Essentials

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needs but from military

requirements as well.
TRANSPORTATION o Used broken stones in mortar
- The movement of goods and persons for roadway surfaces
from one place to another o Appian Way: one of the earliest
and strategically most
ANCIENT TIMES important Roman roads

- Early Man
o Walked, ran, swam POST-CLASSICAL ERA
o Dragged, rolled, or pushed what
he or she needed to transport ¡ - Commonly referred to as the “Middle
Alone or as a group Ages”
o Early “roads” were worn paths - Vehicle “Upgrade
- First Vehicle o Harness & Traces
o Most likely a sled o Iron Horseshoes
- Man Becomes Mobile - Finding The Way
o The development of the wheel o Magnetic compass
- First Roads invented in China
o Mesopotamia o Adopted by European
o Hard surfaces for travel mariners
purposes - Notable Voyages
o Most likely packed material, o 1492: Christopher
soil, etc Columbus discovers the
- Early Transport Americas
o Domesticated Animals o 1497-8: Vasco de Gama
o Sails sails around Africa
o Wheeled Vehicles o 1519-22: Ferdinand
- Road “Upgrade” Magellan first voyage
o Crete - Mediterranean around the world
o First stone surfaced roads INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
constructed
- Mayans, Aztecs, Incas are building - Transition to new manufacturing
roads away from the coast process:
o Move armies to conquer others  Hand production
or defend themselves methods to
o Move food and trade goods machinesIron
- Early Pavement Technology production
o Roman Empire  Development of
o Extensive road systems arose machine tools
not only from commercial  Steel making processes
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- Getting Steamed!
o 1769: Watt steam engine was
invented : First steam road
vehicle
o 1786: First successful
steamboat (Pyroscaphe) demo
o 1804: First successful railroad
steam locomotive demo
- Paving The Way
o John Loudon MacAdam
o Builds macadam hard-surfaced
roads in England
- Riding The Rails
o 1825: Locomotive power in
England
o 1863: First subway line in
London
o 1869: Transcontinental Railroad
in U.S.
o 1882: First electrified railroads
- Sailing The Seas
o 1825: Erie Canal opens
o 1850: Age of clipper ships
o 1869: Suez Canal opens
o 1914: Panama Canal opens
- The Auto Debuts
o 1880’s
 Daimler & Benz build
first successful autos
with gasoline engines
o 1916
 Federal Aid Road Act
TRANSPORTATION
20th Century (WWI & II)
- The Modern Highway
o 1940: Pennsylvania turnpike
opens
o 1956: Interstate Highway Act
- Taking Flight
o Wright Brothers invented the
first airplane 1903
o Commercial Service 1952
o Boeing 747 “first Jumbo Jet”
1970
- Key Events
o 1970’s & 1980’s: Fuel Crises
o 1990: ISTEA Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act
o 1998: TEA-21
- Beyond The Earth
o 1969 - Man lands on Moon
o Now: International Space
Station
THREE DISTINCT METHODS OF HUMAN
TRANSPORT
1. Self-propelled modes Ex. Walking,
running
2. Augmented modes - using technology
or tools to amplify our bodily effort Ex.
Skiing, cycling
3. Fuelled modes (motorized transport)
Ex. Motorcycle, car
Primary elements in the Tourism System:
1. At least one tourist
2. At least one tourist-generating region
3. At least one transit route region
4. At least one tourist destination
5. A travel and tourism industry
 Fundamental component of the tourism
industry
 Facilitates mobility and the movement
of tourists from their place of origin to
their destination and back.
 Tourism and transportation are linked.
As world tourism increases, additional
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demands will be placed on the
transportation sectors.
TRANSPORTATION
 Transport FOR tourism
o being very utilitarian,
o And the level of satisfaction is
related to cost and speed of
travel, so the mode of travel
has no direct intrinsic value in
itself.
 Transport AS tourism,
o the mode of transport is
integral to the overall
experience of tourism
o such as cruising or taking a
scenic railway journey.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Characteristics of Transportation as a Product
1. Perishable
 Service provided cannot be
stored.
 Once it has occurred it cannot
be repeated in exactly the same
2. Inseparable
 The production and
consumption of a service can
occur simultaneously.
 Directly tied to the individuals
who perform the service.
Difficult to separate a service
from the service provider
3. Intangible
 Incapable of being perceived by
the senses.
 Inability to assess the value
gained from engaging in an
activity using any tangible
evidence.
COMPONENTS OF THE
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1. The Way
2. The Terminal
3. The Vehicle
4. The Motive Power
 THE WAY
o The medium of travel over
which the vehicle operates
o Could be purely artificial (roads
and railways) or natural (air or
water)
 THE VEHICLE
o Facilitates the travel
o Nature of vehicles affected by
factors:
 Travel demand
 Technological
developments
 THE TERMINAL
o Public transport terminal gives
the passenger access to the
vehicle
o Act as an interchange between
different modes of transport
o The design and the amenities
offered depend heavily upon
the type of journey and mode
of transportation involved as
the length of time spent at the
terminal
o Basic requirements: toilet
facilities, light refreshments,
other retail activity
 THE MOTIVE POWER
o Any source of energy used to
produce motion.
 Horse-drawn carriages
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 Steam power (Steam
ships and railways)
 Internal combustion
engine (road and road
transportation)
 Jet propulsion (air
transportation)
 Electricity
LAND
CAR
 Benefits of traveling by car
o It has made travel more
convenient (privacy)
o Offers flexibility in the way
people travel (route, departure
times)
o Ideal capacity for families
o Freedom to use the vehicle
once the destination is reached
o Transforms tourists’ ability to
organize and develop their own
itineraries and activity patterns.
COACH/BUS
 The term bus, coach, motor coach are
used interchangeably.
 2 major roles:
o to provide a regular schedule of
intercity passenger
transportation services
o to provide charter and tour
services
 Main reasons for selecting bus travel
are
o Flexibility
o Convenience
o Cost Minimize greenhouse gas
emissions and pollution e.
o Lowers parking demands and
congested city streets and
roads
RAIL
 A means of conveyance of passengers
and goods on wheeled vehicles running
on rails, also known as tracks.
 It is also commonly referred to as train
transport.
 Existed because of the need to move
goods and people from one region to
another
 Popular in most developed countries
 Reasons why travel by train
o Safety
o Ability to move around the coach
o Ability to look out of the train and
see en route
o Environment-friendly form of
transport
o Can transport passengers at fast
speed.
WATER
 The only possible transportation in case
of remote islands which have no
airport.
 Has the capacity of transporting bulky
and heavy cargoes.
 Cheapest means of transport over long
distance
 Has a natural route network: free to
use, less capital or maintenance cost
 Little to no congestion
 Risk of accidents and breakdowns are
minimal compared to other modes of
transport.
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OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORTATION  LTO

