebdiT, rac mogvesurveboda;
vicxovrebdiT mSoblebze gacilebiT ukeT... da mo-
ulodnelad, dadga am yvelafris dro da xelmoca-
ruli aRmovCndiT, radgan ar aRmoCnda Sesabamisi
materialuri SesaZleblobebi: ar aris samuSao
adgilebi, gaZvirda ganaTleba, warmovadgenT pre-
kariats, romelsac ar aqvs saxli, ar aqvs bavSvebis
yolis saSualeba da a.S. rodesac vsaubrobT „pri-
vilegirebulebze“, saubari swored am socialur
jgufze gvaqvs - adamianebze, romelTac dapirdnen
 171

ukeTes cxovrebas, magram maT aseTi cxovrebis xil-

va ar eRirsaT.
- fiqrobT rom prekariatis pirobebSi realu-
lia, sakuTar socialur jgufs gas-
rad SesaZlebelia,
de, sxva
cde, sxva,, ufro marginalizebuli jgufebis prob-
lemebi gaacnobiero ro? ? xom SesaZlebelia,
lia, adamiani
Tar,, Tundac saSualo klasis mdgomareobis
sakuTar
gaumjobesebaze zrunavdes des,, magram solidaroba
arc gamoimuSaos sxvebis mimarT, marT, - visac
sac,, magali-
Tad,, moqalaqeobis problema aqvs an visi SromiTi
Tad
uflebebic irRveva? va?
- gaaCnia im politikur instrumentebs - poli-
tikuri mobilizaciis da dialogis formebis ar-
sebobas, romelic Sens gamocdilebas sxvebis ga-
mocdilebebTan daakavSirebs da mCagvrel sistemas
mTlianobaSi aRvaqmevinebs. sistema, romelic umu-
Sevrad gtovebs igivea, rac sistema, romelic ada-
mianis diskriminacias uSvebs imis safuZvelze, rom,
vTqvaT, Sesabamisi moqalaqeoba ar aqvs. es erTi sis-
temaa. Tuki ar arsebobs politikuri instrumente-
bi, romlebic sxvadasxva gasaWiris mqone adamianebs
SeakavSireben, maSin Tqveni daSveba realobad iqce-
va: adamianebi koncentrirdebian mxolod sakuTar
moTxovnebze, mxolod sakuTari interesebisTvis.
cxadia, adamianebi organizdebian da politikaSi
erTvebian sakuTari TavisTvis. amaSi cudi arafe-
ria, es normaluri procesia: me mawuxebs proble-
ma, romelic me mvnebs. Sesabamisad, amis winaaRmdeg
brZola msurs. Tumca saintereso is aris, rom am
brZolaSi vacnobiereb: problema mxolod me ar
172

mawuxebs, is sxvebis problemacaa. gamodis, rom sa-

kuTari TavisTvis brZolaSi sxvebisTvisac vibrZ-
vi. SeiZleba iqve gaCndes mesame adamianic, romelic
zustad imis winaaRmdeg ar ibrZvis, rasac me vewi-
naaRmdegebi, magram diskriminaciis, Cagvrisa da
eqsploataciis sakuTari, specifikuri gamocdi-
leba aqvs. memarcxeneTa amocana sakuTari organi-
zebis sivrceebSi swored am ideis miwodebaa: „ara-
vinaa Tavisufali, sanam yvela ar gaTavisuflebu-
la“. swored es aris solidaroba. solidaroba ar
aris abstraqtuli koncefcia, is Zalian praqti-
kulia. unda aRmovaCinoT Cagvris formebs Soris
kavSiri, da urTierTSekavSirebis gzebic. magali-
Tad, SeiZleba iyo feministuri moZraobis nawili,
an lgbt/qviar moZraobis nawili, an muSaTa orga-
nizaciis warmomadgeneli, da miawodo sxvebs idea,
rom ar SeiZleba erTmaneTs Soris brZola, radgan
es zustad is aris, rac kapitalizms surs. ramdenad
gaifarToeben adamianebi Tvalsawiers, SeZleben
Tu ara sxvebis problemebis aRmoCenas, - es poli-
tikur konteqstze da Sesabamisi politikuri meqa-
nizmebis arsebobazea damokidebuli.
- saqarTveloSi es sakiTxi aqtualuria - un-
da gaixsnan Tu ara memarcxene jgufebi sxvebisT-
vis.. portugaliis „memarcxene blokis“
vis kis“ vebgverdze
lgbt““-is ganyofilebac aRmovaCine
„lgbt ne.. rogor gaxda
li?
es SesaZlebeli?
- es pirdapir kavSirSia partiis Camoyalibe-
bis procesTan. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi por-
tugalia neoliberalizaciis mZime process ga-
 173

