INTRODUCTION

LEGAL RESEARCH is the gathering of evidence or information for ascertaining an assumption or verifying
some hypothesis relating to pure law or law in relation to society. It is therefore an enquiry for the verification of
a fresh theory or for supplementing prevailing knowledge. For this legal research to be useful and successful it is
necessary that a researcher should have access to good research tools. Research tools means the material and
methods used by researcher to find out relevant information and facts for its research work. Skill in the use of
tools of legal research is very important for the researcher in order to produce an authentic work. A researcher
should know the skill of how to use a law library or digest or any other material required for its study. Further
the use of tools made by the researcher also depends upon the type of research he has undertaken. If he has taken
a pure doctrinal research then his tools would majorly be the law libraries, analysis of case law or a law journals
etc., Whereas when a researcher is taking a non-doctrinal research or empirical research he has to deal with
society and then he uses tools like interviews and observations etc,.

TOOLS FOR DOCTRINAL RESEARCH

The following are certain tools which can be used by the researcher while he is doing a purely doctrinal
research.

LAW LIBRARY

A law library is a trinity of men, material and building. It has been aptly remarked about law library that “the
law library is a truly a vital factor in the administration of justice, an institution of extraordinary social
significance in a free society. Inspiring is the example of men and women of vision who devote their talents to
the creation and perpetuation of law libraries whose benefit reach out far and beyond the personal interest of
creators.”1
Using a law library is a skill, which is of great importance. It is different from skill in using digests,
encyclopedias, subject indexes, citation books and parallel reference tables. These are books which leads us into
the source books, or help us to evaluate their content. A law library is not merely a collection of books. It is a
collection of legal literature, properly housed, and organized for service. 2 Ability to do research begins with an
understanding of the ways in which libraries organize their collection and with a knowledge of basic
bibliographic and reference material. The general procedure followed in doing library research is the same in
any library because all the library organize their collection on the same general principle and provide similar
source for research.3

Organization is necessary in order that a library may function as a going concern, for the benefit of readers.
Rules and regulations are laid down, not merely to prevent dispersal of books, but in order that every reader may
have equal chance to user the books when he needs them. Plans are put into effect, is done in work rooms,
behind the scenes, so that members of the staff may quickly help the readers, and so that readers may help
themselves. Readers are presumed to be somewhat acquainted with law, to be able to find out books they wish to
consult, to find them if they are in library, and to ask for them precisely at the loan desk if they are shelved in the
book stack. The ability to do those things quickly and without guessing is what is meant by skill in using law

1
Afzal wani 241
2
Hicks 341
3
Good hatt 101
library. The two items of law library organization most important for a lawyer to be acquainted with are, first,
the classification schemes for books and, second, the catalogue.4

Classification of books

In a law library for which classification schemes, with corresponding notions, has been provided, every separate
volume has a unique call number. This is combination of letters and figures which stands for the book, indicates
the group to which it belongs, and indicates its position on the shelves. A library shall include substantially the
following:
Law reports and their indexes 2. statute law books and their indexes 3. treatises 4. encyclopedias 5. dictionaries,
and 6. periodicals and their indexes

Periodicals: These are arranged in a straight alphabet according to their titles, the current unbound numbers
usually being kept on a periodical rack or on shelves back of the desk in order they may be carefully preserved.

Treatises: These also are usually arranged alphabetically according to authors, or when the work is anonymous,
by title.5

Dictionaries, Encyclopedia and Digest: These are treated as two separate related groups which stand near each
other, in alphabetical orders.

Statutes: The statue books are usually shelved in reading room for each state or country to (1)the latest
collection of statutes, whether it be known as a revision, consolidation, compilation, code or general laws; (2)
the session laws subsequent to the date of the collection, and the slip laws of the current issues; (3) the latest
edition of the procedure codes, civil and criminal; (4) the act or ordinance of the local board.