 LTFRB
 Traveling on foot  TRB
o Tourists and locals depend on their
foot to arrive at an attraction. RAIL
 Cycling
o Reduce bus and auto traffic in the  PNR
park and allows tourists a  LRT
convenient way to see all the sights.  MRT
 Trams, cable cars, gondolas, ski lifts SEA
o Facilitate the flow of tourists and
bring them to places that would  MARINA
otherwise be inaccessible.  PCG
o These modes of transportation can  PPA
be tourist attractions themselves.
OTHER

 OTS
DOTr and ATTACHED AGENCIES  OTC

Department of Transportation

 The primary policy, planning, TRANSPORTATION OPERATION

programming, coordinating,
 the study of the allocation of
implementing and administrative entity
transportation resources in order to
of the executive branch of the
meet the needs of a society.
government
 In a macroeconomic sense,
 on the promotion, development and
transportation activities form a portion
regulation of a dependable and
of a nation’s total economic product
coordinated network of transportation
and play a role in building or
systems,
strengthening a national or regional
 as well as in the fast, safe, efficient and
economy.
reliable transportation services.
 In a microeconomic sense,
Functions transportation involves relations
between firms and individual
1. Policy formulation consumers.
2. Industry / services regulation  deals with the allocation of resources
3. Infrastructure development within the transport sector.
4. International cooperation