dioda. memarcxene jgufebs aranairi politikuri

Zalaufleba ar gaaCndaT. sakmaod patara organi-
zaciebs warmoadgendnen, romlebic arc monawi-
leobdnen arCevnebSi, da romc mieRoT monawile-
oba, bevr xmas verc moipovebdnen. aseT pirobeb-
Si, aqtivistebma gadawyvites - da, vfiqrob, rom
es swori gadawyvetileba iyo - rom sWirdebodaT
politikuri intervenciis arealis gafarToeba,
sxvadasxva tipis socialuri moZraobebis ganviTa-
reba da maTi mocva. aseT daskvnamde mividnen swo-
red im realobis gacnobierebiT, rom adamianebi
aqtiurdebian gansxvavebuli mizezebiT, da memar-
cxeneebi unda yofiliyvnen „iq“, sadac arsebobda
safuZveli adamianTa politikuri gaaqtiurebis-
Tvis. cxadia, seqsualobis niadagze Cagvra Zali-
an mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, da aqtivistebic lgbt/
qviar moZraobebis saxiT amis winaaRmdeg organiz-
debodnen. amrigad, partiis Camoyalibebis etap-
ze, anti-rasistuli, lgbt/qviar, feministuri da
sxva „grasruT“ moZraobebis 20-wliani gamocdi-
leba ukve arsebobda. partiis Seqmnis mTeli ide-
ac is iyo, rom maTTvis Tavi mogveyara, Segveje-
rebina da saerTo politikuri midgomebi gamog-
vemuSava. partiis azric es gaxlavT - SeakavSiros
es brZolebi da gaxsnas politikuri perspeqtiva.
Cveni „blokis“ SemTxvevaSi, es politikuri tradi-
ciis organuli nawili aRmoCnda. sxvanairad verc
moxdeboda. ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo, feministe-
bi ar vyofiliyaviT, garemoze ar gvezruna, rasiz-
mis winaaRmdeg ar gvebrZola. am gamocdilebebs
174

zogjer „kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis sxva

formebsac“ vuwodebT. cxadia, arsebobs memarcxe-
ne gaerTianebebis ufro orTodoqsuli midgoma,
romelic ekonomikuri brZolis prioritetize-
bas sxva politikuri brZolebis sazianod axdens.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom sxvadasxva, konkretuli
brZolebi gvqonda gamovlili, partiis Seqmnis
periodSi, uari vTqviT sakiTxebis ierarqiaze.
strategiuli mosazrebebiT, cxadia prioritete-
bic unda gangvesazRvra xolme, magram upirveles
amocanas warmoadgenda, gamogvemuSava mCagvreli
sistemis ufro integrirebuli, moculobiTi aR-
qma... raTa, magaliTad, ukeTesi xelfasebisTvis
brZolisas, mxedvelobis miRma ar dagvrCenoda,
rom dabali xelfasi socialur jgufebs gansxva-
vebulad azianebs, da rom, isev da isev, adamianebi
xmas gansxvavebuli mizezebiT imaRleben. amrigad,
gansxvavebuli brZolebis SekavSirebis saWiroeba
ara mxolod Teoriul, aramed praqtikul codna-
sac eyrdnoboda.
- ri, lgbt
Tavad feministuri, lgbt//qviar,
ar, mwvane da
sxva aqtivisturi wreebi rogor gaixsnen aseTi po-
litikis SesaZleblobisTvis?vis?
- am sxvadasxva socialuri moZraobebis war-
momadgenlebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen socia-
lur forumebSi, alterglobalizaciis moZra-
obis farglebSi im mizniT, rom erTi nabijiT
win wasuliyvnen TanamSromlobis saqmeSi, Tuca
bolos igrZnes, rom eqsperimentma ar gaamarT-
la. weliwadSi erTxel Seikribebodnen, gamoaq-
 175

