Test Exam 3311

158 Branislav M.
Notaroˇs: Electromagnetics (Pearson Prentice Hall)
P6 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS SLOWLY

TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
157
Section 6.1 Induced Electric Field Intensity Vector Eind1 ;
PROBLEM 6.1 Induced electric field of a circular current loop. Starting with
Hence, the magnitude of the vector Eind at the point P comes out to be
Eq.(6.5), the induced electric field intensity vector at the point P (defined by the
coordinate z at the z-axis) in Fig.4.6 turns out to be
in A/s) , (P6.4)
given for the reference direction in Fig.P6.1.
Eind , (P6.1)
where the distance of the field point from the source point, R, is brought outside the
integral sign as it is constant during the integration and the use is made of the vector
PROBLEM 6.3 Magnetic field of an EMI source (square contour). Using Eq.(4.21)
identity in Eq.(4.173), which is proved in Fig.4.37, using the head-to-tail rule for
and Fig.4.7, the magnetic field intensity vectors at the point M due to the individual
vector addition.
sides of the square current contour, Fig.P6.2(a), are given by
3a a/2 √10 √10i d = , −sinθ1 = sinθ2 = = −→ H3 = ;2 p(a/2)2 + (3a/2)2

10 30πa
d= a, θ1 = 45◦ , sinθ2 = 3a/2 = 3√10

2 (a/2)2 + (3a/2)2 10
Figure P6.1 Computing the electric field intensity vector induced by a slowly time-
varying current in a triangular loop.
−→ √p10(3 − √5)i
PROBLEM 6.2 Induced electric field of a triangular current loop. We compute the H2 = H4 =. (P6.5)
induced electric field intensity vectors (Eind1, Eind2, and Eind3) at the point P in Fig.4.39 20πa
due to the individual sides of the triangular current loop – using Eq.(6.7) in Therefore, the resultant magnetic field intensity at the point M, for the reference
conjunction with Fig.6.1, and the resultant field vector is obtained as direction of the vector H shown in Fig.P6.2(a), is
Eind = Eind1 + Eind2 + Eind3 . (P6.2)

in A) .
With reference to Fig.P6.1, (P6.6)
0 di x 2 + p x 22 + d2 a/2
H [A/m]
= a, x 1 =0 , x2 = a −→ E ind1 = − ln i 2
4π dt x 1 + p x 21 + d2 a
M 34.35
µ 0 di √ H1
= − ln(1+ 3 a 1 H2
4π dt H
µ H3H4 a/2 t [ns]
d ® 0 5 101520253035
4
2) ; (a) (b)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions
Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
P6. Solutions to Problems: Slowly Time-Varying Field 159 160 Branislav M. Notaroˇs: Electromagnetics (Pearson Prentice Hall)
Figure P6.2 Evaluation of the magnetic field near the square current contour PROBLEM 6.5 Magnetic field of a current contour of complex shape. The
(representing a source of electromagnetic interference) in Fig.6.2(a): (a) magnetic magnetic field at the point O due to each of the two linear parts of the current contour
field vectors due to individual sides of the contour and (b) resultant field intensity as in Fig.6.4 is zero, because dl and Rˆ are collinear and dl × Rˆ = 0 in the Biot-Savart law
a function of time.
for line currents, in Eq.(4.9). To find H due to the semicircular parts of the contour (l1
The function H(t) is plotted in Fig.P6.2(b). Of course, it has the same waveform as and l3), we refer to Fig.P6.4 and use the simplified form of the Biot-Savart law in
the current i(t) in Fig.6.2(b), whereas the waveform of the induced electric field, Eq.(4.13), valid for for a line current and field point in one plane, as follows:
Eind(t), in Fig.6.2(d), is quite different – it appears as “spikes” during the rise and fall
times of i(t) and H(t). In addition, the magnitude of the magnetic field pulse in
Fig.P6.2(b) can be regarded as relatively small, as opposed to very strong pulses of the and
electric field, which may represent an undesirable interference (EMI) into the
operation of neighboring circuits in the system. ,
where Z dθ = π . (P6.9)
PROBLEM 6.4 Induced electric field above a square current contour. Based on semicircle
Eq.(6.7) and Fig.6.1, the induced electric field intensity vectors at the point N due to
Alternatively, we can use Eq.(4.27) with z = 0. Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic
the individual sides of the square current contour in Fig.6.2(c) are shown in Fig.P6.3,
field vector at the point O amounts to
where their magnitudes are calculated as follows:
in s) ,
Eind1 ; (P6.10)
given for the reference direction in Fig.P6.4.
1 i
d = a√2 , x1 = 0 , x2 = a −→ Eind3 = − µ0 di ln 1 +√√3 = Eind4 . l1
a
4π dt 2
(P6.7) P 4 Q dq O R S
2
The resultant electric field vector equals (Fig.P6.3) H1 H3
H
Eind = Eind1 + Eind2 + Eind3 + Eind4 = (Eind1 − Eind3) xˆ + (Eind2 − Eind4)(−yˆ)
in A/s) . (P6.8)
Eind1 l3
Eind2 3
N
Eind4 Figure P6.4 Evaluation of the magnetic field of a wire contour with two semicircular
Eind3
a and two linear parts carrying a low-frequency time-harmonic current.
x
2 y
1 i
3 i Eind4
a a
y Eind1 x
1
a Eind3 O
4 ® 4 Eind2 a 2
Figure P6.3 Calculating the induced electric field intensity vector above a square
3
current contour (EMI source).
Figure P6.5 Calculation of the induced electric field due to a slowly time-varying Eind1Eind3 −→ Eind1 + Eind3 = 0 . (P6.15)
current in a wire contour composed from a semicircle and three linear parts.
Eq.(6.7), on the other side, gives [as in Eq.(6.14)]
PROBLEM 6.6 Induced electric field of a semicircular-rectangular loop. From
Eqs.(6.13) [or Eq.(6.12)], the induced electric field intensity vector at the point O due
µ0 di
to the semicircular part of the loop, Fig.P6.5, equals
b + √b2
+0 µ0 i b
Eind1 µ0 di . Eind2, (P6.16)
(P6.11)
Eq.(6.7) tells us that the fields due to the linear parts parallel to the y-axis (Fig.P6.5) according to which,
cancel each other,
Eind2 = −Eind4 , (P6.12) Eind4 µ0 di b
. (P6.17)
as well as that the field due to the remaining segment is given by Hence the total electric field vector
Eind3 . (P6.13) Eind = Eind2 + Eind4 m

