(Suggested) Reading 2: Timeline of the Making of the Philippine Republic

Date Event Additional Notes

The First Phase of the Philippine Revolution (1898-1890)

1896

21 Aug Andres Bonifacio called for a meeting at the residence of Vidal

Acal in Caloocan —> Plan for the organization’s future after its
discovery through Teodoro Patino

22 Aug Bonifacio instructed Emilio Jacinto to call for local Katipunan

leaders

24 Aug 1000 + Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro in Caloocan (Cabesang Other areas were told to be present with
Melchora Aquino’s barn) reinforcements to storm Manila when the
Tore their cedula personales as a mark of resistance time came
Agenda:
1. At Aug 29 midnight, Manila will be taken back from
Spaniards
2. 4 men were made brigadier-general: Aguedo Del Rosario,
Ramon Bernardo, Vicente Fernandez, and Gregorio
Coronel
3. Plan the attack on the capital

25 Aug First encounter of the Katipuneros and the Guardia Civil Acc to some historians, the rev failed
Katipuneros broke ranks and fled to Balara (50 men + Bonifacio) because of a lack of military strategy by
Andres Bonifacio
Balara: San Mateo/Katipunan area

29 Aug First true battle: happened in Mandaluyong at 9 o One of the resons for the lack of
clock coordination was due to Cavite backing
Bernardo took the town hall of Pandacan an hour later out of the attack at the last minute
Moved the taking of Manila from Aug. 29 to 30 due to slow
mobilization of forces
Lack of coordination → failure of the capture of Manila due
to lack of coordination

30 Aug Bernardo was surprised by an attack of a force of Veterana
infantry, carabineers, cavalry, and artillery beaded by Gen.
Bernardo Echaluce in Sta. Mesa Manila
The Battle of Pinaglabanan
Gov. General Ramon Blanco: state of war in Manila, Bulacan,
Batangas, Cavite, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Pampanga
Targeted Sta. Mesa and the Garrison of
San Juan (Guardia Civil Camps)
Only had bolos with them → prepared
and only killed 3 Spaniards
Bonifacio: had a military plan → only
determined after Zeus Salazar found
documents

1 Sept Leaders of Kawit and Imus captured the estate house of the
friar → one of the first successful encounters during the
revolution

2 Sept Mariano Llanera, municipal captain of Cabiao captured the

Spanish garrison in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
4 Sept First public execution of revolutionaries: Sancho Valenzuela,
Eugenio Sylvestre, Ramon Peralta, and Modesto Sarmiento

Latter Cavitenos took all Spanish garrisons and freed the province
part of
Septembe
r

23 Oct Batngenos started participating in the revolution; citizens of Taal,

Lemery, Calaca, and Bayungyungan began to rise against local
Spanish forces

17 Dec Bonifacio came to Cavite upon invitation from Mariano Bonifacio was not a part of either faction
Alvarez → see the conditions in Cavite and resolve the
conflict between 2 factions of Katipunan in the province
(Magdiwang and Magdalo)

29 Dec Imus Assembly: held in the Imus friar estate house → Important points:
unification of the two factions, opened up the plan for Should we still be Katipunan or should
rescuing Jose Rizal, but did not continue (objected to by we elect new officers? → nothing was
Paciano Rizal) definitely decided upon

1897

1 Jan Battle of kakarong de Sili in Bulacan

1,200 casualties of revolutionaries under leadership of Eusebio
Roque and Galvez Cruz
Gen. Diego de los Rios: 5 separate columns to surround and
ambush the camp → Angat (N), San Miguel de Mayumo
(NE), Pinag of Candaba (W), Hagonoy (SW), Pandi (S)

Late Jan Exchanges between Gov. Gen. Polavieja and Gen. Galbis →
Aguialdo’s plan to confer with Spaniards through curating
by Pateros to negotiate about the revolution

Feb Concentration of Spanish offense from Cavite to Manila (13,000

men from Spanish bases in Calamba and Binan backed by 6,000
more cavalry and infantry combined)

12 March Nicolas dela Pena asked Father Pio Pi to meet with the Jefe de
rebelion and talk about the reestablishment of peace → Jefe was
Emilio (Aguinaldo)

22 March Tejeros Convention -All were Magdiwang except for

The Magdalo and Madgiwang met at the Tejeros friar estate (Aguinaldo), who was Magdalo
→ military strategy of revolutionary forces and election of a -Magdalos were not invited: insisted on
elections
new gov’t
-the elections were not even supposed to
President: Emilio (Aguinaldo) happen
Vice President: Mariano Trias -Very disorganized
Capitan-General: Artemio Ricarte (Head of armies) Foul play suspected for voting: Bonifacio
Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios still respected the decision
Secretary of Interior: Andres Bonifacio -David Tirona: questioned the election of
Bonifacio on the basis of a lack of
 education
-Bonifacio: respect of the majority rule,
valueless convention by not adhering to
the agreed upon rules

23 March -Tanza oath taking

(Aguinaldo), Trias, Riego de Dios, and Ricarte took oaths at the
Tanza parish church: Spanish offensives gaining an advantage in
capturing Cavite towns

