Elasto-Plastic Coupled

Temperature-Displacement Finite
S. M. Kulkarni
Element Analysis of Two-
Graduate Student.
Dimensional Rolling-Sliding
C. A. Rubin
Professor. Contact With a Translating Heat
G. T. Hahn Source
Professor.
The present paper, describes a transient translating elasto-plastic thermo-mechanical
Center for Materials Tribology, finite element model to study 2-D frictional rolling contact. Frictional two-
Vanderbilt University, dimensional contact is simulated by repeatedly translating a non-uniform thermo-
Nashville, TN 37235 mechanical distribution across the surface of an elasto-plastic half space. The half
space is represented by a two dimensional finite element mesh with appropriate
boundaries. Calculations are for an elastic-perfectly plastic material and the selected
thermo-physical properties are assumed to be temperature independent. The paper
presents temperature variations, stress and plastic strain distributions and deforma-
tions. Residual tensile stresses are observed. The magnitude and depth of these
stresses depends on 1) the temperature gradients and 2) the magnitudes of the nor-
mal and tangential tractions.

Introduction
The mechanics of elasto-plastic rolling-plus-sliding contact
with friction, but in the absence of heating, has been examined
by Johnson and Jefferies (1963) and Ham et al. (1988). In
reality, the heating that accompanies friction will introduce
thermal stresses and locally alter the elastic and plastic proper-
ties of the material. Existing literature predominantly deals
with surface limited analyses (Barber, 1971a, 1972, 1973a,
1976, 1980a, b, 1982; Comninou and Dundurs, 1979; Com-
ninou et al., 1981; Hills and Barber, 1986; Korovchinski,
1965; Mikic, 1974; Panek and Dundurs, 1979), and the con-
tact of rough surfaces, such as, flash temperatures, the local-
ized transient temperatures due to asperity contact (Archard,
1959; Blok, 1937, 1963; Holm, 1948; Kuhlmann-Wilsdor,
1985; Nagaraj et al., 1979; Winer and Cheng, 1980; and
Zumgahr, 1987). Many studies have examined the competing
processes of: (a) frictional heating at the contact interface and
the resulting thermal expansion with (b) heat transfer and
wear. The unstable increase in the contact stress, known as
thermoelastic instability (TEI) (Barber 1967, 1968, 1969,
1971b, 1973b; Burton et al., 1973; Dow, 1972; Dow and Bur-
ton 1972, 1973; Dow and Stockwell, 1977; and Johnson et al.,
1988) and its manifestation as scuffing (Durkee, 1978; Durkee
and Cheng, 1979; and Sovak and Cheng, 1982) have also been
investigated. Except for Newman (1986), who has developed
as elasto-plastic finite element model to study the stress fields
in welded plates, all the investigations discussing the subsur-
face effects of thermo-mechanical contact, are elastic (Ken-
nedy and Karpe, 1982; Ling and Mow, 1965; Mow and Cheng,
1967, and Tseng and Burton, 1982). Premature failure due to
overheating of HPOTP bearings used in the Space Shuttle
Main Engine (Maurer and Pallini 1985; Bhat and Dolan,
1983), warrant the development of an elasto-plastic thermo-
mechanical finite element model to simulate frictional rolling
contact more realistically. A preliminary step in that direction,
a stationary thermo-mechanical analysis (Kulkarni et al.,
1988), consists of a conductive half plane with a convective
surface subjected to the combination of mechanical pressure
and different thermal loads (representing the heat generated
due to friction). Although, the mechanical effect of the sur-
face tractions and the cyclic nature of the applied loads was
not considered, the study established the existence of varying
levels of residual tensions proportional to the attending
temperature gradients. The present paper describes a tran-
sient, translating, elasto-plastic, thermo-mechanical finite ele-
ment model of 2-D frictional rolling contact. The temperature
variations, stress-plastic strain distributions, and deforma-
tions are calculated for specific contact conditions.

