THE SKELETON:

COMPOSED OF:
• BONES
• CARTILAGES
• JOINTS
• LIGAMENTS

DIVIDED INTO:
AXIAL & APPENDICULAR PARTS
AXIAL SKELETON (IN BLUE):
CONSISTS OF 80 BONES

3 MAJOR PARTS:
• SKULL
• VERTEBRAL COLUMN /
SPINE
• BONY THORAX /
THORACIC CAGE

VS. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

(IN ORANGE):
• EXTREMITIES AND GIRDLES
AXIAL SKELETON:

SUPPORTS:
HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK

PROTECTS:
BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND
THORACIC ORGANS
HISTOLOGY OF BONES
WHAT IS THE GENERAL ARCHITECTURE?

COMPACT BONE
• OUTER “SHELL” LAYER
• SMOOTH AND SOLID

SPONGY/TRABECULAR BONE
• INNER “HONEYCOMB” MATRIX
• FLAT PIECES OF BONE CALLED TRABECULAE
• DEEP TO COMPACT BONE
 INTERNAL EXTERNAL
Articular
cartilage

Compact
bone
Spongy
bone

Figure 6.4b The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm).

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HISTOLOGY: COMPACT BONE
HISTOLOGY: SPONGY/TRABECULAR BONE
 SKULL:
COMPOSED OF

• CRANIAL BONES
PAIRED AND UNPAIRED
• FACIAL BONES
• SUTURES (AND FONTANELLES)
• SPECIAL FEATURES
ORBIT AND NASAL CAVITIES

https://www.winkingskull.com/
 Lateral View
CRANIAL BONES
PAIRED BONES
• PARIETAL
• TEMPORAL

TWO PROCESSES
OF TEMORAL BONE:
Mastoid process
• MASTOID
Styloid process
• STYLOID

Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
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 Lateral View
CRANIAL BONES
UNPAIRED BONES
• FRONTAL
• OCCIPITAL

Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
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 OCCIPITAL BONE
FEATURES

Occipital Condyles Foramen Magnum

Posterior View Inferior View

Fig’s 7.4b, 7.6a Bones of the posterior and inferior skull.

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 CRANIAL UNPAIRED BONES
SPHENOID (colored purple)

Hypophyseal Fossa

CRANIAL BASE SPENOID BONE

(INTERNAL VIEW) (SUPERIOR VIEW)
Fig’s 7.7a , 7.9a The base of the cranial cavity, The sphenoid bone.
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 CRANIAL UNPAIRED BONES
ETHMOID

ETHMOID BONE
(ANTERIOR VIEW)
Fig 7.10, The ethmoid bone.
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 REVIEW! INTERNAL VIEW (CALVARIA IS REMOVED)

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 REVIEW! INTERNAL VIEW (CALVARIA IS REMOVED)

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 REVIEW! INTERNAL VIEW (CALVARIA IS REMOVED)

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 REVIEW! MIDSAGITTAL VIEW OF SKULL

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 REVIEW! FIND THE PAIRED AND UNPAIRED BONES

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 REVIEW! INFERIOR VIEW

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 SUTURES

1. SAGITTAL

2. CORONAL

3. LAMBDOID

4. SQUAMOUS

LATERAL VIEW
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
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 SUTURES

• SAGITTAL
• LAMBDOID

POSTERIOR VIEW

Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull.
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 FONTANELLES

• DENSE
MEMBRANEOUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• IN YOUNG CHILDREN
WILL BE REPLACED BY
BONE

• LOCATION OF THE
ADULT SUTURES

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 SUTURES AND
FONTANELS

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 FACIAL UNPAIRED BONES
MANDIBLE (e.g. THE LOWER JAW)
• HOLDS THE LOWER TEETH

Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla.

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 FACIAL UNPAIRED BONES
VOMER
• FORMS PART OF THE NASAL
SEPTUM

Figure 7.13b Bones of the nasal cavity.