The total field vector comes out to be (t in s) . (P6.18)
di (c) At the point O in Fig.P6.6, the magnetic field vectors due to circular parts of
Eind = Eind1 + Eind2 + Eind3 + Eind4 = Eind1 + Eind3m the contour are computed employing Eq.(4.13), as follows:
(di/dt in A/s) . (P6.14)
H ˆz
and H .
PROBLEM 6.7 Current contour with circular and straight segments. (a) The
(P6.19)
period of change of the current intensity i(t), T = 2π/ω = 62.8 ns (where ω = 108 rad/s),
is much longer than the time τ = b/c0 = 0.3 ns (where c0 = 3 × 108 m/s) needed for The fields due to linear parts are zero, H2 = H4 = 0, because dl and Rˆ are collinear in
electromagnetic disturbances to propagate from source points at the 3/4-circle to the Eq.(4.9), so that the total magnetic field vector amounts to
field point O in Fig.6.28, which means that the timeharmonic current in the contour
can indeed be considered as a low-frequency (slowly time-varying) current.
H in s) .
y
(P6.20)
3
Eind3
b
x
4 O z Eind4 PROBLEM 6.8 Induced electric field at the axis of a circular segment. For the field
a
1 Eind1 point at an arbitrary location (defined by the coordinate z) along the z-axis (normal
Eind2
90 to the plane of drawing) in Fig.6.3(a), we merely need to replace a by R (R is also
2 i constant during the integration) in Eqs.(6.10)-(6.12), which become
Figure P6.6 Evaluation of the electric and magnetic field intensity vectors due to a Eind
low-frequency time-harmonic current in the wire loop of complex shape in Fig.6.28.
.
(b) By virtue of the superposition principle, the resultant induced electric field
(P6.21)
intensity vector at the point O is given by Eq.(6.8). Referring to Fig.P6.6 and using
Eq.(6.12) [see also Eqs.(6.13)],
µ π di
PROBLEM 6.9 Induced electric field above or below a semicircular loop. For the
induced field at the z-axis due to the semicircular part of the contour in Fig.4.9(a), we
NN
use Eq.(6.12) with (in place of a) as the source-tofield distance
(previous problem) and α = π. The field due to the linear part of the contour is, on the vMN =EindA · dl ,(P6.25)
other side, given by Eq.(6.7) with d = |z|, x1 = −a, and x2 = a. The resultant field vector M
at the point P in Fig.4.9(a) is thus
where the integration is performed along the wire axis.
− µ 0a π di "−µ0 di −a + √√a2 + z2 −#
PROBLEM 6.12 Rectangular wire loop around a solenoid. (a) As there is no
Eind = sin yˆ + ln ( yˆ) magnetic field outside the solenoid, the total induced emf (eind) in the rectangular wire
2πR 2 dt 4π dt a+ a2 + z2 loop in Fig.6.29 is equal to that given in Eq.(6.52),
= µ0 di ln √√a2 + z2 +− a − √ 2a !yˆ . (P6.22) dΦ di eind,

= − πµN ′ a2
= −
(P6.26) dt d
4π dt a2 + z2 a a2 + z2 t
with Φ standing for the magnetic flux through the cross section of the solenoid, that
is, through a surface spanned over any of its wire turns.
Section 6.2 Slowly Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic
(b) The induced emf in the edge MN of the loop in Fig.6.29 is first obtained from
Fields Eq.(6.32), by integrating along the edge the induced electric field intensity vector, Eind,
due to the current in the solenoid winding, which is given by the second expression
in Eqs.(6.51). Referring to Fig.P6.7, we thus have
PROBLEM 6.10 Voltage from current distribution and total electric field. N Z
Combining Eqs.(6.22), (6.16), and (6.3), the voltage between arbitrary two points, M eindMN
and N, outside the domain v can be expressed as =Eind M
N
The resulting integral is solved using the relationship in Eq.(4.43),
Eind · dl
M N
c
dθ = α , where α = 2arctan
, (P6.23) (P6.28)
M b
where the integration path between points M and N is adopted to be outside v.
(arctan ≡ tan−1), and hence
eindMN . (P6.29)
Section 6.5 Computation of Transformer Induction
P N
Eind
N'
dl q
PROBLEM 6.11 Voltage along a straight wire in a quasistatic field. (a) Since the c mr O a
a q
metallic wire is open-ended (straight wire) and the electromagnetic field in which it r
is placed is quasistatic, the continuity equation for slowly time-varying currents, i
Eq.(6.45), tells us that there is no current along the wire, i.e., that the current density Q b M
vector, J, in the wire is zero. Having in mind Ohm’s law in local form, Eq.(3.18), we
then conclude that the total electric field inside the wire is zero as well, so E = 0. Figure P6.7 Computation of the induced emf in the edge MN of the rectangular wire
loop in Fig.6.29, by integrating the field Eind and by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
(b) Combining the result from (a) with Eq.(6.16), we have induction, respectively.
E = Eind + Eq = 0 −→ Eq = −Eind , (P6.24)