Reports: the whole group is subdivided into minor groups geographically according to major jurisdiction. There
is no hard and fast rule for the shelf arrangement of the different of different reports of a state with respect to
each other.6

Catalogues

The catalogue of a library is a systematically arranged list of all the books, pamphlets, periodicals etc.,
contained in the library. For eg., if a library possesses a copy of Bangia on Torts, the catalogue will contain
entry under the author’s name, and also under the subject, “torts”. Law library catalogues are either card
catalogues or printed look catalogues. In a card catalogue each book is represented by one or more cards
having appropriate heading at the top,-for author, subject, title, or editor. In a printed book catalogue, these
same items appear spread out in order on the printed page eliminating the duplicate headings which for this
reason have become unnecessary7
BOOKS
The books are divided into two:-
1 Text books.
4
Ibid

5
Ibid344
6
Ibid 345- 346
7
Ibid 348-349
2 Reference books

I} Text book

. Text books have long been accorded an important place in the literature of law. They are the best source of
understanding the basic principles on the subject 8. For a researcher working on a new problem it is advisable to
start with the text book on the subject. This will not only give the reader a proper idea of the subject but also
enables him to find out several other sources of study and decided cases on the subject. Though they are the
secondary source of research, they are indispensable for having a perspective of the problem and the basic
material available on the subject.9

II) Reference books – General and special dictionaries, encyclopedias and yearbooks are types of reference
materials that are constantly useful in research.

1. Dictionaries- In addition to standard unabridged dictionaries of English language, there are dictionaries
that serve special purposes or interest. They include dictionaries of synonyms, which are useful writing
aids. 10 Law dictionaries, which define and illustrate the meaning of word , terms and phrases that are
legal or have a legal stant. These words are listed in alphabetical order and the authorities for their
definitions are cited and quoted. It is, however not considered as legal authority. It is not intended to
state the law , but to define common meaning of words and terms of legal import. Nevertheless, the law
dictionary is indispensable because it gives workable definitions which are necessary foe the
understanding of any legal work. The most commonly used law dictionaries are: Black’s Law
Dictionary, Legal Thesaurus by William C Burton, Concise Law Dictionary by Aiyer etc. 11

2. Legal Encyclopedias-While a text book deals with one subject or one branch of a subject of law, an
encyclopedia treats all subjects of law. 12 The encyclopedias is the best used as a starting point in a
search for the law. A general legal encyclopedia aims to cover all topics, both substantive and
procedural. An encyclopedia is not a primary authority: no court is bound in any way ti regard its
statement of law as precedent. An encyclopedia function instead as a well-indexed general description
of the law as set forth in the decided cases upon which its statement are based. 13

3. Yearbooks- many of the needs foe specific and current information are met by yearbooks of various
types. They are useful index to the kind of information that is available. Of special value are their
reference to the primary sources of statics available in them. 14

CASE LAW AND LAW REPORTS

Case law

8
Asia book
9
Afzal wani 243
10
Good hatt 111
11
Asian developed 47
12
Id 56
13
Britner 219 221
14
Goode hatt 112
Case law is a general term for that great class of official literary manifestations of law made up of cases decided
by courts or persons or body performing judicial function. While case law comprehend all types of law, and may
deal with any subject, we do not ordinarily find cases grouped in the law reports according to any formal
classifications15. The arrangement is usually chronological by date of decision, rather than by classes. Case law,
being an agglomeration of cases, the content of the mass can be understood only by an analysis of the cases. A
case law is made up of following parts:
1. Title- is that which appears at the head of it in the report. It usually consists of mane of plaintiff and the
defendant.
2. Headnote- consists of summary statements of the point of law decided in that case. The purpose is to
provide the index-digest of the case to the researcher so that he may. In general way, and without
reading the whole case, determine whether it is analogous to the one he is reading.
3. Statement of fact- The facts of the case may be stated in separate paragraphs following the headnote, but
usually they are embodied in the judges’ opinion or in the statement of counsel.
4. Opinion of the court- The word opinion is used either to mean the reason set out by the court as the
basis for decision, or to mean the reason and the conclusion reached taken together as one mental
process.
5. Decision- it is used in three different sense; first refer to the entire case; second both include the
conclusion reached and the reasons for reaching it; and third to mean final conclusion in relation to the
case.
6. Dissenting opinion- sometime in a case if there was any dissenting opinion it is given at the end. This
helps in seeing the case in different perspective. 16

It should be noted that no intelligent research in case law cam be carried out without bearing in mind that
there are two possible results of each judgment. It may irrevocably and for all times determine the rights and
duties of the parties to the case, according to the doctrine of Res judicata; and lt may, under certain
conditions, according to the rule of Stare decisis. 17