Contributed by the Tribology Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF Description of the Model
TRIBOLOGY. Manuscript received by the Tribology Division January 3, 1990;
revised manuscript received July 9, 1990. Associate Editor: H. S. Cheng. A two dimensional finite element mesh (see Fig. 1) with ap-

Joumal of Tribology JANUARY 1991, Vol. 113/93

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 Fig. 1 2-D Finite element mesh, ABCD

propriate boundary conditions has been developed to perform

y/w
coupled-temperature displacement elasto-plastic finite element
analyses to simulate 2-D thermo-mechanical rolling contact. Fig. 2 Comparison of the normalized residual circumferential stress,
This mesh consists of eight noded isoparametric plane strain a'xx/k, as a function of normalized depth, y/w, for a frictionless 2-D rolling
calculation at p0lk-5.0 with that from Bhargava et al. (1985a, b)
elements, which are biquadratic in displacement and linear in
temperature. It is 24w long (in the circumferential or X-
direction) and 12w deep (in the radial or F-direction), where w
is the half contact width of the Hertzian pressure distribution
(the out-of-plane or Z-direction can be considered to be the
axial direction). The mesh is graded; it is very fine in the vicini-
ty of the global origin and gets coarser away from it. The
thermo-physical and mechanical properties of the mesh, which
are assumed to be temperature independent, are: <r0 = 393.98
MPa, K=60 W/m-°C, E = 207 GPa, K = 0.3, a=1.2E-5
m/m-°C, p = 7850 kg/m3, cp = 550 KJ/kg-°C.
Appropriate boundary conditions have been used. The
boundary conditions on AB, which is the free surface,
simulate repeated frictional rolling-sliding contact. This is
achieved by translating a thermo-mechanical load across AB.
The thermo-mechanical load is a combination of a mechanical
load, which consists of the pressure given by,
p (N/m 2 )=/? 0 [l-(x 2 /w 2 )] 1 / 2
and the tangential surface traction given by,
/ (N/m2) = ixp0 [ 1 - Cr7w 2 )] 1/2 y/w
Fig. 3 Comparison of the normalized residual axial stress, <r'zz/k, as a
and a thermal load, given by function of normalized depth, y/w, for a frictionless 2-D rolling calcula-
tion at p0lk = 5.0 with that from Bhargava et al. (1985a, b)
q (W/m2) =p0 Vp[ - (x2/w2)]1/2.
The free surface, AB, also loses heat by convection and the
film coefficient, h, was selected to be 50 W/m2-°C. Carslaw (1959) was modified to be applied to the present
The nonsurface boundaries, AD, DC, and BC, are pre- calculation (see Appendix). But it is seen that the thermal gra-
scribed to 1) model appropriate thermal behaviour and 2) to dients are negligible beyond a depth of l.Ow and hence, the
make the mesh simulate a half-plane. The solution for a temperatures at nodes on the bottom surface of the mesh, DC
translating heat source given by Jaeger (1942) and Jaeger and (at a depth of 12.Ow from the surface), are set equal to the am-

a = coefficient of thermal
X = circumferential or in- expansion, m/m-°C
3
plane coordinate, m P = mass density, kg/m G = shear modulus, MPa
y = radial or depth coor- C
P = specific heat, EPP = Elastic-Perfectly-
dinate, m KJ/kg-°C Plastic
z = axial or out-of-plane p(x) = pressure at any point, = parameter / for the
coordinate, m
= peak pressure, MPa
MPa r residual state
Po w = half contact width, m Vxx = circumferential stress,
k = o0/l.Ti = von Mises shear yield t{x) = tangential traction at MPa
strength, MPa any point, MPa a
zz = axial stress, MPa
p0/k,p0/kk = relative peak pressure p = coefficient of friction = shear stress, MPa
K = thermal conductivity, q(x) = heat flux at any e" = equivalent plastic
W/m-°C point, MPa strain
E = Young's modulus, V = slip velocity, m/s a = K/pc = thermal diffusivity,
MPa h = film coefficient, m 2 /s
V = Poisson's ratio W/m 2 -°C T = temperature, °C