veynebdnen uzarmazar manifests, romelic yvela

moTxovnas moicavda, da Semdeg saxlSi brunde-
bodnen. iq ar iyo araferi konkretuli, romlis
ataceba da saqmeSi CarTva SeiZleboda. ar arse-
bobda naTeli politikuri strategia. ase rom,
brZolaTa gaerTianeba uSualod Cvenive politi-
kuri marcxebis Sedegi iyo. magaliTisTvis gavix-
seneb 1998 wels portugaliaSi abortis Sesaxeb
referendums, romlisTvisac memarcxeneebi saTa-
nadod ver mobilizdnen - ufro erTmaneTSi kin-
klaobdnen, ris Sedegadac davmarcxdiT. es uuna-
roba, mniSvnelovan da sruliad mogebad brZola-
Si gagvemarjva, erTgvari gangaSis zari aRmoCnda
imisTvis, rom danawevrebulad aRar gvemoqmeda.
xSirad vambob, rom aseT sakiTxebSi ar unda Sev-
cdeT rogorc aqtivistebi. adamianebs unda SeeZ-
loT Cveni ndoba, unda icodnen Cveni politikuri
poziciebis Sesaxeb, unda videbatoT sxvebTan po-
litikuri moqmedebis gzebze. zogjer daarwmuneb
adamianebs, zogjer ver SeZleb maT dayoliebas.
mTavaria, rom rogorc memarcxene aqtivisti, kon-
kretul adgilebSi Cande. es upirvelesi winapiro-
baa warmatebuli aqtivizmisTvis - „iq“ unda iyo. es
is saqmea, romelSic politikuri partia gansakuT-
rebiT gamosadegaria, radgan swored partiaa is
formati, romelic sxvadasxva tipis aqtivistebs
aerTianebs. partiis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia ko-
ordinacia, kampaniis SeTavazeba, saerTo narativis
SemuSaveba. Tu partiis saxiT aseTi Zlieri poli-
tikuri instrumenti ar gagaCnia, maSin unda amtki-
176

co misi saWiroebis Sesaxeb im sivrceebSi, romleb-

Sic moqmedeb.
- magram postkomunistur sivrceSi partia xSi-
rad erTi adamianis proeqtad gvevlineba, ba, romelic
arc socialur bazas eyrdnoba da arc socialuri
zurgs.. Tumca aseTi partiebi
moZraoba umagrebs zurgs
xSirad axerxeben garkveuli niSis dakavebas poli-
tikur landSaftze ze.. amis problemuroba gasagebia.
bia.
Tumca iqidan gamomdinare re,, rac partiaze brZaneT:
neT:
SesaZlebelia am models naklebad kritikulad
SevxedoT im mosazrebiTbiT,, rom is jgufTa konsoli-
daciisa da mobilizebis saSualebas iZleva? va?
- ara; Zalian veWvob es swori midgoma iyos. Tu
partia partiisTvis ginda, magaliTad, ginda ar-
sebobdes, memarjvene partia, rogorc aseTi, ma-
Sin problemas ver vxedav. magram Tu gsurs me-
marcxene moZraoba, romelic socialur realo-
bas gardaqmnis, maSin yvelaze dabali donidan
dawyeba mogiwevs. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
aseTi Tanmimdevruloba yovelTvis SesaZlebe-
li ar aris. aseve ar arsebobs aranairi gamo-
savali ucxo gamocdilebis saxiT, romelsac
„copy-paste“-is principiT sxvagan gaimeoreb.
umTavresi principi, rac unda davicvaT, aris po-
litikuri struqturis „qvemodan zemoT“ Seneba,
da es bevr rames SeiZleba niSnavdes. SeiZleba niS-
navdes Tundac mcire jgufis arsebobas, romelic
gansxvavebul jgufebs partiis Senebaze erTob-
livi msjelobisken mouwodebs. amisTvis arasam-
Tavrobo organizaciis struqturis gamoyenebac
 177

