● What is LOD? LOQ? And how to calculate?

● How to calculate interquartile range? Differentiate it from semi

interquartile range
● What is Bias? How to calculate the bias?
○ Bias refers to the tendency of a test to over- or underestimate the value of a
parameter​. This often occurs when the sample does not accurately represent the
population. In other words, it is the difference between the parameter to be
estimated and the expected mathematical value of the estimator.
● What is a rejection region (2 tailed, one tailed)
○ Rejection region: range of values that guides the researcher to reject the null
hypothesis.
○ If the test statistic falls within this specified range of values, then the researcher
rejects the null hypothesis.
○ If the alternative hypothesis is one-sided (less than or greater than), then the
rejection region is one-tailed. Otherwise (not equal to), then the rejection region is
found on both sides of the distribution.
● When do we use ANOVA? HOW TO USE ANOVA?
○ Analysis of Variance is a statistical test used when comparing the means of
several treatments. In ANOVA, the null hypothesis states that the means of the
several treatments are equal, while the alternative hypothesis states that at least
one of the means is significantly different.
○ The assumptions of ANOVA are the following: the populations are independent,
with normal distribution, have the same standard deviation (homoscedastic), and
that the dependent variable is measured in at least interval scale.
ANOVA problems:

Three laboratories are being used to perform chemical analyses. One wanted to find out
whether these laboratories give, on the average, the same results. Random samples of the
same material were sent to the laboratories for analysis with the following results:
A 58.7 61.4 60.9 59.1 58.2
B 62.7 64.5 63.1 59.2 60.3
C 55.9 56.1 57.3 55.2 58.1

Suppose the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) wants to examine the safety of
compact cars, midsize cars, and full-size cars. It collects a sample of three for each of the
treatments (cars types). Using the hypothetical data provided below, test whether the mean
pressure applied to the driver’s head during a crash test is equal for each types of car. Use α =
5%.
Compact cars Midsize cars Full-size cars
643 469 484
655 427 456
702 525 402