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Fig. 4 Comparison of the normalized residual circumferential, a'xx/k,
and axial, o'zz/k, stress as a function of normalized depth, y/w, for a 2-D
rolling-sliding calculation at a p0lk = 5.0 with that from Ham et al. (1988)
bient value. For nodes along the sides of the mesh, AD and
BC, the temperatures are not fixed but temperature gradients
in the circumferential or X-direction are set equal to zero.
To make the mesh behave as a semi-infinite body, the
boundaries are displaced elastically. Equations for the elastic
displacements due to a concentrated force acting 1) normal
and 2) tangential, to the surface have been derived using the
appropriate Airy Stress Function (see Appendix). The applied
nonuniform distribution of tractions, p and t, are discretized
into numerous concentrated forces, each acting on an in-
finitesimal area. The elastic displacements at the nonsurface
boundary nodes due to each concentrated load are then
calculated and superposed. For nodes along the bottom sur-
face, DC, both X- and F-directions are prescribed, while for
those on the sides AD and BC, only displacements in the X-
direction are calculated using the elastic solution.
A frictionless 2-D rolling calculation was performed at
p0/k = 5.0, and residual stresses, 1) circumferential, a^/k
(Fig. 2), and 2) axial, CT^ (Fig. 3), were compared with the
work of Bhargava et al. (1985a, b). The peak values of the
residual stresses are within 15-20 percent. A rolling-sliding
calculation was also performed atp0/k= 5.0, and a coefficient
of friction ^ = 0.1; the residual stresses, 1) circumferential,
o^/k, and 2) axial, orzz, were compared with the work of Ham
et al. (1987) (Fig. 4). The study by Ham et al. (1987) is for a
p0/k of 4.5 and /i = 0.2; the residual stress distributions are
similar to those obtained using the present model.
The HPOTP (Cryogenic Turbopump) bearings in the Space
Shuttle Main Engine were used as a reference for the thermal
and thermo-mechanical calculations. The coefficient of fric-
tion is assumed to be /x = 0.1 and using the diameter of the in-
ner race, the revolutions/minute and 1 percent slip, the veloci-
ty, Kis calculated to be 0.9 m/s. The Peclet number is taken as
30, and the half contact width, vv = 0.0005 m. Table 1 presents
a brief description of the four different calculations per-
formed. Each computation includes a certain number of ther-
mal/thermomechanical contact cycles, followed by cooling to
the ambient temperature. A contact cycle consists of 43
spatially unequal thermal/thermomechanical translations
through a distance of 24w, from point A to point B (Fig. 1).
The time steps used are also nonuniform to maintain a con-
stant sliding velocity. The first step of a new cycle immediately
follows the last step of the previous cycle. This physically
models 16 balls/rollers in the bearing race. Appropriate
Journal of Tribology
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Table 1 Different calculations
Calculation Number of cycles Heat input (kW)
:
CAL1 6:4T, 2TM 26
CAL2 6:6T 26
CAL3 3:2T, 1TM 80
CAL4 3:3T 80
T: Thermal, TM: Thermomechanical
-2 -t5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 15 2
X/ W
Fig. 5 Surface temperatures just under the translating load, during six
consecutive passes, PASS1 through PASS6, for CAL1 or CAL2 (see
Table 1) as a function of normalized surface coordinate, x/w
boundary conditions, explained above, are applied during
each translational step. Earlier 2-D rolling contact studies
(Bhargava et al., 1985a,b) show that the half-space subjected
to cyclic mechanical loads attains a steady stress state after
two contacts. Hence, in the interest of reducing computer
time, the thermomechanical calculations (CAL1 and CAL3)
consist of (1) initial thermal cycling (the surface of the half-
space subjected to the transient translating heat flux, q) to
establish appropriate temperature gradients, followed by (2)
thermomechanical passes (in addition to q, the mechanical
components, p and / are applied) to determine the combined
effect (Table 1). However, this does not imply that a thermal
steady state has been reached. Analyses CAL2 and CAL4
(Table 1) describe the effect of pure thermal cycling. CAL3
and CAL4 were performed using a higher thermal input i.e.,
the same heat rate was allowed a larger time of contact. CAL3
and CAL4 are approximate representations of CAL1 and
CAL2, respectively, at a much later time period.
The calculations were performed using the finite element
package ABAQUS 4.7 on the CRAY X-MP/48 at the San
Diego Supercompouter Center. Typical CPU time re-
quirements were, 12 minutes/contact for the thermal calcula-
tions and 20 minutes/contact for the thermo-mechanical
calculations.
Results
The present model represents frictional rolling contact be-
tween two components rotating about the Z-axis and the
results describe the temperature distributions, the stress
distributions, the equivalent plastic strain contours and the
distortions.
Figure 5 shows surface temperatures for CAL1 or CAL2 .
[The temperatures are within 1 percent (also for CAL3 and
CAL4) and the thermo-mechanical coupling was used to
simplify the computations.] The transient thermal load is sym-
metric about x/w = 0.0 while the temperature distribution is
JANUARY 1991, Vol. 113/95
 2w