(c) Alternatively, we can find the emf eindMN by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, as follows. Since the induced emf in the side OM and that in the side NO of
and hence Eqs.(6.22) and (6.2) give the following for the voltage between the ends (M the triangle △OMN in Fig.P6.7 are both zero [Eind (circular vector) is perpendicular to
and N) of the wire:
dl (radial vector), so that Eind · dl = 0 in Eq.(6.32)], the induced emf in this triangle, PROBLEM 6.14 Complex wire assembly inside a solenoid. Fig.P6.9 shows an
eindOMN, reduces to eindMN. The emf eindOMN, on the other side, can be computed from equivalent circuit diagram for the structure in Fig.6.31. The resistances R1 and R2 are
Faraday’s law in Eq.(6.34), via the magnetic flux through the triangle, ΦOMN, which, in those in Eqs.(6.53), whereas the total emf in the loop of radius a/2 (inside the air-filled
turn, equals the flux Φα thought the part of the circle of radius a (cross section of the solenoid) is, in place of Eq.(6.52), now given by
solenoid) determined by the angle α in Fig.P6.7 (there is no flux outside the solenoid).
Finally, because the magnetic field in the solenoid is uniform, Φα amounts to α/(2π)
eind . (P6.34)
of the flux thought the entire circle, Φ, and we can write
As the two linear wire segments, with conductivities σ3 and σ4, in Fig.6.31 are
positioned radially with respect to the solenoid axis, there is no induced emf in either
eindMN = eindOMN
one of them. Namely, the field vector Eind in the solenoid is a circular vector (Fig.6.9),
dΦOMN dΦα α dΦ α . (P6.30)
and is thus perpendicular to dl along the wire segments, which means that Eind · dl =
Substituting here the expression for Φ or eind from Eq.(P6.26), we obtain the same 0 in Eq.(6.32). Since, furthermore, these segments are not connected together (there
result as in Eq.(P6.29) and (P6.28). is an air gap between their ends, points P and Q), there is no current along them, as
indicated in Fig.P6.9. Consequently, the voltage between points P and Q in Fig.P6.9
equals the voltage between points M and N, and we can use Eq.(6.55), which,
PROBLEM 6.13 Solenoid and a loop of wire with nonuniform cross section. The
combined with Eq.(P6.34), results in
equivalent circuit diagram in Fig.6.10(b) now becomes that shown in Fig.P6.8.
Namely, having in mind Eqs.(6.32) and (6.49), the induced emf’s in the two wire parts
constituting the loop around the solenoid in Fig.6.30 are
α
ind iind M
and
i=0
respectively, where eind is the total emf in the loop, given in Eq.(6.52). The resistances eind R3 +e
ind
R1 and R2 in the circuit diagram in Fig.P6.8, i.e., the resistances of the two wire parts in 2 2
Fig.6.30 (they are with the same conductivity, but with different cross-sectional areas P
and different lengths), are Q
R1 R2
R4
and , (P6.32) i=0
in place of Eqs.(6.53), so that the voltage between points M and N in Fig.6.30, obtained
from Fig.P6.8, amounts to N
Figure P6.9 Equivalent circuit diagram for the structure in Fig.6.31.
iind M PROBLEM 6.15 Emf in a rectangular loop due to a two-wire line current. (a) We
use Eq.(6.64) in conjunction with Fig.6.12 to compute the magnetic flux through the
+ rectangular wire loop in Fig.6.32(a) due to each of the conductors (wires) of the two-
a e 2p-a eind wire line considered alone, and then add the results, based on the superposition
p ind 2p principle. For the reference direction for Φ out of the plane of drawing, the total
vMN magnetic flux through the loop is therefore
R1 R2
Φ(t) = Φ1(t) + Φ2(t) = µ0ig(t)b ln
a + a + µ0ig(t)b ln 2a + a = µ0ig(t)b ln3 .
2π a 2π2π 2a
N (P6.36)
The induced emf in the loop, for its counterclockwise reference orientation, amounts
Figure P6.8 Equivalent circuit diagram for the loop of wire of nonuniform cross to
section around a solenoid with a slowly time-varying current in Fig.6.30.
B [T] v [ µV ]
eind
(P6.37) 0.6 30
0.4 20
(b) For the position of the loop in Fig.6.32(b), the magnetic flux through it, for the
same reference direction as in (a), is given by 0.2 10
t [µs]
0
Φ(t) = Φ1(t) + Φ2(t) = µ0ig(t)b ln 5a + a − µ0ig(t)b ln a + a = −µ0ig(t)b ln 5 , 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.2 -10
2π 5a 2π a -0.4 -20
2π 3
-0.6 -30
(P6.38)
and the accompanying induced emf comes out to be
dΦ Figure P6.10 Waveforms of the magnetic flux density in the core and voltage across
di the open terminals of the secondary coil in a nonlinear magnetic circuit [hysteresis
eind(P6.39) loop of the core material in Fig.6.13(c)] with a time-harmonic current in the primary
coil.
PROBLEM 6.16 Large square and small circular concentric coplanar loops. Since Based on Eqs.(6.67) and (6.60)-(6.62), the voltage across the open terminals of
b ≪ a, we can assume that the magnetic field across the surface spanned over the small the secondary coil equals
circular loop in Fig.6.33 is uniform and given by Eq.(4.23), which represents B at the singleturn
v (t)= − eind (t)= = N2= N 2S
center of the large square loop, so that the magnetic flux through the small loop and dt dt dt dΦ(t)
the emf induced in it can be computed as follows: dΦdB(t)
(P6.43) (N2S = 4 cm2). This function is proportional to the slope of the function B(t),
. and its waveform is also sketched in Fig.P6.10.
(P6.40)
From Eq.(6.38) and Fig.6.8, the induced current in the circular loop equals
iind (P6.41)
for the same, counterclockwise, reference direction as for eind (indicated in Fig.6.33).
Section 6.6 Electromagnetic Induction Due to Motion
PROBLEM 6.18 Rotating rod in a uniform magnetic field. (a) The induced electric
PROBLEM 6.17 Electromagnetic induction in a nonlinear magnetic circuit. field intensity vector Eind due to motion, given by Eq.(6.68), namely,
From Eq.(6.66), the magnetic field intensity in the core is
Eind = v × B , (P6.44)
(P6.42)
is radial with respect to the axis of rotation of the rod, in both its parts (of lengths l1
so a sine function of time with amplitude Hm = N1I0/l = 170 A/m. Given the hysteresis
and l2), in Fig.6.34. With reference to Fig.P6.11, its magnitude equals
loop in Fig.6.13(c), the magnetic flux density in the core, B(t), first varies in a
sinusoidal fashion from B = −Bm (for H = 0) to B = Bm (for H = Hm), then becomes time- Eind = vB = wrB , (P6.45)
invariant while H is reduced from H = Hm to H = 0, afterwards it decays sinusoidally
in both parts. Using Eq.(6.32), the induced emf in the part of length l1, computed in the
when H(t) is reversed and increased in the negative direction from H = 0 to H = −Hm, radial direction, amounts to (Fig.P6.11)
and so on. The amplitude of the such obtained periodic waveform is Bm = 0.5 T, and Z
B(t) is sketched in Fig.P6.10.
M
eindOM =Eind. (P6.46)

O
Similarly, the induced emf in the other part of the rod (also for the radial reference (c) The voltage across the open terminals of the wheel equals the emf of the
direction) is equivalent ideal voltage generator in Fig.6.6, since there is no current through this
Z generator, and hence
N
. (P6.52)
eindON =Eind, (P6.47) Of course, the same result is obtained computing V as the line integral of Eq, Eq.(6.22),
O between the rim and center of the disk,
and hence the total induced emf in the rod Z center
V12 =Eq · dl . (P6.53)

