Exam 1 Review

1. Ions in the body understand:

a. Their main cellular function
b. Normal plasma levels
c. Food sources for the specific ions
i. What is the relationship with water and sodium
ii. Understand what fluids are desired for any given patient situation
d. Normal values and signs and symptoms of electrolytes
2. Fluid balance
a. Understand your three main compartments
i. Intracellular space
ii. Extracellular space
iii. Vascular space
b. How does the fluid get passed over these permeable membranes?
i. Hydrostatic pressure
ii. Oncotic pressure
c. Be able to solve imbalances of fluid shifts by manipulating your patients diet and fluid
balance through diet and IV therapy
d. Hypovolemia vs Hypervolemia
3. Edema
a. What can cause edema?
b. How do you assess for edema?
c. How do you treat edema?
4. The RAAS system
a. What triggers RAAS and what does it cause?
b. What is the order of sequence?
c. What is the purpose or desired effects?
d. What major organs are involved?
5. ANP
a. What is the trigger for ANP?
b. What is the desired effect?
c. What is the sequence of events?
6. Immune system
a. What are examples of the first line and second line defense mechanisms and how do
they work?
b. Innate vs Adaptive
i. What are the main differences?
ii. What are the time frames of operations after an injury or illness?
iii. Examples of acquired immunity?
iv. Examples of passive immunity?
c. Humoral vs Cell-mediated
i. What are the main differences?
ii. What cells make up each of these systems?
iii. B cells vs T cells
 1. What are the different purposes of the various immunoglobulins?
2. What are the purpose of the various T cells?
3. What are all the actions of antibodies?
7. Genetics
a. Be able to use a Punnet square to determine possible inheritance
b. Homozygous vs Heterozygous
i. What are the main differences?
ii. X-linked related disorders
1. Figure what percentage of children are at risk in a given situation
8. Hypersensitivity
a. Classify the four different kinds of hypersensitivity, how/why they occur?
b. What are examples of each?
c. How do you recognize a severe and deadly allergic reaction?
9. Inflammation
a. What occurs in the cascade and why?
b. What is the time frame of each phase?
c. What are macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils and eosinophils and what are their role
in the inflammation cascade?
10. Infection
a. Be familiar with the various bacteria, viruses, and protozoa discussed in lecture
b. What are signs on an infection, how do you assess for it?
c. What cells are effected in HIV?