1 "7 00E -09

2 "7 ooe-03
3 • 1 40E-O2
4 *a IOE-02
S *2 80E-02
"W 6 *3 HE-02
Fig. 6 Comparison of the normalized residual circumferential, <r'xxlk, 7 • 4 SOE-02
and axial, a'zz/k, stress as a function of normalized depth, y/w, for CAL1 a • 4 S0E-C2
(thermo-mechanical load), after six passes followed by cooling to the s *S EOE-02
ambient temperature 10 •s 32-02
Fig. 8 Residual equivalent plastic strain contours, for a section of the
mesh, for CAL1 (thermo-mechanical load), after six passes followed by
cooling

X-»-

y/w
Fig. 7 Comparison of the normalized residual circumferential, a'xxlk,
axial, a'^/k, stress as a function of normalized depth, y/w, for CAL2 (ther-
mal contact load), after six passes followed by cooling to the ambient
temperature
Fig. 9 Displaced mesh, halfway through PASS1 (only thermal load) for
CAL3 (see Table 1). Solid lines-displaced mesh, dashed lines-original
mesh. Mag. factor = 75.
X-»-

asymmetric and the peak value occurs at —0.5 x/w (in the
direction opposite to that of the translation). It is seen that
with successive passes there is a decrease in the temperature in-
crements per pass. The highest value of the temperature after 6
consecutive passes is observed to be 280°C. Figure 6 shows
normalized residual stresses (after the semi-infinite body has
been cooled back to the ambient temperature) as a function of
the normalized depth, y/w. Both, the axial (orzz/k) and cir-
cumferential {a^/k) components are tensile and significant
values extend to a depth of about 1.2w. The axial component
is observed to be about 4 times that of the circumferential
component. Results for pure thermal cycling [CAL2] are
presented in Fig. 7. Both stresses, orxx/k and arzz/k, attain high Fig. 10 Displaced mesh, halfway through PASS3 (Ihermomechanical
values but taper off to small values at a depth of only 0.7w. load) for CAL3 (see Table 1). Solid lines-displacement mesh, dashed
From Figs. 6 and 7 we can see that the translating mechanical lines-original mesh Mag. factor = 23.
load serves to decrease the peak residual tensions but increases
the depth of plastic activity (From 0.7w to 1.2w). For CAL1 the distortion halfway through the third contact (thermo-
this is described in Fig. 8 by way of residual equivalent plastic mechanical load) is seen in Fig. 10. The temperature distribu-
strain contours. The peak activity occurs at a depth of 0.5w. tions in the half-space halfway through the third contact are
Results for a longer time of contact (CAL3 and CAL4) are presented in Fig. 11 while Fig. 12 gives the surface
also presented. Figure 9 shows the displaced mesh for CAL3, temperatures for CAL3 or CAL4 (similar to Fig. 5). The
halfway through the first contact (only thermal load) whereas temperatures, which are asymmetrically distributed, show a