SeiZleba. arsebobs araerTi qveynis gamocdileba,

sadac partiis Camoyalibeba aseT platformaze an
memarcxene jgufebis erTgvari asociaciis for-
matSi moxda, romlis farglebSi daiwyes erTmane-
Tis socialur moZraobaSi monawileoba da sabo-
loo jamSi, partiad konsolidireba. cxadia, amis
Semdeg SeiZleba warmatebas miaRwio an mainc mar-
cxi ganicado...
- anu winapiroba aris partiatia,, Semdeg ki gaaCnia
nia....
- cxadia. ar minda ise gamomivides, TiTqos gu-
rud mimaCndes Tavi da partiis Camoyalibebas sxvas
vaswavlide. ra Tqma unda, ara. es sakiTxi bolomde
kargad arc me mesmis. Tumca vfiqrob, rom saWiroa
ori ramisken viswrafodeT: rogorc partiisken, ase
socialuri moZraobisken. erTi meoreTi unda „ik-
vebebodes“, da piriqiT. es aris mTavari amocana.
- postsabWoTa qarTul realobas rom SevexoT xoT::
aq demokratiis idea mWidrodaa mibmuli evrokav-
Sirisken mimavali kursis mxardaWerasTan Tan,, metic
- natoSi gaerTianebis ideasTanac nac.. SesaZlebelia
davrCeT proevropelebad bad,, da amavdroulad lad,, qvey-
nis da regionis masStabebiT ekonomikuri poli-
tikis mimarT kritikuloba SevinarCunoT noT? ? erTi
mxriv prorusuli da avtoritaruli politika
da,, meore mxriv
da mxriv,, demokratiisa da evrokavSiris ris,,
aseve nato-is mxardaWera - es is diqotomiaa, miaa, rome-
lic mTavari lokaluri gamowvevaa memarcxeneebis-
vis... rogor Cans es problema ufro Soridan?
Tvis... dan?
- kargad ar var gaTviTcnobierebuli regio-
nis problematikaSi, magram vfiqrob, rom saWiroa
178

„mesame gza“, rac swored am diqotomias moSlis.

ra Tqma unda, es erT dReSi ver moxerxdeba. SeiZ-
leba saTanado momentis gamoCenac iyos saWiro.
magaliTad, amJamad saqarTveloSi „gazpromis“
Sesaxeb msjeloben, da Tu xmas amoiReb an evrokav-
Siris da kapitalizmis momxred migiCneven an, sxva
SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis momxred. es situacia troc-
kistebis mdgomareobas magonebs, romlebic acxa-
debdnen: „arc vaSingtoni, arc moskovi“. mesmis rom
rTuli amocanaa, da ar vici misi am problemis/
gadaWris gza rogoria, magram vici, rom es „mesame
gza“ aSkarad gWirdebaT da amaze muSaoba saWiroa,
miuxedavad imisa, rom principulad swori gan-
cxadeba SeiZleba rig SemTxvevebSi romelime mxa-
rem „gaitacos“ da am mesijze kontroli dakargo.
Tanmimdevruli poziciis erTgulebas adre Tu
gvian SeamCnevs xalxi. saWiroa konteqstis codna,
politikuri texilebis, SesaZleblobebis gaxsnis
SemCneva da Sesabamis momentSi intervencia. vfiq-
rob, SesaZlebelia iseTi politikuri platformis
damkvidreba, romelic iqneba proevropuli da, ama-
ve dros, sakmaod kritikuli evrokavSiris mimarT.
SeniSneT, rom es sakiTxi samxreT evropaSic gansa-
kuTrebiT aqtualuria: rodesac vambobT, rom ev-
rokavSiris winaaRmdegebi varT, sxvebs hgoniaT,
rom nacionalistebi varT, TiTqos erovnuli sa-
xelmwifosTvis da erovnuli ekonomikis dasacavad
vibrZodeT da patriotebi viyoT; amave dros, ro-
desac evropisTvis vibrZviT, xSirad hgoniaT, rom
im finansur terorizms vicavT, romlis msxverpli
 179