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 FACIAL PAIRED BONES

1) MAXILLA
• UPPER JAW
• HOLDS UPPER TEETH
2) ZYGOMATIC
3) NASAL
4) LACRIMAL
5) PALATINE
6) INFERIOR NASAL
CONCHA

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 NASAL
ZYGOMATIC

LACRIMAL

INFERIOR NASAL
CONCHA

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 PALATINE

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 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORBITS
AND NASAL CAVITY

THE ORBIT (7 BONES)

1. FRONTAL
2. SPHENOID
3. ZYGOMATIC
4. MAXILLA
5. PALATINE
6. LACRIMAL
7. ETHMOID
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 THE ORBIT

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 NASAL CAVITY MEDIAL WALL
(INCLUDES SEPTUM)

Crista galli
Ethmoid Cribriform Frontal sinus
bone plate

Sella turcica
Nasal bone

Sphenoidal Perpendicular plate

sinus of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage

Vomer
Hard Palatine bone Alveolar process
palate Palatine process of maxilla
of maxilla
Figure 7.13b Bones of the nasal cavity.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and Superior
inferior meatus nasal concha Ethmoid
Middle
nasal concha bone

Inferior nasal concha

Nasal bone

Anterior nasal spine

Maxillary bone
Sphenoidal
Sphenoid (palatine process)
sinus
bone Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone Palatine bone
(perpendicular (horizontal plate)
plate)

NASAL CAVITY
LATERAL WALL
(SEPTUM REMOVED)
Figure 7.13a Bones of the nasal cavity.
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 PARANASAL SINUSES

Figure 7.14a Paranasal sinuses.

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 HYOID BONE

• NOT PART OF THE SKULL

• SUSPENDED BY
MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS

Greater horn

Lesser horn

Body
Figure 7.15 The hyoid bone, anterior view.
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 VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)
DIVISIONS AND CURVATURES

MAJOR DIVISIONS:
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
• C1 to C7

THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• T1 to T12

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
• L1 to L5

SACRUM (5 FUSED)
• S1 to S5

COCCYGEAL (3-5 FUSED)

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 SPINAL CURVATURES

CERVICAL = CONCAVE

THORACIC = CONVEX

LUMBAR = CONCAVE

SACRAL = CONVEX

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 ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES

Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis

Figure 7.17 Abnormal spinal curvatures.
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 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF A VERTEBRA

Gilroy et al: Atlas of Anatomy. © 2008-2012

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Posterior
Spinous
process
Transverse
process

Superior
Vertebral
articular
arch
facet
• lamina and
process
• pedicle
Vertebral
foramen

Body (Centrum)

Figure 7.19 Typical vertebral structures. Anterior

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 INTERVERTRBRAL FORMEN

• SPACE FORMED BY TWO ADJACENT VERTRBRA

• WHERE SPINAL NERVES EXIT SPINAL COLUMN

• DO NOT CONFUSE WITH VERTEBRAL FORAMEN!

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 REGIONAL VERTEBRAL CHARACTERISTICS
CERVICAL

Figure 7.21a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae.

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ATYPICAL VERTEBRAE
C1/ATLAS
*NO SPINOUS PROCESS*

*NO VERTEBRAL BODY*

(SUPERIOR VIEW)
ATYPICAL VERTEBRAE
C2/AXIS
/Odontoid process
Articulates with facet of
anterior tubercle
on axis/C1

(LATERAL VIEW)
TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
 SACRUM: 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE

Coccyx
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BONY THORAX OR THORACIC CAGE

• THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• STERNUM
• RIBS

(LEFT LATEREAL VIEW)

 BONY THORAX
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch

Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphisternal Sternum
True ribs
joint
(1–7)
Xiphoid
process

False ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal
spaces
L1
Floating ribs Vertebra Costal cartilage
(11, 12) Costal margin
Figure 7.23a The thoracic cage.
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 Transverse costal facet
(for tubercle of rib)
Superior costal facet
Angle
(for head of rib)
of rib
Body of vertebra
Head of rib
Intervertebral disc
Neck of rib
Tubercle of rib
Sternum
Shaft

Cross-
section
of rib
Costal cartilage
Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib
Figure 7.24a Ribs.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Articular facet of
tubercle of rib Spinous process

Shaft

Transverse
Ligaments costal facet
(for tubercle
of rib)
Neck of rib
Body of
Head of rib
Thoracic
Superior costal facet Vertebra
(for head of rib)
Superior
RIB ARTICULATION

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 ONE BITE….AT A TIME!

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