eindMN = −eindOM + eindON . (P6.48) rim
Note that if l2 > l1, like in Fig.6.34, eindMN > 0.
B B PROBLEM 6.20 Electric motor – with a linearly sliding bar in a magnetic field.
(a) For the bar at rest (v = 0), the current in the circuit is (Fig.6.36)
w dl
dl v v
r O . (P6.54)
Eind Eind
M N
Using Eq.(4.163), the magnetic force on the bar is given by
l1 l2
Figure P6.11 Finding the induced emf in the rotating rod in Fig.6.34. Fm0 = I0l × B . (P6.55)
This force is directed as in Fig.6.15, and the mechanical force acting on the bar is just
(b)-(d) If l1 = l2, the total emf in the rod is zero, and is eindMN = −wBl12/2 for l2 = 0, and
opposite, so it is equal in magnitude to Fm,
eindMN = wBl22/2 for l1 = 0.
Fmech0 . (P6.56)
(b) For the bar sliding (uniformly) with the velocity v in Fig.6.36, the emf is induced
in it due to motional induction, given in Eq.(6.77) and Fig.6.15. From the
PROBLEM 6.19 Faraday’s wheel. (a) In the cylindrical coordinate system whose z-
equivalent electric circuit shown in Fig.P6.12(a), the current in the bar now
axis is along the axis of the wheel (Fig.6.35), oriented upward, so that B = Bˆz, the
becomes
induced electric field intensity vector due to motion, Eq.(6.68), at a point of the disk
defined by the coordinate r is given by
φ
Eind = v × B = v ˆ × Bˆz = wrBˆr , (P6.49) where I0 is given in Eq.(P6.54) and v0 denotes v at which I = 0 and Fm = Fmech = 0
(unloaded motor). The dependence of I on the velocity, for v both positive and
and, with the use of Eq.(6.32), the total induced emf in the disk with respect to the
negative (movement away from and toward the voltage generator), respectively, is
radial reference direction, from the disk center to the rim, is computed as
shown in Fig.P6.12(b).
Z rim M I
eind =Eind. (P6.50)
center I0
I
R
(b) As the terminals 1 and 2 in Fig.6.35 are open, there is no current flowing v0 v
eind
across the disk, and a combination of Eqs.(3.18) and (6.16) results in the following O
expression for the Coulomb electric field intensity vector (due to excess charge), Eq, + +
at an arbitrary point of the disk (defined by r): e
J
J = 0 −→ E Eind = −wrBˆr . (P6.51) N
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department,
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
(a ) (b) (f) If for the safe operation of the motor, its current has to be smaller in magnitude
than Imax (so that the motor does not burn out), the corresponding range of
Pmech velocity v, based on Eq.(P6.57) and Fig.P6.12(b), is
.(P6.61)
In practice, this is usually critical for small negative values of v in the motor mode of
operation, including the case v = 0, and especially for positive values of v in the
generator generator
generator mode.
mode mode
(g) Using the equivalent circuit in Fig.P6.12(a), the power of the real voltage
Fmech0 /2 generator consisting of the ideal voltage generator of emf E and the resistor of
O Fmech0 Fmech
motor mode resistance R amounts to , (P6.62)
PE PJ
namely, it equals the power generated by the emf E [Eq.(3.121)] minus the power of
Joule’s losses in the resistor [Eq.(6.82)]. This power, on the other hand, can be
( c)
expressed as [Fig.P6.12(a)]
Figure P6.12 Analysis of the electric motor – with a linearly sliding bar in a magnetic
Pgen = −VNMI = −eindI = −Pind , (P6.63)
field – in Fig.6.36: (a) equivalent electric circuit for the system, (b) sketch of the
dependence of the current in the circuit on the velocity of the bar, and (c) sketch of
the mechanical power of the bar movement versus the algebraic intensity of the so it equals also the negative of the power Pind generated by the induced emf in the bar
mechanical force on the bar. in Fig.6.36, that is, the power of the equivalent ideal voltage generator of emf eind in
Fig.P6.12(a). Combining Eqs.(P6.57) and (P6.58), Pind can, in turn, be written as
(c) With the bar moving at a constant v, we have, as in Eq.(6.80),
, (P6.64) i.e., it
equals the mechanical power of the bar movement, in Eq.(P6.60). Overall, we have
= const) ,
Pgen = PE − PJ = −Pind = −Pmech . (P6.65)
(P6.58)
with Fmech0 being the mechanical force on the bar at rest, in Eqs.(P6.56) and (P6.55).
Consequently, in the motor mode of operation of the system in Fig.6.36, both Pmech and
Hence,
Pind are negative, and Pgen is positive; the power generated by (E,R), which properly
v = v0 , (P6.59) takes into account the ohmic losses in the system, is used against the induced emf in
so that the mechanical power of the bar movement, Eq.(6.84), can be expressed in the bar (emf eind receives power from the emf E) to move it toward the generator (v <
terms of Fmech as 0), and the work of the magnetic force Fm (against the mechanical force Fmech) is
positive. In the generator mode of operation, Pmech > 0, and the emf eind acts as a
Pmech = Fmechv = Fmechv0 (−∞ < Fmech < ∞) , (P6.60) generator (Pind > 0); the system returns power to the generator (E,R) (Pgen < 0) and to
the emf E (PE < 0).
and, having in mind that v0 < 0, this dependence is sketched in Fig.P6.12(c).
(d) From Fig.P6.12(c), we see that the range of values of Fmech in which the system in
Fig.6.36 operates as a motor (Pmech < 0 – the main mode of operation of the system) PROBLEM 6.21 Computation for a sliding-bar electric motor. The mechanical
is 0 < Fmech < Fmech0 = EaB/R. On the other side, the system operates as a generator force on the bar is given by (previous problem)
(Pmech > 0) if Fmech > Fmech0 or Fmech < 0.

, (P6.66)
(e) Obviously, Fmech for which the mechanical power of the motor (|Pmech|), in
which can be written as
Fig.P6.12(c), is maximum equals Fmech = Fmech0/2 = EaB/(2R).
a2vB2 + aEB − RFmech = 0 . (P6.67) Pmech
With the numerical data substituted, we have