bolo wlebSi aRmovCndiT. saWiroa sasunTqi sivr-

cis gamoZebna. magaliTad, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania,
ukiduresad kritikulebi davrCeT evrokavSiris
mimarT, magram amave dros mis farglebSi vibrZo-
loT: viaroT evroparlamentSi, wamovWraT iq sa-
kiTxebi, vawarmooT molaparakebebi...
- ...
...ro
rogorc ukiduresi memarjvene jgufebi.bi. ma-
Tac strategiuli arCevani evrokavSiris struq-
res...
turebis farglebSi moqmedebaze SeaCeres...
- moiTmineT, moiTmineT. Cveni mizani meti un-
da iyos - amis iqiT raRacis Seneba. unda ganvavi-
TaroT kavSirebi socialur moZraobebs Soris,
raTa evrostruqturebze damokidebuli ar dav-
rCeT. magaliTad, unda gavaaqtiuroT profkavSi-
rebis evropuli konfederacia, unda movaxdinoT
misi radikalizacia. saWiroa evropuli masStabis
kampaniebis warmoeba, romelic evrokavSiris fi-
nansur resursebs gamoiyenebs; amis erT-erTi ma-
galiTia kampania saerTo-evropuli minimaluri
xelfasisTvis - erT-erTi im moTxovnaTagani, ro-
melic erTi SexedviT realuri Cans, magram rom-
lis miRweva SeuZlebelia, radgan evrozona eri-
saxelmwifoebis konkurentul bazrebs efuZneba.
evrokavSirs ori done aqvs, ris gamoc masTan brZo-
la rTulia: erT doneze gvaqvs er-saxelmwifoebs
Soris transnacionaluri gaerTianeba, - soli-
duri finansuri bloki, romelic konkurenciaSia
ruseTTan, aSS-sTan, CineTTan, da am moTamaSeebTan
savaWro xelSekrulebebic akavSirebs. meore done-
ze, evrokavSiri warmoadgens bloks, romelic mo-
180

icavs konkurentul er-saxelmwifoebs: gvaqvs bir-

Tvisa da periferiis dinamika, sadac centraluri
saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben mets da ufro mdidrebi
arian, vidre maTi samxreTeli mezoblebi. sainte-
reso is aris, rom am centralur, evropul saxel-
mwifoebs sWirdebaT samxreTelTa siRaribe, raTa
isini sakuTari warmoebuli saqonlis saeqsporto
bazrebad SeinarCunon. es dasabamidanve evrokavSi-
ris mTavari idea iyo. ase rom, Tu davakvirdebiT,
evrozonis yvela qveynisTvis erTi da igive saxel-
faso minimumis daweseba evrokavSiris CarCoebSi
warmoudgeneli amocanaa. amitomac, erTi SexedviT
es iseTi kampaniaa, romlis moTxovna ganxorciele-
badi Cans, magram romlis ganxorcieleba imTaviT-
ve kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebda evrokavSiris sa-
fuZvlebs. saerTo jamSi, Tu warmovidgenT rom am
ideis garSemo aTasobiT adamianis mobilizacias
movaxdenT, adamianebi aseT SemTxvevaSi aRar ityvi-
an: „ki magram evrozona Tu davtoveT, ra mouva ev-
ros, Cem samsaxurs?“ praqtikulad darwmundebian
am [evrokavSiris] proeqtis SezRudulobaSi.
- memarcxeneebs - maT Soris memarcxene libera-
lebs - xSirad akritikeben imis gamomo,, rom isini mus-
limur sazogadoebebSi qalTa uflebebze saubars
gaurbian dada,, magaliTad,
Tad, qalis muslimuri samosis
sakiTxis tabuirebasac mimarTaven ven.. eTanxmebiT aseT
kas? migaCniaT
kritikas? aT,, rom muslimuri wes-Cveule-
bebiT qalTa uflebebis Selaxvaze pirdapir unda
roT?
visaubroT?
 181