March 28 Spanish forces recapture Imus, Cavite

21 April Naic Assembly Ricarte: had a heel-face turn about

No elections, but officials elected at the Tejeros convention Bonifacio in favor of him after the
almost got the same position revolution
President: Emilio (Aguinaldo)28 March
Vice President: Mariano Trias
Director of Interior: Pascual Alvarex
Director of Finance: Baldomero (Aguinaldo)
Director of Development: Mariano Alverez
Director of Justice: Severino de las Alas
Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
Captain General: Artemio Ricarte

23 April Primo de Rivera replaced Camilo de Polavieja as governor general

27 April Due to the “threat” of military insurrection by Andres Bonifacio The threat was not necessarily as bad as he
(Aguinaldo) issued orders to Co. Bonzon, Felix Topacio, and believed
Ignacio Pawa to arrest Andres Bonifacio

28 April Andres Bonifacio was arrested at Limbon, Indang by Bonzon and The men were in Balara to get arms
Pawa ordered from aboard
Encounter between Bonifacio’s men and Bonzon that led to the
death of Bonifacio’s men and his brother Ciriaco
Bonifacio was stabbed by Pawa → wounded in the neck

5 May Mariano Noriel (head of the Council of War) presided over
the trial of the Bonifacio brothers → decision to execute
them for treason
Evidence given by (Aguinaldo): Naic
Military agreement → agreement
between Bonifacio and some generals
→ may be a forged document because
(Aguinaldo) only released it after all
signatories were dead → no dates or
corroboration presented
Used as justification of the execution

10 May Bonifacio brothers were executed at Mount Buntis, Maragondon Execution was by Lazaro Makapagal →
Cavite not verified for several week and tried
to say that it was an accident → some
evidence that implies that it might not
have been

24 June Revolutionary leaders with their 500 followers reached Biak-na-

Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo,Bulacan after failing to defend
Maragondon and Cavite from Spanish attacks in Pasig, San Juan
 de Monte, and Muntinlupa

7 July Biak na Bato manifesto Truce agreement was supposed to be with

1. Call for guerilla warfare the Spaniards
2. Promulgation of the Biak-na-Bato constitution
3. Development of a truce agreement in November

First few Guerilla attacks

weeks of Artemio Ricarte, Emiliano Regio de Dios, Severino de las Alas,
August and Baldomero (Aguinaldo) attack the Spanish garrisons

3-9 Sept In Tayabas, Ramon Tagle led 6,000 rebel troops in Mount Taao
near Atimonan

9 Aug Pedro Paterno volunteered as a mediator to an agreement of Paterno was hoping for knighthood in
peace and surrender of arms between the revolutionary and Spain
colonial government

16 Oct Primo de Rivera called for local volunteers to support Spanish

defense and offense against Filipino insurgents

1-2 Nov Biak-na-Bato Republic was inaugurated after the promulgation of

“Constitución Provisional de la Republica de Filipinas” by Isabelo
Artacho

14-15 Dec Pact of Biak-na-Bato Only the first installment was given
Signed by Spanish colonial gov’t and revolutionaries Isabelo Artacho
1. Surrender of rebel arms Sued (Aguinaldo) and questioned what
2. Exile of (Aguinaldo) and other revolutionary happened to the money when he fled to
governments to Hong Kong Singapore
3. Payment according to a schedule totaling Php 800,000
a. Php 400,000 given to (Aguinaldo) upon reaching Pablo Ocampo → connected to
Hong Kong Galicano Apacible → supposedly
b. Php 200,000 when rebels surrender arms
knows where the money went
c. Php 200,000 when Te Deum celebrate
compliance with all terms was sung Galicano Apacible mediated for the
people in Hong Kong

-Only the 400,000 was actully received y

the Philippines. And no one knew what
happened to the money

16 Dec ((Aguinaldo)) ratified the treaty

Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution

25 Dec (Aguinaldo) and company head for Lingayen, Pangasina where a

merchant streamer was to take them to Hong Kong

27 Dec (Aguinaldo) and 25 leaders sail for HKfrom Sual Pangasinan

29 Dec (Aguinaldo) and his company arrived in HK

Isabelo Artacho and other leaders include Artemio Ricarte,
Jose Salvador Natividad, PAciano Rizal, and Francisco
Makalbulos passed a resolution accusing Emilio (Aguinaldo)
of leaving them without means of support → Php 400,000
 should be distributed to rebels

1898

Early Feb Cebu rebels headed by Francisco Llamas initiated the organization
of a revolution committee

7 March Rebels in Zambales cut telegraph connections of Manila to

Bolinao

25 March Uprising in Candon, Ilocos Sur

7 April Aguinaldo left for Singapore

9 April Basilio de San Agustin appointed as new governor general

21 April US declared war against Spain after the USS Maine was bombed The latter event could have been staged
while docket at Havana harbor
Slurs from Spanish ambassador De Lome to President William
McKinley