Fm
10B2 + 5B − 5 = 0 (B in T) , (P6.68)
and the solutions, for the magnetic flux density B in Fig.6.36, of this quadratic equation B a/2
are B1 = 0.5 T and B2 = −1 T. r generator generator
i mode mode
The power that the voltage generator (E,R) (Fig.6.36) delivers to the rest of the Tm O
N1 eind
structure is found (in the previous problem) to be Tmech +
O Tmech0 Tmech
w motor mode
Pgen = EI − RI2 = −Pmech = −Fmechv , (P6.69)
so it amounts to Pgen = −25 W (in both cases); Pgen < 0, Pmech > 0, and v > 0 all indicate
that the system in Fig.6.36, for the given values of its parameters, operates as a
(a) (b)
generator.
Figure P6.13 Analysis of the electric motor in Fig.6.37 (with a uniformly rotating
metallic bar in a static magnetic field): (a) magnetic force on the bar and induced emf
along it and (b) sketch of the dependence of the mechanical power of the bar rotation
PROBLEM 6.22 Electric motor – with a rotating bar in a magnetic field. This is a
in terms of the algebraic intensity of the mechanical torque on the bar.
rotational version of the electric motor in Fig.6.36 (Problem 6.20).
(a) For the bar at rest (w = 0), the current in the circuit, for the reference direction of
I shown in Fig.6.37, is given by (b) For the bar rotating
(uniformly) with the angular
velocity w in Fig.6.37, the emf
. (P6.70)
induced in it amounts to
Referring to Fig.P6.13(a) and employing Eq.(4.163), the magnetic force on the bar is (Problem 6.18)
Fm0 = I0l × B −→ Fm0 = I0aB . (P6.71)
wBa2
eind = , (P6.74)
The torque of this force [see Eqs.(4.174)] calculated with respect to the axis of rotation
in Fig.6.37 comes out to be 2
for the reference direction of eind indicated in Fig.P6.13(a), and thus the current in the
bar now becomes
Tm0 = r × Fm0 , (P6.72)
where r is the position vector of the center of the bar with respect to the rotation axis , (P6.75)
[point O in Fig.P6.13(a)]. The externally applied mechanical torque on the bar at rest
is therefore [Fig.P6.13(a)] with the current I0 being that in Eq.(P6.70) and w0 standing for w at which I = 0 and Tm
= Tmech = 0 (unloaded motor). The torque Tmech can now be written in the following
form:
Tmech0 = −Tm0 −→ Tmech0 . (P6.73)
(w = const) (P6.76)
[Tmech0 is given in Eq.(P6.73)], which, solved for the angular velocity of the bar, yields
w = w0 . (P6.77)
(c) By means of Eqs.(6.93) and cross section of which is portrayed in Fig.6.38(b), and in more detail in Fig.P6.14, is
(P6.77), the mechanical adopted. It consists of a cylindrical part of radius r1 and a flat part of width r2 − r1. The
power of the bar rotation can flux through the cylindrical part of the surface is zero, because B is tangential to the
be expressed in terms of Tmech surface (B ⊥ dS) in this part of integration (note the analogy with the electric potential
as computation in Fig.1.23). The integration over the rest of S (flat part) is quite simple
to perform, because B is now perpendicular to the integration surface (B k dS), as
indicated in Fig.P6.14. Hence, the flux computation practically reduces to the one in
Pmech = Tmechw = Tmechw0 (−∞ < Tmech < ∞) , (P6.78) Eq.(6.64), and we have
and this dependence is sketched in Fig.P6.13(b), where we see that the range of values
of Tmech in which the system in Fig.6.37 operates as a motor (Pmech < 0 – the main mode
. (P6.84)
of operation) is 0 < Tmech < Tmech0 = Ea2B/(2R), while other values of Tmech correspond The distances r1 and r2, in Fig.P6.14, can be found using the cosine rule, applied to the
to the generator mode of operation of the system. (d) The power of the real voltage triangle △OMN, of side lengths r1, a/2, and c, and the angle θ opposite to the side r1,
generator (E,R) equals
(P6.85)
or Pgen = −eindI = −Pind , (P6.79)
PE PJ
and to the triangle △OPN, of side lengths r2, a/2, and c, and the angle 180◦ − θ opposite
with PE and PJ denoting, respectively, the power generated by the emf E and the power to the side r2,
of Joule’s losses in the resistor in Fig.6.37, whereas Pind stands for the power generated
by the emf eind in Fig.P6.13(a). From Eqs.(P6.74), (P6.76), and (P6.78), (P6.86) Finally,
the induced emf in the loop amounts to
, (P6.80)
and we can write
Pgen = PE − PJ = −Pind = −Pmech . (P6.81)
Hence, in the motor mode of operation of the system in Fig.6.37, Pmech < 0, Pind < 0, and B
Pgen > 0, meaning that the power generated by (E,R), reduced by the ohmic power PJ, w
is used against eind in the bar to rotate it in the counterclockwise direction in r r2
Fig.P6.13(a) (w < 0), and the work of the magnetic force and its torque (Tm), against P
Tmech, is positive. In the generator mode of operation, on the other side, Pmech > 0, and i 180
-q q
t =0
eind acts as a generator (Pind > 0), such that the system returns power to the generator O q N
(E,R), whose power is negative (Pgen < 0). r1 a/2
M
c
PROBLEM 6.23 Rotating loop near an infinite dc line current. (a) The magnetic
flux density vector, B, produced by the current in the wire conductor in Fig.6.38(a) is Figure P6.14 Computation of the magnetic flux through the rotating rectangular loop
circular with respect to the axis of the conductor (magnetic-field lines are circles in Fig.6.38(a).
centered at the wire axis) and its magnitude at a distance r from the axis is [Eq.(4.22)]
(b) From energy conservation and Eq.(6.94), the instantaneous mechanical power of
. (P6.82) loop rotation is
We consider the position of the rotating rectangular loop at an arbitrary instant of
time (t), shown in Fig.6.38(b), where the angle θ is [see Eq.(6.88)] , (P6.88)
θ = wt (P6.83) where eind is given in Eq.(P6.87).
(θ = 0 for t = 0). However, to compute the magnetic flux through the loop by
integrating B, it is not convenient in this case to adopt the integration surface simply
as the flat surface spanned over the loop. Instead, a more complicated surface (S) the
PROBLEM 6.24 System for measurement of fluid velocity with an ideal that the voltmeter in Fig.6.39 sees once the emf ET (in Fig.6.39) is turned off, that is,
voltmeter. (a) As the voltmeter in Fig.6.18 is now ideal, i.e., the intensity of the current when either v = 0 (fluid stops flowing) or B = 0 (magnetic field between the capacitor
flowing through its terminals can be assumed to be zero, Eq.(6.103) gives plates turned off), and this is simply the resistance of the liquid between the plates,
which, with the use of Eq.(3.85), amounts to
IV = 0 −→ Iliquid = 0 −→ J=0, (P6.89)
d
RT = Rinput = (v = 0 and/or B = 0) . (P6.93) σS
namely, there is no volume current in the conducting liquid either (Fig.P6.15). With
this, we then use Eqs.(6.104) and (6.102) to express, for reference directions of field (b) From the equivalent circuit in Fig.6.39, the voltage of the voltmeter is easily found
vectors in Fig.P6.15, the magnitude of the electric field vector due to excess charge to be
(Eq) in the region between the capacitor plates as follows:
V= RV ET = σSdRVB v , (P6.94)
J
RT + RV σSRV + d
E Eind −→ Eq = Eind = vB . (P6.90)
which gives the same expression for the velocity of liquid flow, v, as in Eq.(6.108).
IV=0
S
---------------
PROBLEM 6.26 Fluid flow through a cylindrical capacitor with dc current. (a)
From Eqs.(4.61), the magnetic flux density vector in the liquid, in the region between
B the electrodes of the cylindrical capacitor, in Fig.6.40 is given by
v Eq
d
Eind J=0
B(r) = µ0Ig , (P6.95) 2πr
s, m0 + ++++++++++++++
for the reference direction of the vector B shown in Fig.P6.16.
M N
V l
+
V
Figure P6.15 The same system for measurement of fluid velocity based on motional B s, m0
electromagnetic induction as in Fig.6.18 but with an ideal voltmeter in the circuit. r v
(b) The voltage indicated by the voltmeter in Fig.P6.15 equals [Eqs.(6.105) and Ig
(6.106)] a
Eind J
V = VM − VN = Eqd = vBd . (P6.91)
B Eq
b
PROBLEM 6.25 Thévenin generator for fluid flow in a magnetic field. (a) The M RV N I
emf of the Thévenin generator in Fig.6.39, ET, equals the open-circuit voltage, Voc, of V V
+
both the equivalent circuit in Fig.6.39 and the original circuit (that it represents) in
V
Fig.6.18, i.e., the voltage across the open terminals of the parallelplate capacitor in
Fig.6.18 – with the voltmeter removed. With no voltmeter, IV = 0 in Eq.(6.103), and Figure P6.16 Electric and magnetic fields in the system for measurement of
hence J = 0 in the liquid between the capacitor plates, which means, in turn, having in conducting fluid flow velocity using motional electromagnetic induction in Fig.6.40.
mind Eqs.(6.104) and (6.102), that E = 0, Eq = −Eind, and Eq = Eind = vB in the liquid, and
hence (b) Eq.(6.68) then tells us that the induced electric field intensity in this region
equals (Fig.P6.16)
ET = Voc = VM − VN = Eqd = vBd . (P6.92)
Eind(r) = vB(r) = µ0vIg . (P6.96)
The internal resistance of the Thévenin equivalent generator, RT, equals, on the
other side, the input resistance (with all the excitations shut down) of the circuit in
Fig.6.39 or the one in Fig.6.18. Therefore, we find RT as the resistance (or impedance)
(c) The current density vector, J, is also radial, as indicated in Fig.P6.16 (note the (b) From the equivalent circuit in Fig.6.39, with the rheostat in place of the voltmeter,
negative radial reference direction, toward the axis of the coaxial cable), and it the voltage across the rheostat turns out to be
satisfies the relationships with the electric field vectors in Eqs.(6.104). Applying the
continuity equation to a cylindrical surface of radius r and length l (equal to the length
. (P6.103)
of the cylindrical capacitor) placed coaxially with the capacitor (and the coaxial cable),
similarly to the application of the continuity equation in Fig.3.20, we obtain
, (P6.97) PROBLEM 6.28 Measurement of fluid velocity and conductivity. The voltage of
where IV is the current through the voltmeter terminals (and the total current through the rheostat (Figs.6.41 and 6.39) is given by
the conducting liquid), the use is made also of the relationship IV = V/RV (Ohm’s law),
as in Eq.(6.107), and V stands for the voltage indicated by the voltmeter – to be , where and . (P6.104)
determined in (e).
Hence, for the given data, we can write
(d) By means of Eqs.(6.104), the Coulomb electric field intensity (due to excess R
charge) in the region between the electrodes of the capacitor is (see the reference
T and 2
direction in Fig.P6.16)
. (P6.105)
Dividing these two equations, we obtain
. (P6.98)
RT = 2R0 = 80 mΩ , (P6.106)
(e) Finally, similarly to Eqs.(6.105) and (6.106), the voltage of the voltmeter can
be expressed as and then the first equation results in
V = VM , (P6.99) = 90 mV . (P6.107)
and solving this equation for V, we have Finally, the central velocity and conductivity of the fluid in Fig.6.41 are computed as
. (P6.100)
s and ,
2πσRVl + ln(b/a)
(P6.108)
T
respectively.
PROBLEM 6.27 Nonuniform fluid flow and motional induction. (a) The emf of the
Thévenin generator in Fig.6.39, ET , equals the open-circuit voltage, Voc, of the circuit
in Fig.6.41, so with the rheostat removed. In such a situation, IV = 0 in Eq.(6.103), J = 0
and E = 0 in Eq.(6.104), so that Eq = −Eind [Eind = Eind(−xˆ) and Eq = Eq xˆ in Fig.6.41] and
Eq = Eind between the capacitor plates. Based on Eq.(6.102), we therefore have Section 6.7 Total Electromagnetic Induction
PROBLEM 6.29 Moving contour in a nonuniform dynamic magnetic field. As the