- ara. pirvel rigSi, me TviTgansazRvris prin-

cipis mwams, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianebma Tavad
unda gadawyviton, rogor moiqcnen. mesmis, rom re-
ligia da genderuli Cagvra an seqsualuri Cagvra
swored is saSualebebia, romelic adamians TviT-
gansazRvris saSualebebs uzRudavs, magram es maTi
daskvna unda iyos da ara sababi, Cagvris kidev erTi
forma - imperializmi SevTavazoT qalebs. gamodis
rom muslim qalebs, romlebmac gadawyvites rom
hijabi ataron (SeiZleba „gadawyveta“ aq bevris-
Tvis sakamaTo iyos, magram isini xSirad marTlac
damoukideblad irCevs hijabs) veubnebiT: „Cven
ukeT gvesmis, rogor unda moiqceT“. nu dagvaviwy-
deba, rom dasavleT evropa ukiduresad seqsistu-
ri sazogadoebaa, sadac feminizmsac seriozuli
problema aqvs, Tundac sxeulis reprezentaciis
kuTxiT: Cveni zedapiruli midgomiT, sxeulis si-
SiSvle da xilvadoba Tavisuflebas gautolda,
xolo dafaruli sxeuli Cagvris niSani gaxda. ga-
sagebia, rom Cveni aseTi midgomiT davibruneT kon-
troli sakuTar sxeulebze, magram sakuTari sxeu-
lis floba sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba gamoixatos,
maT Soris adamianTa nebiT - dafaron sxeuli. Tu es
ara Tavsmoxveuli, aramed avtonomiuri gadawyve-
tilebis Sedegia, danarCeni naklebad mainteresebs:
mxolod tansacmeli Tu sxeulis siSiSvle aprio-
ri arafers gveubnebian seqsizmis donis Sesaxeb.
cxadia, zogadad is formebi, rogoradac sxeulebs
warmovaCenT, sazogadoebis Cagvris doneze SeiZ-
leba raRacas gveubnebodnen, magram saubaria um-
182

ciresobis jgufebze, romelic qveyanaSi hijabis

gamo idevnebian. gavixsenoT ritorika, romelic
2005 wels safrangeTSi hijabis akrZalvas axlda:
„Cven“ unda gvexsna qalebi Cagvrisgan, rac ukve im-
TaviTve ukiduresad imperialisturi azrovnebaa.
nu dagvaviwydeba, rom saqme saocrad diskrimini-
rebul da socialurad daucvel jgufs - safran-
geTSi myof muslim qalebs exeboda. rodesac qale-
bi saudis arabeTSi wyveten rom hijabisgan gaTavi-
sufldnen, ra Tqma unda, me maT mxars vuWer, radgan
es maTi gadawyvetilebaa. magram roca safrangeTSi
muslimi qalebi acxadeben, rom Cveni diskrimini-
rebuli umciresoba varT, da gvsurs koleqtiu-
ri identoba gvqondes da Tavsaburavi vataroT,
me maT moTxovnas vuWer mxars. konteqsts gaaCnia,
gaaCnia imas, qals ekuTvnis Tu ara es gadawyve-
tileba. amis gauTvaliswinebloba niSnavs, rom
ar gesmis imperializmis problema da ver amCnev,
rogor gamoiyeneba islamofobia rogorc Zali-
an efeqturi saSualeba umciresobebis winaaRmdeg.
amJamad didi cvlilebebia muslimuri qveynebidan
evropisken mimaval migraciul nakadSi. 1960-ian da
1970-ian wlebSi, [muslimuri qveynebidan evropaSi
Casuli migrantebi] ZiriTadad kacebi iyvnen, rom-
lebsac mogvianebiT sakuTari ojaxis wevrebi Cah-
yavdaT. dRes migracia sruliad Secvlilia: Ziri-
Tadad, qalebi Cadian samuSaod, Semdeg ki maT oja-
xis wevrebi CahyavT. am qalebis diskriminacia kapi-
talis uSualo interesebSia - erT-erTi saSualebaa
raTa ara mmolod SezRudo maTi Sromis anazRaure-
 183

