TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
 WHAT IS MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK
 ISSUES
 WHY IS IT CALL MESH TOPOLOGY
 HOW IT WORKS
4. ADVANTAGES
5. APPLICATION
6. CHALLENGES
7. RECOMMENDATION
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT
Recent trends in compact computing and wireless technologies are expansion of ad hoc
network. Ad hoc network consists of versatile flat forms which are free to move expeditiously.
Ad hoc networks are multi-hop network that use wireless communication for transmission
without any fixed infrastructure. The networks are form and deform on-the-fly without the
need for any system. Ad hoc structure does not require an access point, it is easy to setup,
especially in a small or temporary network. Each node in the network forwards the packet
without the need of central administration. In ad hoc network, node acts as a router to send
and receive the data. An advantage of the system is robustness, flexibility and mobility. Ad
hoc network are capable for analysing radio propagation environment to optimize the
performance. This typically requires that the network node have positioning capability as well
as memory to recall geographical local condition. An ad hoc network typically refers to any
set of network where all devices have equal status on a network and are free to associate
with any other ad hoc network device in link range. Ad hoc network often refers to a mode of
operation of IEEE802.11 wireless networks. This review is focused on the applications,
advantages and challenges of ad hoc networks.
 INTRODUCTION
This topic is based on the future of the mobile ad hoc networking which by definition mobile
ad hoc network (MANET) is generally defined as a network that has many free or autonomous
nodes, often composed of mobile devices or other mobile pieces, that can arrange themselves
in various ways and operate without strict top-down network administration.
There are many different types of setups that could be called MANETs and the potential for
this sort of network is still being studied.
A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a system of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically
Self-organize in arbitrary and temporary network topologies. People and vehicles can thus be
Internetworked in areas without a pre-existing communication infrastructure or when the use
of such infrastructure requires wireless extension. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a
collection of mobile nodes that act as both routers and hosts in an ad hoc wireless network and
that dynamically self-organize in a wireless network without using any pre-established
infrastructure. Nodes typically transmit in broadcast messages that reach only nearby nodes.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

WHAT IS A MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network or (MANET) is the most dynamic and animated communication
network of today as it uses movable wireless devices. A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is
a wireless network without any infrastructure. A MANET has a group of mobile nodes (such
as laptops, smartphones, PDAs or iPads) connected in an auto-configured and self-healing
wireless network, without any fixed infrastructure. The nodes attached to a MANET change
rapidly and each of these nodes act as a router by forwarding packets to other nodes in the
MANET. A Mobile Ad-hoc Network is also called a Wireless Ad-hoc Network.

ISSUES
Scientists say that MANETs and WSNs throw several challenges to those involved in their
design. MANETs require complex routing strategy to provide highly reliable communication
amongst the nodes. In the case of WSNs the challenge lies in routing under severely constrained
energy availability.

WHY IS TI CALLED A MESH NETWORK

Ad-hoc networks form spontaneously without a need of an infrastructure or centralized
controller. This type of peer-to-peer system infers that each node, or user, in the network can
act as a data endpoint or intermediate repeater. Thus, all users work together to improve the
reliability of network communications. These types of networks are also popularly known to
as "mesh networks" because the topology of network communications resembles a mesh.
HOW A MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK WORKS
A MANET can either function as a standalone network or be a part of an internet (huge
network). Unlike other wireless networks that communicate directly with a base station or an
access point, a MANET works without an infrastructure. The mobile nodes within the
communicable range can communicate directly with each other and discover each other
dynamically. The intermediate mobile nodes act as routers to forward the packets from the
source node to the destination node when the destination is beyond the communicable range
(radius).
The mobile nodes are mainly battery-powered, which means that they are energy-constrained.
The mobile devices can leave or join the MANET anytime which creates an unpredictable and
rapid topology change. Lack of a central administration leads to self-organization of mobile
nodes in this distributed, dynamic, energy-constrained multi-hop network. The MANET uses
a multi-hop wireless transmission that requires two or more hops to transfer information from
the sender to the receiver.
 ADVANTAGES OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

 The redundant communication paths provided by ad hoc mesh networks drastically

improve fault tolerance for the network. Additionally, the ability for data packets to
"hop" from one user to another effectively extends the network coverage area and
provides a solution to overcome non-line of sight (LOS) issues.
 Router Free Connection to the internet without any wireless router is the main
advantage of using a mobile ad hoc network. Because of this, running an ad hoc network
can be more affordable than traditional network.
 Fault Tolerance MANET supports connection failures, because routing and
transmission protocols are designed to manage these situations.
 Mobile Ad hoc Network is a collection of autonomous and mobile elements such as
laptops, smart phones, wearable computers, tablet, PC, PDA etc.
 Can dynamically self-organize in arbitrary temporary the mobile nodes network
topology.
 APPLICATION OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