contour in Fig.6.42 moves in a time-varying magnetic field, the emf is induced in it due
to combined (transformer plus motional) induction. With reference to Fig.P6.17, we
(P6.101)
first note that, because the center of the contour coincides with the coordinate origin
The internal resistance of the Thévenin equivalent generator, RT, equals, on the
(x = 0) at instant t = 0, the coordinates of the left and right edges of the contour at an
other side, the input resistance (with all the excitations shut down, so with v0 = 0
arbitrary instant of time, t, are
and/or B = 0 in Fig.6.41) of the circuit, so it equals the resistance of the liquid between
the plates in Fig.6.41, which can be computed using Eq.(3.85),
and (P6.109)
. (P6.102) respectively. Then, carrying out a similar integration to that in Eq.(6.64), the magnetic
flux through the contour at instant t comes out to be
PROBLEM 6.31 Small loop in the magnetic field of a rotating large loop. (a) We
now have a stationary loop (small circular loop) situated in a rotating magnetic field
of flux density B (magnetic field due to a rotating large square loop, which rotates
together with the loop), much like the situation in Fig.6.19(b). However, as discussed
(P6.110) in Example 6.17, for the generation of emf in the loop it is irrelevant whether B rotates
dx around a stationary loop or a loop rotates (at the same rate) in a static B, and this
eind
latter case is the system in Fig.6.16. Therefore, the magnetic flux through the small
v
n B circular loop in Fig.6.33 and emf induced in it are given by Eqs.(6.89) and (6.90), with
b O x dS x B being the flux density at the center (as b ≪ a, the magnetic field across the small
x1 x2 circular loop can be assumed to be uniform) of the large square loop, Eq.(4.23), and
vt
hence the flux
a/2 a/2
Φ = πb2B cosωt , where B = Bcenter , (P6.114)
Figure P6.17 Finding the emf induced in the contour moving in a nonuniform low- and emf we seek
frequency time-harmonic magnetic field in Fig.6.42.
where the use is made of the trigonometric identity sinα − sinβ = 2sin[(α − β)/2]cos[(α (P6.115)
+ β)/2]. Finally, from Eq.(6.110) [or Eq.(6.34)], the total (combined) emf in the
(b) From Eq.(6.92), the instantaneous torque of magnetic forces acting on the small
contour amounts to loop is
2bB
eind, (P6.116)
(P6.111) and its time average, using Eq.(6.95), amounts to
given for the reference orientation of the contour shown in Fig.P6.17.

. (P6.117)
The direction of the torque is the same as the direction of rotation of the B field, i.e., of
the large loop in Fig.6.33.
PROBLEM 6.30 Rotating loop near an infinite ac line current. We are now adding
a transformer induction component to the system in Fig.6.38 (Problem 6.23).
Therefore, we start with the solution for the magnetic flux in Eqs.(P6.84)(P6.86), and
just replace the dc current I by i(t) = I0 cosωt, as well as w by ω (the angular frequency PROBLEM 6.32 Two rotating loops. (a) This is a system based on total
of the current in the wire, ω, equals the angular velocity of the loop rotation, w). The (transformer plus motional) induction. However, we can use the concept of slipping
flux expression becomes velocity given in Eq.(6.121) and replace this system by either an equivalent system
with a stationary small circular loop and a magnetic field rotating with a velocity ∆ω,
as in Fig.6.19, or an equivalent system with a loop rotating with a velocity ∆ω in a
, (P6.112)
static magnetic field, as in Fig.6.16. Based on Eqs.(6.89) and (6.121), the magnetic flux
and the total (combined) emf in the loop turns out to be
through the small loop in Fig.6.33 thus equals
Φ = πb2B cos∆ωt = πb2B cos(ω − ω0)t B = Bcenter

