UNIT 2

EMBEDDED SEMICONDUCTORS
PTRACTIC 2
DATE: 06/02/2020
REPORT
TEACHER: JAVIER POOT
STUDENT NAME: SERGIO BERRELLEZA
PRACTIC NAME: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
GRADE AND GROUP: 4-A
GLOSARY
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..……….PAGE 3

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK………………………………………………………………PAGE 4-7

PROCESS…………………………………………………………………… PAGE 8-9

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….PAGE 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..PAGE 11
INTRODUCTION
The full wave rectifier bridge is an electronic circuit used in the conversion of an alternating
current into direct current. This bridge rectifier is formed by 4 diodes. There is a configuration
where you have a diode, this is known on average. The full-wave rectifier has 4. Let us
remember first of all that the diode can be idealized as a switch. If the voltage is positive and
greater than the direct voltage, the diode conducts. Recall that the live voltage of a silicon diode
is above 0.7V. If the diode is polarized in reverse it does not lead. Thanks to this we can
generate two paths of our full wave rectifier bridge. One for the first half of the period, which is
positive and one for the second, which is negative.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A transformer is called an electrical element that allows to increase or decrease the voltage in an
electric circuit of alternating current, maintaining the power. The power that enters the
equipment, in the case of an ideal transformer (that is, without losses), is equal to that obtained
at the output. Real machines have a small percentage of losses, depending on their design and
size, among other factors.

The transformer is a device that converts the alternating electrical energy of a certain voltage
level into alternating energy of another voltage level, based on the phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils of conductive material, wound on a closed
core of ferromagnetic material, but electrically isolated from each other. The only connection
between the coils is the common magnetic flux that is established in the core. The core is
generally made of either iron or stacked sheets of electric steel, an appropriate alloy to optimize
magnetic flux. The coils or windings are called primary and secondary as they correspond to the
input or output of the system in question, respectively. There are also transformers with more
windings; in this case, there may be a "tertiary" winding, of less tension than the secondary.

Negative Semi-cycle of the Alternating Current Wave

DIODE 1N4001 RECTIFIER

Rectifier Diode 1N4001 is a general purpose rectifier. Its main function is to conduct current in
only one direction. A diode is an electronic device that has two terminals. In other words, it has
a particular polarity. That is to say that when properly polarized, it has an ideal resistance equal
to 0 ohms. On the contrary when polarized in reverse it has an infinite ideal current. Finally,
diode 1N4001 is made of a semiconductor material with an n-p junction. This family of general
purpose diodes generally have a current rating of 1A. They are used to adapt an alternating
current voltage and to be able to linearize or regularize these voltages. For example, another
application of a small signal diode is to prevent the return of the reverse current produced by a
coil when de-energized. Another application is to trim the negative part of a sinusoidal signal or
rectify the same negative part with a diode rectifier bridge.

DIODE SPECIFICATIONS 1N4001

Model: 1N4001.
Packaging: DO-41.
Current capacity: 1A.
Maximum reverse voltage: 50V.
FUNCTION GENERATOR
Function generator. Electronic device that produces sine waves, square and triangular, in
addition to creating TTL signals. Its applications include testing and calibration of audio,
ultrasonic and servo systems.
The function generator, specifically works in a frequency range between 0.2 Hz to 2 MHz. It
also has a scanning function which can be controlled both internally and externally with a DC
level. The machine cycle, offset level in DC, scan range and the amplitude and width of the scan
can be controlled by the user.
Sine wave
A sine wave can be obtained at the main output connector when the sine wave option is pressed
on the function button and when any frequency range button is also pressed. The frequency of
the wave is established by the combination of the range button and the frequency variation
control. The output will have to be checked with an oscilloscope. It should proceed as follows:
OSCILLOSCOPE

measuring instrument for electronics. It represents a graph of amplitude on the vertical axis and
time on the horizontal axis. It is widely used by students, designers, engineers in the field of
electronics. It is often complemented by a multimeter, a power supply and a function generator
or arbitrary. Ultimately, with the explosion of devices with radio frequency technologies such as
WiFi or BlueTooth, the workbench is complemented by a spectrum analyzer.
The oscilloscope presents the values of the electrical signals in the form of coordinates on a
screen, in which normally the X axis (horizontal) represents times and the Y axis (vertical)
represents voltages. The image thus obtained is called an oscillogram. In analog or digital
phosphor oscilloscopes, another input or control is usually included, called the "Z axis" that
controls the brightness of the beam, allowing some segments of the trace to be highlighted or
turned off depending on their repetition frequency or time transition speed.
Below is a modern digital oscilloscope:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

It is a circuit used to convert an input alternating current (Vi) signal into pulsing continuous
output (Vo) current. Unlike the half-wave rectifier, in this case, the negative part of the signal
becomes positive or the positive part of the signal will become negative, depending on whether
a positive or negative continuous current signal is needed.