With the increased number of lightweight devices as well as evolution in wireless

communication, the ad hoc networking technology is gaining effort with the increasing
number of widespread applications. Ad hoc networking can be used anytime,
anywhere with limited or no communication infrastructure. The preceding
infrastructure is fancy or annoying to use. The ad hoc network architecture can be
used in real time business applications, corporate companies to increase the
productivity and profit. The ad hoc networks can be classified according to their
application as Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) which is a self-arranging infrastructure
less network of mobile devices communicated through wireless link. Vehicular Ad hoc
network (VANET) uses travelling cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile
network. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of autonomous sensors to control
the environmental actions. The importance of ad hoc network has been highlighted in
many fields which are described below: Military arena: An ad hoc networking will
allow the military battleground to maintain an information network among the
soldiers, vehicles and headquarters (Bang nan et al., 2003). Provincial level: Ad hoc
networks can build instant link between multimedia network using notebook
computers or palmtop computers to spread and share information among participants
(e.g. Conferences). Personal area network: A personal area network is a short range,
localized network where nodes are usually associated with a given range. Industry
sector: Ad hoc network is widely used for commercial applications. Ad hoc network
can also be used in emergency situation such as disaster relief. The rapid development
of non-existing infrastructure makes the ad hoc network easily to be used in
emergency situation. Bluetooth: Bluetooth can provide short range communication
between the nodes such as a laptop and mobile phone.
 CHALLENGES

The ad hoc networks are self-forming, self-maintaining, self-healing architecture. The

challenges are, no fixed access point, dynamic network topology, contrary
environment and irregular connectivity. Ad hoc network immediately forms and
accommodate the modification and limited power. Finally, ad hoc have no trusted
centralized authority. Due to the dynamic changing property, the ad hoc faces some
challenges which are listed in the below sections.
Quality of Service (QoS) The ad hoc network is dynamically creating the organization
whenever the node wants to communicate with their neighbour node. Due the
dynamic changing topology in ad hoc network, providing QoS is a tedious task
(Chakrabarti and Mishra, 2001).
QoS are essential because of rapid development in mobile technology and real time
applications like multimedia, voice. Providing QoS in ad hoc network is necessary to
maintain best-effort-of service. The QoS metric are bandwidth, latency, jitter and
delivery guarantee. The bandwidth is used to denote the data rate carried in the
network. Latency ensures the delay occur from origin to target. Jitter denotes the
variation of delay. Reliability demonstrate the percentage of deny to access the
network service. Wireless channels are varying rapidly and it severely affects the
multi-hop flows. In ad hoc networks, the peer-to-peer channel quality may alter
rapidly. So, the link quality may affect the peer-to-peer QoS metrics in the multi-hop
path (Wattenhofer et al., 2001). The factors of QoS are described below: Packets are
tangle for the shared media on adjacent links of a flow: Tangle between the packets
in the same stream at various nodes. Such tangleness occurs in the wireless channel
which is shared by nodes in the neighbour
 RECOMMENDATION

Recently several trust and reputation models have been proposed to enhance the
security of mobile ad hoc networks. In these models, recommendations are circulated
by forwarding explicit messages or introducing extra message headers. Apart from
incurring additional overhead, the recommendations are prone to issues such as
recommender's bias, honest-elicitation, and free-riding. In this paper, we propose a
trust model to enhance the security of mobile ad hoc networks and to address the
issues related to recommendations. The model uses only trusted routes for
communication, and isolates malicious nodes depending on the evidence collected
from direct interactions and recommendations. It deploys a novel approach for
communicating recommendations such that they are free from recommender's bias,
honest-elicitation, and free-riding. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our
mode
 CONCLUSION

A large number of different kinds of routing protocols are practiced in mobile Ad hoc
networks. The use of a specific routing protocol in mobile Ad hoc network depends
upon number factors including size of the network, load, mobility requirements, routing
overhead and end-to-end delay. In recent years on-demand routing protocols have
attained more attention in mobile Ad hoc networks as compared to other routing
schemes due to their potential flexibility in deployment and efficiency in terms
throughput. They are able to organize themselves dynamically with lower memory
overhead and lower bandwidth requirement than table driven protocols.
The rapid developments in the field of ad hoc networking allows the nodes to form a
self-creating, self-organizing and self-administering wireless network. Its intrinsic
flexibility, lack of infrastructure, ease of deployment, auto configuration, low cost and
potential applications makes it an essential part of future pervasive computing
environments. This review aims to discover ad hoc network architecture, application,
features and also mentions about various challenging issues and provides the feasible
solution based on new technology.
 REFERENCES
1. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/ios-nx-os-software/mobile-ad-hoc-
networking/index.html#targetText=Mobile%20Ad%20Hoc%20Networks%20(MANETs,centra
lized%20resour

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network

3. https://www.google.com/search?q=mobile+ad+hoc+network+books+pdf&oq=books+on+m
obile+ad+hoc&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l2.19143j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8