eind
From Eq.(6.94) and (6.95) [also see Eq.(6.123)], the time-average power of Joule’s
losses in the loop is
(P6.113)
Based on Eq.(6.94), the instantaneous mechanical power of loop rotation is Pmech = . (P6.119)
.
(b) As in Eq.(6.125), the time-average mechanical power of the loop rotation turns out
to be
. (P6.120) . (P6.127)
To find the maximum of the loss-power function, we perform a standard
procedure of equating to zero the derivative of (PJ)ave with respect to l0, which yields
PROBLEM 6.33 Charge flow through the secondary coil on a magnetic core.
When the switch K is open, the magnetic field in the ferromagnetic core in Fig.6.43 is
d(PJ)ave
zero. Once the switch is closed, the current in the first winding is
(P6.128)
dl0 µr
, (P6.121)
and, by means of Eq.(5.53), the associated magnetic field intensity in the core, for the [the second derivative of the function for l0 = l/µr is negative, indicating a maximum
clockwise reference direction of the vector H in Fig.6.43 [as in Fig.5.29(a)], amounts (and not a minimum) of the function]. The maximum power amounts to
to
. (P6.122) . (P6.129)
The magnetic flux of the second winding is
. (P6.123) PROBLEM 6.35 Eddy currents in Faraday’s wheel. (a)-(b) As the terminals 1 and
On the other side, using Eq.(6.131), the charge flow through the ballistic galvanometer 2 in Fig.6.35 are open, there is no current flowing in the disk (neglecting the current
in the second winding can be expressed as due to the rotation of the excess charge of the disk), and the magnetic field at the
center of the wheel is zero as well.
, (P6.124) where
the flux in the new state is taken with the negative sign, (−Φ), because the reference
direction of the charge flow, Q, in Fig.6.43 implies, via the right-hand rule, the PROBLEM 6.36 Eddy currents in an infinite conducting cylinder. (a)
counterclockwise direction of the flux through the winding, just opposite to the The distribution of eddy currents in the cylinder is as in Fig.6.24(b) and Eq.(6.138),
adopted direction for Φ in Eq.(P6.123). Hence, the relative permeability of the core the only difference being the permeability µ in place of µ0 and −cosωt in place of sinωt,
comes out to be coming from di/dt in the starting expression for the induced electric field in
Eqs.(6.51) and i(t) = I0 sinωt now in place of i(t) = I0 cosωt in Fig.6.24(a), so that
. (P6.125)
. (P6.130)
By the same token, the time-average power of Joule’s losses due to these currents per
unit length of the cylinder is that in Eq.(6.140) divided by δ (and with µ0 replaced by
µ),
Section 6.8 Eddy Currents
. (P6.131)
PROBLEM 6.34 Thin conducting disk in the gap of a magnetic circuit. From (b) The current density vector in the cylinder, J = Jeddy, has exactly the same spatial
Eq.(5.105), the magnetic flux density in the nonmagnetic conducting disk, filling the form (circular vector, linearly proportional to r) as J in Fig.4.20 and Eq.(4.69).
air gap in the linear magnetic circuit, is Consequently, the corresponding magnetic fields must have equal spatial forms as
well, so we use the expression for B(r) in Eq.(4.71) with µ0 removed (to obtain the
magnetic field intensity, H), r = 0 (field at the axis of the cylinder), and ρw replaced by
(P6.126) (−ωµσN′I0/2)cosωt from Eq.(P6.130), and what we obtain is
Therefore, the expression for the time-average power of Joule’s losses dissipated in
the disk is that given in Eq.(6.140) with µ0N′I0, namely, the amplitude (peak-value) of
B(t) in Fig.6.24, replaced by the amplitude of B(t) in Eq.(P6.126) and δ by l0 (disk (P6.132)
thickness), given for the reference direction of the vector H as in Fig.4.20(b), interconnected by
the right-hand rule with the direction of the current flow in the solenoid winding.
PROBLEM 6.38 Induction furnace. (a) The induced electric field in the toroidal
channel in Fig.6.45 is given by the second expression in Eqs.(6.51). Using Eq.(6.136),
the distribution of eddy currents in the channel is described as follows:
PROBLEM 6.37 Hollow disk in a triangular-pulse magnetic field. (a)
Because of symmetry, the current streamlines in the disk in Fig.6.44 are circles
centered at the disk axis. From Eq.(6.136), the same is true for the lines of the total Jeddy
electric field intensity vector, E, in the disk. Applying Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
(b) By a similar integration as in Eq.(6.139) and Fig.6.24(b), the instantaneous power
induction, Eq.(6.37), to the circular contour of radius r as in Fig.6.9, we obtain
of Joule’s losses dissipated to heat in the metal in the channel amounts to
d µ 0 r dH H
E 2πr = − µ 0 πr 2 ; − → E = −
dt 2 dt . (P6.133)
Z
The eddy current density in the disk equals
r=b 2
Zb
. (P6.134) dv
So, the waveform Jeddy(t) for any fixed r is proportional to the slope of the function
H(t), in Fig.6.13(d), and is thus a periodic alternating rectangular-pulse function, (P6.140)
alternating between values and its time average, based on Eq.(6.95), equals
. (P6.141)
. (P6.135)
(b) The instantaneous power of Joule’s losses in the disk is computed as in

Eq.(6.139) and Fig.6.24(b), PROBLEM 6.39 Eddy currents in a thin conducting spherical shell. In the
spherical coordinate system whose z-axis is along the solenoid axis and origin is at the
center of the thin conducting spherical shell, the induced electric field in the shell can
be considered to not depend on the coordinate r (since δ ≪ b), and is, using the first
expression in Eqs.(6.51), given by
,
(P6.136)
Eind (P6.142)
so it turns out to be time-constant, and thus its time average is that same value,
where ar = b sinθ is the distance from the z-axis of the point whose position in the shell
(PJ)ave = PJ(t) = const . (P6.137) is defined by an angle θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ π) (see Fig.1.16) [this distance corresponds to the
radial cylindrical coordinate, r, in Eqs.(6.51)].
(c) The magnetic field due to eddy currents at the disk center (point O) in
Fig.6.44 is evaluated following the procedure in Eqs.(6.141)-(6.143), We then integrate the associated ohmic power density throughout the volume
(v) of the shell, Eq.(6.137),
Z
Hind = b dHind = Z b dIeddy = Z b Jeddyδdr = −σµ0δ dH
Z
v
Z b dr . r=a a 2r a 2r 4 dt a 2 Zθ=0
dv
=− σµ0(b − a)δ dH . (P6.138) (P6.143)
4 dt where dv is the elementary volume for integration, obtained as dv = dS δ, so by

multiplying the elementary surface (ring) dS in Fig.1.16 and Eq.(1.65) by the thickness
of the shell (δ), and the integral in θ is evaluated in Eq.(5.46). By means of Eq.(6.95),
the time-average ohmic power in the shell is
. (P6.144)
Eqs.(4.178) and (4.179) then give the magnitude of the corresponding torque of the
two forces:
dT = 2dT1 = 2xdFm1 sinθ = 2xdilBsinωt (P6.151)
PROBLEM 6.40 Loss power in a laminated ferromagnetic core. (a) The electric
field intensity vector, E, in each of the plates is given by Fig.6.25(b) and Eq.(6.147), so [θ = ωt in Fig.6.26(b)], with the reference direction of T indicated in Fig.P6.18. The
that the waveform E(t) for any fixed x is proportional to the slope of the function B(t), resultant torque on the entire strip is obtained by integrating torques dT on all pairs
in Fig.6.13(d), and is thus a periodic alternating rectangular-pulse function, of symmetrically positioned elementary strips,
alternating between values
. (P6.145)
The instantaneous power of Joule’s losses dissipated in one plate is computed as -a /2 d