ba, aramed Seaferxo es qalebi rogorc „integraci-

is veqtorebi“: Tuki isini warmatebul integrire-
bas SeZleben, sakuTar ojaxis wevrebsac am gzas uk-
valaven. amrigad, multikulturalizmsa da plura-
listur sazogadoebaze saubari zedmetia, saxezea
kulturuli batonobis morigi gamovlineba.
- radgan „multikulturalizmi“ neT: ar
mi“ axseneT:
robT, rom misi gadarCena mainc Rirs
fiqrobT, Rirs?? iqneb is
erTgvari „kargi dasawyisia sia““ aratolerantobis
Si?
pirobebSi?
- gaaCnia masSi ras vigulisxmebT. multikul-
turalizmis koncefcias liberalebi daepatron-
nen. vfiqrob, rom tolerantobis ideas unda gavc-
deT. tolerantoba „zemodan“ momdinare ideaa. is
gulisxmobs imas, rom me Cems SedarebiT uzrunvel-
yofil mdgomareobaSi, raRacnairad giReb, Tumca
mxolod sanaxevrod. „qvemodan“ momdinare an „ho-
rizontaluri“ ideaa solidaroba, an TanagrZno-
ba. multikulturalizmis problema is gaxlavT,
rom Tavidan is ganixileba, rogorc erT sazoga-
doebaSi sxvadasxva jgufis Tanacxovrebis princi-
pi, romelic ver aRiarebs, rom Cveni cxovreba ima-
ze mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, vidre
ubralod „Tanaarseboba“. mdidar Savkanian kacs
ufro meti aqvs saziaro mdidar TeTrkanian kac-
Tan, vidre gaWirvebul Savkanian kacTan, magram am
ukanasknelTanac akavSirebs garkveuli gamocdi-
leba, radgan rasobrivi Cagvra orives Sexebia. sa-
Wiroa interseqciuri midgoma. migrantebis Temebs
sxvadasxva kulturuli, religiuri beqgraundi
184

aqvT, magram axal garemoSi bevri sxva ram SeiZleba

hqondeT saerTo, radgan diskriminacias ganicdi-
an, xSirad „adgilobrivebze“ naklebs gamoimuSave-
ben, aseve met-naklebad erTnairad iriyebian poli-
tikurad, maT Soris sakmaod „multikulturul“
sazogadoebebSi. Tu germaniis an safrangeTis sa-
kanonmdeblo organoebs daakvirdebiT, iq migran-
tebi faqtobrivad ar arseboben, radgan maSinac ki
rodesac formalurad ar izRudebian politikur
cxovrebaSi monawileobisgan, maTi konkretuli,
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebebi riyavs maT poli-
tikuri CarTulobisgan da imisgan, rom politi-
kurad sxvebis warmomadgenlebi gaxdnen. amrigad,
migrant Temebs bevri ram aqvT xolme saerTo. amave
dros, qalebis winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebi SeiZ-
leba Tavis mxriv aseve laxavdes sazRvars umrav-
lesobasa da umciresobebs Soris. „kultura“ an
„erovnuli kultura“ ar aris sakmarisi Cveni iden-
tobebis aRsawerad, isini bevri ramisgan Sedgeba.
mTavari amocanaa, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ga-
cilebiT meti urTierTkveTa aRmovaCinoT, rac
adamianTa mxolod maTi beqgraundiT gansazRvra-
ze uars gvaTqmevinebs.
185