A rectifier diode is one of the devices in the family of the most diodes simple. The name
rectifier diode ”comes from its application, which
it consists of separating the positive cycles of an alternating current signal. If an alternating
current voltage is applied to the diode during the positive cyclosive means, it is polarized
directly; in this way, it allows the passage of the electric current.But during the negative half-
cycles, the diode is polarized inversely; This prevents the passage of current in this direction.
During the manufacturing of the rectifying diodes, three factors are considered: the maximum
frequency at which they perform their function correctly, the maximum current at which they
can drive directly and the direct and reverse voltages highs that will withstand.
One of the classic applications of rectifier diodes is in power supplies; here, they convert an
alternating current signal into another direct current
ELEMENTS TO USE:
Wave generator
DC source oscilloscope
Digital multimeter
"BOARD" mounting plate
An indeterminate number of passive decomposing units, R and C, are also necessary according
to the values obtained after the theoretical calculations made.

PROCESS
1-As a first step we must analyze the problem that the teacher provided us, identify the
specifications that are requested of us
2-As a second step we must implement the circuit previously embodied in the problem file that
the teacher provided us in a specific software called multisim that is specifically for this type of
practice, Implementing the circuit in the software will be essential to us when comparing the
results of the mathematical calculations that we previously made
3-First we must configure channel 1 with the specifications required by the proposed problem

4-then with the results previously performed we proceed to connect our circuit in physical, we
will observe that we will have the diodes in parallel followed by a resistance, finally we have a
transformer that gives us a 24 V output

5-Then we connect our oscilloscope cables and observe the signals

6-then carefully analyzing we will see two sinousoidal signals in the oscilloscope. Channel one
is connected to our 24v voltage source and channel B to our resistance. We can see the full
wave rectified on the screen that shows how the entire cycle of the output signal which as a
consequence is the positive side. If we disconnect one of our diodes would get only one Half-
wave rectifier so we conclude that the diode would no longer let the current through so it would
be proving a rectification in half.
7-finally we calculate the voltage outputs manually
CONCLUSION
It is checked that for the complete wave rectifier the input signal is completely rectified by the
built circuit; a continuous current output is thus achieved based on an alternating current input.
Half-wave rectifier circuits have a high ripple in the output signal, said curling can be reduced
by placing a capacitor parallel to the load
The voltage we observe in the waveform that the oscilloscope gives us is the effective voltage
appropriate to our scale.
To obtain the peak voltage we must multiply the effective voltage by √2.
We must ensure that our transformer reduces to the required voltage since if we do not realize it,
our calculations can be altered and not coincide with the theoretical data.
When analyzing the curve of the circuit in the oscilloscope we could see that there is noise in
the connections which do not allow to have a perfect wave graph.
It is necessary to have a good quality transformer since otherwise the output voltage can have a
high degree of error.
In this practice we realized that the practical part and the simulation coincided quite a lot in
values and results.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Malvino, A; Bates, Principios de Electrónica, 7ª Edición, McGraw – Hill 2006. 621.3 MAL pri
Enrique Mandado, “Sistemas Electrónicos Digitales”, Editorial Marcombo, ISBN-84-267-0804-
08. 621.3 MAN sis
R. Pallás Areny, “Sensores y acondiconadores de señal”, 4ª Edición, Marcombo 2003
Rafael Gómez Alcalá, David José Santos Mejía, Miguel Antonio Prol Rodríguez, “Fundamentos
de Electrónica de Comunicaciones”, Tórculo, ISBN-84-8408-089-7.
J. Millman, “Microelectrónica. Circuitos y sistemas analógicos y digitales”, 4ª Edición.,
Hispano Europea, 1988.
Enrique Mandado, Juan J. Rodríguez, L. Jacobo Álvarez, “Manual de Prácticas de Electrónica
Digital”, Editorial Marcombo, ISBN-84-267-1004-2.
N.R. Malik, “Circuitos Electrónicos. Análisis, simulación y diseño”, Prentice-Hall, 1996.
T.L. Floyd T.L., “Fundamentos de Sistemas Digitales”, 9ª Edición, Prentice-Hall 2006.