DOTr

LAND
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THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR
TRANSPORTATION
 Transportation is a market composed of
suppliers of transport services and users
of these services.
 An economic system including
numerous activities located in different
areas generates mobility that must be
supported by the transport system.
 This interdependency can be
considered according to two concepts,
which are transport supply and demand
Transport supply
 The capacity of transportation
infrastructures and modes, generally
over a geographically defined transport
system and for a specific period of
time.
 Supply is expressed in terms of :
o infrastructures (capacity)
o services (frequency)
o networks (coverage)
 Capacity is often assessed in static and
dynamic terms.
Transport demand
 Transport needs, even if those needs
are satisfied, fully, partially or not at all.
 it is expressed in terms:
o Number of people
o Volume
o Tons per unit of time and
distance
 Transport demand functions vary
according to the nature of what is to be
transported:
o Passengers. For the road and
air transport of passengers,
demand is a function of
demographic attributes of the
population such as:
 income
 Age
 standard of living
 race and gender
 as well as modal
preferences.
o Freight. For freight transportation,
demand is function of the nature
and the importance of economic
activities
SUPPLY AND DEMAND FUNCTION
o Transport supply and demand have
a reciprocal but asymmetric
relation.
o Transport demand that is met by a
supply of transport services
generates traffic (trucks, trains,
ships, airplanes, buses, bicycles,
etc.) on the corresponding
transport infrastructure networks.
MODAL SUPPLY VS. INTERMODAL SUPPLY
 Modal supply. The supply of one mode
influences the supply of others, such for
roads where different modes compete
for the same infrastructure, especially
in congested areas.
 Intermodal supply. Transport supply is
also dependent of the transshipment
capacity of intermodal infrastructures.
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCIAL
GEOGRAPHY
 Commercial geography looks at trade
and transactions in terms of what they
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involve, how they are generated, and
their outcomes.
 Commercial geography investigates the
spatial characteristics of trade and
transactions in terms of their nature,
causes and consequences.
 Trade, in terms of its origins and
destinations, has a spatial logic.
 It reflects the economic, social and
industrial structure of the concerned
markets, but also implies other factors
such as:
o transport costs
o distance
o trade agreements
o exchange rates
o Reciprocal economic
advantages proponents get
from trade. For trade to occur
several fundamental conditions
must be met:
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCIAL
GEOGRAPHY
Availability. Commodities, from coal to
computer chips, must be available for trade and
there must be a demand for these
commodities.
Transferability. Transport infrastructures, in
allowing goods to be moved from their origins
to their destinations, support the transferability
of goods.
Transactional capacity. It must be legally
possible to make a transaction. This implies the
recognition of a currency for trading and
legislation.
THREE ISSUES RELATE TO THE CONCEPT OF
FLOW:
 Value. Flows have a negotiated value
and are settled in a common currency.
The American dollar, which has become
the main global currency, is used to
settle and/or measure many
international transactions.
 Volume. Flows have a physical
characteristic, mainly involving a mass.
The weight of flows is a significant
variable when trade involves raw
materials such as petroleum or
minerals.
 Scale. Flows have a range which varies
significantly based on the nature of a
transaction.
TRANSPORTATION MARKETING
MARKETING: RELATIONSHIP TO
TRANSPORT
 Tangible products include:
o Airline name
o Lounges
o Quality of inflight
service
o Comfort of seats
 Some tangible products
may not be part of the
decision-set criterion in
selecting an airline
 aviation industry ‘s product
is intangible and cannot be
stored.
 Core products of many
cruise operations is not
transport, but rather
service and amenities
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relating to the experience
on offer.
Passenger transport bundles, comprised of:
 service availability and convenience
 cost in comparison with competitors
in the same route
 design and performance of the
vehicle (comfort and speed)
 comfort, seating, ambience & any
services offered during the journey
 Passenger handling at terminals and
car parks
 Convenience of booking & ticketing
arrangements
 Contact with staff and their roles in
contact with customers
 Image and Positioning of each
operator
POSITIONING OF TOURISM TRANSPORT
Involves examining the concepts of:
1. Tangibility – Products are often
physical entities; one is able to handle
and inspect them before purchase.
2. Separability – Services are consumed
and produced at the same time. –
Journey is happening as you experience
it, production, & consumption of
transport is, inseparable.
3. Perishability – Transport cannot be
stored or carried forward for
consumption at a later date. – Empty
seats or berths represent lost revenue
4. Heterogeneity – Services are difficult
to standardize simply because they are
fluid offering that differ form one
encounter to the next due to variable
nature of human behavior.
STRATEGIC MARKETING IN TOURISM
TRANSPORT
 Market Penetration Strategies
o it dictates that an organization
seek to gain greater dominance
in a market in which it already
has an offering.
o THROUGH promotion or
advertising & increasing brand
recognition.
o Price-based promotions are the
most popular form of
promotions in travel and
tourism.
 Market Development Strategies
o Involve attempts at securing
market share in markets not
currently served. (enter new
markets)
 Product Development Strategies
o Involves introduction of new
products to existing market
segments.
o Focus is on recognition of a
need to new offerings.
o Such strategies have been
prevalent in cruise tourism in
global competition.
o Cruise ships now feature a
range of on-board amenities
designed to appeal to
numerous segments.
SERVICE QUALITY CONSIDERATION IN
TRANSPORT AND TOURISM
 Regardless of transport is considered a
product or service , the quality of
delivery must be considered
 in air transport, service quality has been
examined with respect to the impact it
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can have on passenger behavior and POLICY INSTRUMENTS

safety perception.
A LIST OF SERVICE DIMENSIONS
 Tangibles, including facilities and
buildings
 Reliability, ability of service to be
performed
 Responsiveness, or ability of
organization or service provider to
respond to customer needs
 Assurance, or existent to which staff
give confidence & trust
 Empathy, which refers to ability of
organization to be caring
SERVICE ENCOUNTER IN TRANSPORT AND
TOURISM CAN OCCUR IN SEVERAL POINTS:
 Pre-travel interactions between
traveler and transport provider,
including booking.
 During travel, including customer
evaluation and experience of core
products and service.
 Post-travel, including quality of post-
sales service and attention (e.g. lost
baggage)
 public ownership
 Subsidies
 Regulatory control
 research and development in
transportation
 Labor regulations
 Safety and operating standards
TRENDS IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT
 Turnpikes
 Canals
 Urban transit
 Ships
 Railways
 municipally controlled transit
commissions
 Railways were nationalized
CHANGING NATURE OF POLICY
INTERVENTIONS
 OWNERSHIP OF PORTS AND AIRPORTS
 HIGHWAY PROVISION, UPGRADE AND
MAINTENANC
 URBAN TRANSIT SYSTEMS
 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

RELEVANCE OF TRANSPORT POLICY

 national security
 monopolistic tendency
 limit foreign ownership

FOUR TRENDS HAD SIGNIFICANT

CONSEQUENCES OVER THE CONTEXT IN
WHICH TRANSPORT POLICY TAKES PLACE:

 Globalization
 Deregulation and privatization
 A broader focus of policies
 social and political issues