di
in Eq.(6.149),
dFm2
dT t=0
ave ,
O q
dv −d/2
(P6.146) B x
di dFm1
where, because the instantaneous power turns out to be time-constant, (PJ)ave equals a/2
that same constant value. The total ohmic power in the laminated core (packet of N dx
B x
insulated plates) in Fig.6.25(c) can be obtained as N times the power in one plate, so w
it amounts to
B
. (P6.147)
Figure P6.18 Evaluation of the torque of magnetic forces on the rotating strip in
(b) From the condition that, for a given total thickness of the packet, c, where c = Nd, Fig.6.26.
the total loss power does not exceed a given value P, we obtain that N has to be larger
than the following value: (b) Alternatively, the instantaneous torque of magnetic forces on the strip in Fig.6.26
can be obtained from energy conservation – combining Eqs.(6.93), (6.94), and
(6.155), as follows:
4σNab(c/N)3Bm2 4σabc3Bm2 ≤ −→ ≥ 2cBm rσabc
(P6.153)
[PJ]tot = 3T2 = 3N2T2 P N T
The vector T is along the axis of rotation of the strip, and its direction is opposite to
3P . the direction of the angular velocity vector (the magnetic field, of flux density B, in
(P6.148) Fig.6.26 opposes, via its forces on the strip currents, the rotation of the strip, i.e., it
prevents the acceleration of the rotation). Of course, this is the same result, for both
the magnitude and direction of T, as in Eq.(P6.152) and Fig.P6.18.
(c) Using Eq.(6.95), the time-average torque on the strip is
PROBLEM 6.41 Torque on a rotating strip in a magnetic field. (a) Consider two
symmetrically positioned (with respect to the axis of rotation) elementary strips of
width dx shown in Fig.P6.18. From Eq.(6.154), their currents are . (P6.154)
di = Jeddy δ dx = ωσxB sinωtδ dx , (P6.149) PROBLEM 6.42 Inhomogeneous strip in two orthogonal magnetic fields. (a) The
|{z}dS resultant magnetic flux density vector in Fig.6.46, B(t) = B1(t) + B2(t), represents a
and, as in Eq.(4.177) and Fig.4.38(b), the magnitudes of magnetic forces dFm1 and dFm2 rotating magnetic field (of flux density B = B0), as in Fig.6.19(b), the only difference
on these currents are being the opposite sense of rotation of B (cosωt and sinωt swapped in the expressions
for the two orthogonal magnetic fields constituting the rotating field, relative to their
dFm1 = dFm2 = dilB . (P6.150) positions with respect to the conducting strip). As in Example 6.17, we solve this
problem by considering an equivalent system based on motional induction, with the
strip rotating in a static B, and what this equivalency yields is the system similar to B
B
that in Fig.6.26, the only difference being the inhomogeneity of the conducting strip in x
y v1
Fig.6.46. Therefore, the vector Eind in the strip is given by Eq.(6.153), and the total
instantaneous and time-average powers of Joule’s losses dissipated in the strip are q
computed as in Eq.(6.155) and Eind2
Eind1
(6.95), 90 +q
v2 q
O
z
2
1
Zx=−a/2 v Z−a/2 w
Figure P6.19 Computation of the induced electric field in each of the strips of the
(P6.155) rotating conductor in Fig.6.47 (cross section of the structure).
(b) Using Eqs.(6.93) and (6.94), the time-average torque of magnetic forces acting on
the strip in Fig.6.46 equals with the direction of the torque being opposite to the direction of the conductor
rotation, Tm = −Tm ˆz.
. (P6.156) (d) As Tm(t) actually does not vary in time, the time-average torque on the
The direction of this torque is the same as the direction of rotation of the vector B, conductor comes out to be
which is in accordance with Lenz’s law, as explained in Example 6.17. ωσa3lδB2
Tm(t) = const −→ (Tm)ave = Tm(t) = − 12ˆz . (P6.160)
PROBLEM 6.43 Eddy currents in two crossed rotating strips. (a) The induced
electric field vector in each of the strips in Fig.6.47 is computed as in Fig.6.26(b) and PROBLEM 6.44 Continuously inhomogeneous rotating cylinder. The induced
Eq.(6.153). In specific, the fields at points 1 and 2 in Fig.P6.19 are given by electric field in the cylinder is given in Eq.(6.156), and to compute the total
instantaneous power of Joule’s losses dissipated in it, we use Eq.(6.157), which now
Eind1 = v1B sinθ = ωxB sinωt and Eind2 = v2B sin(90◦ + θ)
becomes a π
= v2B cosθ = ωyB cosωt , (P6.157)

PJ(t) = Z σEind2 dv = Z Z σ(r)Eind2 (r,θ)l r dθdr v r=0
respectively.
(b) Based on Eq.(6.155), the instantaneous powers of Joule’s losses in the two θ=−π |{dzS }
strips are
and = (∆ω)2σ0B2l Z a r4 dr Z π sin2 θdθ = π(ω − ω0)2σ0a4lB2 . (P6.161) a
0 −π 5
(c) A combination of Eqs.(6.93) and (6.94), then gives the following for the total
instantaneous torque of magnetic forces on the conductor in Fig.P6.19:
PROBLEM 6.45 Eddy currents in a rotating cylindrical shell. (a)-(b)
P6. Solutions to Problems: Slowly Time-Varying Field 191
Since δ ≪ a, we can assume that the induced electric field in the cylindrical shell inr
from the shell axis, and thus use
Fig.6.48 does not depend on the radial distance the
field expression in Eq.(6.156) for r = a,
Eind = −ωaB sinθˆz , −π ≤ θ < π , (P6.162)
where ω is the angular velocity of rotation of the shell, which is to be determined.

Referring to Fig.P6.20, the instantaneous power of Joule’s losses dissipated in the shell
per unit of its length is then obtained in a similar way to that in Eq.(6.157),
Zθ=−π dS Z−π
y
B
v
q
Eind
d
P
r
O q x
z
dq T'mech
w
a
P'
dS Eind
S
Figure P6.20 Calculating the ohmic power per unit length of the rotating thin
cylindrical conducting shell in Fig.6.48 (cross section of the structure).
From the principle of conservation of energy, the per-unit-length mechanical

power used to rotate the shell (Pmech′ ) equals the dissipated power p.u.l. of the shell,
and, having also Eq.(6.93) in mind, we obtain ω as follows:
, (P6.164)
from which,
. (P6.165)
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158 Branislav M.

Notaroˇs: Electromagnetics (Pearson Prentice Hall)

P6 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS SLOWLY

Section 6.1 Induced Electric Field Intensity Vector Eind1 ;

3a a/2 √10 √10i d = , −sinθ1 = sinθ2 = = −→ H3 = ;2 p(a/2)2 + (3a/2)2

d= a, θ1 = 45◦ , sinθ2 = 3a/2 = 3√10

Eind = Eind1 + Eind2 + Eind3 . (P6.2)

Eind3 . (P6.13) Eind = Eind2 + Eind4 m

= µ0 di ln √√a2 + z2 +− a − √ 2a !yˆ . (P6.22) dΦ di eind,

E = Eind + Eq = 0 −→ Eq = −Eind , (P6.24)

Figure P6.9 Equivalent circuit diagram for the structure in Fig.6.31.

eindOM =Eind. (P6.46)

V12 =Eq · dl . (P6.53)

Note that if l2 > l1, like in Fig.6.34, eindMN > 0.

(Pmech > 0) if Fmech > Fmech0 or Fmech < 0.

a2vB2 + aEB − RFmech = 0 . (P6.67) Pmech

With the numerical data substituted, we have

PROBLEM 6.29 Moving contour in a nonuniform dynamic magnetic field. As the

given for the reference orientation of the contour shown in Fig.P6.17.

Φ = πb2B cos∆ωt = πb2B cos(ω − ω0)t B = Bcenter

(b) The instantaneous power of Joule’s losses in the disk is computed as in

=− σµ0(b − a)δ dH . (P6.138) (P6.143)

4 dt where dv is the elementary volume for integration, obtained as dv = dS δ, so by

The instantaneous power of Joule’s losses dissipated in one plate is computed as -a /2 d

= v2B cosθ = ωyB cosωt , (P6.157)

and = (∆ω)2σ0B2l Z a r4 dr Z π sin2 θdθ = π(ω − ω0)2σ0a4lB2 . (P6.161) a

PROBLEM 6.45 Eddy currents in a rotating cylindrical shell. (a)-(b)

where ω is the angular velocity of rotation of the shell, which is to be determined.

From the principle of conservation of energy, the per-unit-length mechanical

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