LAW REPORTS

Law reports are books in which decided case are published. Law reports are made up neither of mere transcripts
of court proceeding, nor of popular narrative of cases. The official source of information for tracing the progress
of a case from its inception to conclusion is the Court record. Law reports are primarily published for the
benefit of the legal profession.18 In India there are two types of report:
1. Official reports
2. private reports

Official report

15
Hicks 97
16
Hicks 99-101
17
Ibid

18
Ibid 110
 1. Federal court report (11 volumes) (1939-50) (Manager of Publication, Delhi)- This is the official
publication of the cases by the federal couret which was abolished with thwe setting up of the supreme
court in 1950.
2. Supreme court report (since 1950) (Manager of Publication, Delhi) this is monthly reporting cases
decided by the supreme court.
3. Indian Law Report- This contains decided cases by the high courts and published in the official
publication called ”Indian law report”.
4. Cyclostyled judgment- the supreme court registry, with the permission of the chief justice, also supplies
copies of the judgment to a few select libraries.

Private report

1. All Indian reporters- Among the private law reports, the most commonly used and relied upon, even by
the courts, is the A.I.R. Apart from the Supreme Court and High Court cases, it contains several useful
features such as the table of the cases cited and table of cases reversed or affirmed.
2. Other report- There are a few law reports exclusively devoted to the supreme court cases, such as
Supreme Courts Journal , Supreme Court Cases, SCALES.
3. High Court reports- Apart from the A.I.R., in almost each state we have at one law report containing
cases decided by the high court ok the state. Some of the reports of long standing are Allahabad Law
Journal, Bombay law Reporter ,Calcutta Weekly Notes, and Madras Law Journal
4. Specialised law report- These law reports specialize in cases pertaining to particular branches of law.
Some of the popular ones are labour Law Journal, Company cases etc.19

Case report also contains some helpful research tools provided by the publisher : 20-

1. Headnote – Each case opinion contained in a reports deal with one or more legal issues. The publisher
has analysed each one of these opinion for the legal issue in the form of “headnotes” which are placed
directly infront of the opinion itself.
2. Table of cases – Each report has ‘table of cases’ at the front of the volume and their page references.
3. Table of statutes – Each volume of a report has “table of statutes” , which are interpreted in the case
reported. Located in the front of the volume. This can be helpful if you know that a statute has been
interpretated in some case within specified period of time.
4. Subject index – Each report has a subject index of the cases reported.

Authenticity of law report

Test of authenticity of law reports are not uniform in all jurisdiction, nor do they always remain the same in
any one jurisdiction. Under these circumstances, the only test of authenticity , applicable to all reports, is
whether the courts will allow to be cited as authority the reported judgment which they contain. 21
DIGEST
A digest is a subject index to the rules of law raised or discussed in reported cases. The case digest is the
lawyer’s indispensable tool. The common form 0f legal digest presents a collection of paragraphs containing
concise statement of legal principles arranged under a heading of classified heading. 22 These paragraphs are
19
Afzal wani 248 - 249
20
Stephe alias 117
21
Hicks 112
22
Asia developed economies 56
 linked together by no editorial comment on the case or cases involved i.e., there is no synthesis of rules from
a group of cases and no statement of the jurisdictional rules, historical development, majority and minority
views, etc., as there would be treatise, encyclopedias, or law review article. The digest thus leaves to the
reader the task of determining for each statement its present place within the hierarchy of decisions on the
points and its applicability to a specific problem. This presupposes possession of all skills and technique
necessary for the digest‘s proper use; that’s why the digest is peculiarly lawyer’s tools. 23

In using this tool, however, even the lawyer must be constantly on the alert to note the law’s changes, both
by decision and by statute. Further the digest is not a authority or even persuasive, but only a guide or index
to finding such authority. There is no presumption that the rule of law as stated in a digest paragraph is
the rule of the case digested. Human errors are another factor affecting the use made of digest. There are
many good digest in India , the most widely used is yearly digest. Or the Supreme Court Digest. There are
other digest like Income Tax Digest, Company Law Digest, and Labour Law Digest.