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 P.t.q v

1 •7.00E-05 a •4.90C*Q2
2 +7.00E*01 9 •>S.SOE*02
3 *1.40E*02 ID *6.3DE*<B
11 «7.a£»02
<
5
*2.10E*02
•>2.80E»02 -LIDE-OS
g *3.S0£»O2 -I.0QE«<8
7 •>4.20E»02 •-s.ocE'oa
-l.SSE»08
Fig. 11 Temperature contours, halfway through PASS3 (ther- *i.ooE><a
momechanical load) for CAL3(see Table 1) H.0CE»O8

Fig. 13 Axial stress, azz, contours halfway through PASS3 (thermo-

mechanical load) for CAL3 (see Table 1)

2w

2 •S.DOE-03
3 •I.20E-O2
1 ••l.BCE-02
Fig. 12 Surface temperatures just under the translating load, during 5 '5.40E-02
three consecutive passes, PASS1 through PASS3, for CAL3 or CAL4 ~ W s •3.00E-O2
(thermal contact only) as a function of normalized surface coordinate, 7 •>3.KE-02
x/iv a •4.20E-02
9 •H.80E-02
10 *S.«E-02
ii •6.SK-02

peak value of 740°C after the third pass. It is interesting to
note that tensile stresses are observed ahead of and behind the
translating transient thermo-mechanical load in the vicinty of
the surface, (azz shown in Fig. 13) in addition to the high com-
pressive stresses present in the vicinity of the load. Figure 14,
shown for a section of the mesh, for the case when the mesh
has been cooled to the ambient temperature after three con-
tacts (CAL3), indicates that high values of the equivalent
plastic strain extend beyond a depth of 2w. This is confirmed
in Fig. 15 describing the normalized residual stresses, orxx/k
and arzz/k, as functions of normalized depth, y/w. Significant
tensile values extend all the way to a depth of 4.5w. In contrast
with Fig. 15, Fig. 16 describes the residual state due to a purely
thermal cycling (CAL4). The mechanical load produces very
small differences in the values of the residual tension in the
vicinity of the surface and no effect is seen on the depth of the
plastic activity.
Considering Figs. 6, 7, 15, and 16, it may be noted that the
effect of the mechanical load on the residual stress state of a
thermo-mechanical contact depends on its magnitude relative
to the thermal influx. For the case of low heat input (Figs. 6
and 7) the mechanical load significantly changes the residual
Fig. 14 Residual equivalent plastic strain contours, for a section of the
mesh, for CAL3 (thermo-mechanical load), after three passes followed
by cooling
stress distribution, however the high heat case (Figs. 15 and
16), does not have this effect.
Discussion
The complex nature of the cyclic stresses and strains at-
tending frictionless 3-D contact has been described elsewhere
(Kulkarni et al., 1990a,b and c). This might result in surface
(due to the translating tensile stresses close to the surface) or
subsurface (due to the rotating principal directions) crack in-
itiation and propagation by a suitable mechanism. The
presence of friction and possible pressure peaks closer to the
surface (due to asperity contact) may also move crack initia-
tion sites closer to the surface. But in cryogenic turbopump
bearings of the Space Shuttle Main Engine, where evidence of
high temperatures has been found and whose life is found to
be limited (Bhat and Dolan, 1983), crack initiation, propaga-
tion and the eventual failure might have thermal origins. The