LAW JOURNAL AND LEGAL PERIODICALS

An indispensable tool of legal research is the law journals. Legal writing in law journals are rich source of
information on a particular point and can be used by a researcher in several ways .The basic advantage of an
article is that it deals with a specific area in depth. 24 The legal periodicals or reviews contain discussions,
analysis and review of case law and statutes and highlights emerging legal issues of the day. Since the
writers of good articles in periodicals generally select a very narrow field of law to write on, like a court
decision or statute or a current legal problem, they are able to offer critical analysis of the topic, which is
generally not to be found in any media or books. These articles present a closer approach to the legal bases
and juristic philosophy which underline the changes in the social and economic life of the society. Thus they
reflect the changed concept of social justice which the general law books ordinarily do not do. The legal
periodical discusses the law as it was, as it is, and as it ought to be with thoroughness and thoughtfulness.
They are also referred by higher judiciary in its judgment. The value of legal periodical might well be
judged in the context of the following.
A) The standing of the publication
B) The learning ability of the writer.
C) The authenticity of its data.
D) The inherent reasonableness of his deduction in the light of legal history, existing social
conditions.25
Legal periodicals published in India may be classified into three groups:
1. universities / law school journals
2. Private Reviews
3. Review published by Research Institutes.

A) University/ law school journals: T publications belong to academy class. e.g., Delhi law review Delhi
University, Banaras Law Journal, Banaras Law School etc.,
B) Private Reviews; They contain articles of every branch of law, for examole, the Indian Law Review, or
it may deal with a special fields as the Indian Year Book.

23
Britner 192
24
Wani 251
25
Asia developed economies 48 49
 C) Review published by Research Institutes: several Research Institutes bring out legal periodicals like
Journal Indian Law Institute, Indian Journal of International Law etc.,

Legal periodicals are only persuasive in value. No court ever cites a law review article as mandatory authority,
but they are frequently referred to in opinions and footnotes in such a manner as to leave no doubt as to their
persuasiveness.26

LEGISLATION

TOOLS FOR EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

The social and empirical research has revolutionized the legal system. Law is an instrument of social change
this research enables us to find the deficiencies in an enactment and the problems of its implementation. The
followings are certain tools which can be employed by the researcher to make his researcher successful and
easy.

QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaire is designed to collect data from large, diverse and widely scattered groups of people. In
general the word questionnaire refers to a device for securing answers to questions by using a form which
respondent fills in himself. Any questionnaire must be limited in its length and scope. Developing a
questionnaire can be thought as moving from the “inside” outward. What is meant by this is that the researcher
should first lay out tentatively the logical implication of his problem and then draw upon his own experience
and the literature for questions which are relevant to those logical implications. 27 The vast variety of
questionnaire can be classified on the basis of their structuring. Structured questions are those in which there are
definite, concrete, and preordained questions, the form of the question may be open or closed, the important
point is they should be made in advance. The purpose of the inquiry may be to obtain social or economic
information, to assess opinion on public issues or event, to study administrative policies and changes and so on.

The ingredients of good questionnaire are:

a) Clarity
b) Brevity
c) Unambiguity
d) Reliability
e) Communicability
Direct questions should be avoided as far as possible. 28 The language should be simple and easy to grasp. The
researcher and his sponsoring organization should be able to win the confidence of the respondent by
establishing a good rapport credibility and communicability with them. The advantages of questionnaire are
that is an inexpensive procedure. Further it can be send to a large number of people , also the impersonal nature
of a questionnaire ensures uniformity from one measurement situation to other. Another advantage of the same
is that the respondent may have greater confidence because of their anonymity, and thus feel more free to
express views which they fear might be disapproved of or might land them into trouble. 29

26
Id 51 52
27
Goode hatt 136
28
Wani 357 356
29
Id
SCHEDULE

The schedule is the name usually applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled in by an interviewer in
a face- to- face situation with another person. 30 The schedule can be used with almost all segments of the
population. Survey conducted through personal interview have an additional advantage over surveys conducted
through mailed questionnaires in that they usually yield a much better sample of the general population and
many people are willing and able to cooperate in a study where all they have to do is to talk schedule is also0 of
greater flexibility and thus there is possibility of repeating oe rephrasing questions to make sure that they are
understood.31