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 1-
u-
\ their rolling-sliding experiments and by Newman (1986) in her
v. \ finite element simulation of the welding process. The origin of
b
O.I-
H.
\ As a specific application, consider the cryogenic turbopump
0.4- legend
3 <r„r/k
* e„r/k
0-
1 1
y/w
Fig. 15 Comparison of the normalized residual circumferential, <r'xx/k,
and axial, a'zzlk, stress as a function of normalized depth, y/w, for CAL3
(thermo-mechanical load), after three passes followed by cooling to the
ambient temperature
y/w
Fig. 16 Comparison of the normalized residual circumferential, a'xxlk,
and axial, a'^lk, stress as a function of normalized depth, y/w, for CAL4
(thermal load), after three passes followed by cooling to the ambient
temperature
present investigation tries to analyze and explain such a situa-
tion. It represents further progress (Kulkarni et al., 1988)
toward developing an elasto-plastic finite element technique or
model to simulate conditions involving repeated transient
translating thermo-mechanical contact.
In spite of the numerous assumptions made-
• temperature independent mechanical and thermo-
physical properties
• elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour of the half-space
• arbitrarily selected heat transfer coefficient film coeffi-
cient, h and
• representation of the bearing material as a continuum,
not considering the metallurgical transformations accom-
paying the high temperature
the present study successfully describes the factors leading to
possible thermo-cracking; specifically, 1) the temperature
distributions and gradients, [Figs. 5, 11, and 12] 2) the high
compressive stresses in the vicinity of the transient translating
thermo-mechanical load, [Fig. 13] 3) high transient tension
ahead of and behind such a load, [Fig. 13] and 4) residual ten-
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sile stresses associated with the cooling of the bearing [Figs. 6,
7, 15 and 16], The distortions (Figs. 9 and 10) and the extent of
the residual plasticity (Figs. 8 and 14) that might be expected
to occur, have also been presented. One point to note is the
importance of the relative magnitudes of the thermal and
mechanical loads. Residual tensile stresses, similar to those in
the present study, were also observed by Muro et al. (1973) in
this residual tension appears to be the compressive thermal
stresses due to the steep temperature gradients followed by the
nonuniform thermal contraction (during cooling).
bearings of the Space Shuttle Main Engine. The bearings are
subject to overloading generated by loss of bearing internal
clearances from localized overheating (Bhat and Dolan 1983).
This eventually leads to a reduction in the heat transfer film
coefficient, h, increased conduction into the bearings, stable
elevated temperatures, exceeding 700°C, and premature
failure by thermo-cracking of the inner raceway of the bear-
ing. The relatively low temperature independent value of the
shear yield strength with perfect plasticity used in the analysis
is not unreasonable, even for bearing steel, because the high
temperatures (>700 °C) will soften the material. However,
accurate characterization of strain-hardening behavior is
recommended.
At this point, a qualitative discussion of the temperature
dependence of other properties appears appropriate. A de-
tailed discussion of the thermo-physical properties involves
complicated concepts of solid state physics (Grimvall 1986).
Of the thermal properties, a, the thermal diffusivity, usually
co-varies with the thermal conductivity, K, at intermediate
and high temperatures. As a rule, p decreases and c increases
with increasing temperatures, while k increases or decreases
with temperature, depending on the material. Consider two
different steels (Incroperra and DeWitt, 1985); for AISI 1010,
k decreases from 58.7 W/m°C at 127°C to 30.0 W/m°C at
727°C while for AISI 304 it increases over the same
temperature range from 16.6 W/m°C to 25.4 W/m°C. The
most important thermal parameter is h{T), the film coefficient
or the convection coefficient for forced convection. The ac-
curacy in determining the temperature distribution is to an ex-
tent dependent on the success of predicting h(T), analytically
or empirically. h(T) in forced convection typically varies bet-
ween 10 and 104 W/m2°C and will be unique for a particular
problem (the geometry, the flow conditions and the physical
properties). An attempt at a boundary layer analysis to solve
the heat transfer problem and define h(T) is recommended for
each specific contact situation. Of the mechanical properties,
E, the Young's modulus decreases, while, v, the Poisson's
ratio, increases by some power law with increase in
temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion, a, in-
creases with temperature increase.
On a general level, for the kinds of velocities, mechanical
pressures, coefficients of friction and consequently,
temperatures observed in many engineering applications and
also those used in the present calculation, it is important to
consider friction-regime maps. Lim et al. (1989) present such a
map for the unlubricated sliding of steel surfaces, in which
several regimes have been enumerated, namely: (a) seizure, (b)
plasticity, (c) mild or severe oxidation, and id) melting. The
consideration of one or more of the above regimes might be
required for a reasonable characterization of most thermo-
mechanical phenomena.
The present model, still in the developmental stage, is very
general and has the potential of being applied to different
thermo-mechanical situations, provided sufficient informa-
tion is available, specifically 1) mechanical and thermo-
physical properties as functions of temperature and 2) an
analytical or empirical relation to calculate the heat transfer
Transactions of the ASME
 film coefficient, h. Of considerable importance is the study of
surface modification; a thermal coating over a metal
substrate. Variables of interest would be (a) the thermal con-
ductivity of coatings, (b) their thickness, and (c) sliding speed.
Conclusions
1. The present study describes a transient translating elasto-
plastic thermo-mechanical finite element model to study 2-D
frictional rolling contact.
2. The paper presents temperature distributions, stress and
plastic strain variations and distortions.
3. The effect of the mechanical load depends on the solu-
tion of the thermal problem; i.e., it is significant when the
temperature gradients are small, and vice versa.
4. Residual tensile stresses are observed; they result from
the compressive thermal stresses due to the steep temperature
gradients followed by the nonuniform thermal contraction
(during cooling).
5. The static or residual tension and the alternating or tran-
sient tension (associated with the translating thermo-
mechanical loads) suggest a possible mechanism for thermo-
cracking.
6. This model is very general and can be applied to different
situations once 1) the temperature dependence of the
mechanical and thermo-physical properties is known and 2)
the convection properties are accurately defined.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Science Foun-
dation under grant No. DMR-8418097. Additional support
was provided by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Al. The authors are grateful to Hibbitt, Karlsson
and Sorensen, Inc. for use of their finite element program
ABAQUS 4.7 and to the San Diego Supercomputer Center for
use of their CRAY X-MP/48.
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A P P E N D I X
Boundary Conditions for Nonsurface Nodes
Describing the boundary conditions at the nonsurface
boundary nodes, consists of
1. Prescribing the boundary temperatures due to the
translating thermal load and Fig. A2 A concentrated vertical force, Pv, acting on the surface of a
half plane
2. Prescribing the boundary displacements due to the
translating thermo-mechanical load.
Boundary Displacements
The First Boundary Value Problem of Elasticity, with polar
Boundary Temperatures coordinates, is used to obtain the solution for these
In this section the work of Carslaw and Jaeger has been ex- displacements. The stresses must satisfy the equilibrium equa-
tended to predict temperatures in a half space due to a tions as well as the boundary conditions, the strains must
translating non-uniform heat source. satisfy the compatibility equations and the stresses must be
Using their solution, for the temperature distribution in an related to the strains, by Hooke's law. A suitable Airy Stress
infinite solid due to a line heat source, inserting a nonuniform Function can be found to satisfy the equilibrium equations,
heat source, distributed over a width 2w, given by the boundary conditions and the compatibility equations.
From the Airy Stress Function, the stresses are calculated,
then strains are found using Hooke's law and the
9W = «P.K(l--J-) displacements are obtained from the strain-displacement rela-
tions and the boundary conditions.
and considering that this heat source has been moving infinite- (a) Vertical or Normal line load at the surface of a half-
ly long at a velocity ' V across the half-space (see Fig. Al) and plane:
finally integrating with respect to time from 0 to oo, with the The appropriate Airy Stress Function is
present time being oo,
£/= rdsin 0
V(x-x')
K0{- -[(x-x')2+y2 1/2
2-KK J-M.' 2K The displacements for plane strain are found to be
P(l + v)
:
(--£-) dx' Ur=-
2irE
-[4(y-l)cos 01n r + 2(l-2^)(cos 0-0sin 0)]

+ C,sin 0+C 2 cos 0

where K0(x) is the modified Bessel function of the second kind
of order zero. For the calculations, K=0.9 m/s, K _ and
1.4E-5 m 2 /s and the smallest value of the argument of K0 P(l + v)
comes out to be 192.0 and its value tends to zero and 0 tends to u„ = . _ [ 4( 1 - y)sin 01n r - 2( 1 - 2e)0cos 0 + 4vsin 0)
2vE
0O. Hence, the temperatures on the bottom of the mesh are fix-
ed to ambient values and the effect of these temperatures in + C, cos 0 - C2sin 0 + Br
calculating the boundary displacements is neglected. The constants CX,C2, and B are calculated using the following

100 / Vol. 113, JANUARY 1991 Transactions of the ASME

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 (b) Horizontal force at the surface of the half plane:
The appropriate Airy Stress Function for this case is the
same as above but the definition of 0 is different and so the
equations in terms of CltC2, and B are the same as above. But
the boundary conditions are different: (a) For 0 = ir/2 and
r = d, there is no vertical displacement, i.e., (u r ) 9=l/2ir= rf = 0.

(b) Also, for 6 = ir/2 and r = d, there is no lateral displacement

i.e., («e)'e9== i72,r = d = 0.
4(1 - i01n d+ 4 v - C 2 + Bd= 0
(c) And, for 0 = TT/2 and r = d, (dur/dd)e=r/lil.=d =0
- My - l)ln d-Ml- 2v) - C2 = 0
Fig. A3 A concentrated horizontal force, PH, acting on the surface of a From (b) and (c) above,
half plane
-40--l)lnrf-4(l-2j0
boundary conditions-o) Points on the vertical axis have no and
lateral displacement, i.e., ue = 0 for 0 = 0.
B= -_[4(i.-l)]
Ci=B = 0 d
(b) For 0 = 0 and r = d, there is no vertical displacement, i.e.,
Substituting for C 1 ; C2 and B and inserting the numerical
(" r )» = 0,r = d = 0
values for the elastic properties, the displacements in terms of
P(\ + v) the horizontal force, PH, (see Fig. A3) are
C, [4(>-l)ln/- +2(1-2*/)]
2-KE « r = P w x 9 . 9 E - 1 3 [ - 2 . 8 c o s 01n (r/d)
Substituting for C,, C2 and B and using Poisson's ratio, -0.8(cos 0 + 0sin 0)+1.256sin 6}
c = 0.3, Young's modulus, E = 207E9 Pa and (1 + c)/
2%E = 9.9E— 13, the final equations in terms of the vertical and
force, Pv, (see Fig. A2) are
« r = P K x 9 . 9 E - 1 3 [ - 2 . 8 cos 0 In ( r / d ) - 0 . 8 6 sin 6)] u» = P „ x 9 . 9 E - 13 J2.8sin din (r/d) -O.80cos 0
and
2.8/-1
« 9 = P K x 9 . 9 E - 1 3 [ 2 . 8 sin 01n ( r / d ) - 0 . 8 fcos 6> + 2sin 6>] + 2.8sin 0+1.256cos 6-
-]
These equations transformed are from the polar to the carte-
sian coordinate system before calculating the boundary and the transformation equations from polar to cartesian
displacements, coordiante system are
ur = ursm d + u„cos 6 ux = uesin 6-urcos 6
and and
uy = urcos 0 - w9sin 0 uv = u.sin 0 + Mflcos 0

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