In addition, the interviewer is in a position to appraise the validity of reports. He is not only in a position to
observe what the respondent says but also how he say it. The ingredients of good schedule are same as of the
questionnaire. Further the question in the schedule should be logical and to the point. There should be adequate
check and balances in the questions to ensure reliability and validity of the responses. The whole schedule may
be divided into three parts according to the nature of the content:
1) Introductory part – this part contains introductory information about the schedule,
investigation and respondent. It is more or less common to all schedule and is called
as Identification data.
2) Main schedule- After the preliminary part comes the main portion of the schedule. It
is the vital part and has to be prepared with great care.
3) Instructions to interviewers- the schedule generally contains exhaustive instructions
for the interviews.32
According to P.V Young, the schedule can be divided into four parts:
(1) observation schedule (2) document schedule (3) evaluation schedule (4) rating schedule (5) interview
schedule.33
Thus we see that a schedule is basically a list of questions , which helps to collect data or requisite information.

OBSERVATION

Science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation for its final validation. Observation
may take forms and is at once the most primitive and most modern of research

Observation is an important tool for all researchers and is frequently used to collect data in both quantitative and
qualitative studies. There is much more to observation than just 'watching'. Observational research techniques
solely involve the researcher or researchers making observations. There are many positive aspects of the
observational research approach. Namely, observations are usually flexible and do not necessarily need to be
structured around a hypothesis (remember a hypothesis is a statement about what you expect to observe). For
instance, before undertaking more structured research a researcher may conduct observations in order to form a
research question. This is called descriptive research. In terms of validity, observational research findings are
considered to be strong. Trochim states that validity is the best available approximation to the truth of a given
proposition, inference, or conclusion. Observational research findings are considered strong in validity because
the researcher is able to collect a depth of information about a particular behavior. However, there are negative
aspects. There are problems with reliability and generalizabilty. Reliability refers the extent that observations
30
Goode 133
31
Wani 355
32
Id 362
33
Id 459
can be replicated. Seeing behaviors occur over and over again may be a time consuming task. Generalizability,
or external validity, is described by Trochim as the extent that the study's findings would also be true for other
people, in other places, and at other times. In observational research, findings may only reflect a unique
population and therefore cannot be generalized to others. There are also problems with researcher bias. Often it
is assumed that the researcher may "see what they want to see." Bias, however, can often be overcome with
training or electronically recording observations. Hence, overall, observations are a valuable tool for
researchers.34

INTERVIEW. Interview is a method in which the researcher by asking questions directly finds out what
happened and why. This helps in gaining information about a person’s beliefs his ideas perception, feelings,
attitudes, aspirations, achievements, failures and plans.

It gives insights into individual reaction and attempts at finding out his own reasons for behaving in a particular
way rather than merely describing what actually happened. Thus, emphasis is on the verbal responses of the
individual. The point is that the interview serves as an instrument to measure the behavioural reactions of the
people but it may not be adequate instrument to ascertain facts. Interviewing is oriented towards processes. It
gives data on why an event occurred and how. Interview can also serve as an excellent heuristic device. The
researcher may not be able to determine the specific nature of a problem within an organization and may find
difficulty in developing a research design and in identifying the research techniques. Interviews with some
crucial respondents can help the researcher considerably. 35
Thus, collecting data through interview has qualities that personal and objective data and tests do not possess.
Interview can obtain a great deal of information. It is flexible and adaptable to individual situation and it can
often be used where other method are not possible or are inadequate. The forms of interview may vary widely.
Interview may range from the rigidly standardised to completely unstructured. In former both the questions and
alternative responses are predetermined while in the latter both the questions asked and responses given are left
flexible and open.36
Interviewing has become of greater importance in contemporary research, because of the qualitative interview.

SOCIAL SURVEY METHOD

The term “SURVEY” has come from two words “sur” and “vor: which mean “to see” a particular thing from a
high place. But the term is used in different ways in different sciences.

Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some
population, using an instrument composed of closed structure or open-ended items (questions). This is perhaps
the dominant form of data collection in the social sciences, providing for efficient collection of data over broad
populations, amenable to administration in person, by telephone, and over the Internet. Some forms of survey
research telephone or the Internet may be completely automated. Critics of survey research methodology hold it
to be a method which artificially forces respondents to formulate opinions, masking the complexity of
conflicting views and unconscious biases within each respondent, and critics note that in many arenas (e.g., race
relations) survey items poorly predict actual behavior. 37. According to P.V.Young “social surveys are concerned
with (i) the formulation of a constructive programme of social reform (ii) amelioration of current conditions of

34
Net 12.30 a.m 18th october
35
Wani365
36
Id 367
37
Net 11.30 20th october
a social pathological nature, which have definite geographic limits. (iii) these conditions can be measured and
compared with situation which can be accepted as models. 38

Social survey can be categorized according to their subject matter, scope and some other factors. In a broad
sense there are two types of survey, i.e., general survey and specialized survey. General survey involves the
study of the entire community in a general way. But a specialized survey means a study of some particular
aspect of the community.39

Survey method is more reliable than any other method. A survey throws useful light on the different aspects of
social problem and helps to build the foundation for the completion of a research project. It helps to gather well-
organised information on a particular problem. Also it is more reliable than any other survey as it is quantitative
in character. But the main drawback of this survey is that it involves a large amount of money and is time
consuming. Also it is very general and not reliable. This method also emphasises only immediate problem.
SAMPLING METHOD

In a statistical enquiry when only a part of the population or only a unit is taken into consideration, it is called
sampling method. The sampling method was used in social research as early as in 1754. A.L.Bowley first
introduced the principle of random sampling in social research. The sampling technique is very widely used
nowadays as with help of this method a large number of units can be studied. Also it saves a lot of time, energy,
and money. It ensures completeness and a high degree of accuracy due to small area operation. But it should be
noted that sampling technique becomes scientific and successful when it is done by specialized investigator., if
this is done by ordinary people the conclusion derived from this technique may be biased and sometime entirely
wrong .40

Sampling methods are classified as either probability or nonprobability. In probability samples, each member of
the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. Probability methods include random
sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling. In nonprobability sampling, members are selected from
the population in some nonrandom manner. These include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota
sampling, and snowball sampling. The advantage of probability sampling is that sampling error can be
calculated. Sampling error is the degree to which a sample might differ from the population. When inferring to
the population, results are reported plus or minus the sampling error. In nonprobability sampling, the degree to
which the sample differs from the population remains unknown.

Random sampling is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and
known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to
identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased.

Systematic sampling is often used instead of random sampling. It is also called an Nth name selection technique.
After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population
members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random
sampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is
frequently used to select a specified number of records from a

38
Wani 433
39
Id 434
40
wani
Stratified sampling is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces
sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic. Examples
of stratums might be and males, females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the
relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population.

Convenience sampling is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an
inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient.
This nonprobability method is often used during preliminary research efforts to get a gross estimate of the
results, without incurring the cost or time required to select a random sample.

Judgment sampling is a common nonprobability method. The researcher selects the sample based on judgment.
This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire
sample from one "representative" city, even though the population includes all cities. When using this method,
the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population.

Quota sampling is the nonprobability equivalent of stratified sampling. Like stratified sampling, the researcher
first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the population. Then convenience or
judgment sampling is used to select the required number of subjects from each stratum. This differs from
stratified sampling, where the stratums are filled by random sampling. 41

Multi-stage sampling In this method the items are selected in different stages at random. In a sense this method
is combination of random sampling and stratified sampling.

Self selected sampling in this method the investigator does not select the sample or units the sample offers
themselves for selection. This method is generally applies when the sampling area is not fixed. 42

Thus the sampling method is an important tool in the realm of social researches. When social scientist is unable
to observe or investigate a total population, he gather the sample. Sampling becomes necessary as some
members of a population can never be studied directly because of lack of accessibility, limited time or
prohibitive cost

CONCLUSION

Thus we see that for an effective and successful research work it is necessary for the researcher to develop the skills
required for using various tools of legal research. It is a requisite of a successful legal career, along with the ability to
understand the intricate wording of the statute, to follow the reasoning of a judicial decision, or to build up a theory of a
case by original thinking. Law is constantly changing. Our legislators are enacting the statutes at enormous rate. Judicial
opinions are also published in larger rate every year. Thus one should understand the necessity for the large number of
volumes brought together in the law library and use of that material. Also it is a characterstic of law that it is derived from
multitude of sources. A researcher should have the knowledge to use all these material to best of his ability.

41
net
42
Wani 446