22 April Aguinaldo met with Spencer Pratt → convinced Aguinaldo

to renew the war with Spain the US supporting the Filipinos

23 April Without written proclamation, Pratt assured Aguinaldo that The agreement was not upheld
Dewey would acknowledge Phil independence should they win
against Spain

25 April Aguinaldo advised by Pratt to proceed to HK and meet with

Commodore George Dewey

1 May George Dewey docked in ManilaBay Battle of Manila Bay: Dewey vs

Admiral Patricio Montago → drowned
the Spanish fleet
Major colonies of Spain at the time:
Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico

19 May Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite and the US president ordered

military occupation of the Philippines

Renewal of the Revolution

Revolution in the islands Movement gained power without

Aguinaldo in the Philippines

24 May Aguinaldo proclaimed the renewal for the revolution by Revolutionaries took back Cavite
establishing a Dictatorial Government with him as the president A choice made to prevent fragmentation
among revolutionary groups
Dictatorial government serving as a
transition government to a more
organized one after the war

29 May Bataan rose up in arms Gaining the advantage over the

Bulacan: Gregorio del Pilar Spaniards → became a unifying force
Laguna: Paciano Rizal
Tarlac: Francisco Makabulos
Pampanga: Maximo Hizon
 Pangasinan: Vicente del Prado
Batangas: Miguel Malvar
Nueva Ecija: Manuel Tinio
Bicol: vicente Lukban

12 June MALOLOS REPUBLIC

Filipinos had the advantage of the uprising and members of the
revolution proclaimed the independence of the islands from
Spanish colonization
Emilio Aguinaldo: direct power over the government
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: read the proclamation of
independence signed by leaders of the revolution
Apolinario Mabini was brought in from Laguna to
becomeAguinaldo’s adviser

15 June Appointed the following

Secretary of Public Works: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Secretary of Interior and other Branches: Leandro Ibarra
Secretary of finance and other branches: Mariano Trias
Secretary of foreign affairs: Cayetano Arellano (declined), replaced
by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

18 June Aguinaldo issued a decree organizing local governments of towns

and provinces

23 June Dictatorial to Revolutionary government

First week Filipino troops blockaded Manila and the city was surrounded
July Mandaluyong: Luciano San Miguel
San Pedro Makati: Pio Del Pilar
Paranaque: Mariano Noriel

7 July Aguinaldo offered the governor general an honorable admission

of defeat

1 Aug Aguinaldo sent messages to foreign gov’t about the successes Unsuccessful
of the revolution in the country resulting in independence →
recognition of foreign powers

13 Aug Wesley Meritt declared the occupation of Manila published in all Ignored the Filipino resistance against
newspapers Spain and did not recognize it

4 Sept MALOLOS CONGRESS Had a plan to create a large government

Initiative to inaugurate congress Amendments to the constitution
3 drafts were submitted and Felipe Calderon’s was chosen 1. Separation of Church and State
Several delegates to the congress with different positions and 2. Separation of powers
occupations 3. Inclusion of non-Christian tribes

8 Sept General Elwell Otis ordered Filipinos to withdraw from Manila

threatening hostility

9 Sept Aguinaldo left Cavite for Malolos

10 Sept Aguinaldo cabinet reached Malolos

15 Sept MALOLOS CONGRESS WAS INAUGURATED

Done in Barsaoin church in Bulacan
21 Oct Draft of the constitution was distributed to members of the Debates lasted until Nov 29
convention composed of members of congress and revolutionary
government

1899 INAUGURATION OF THE REPUBLIC

January
23
READING: Why the United States Won the
Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
By Glenn A. May
Introduction
I. Comparisons are drawn between the
Philippine-American War and the Vietnam
War
II. Similar in certain aspects and in context
A. Wars of national liberation
B. U.S. vs army of Asian peasants
C. Fighting against guerilla forces
D. U.S. troops committed atrocities
III. Striking differences
Historical context
I. Continuation of a struggle for independence
of Filipinos vs Spainiards
II. General timeline
A. 1896: beginning of the revolution
B. 1897: Spanish troops initially defeated
Filipinos
C. 1898: U.S. went to war with Spain
1. Feb 4: Filipino was shot
2. May 1: Commodore George
Dewey’s Asiatic Squadron
destroyed the Spanish fleet at
Manila Bay
3. June: Exiled Filipino leaders
returned to the Philippines
4. End of June: General Emilio
(Aguinaldo) established a
government
5. Aug 12: peace protocol
6. Aug 13: Mock battle
a) Spanish were not
fighting back
D. U.S. under President William
McKinley became interested in the
Philippines
E. Still 1898
1. Dec 12: Treaty of Paris
2. Dec 21: Proclamation of the
Benevolent Assimilation Plan
F. 1899:
1. February 4: fighting broke out
between the Americans and
(Aguinaldo)’s army
2. February 6: U.S. Senate
ratified the treaty
3. Feb - Nov: (Aguinaldo)
conducted a conventional
campaign against the
Americans
4. March 31: Malolos fell
5. June 5: Luna was killed
6. Nov - : Guerrilla warfare
G. 1901
1. March: Americans captured
(Aguinaldo) and most guerrilla
leaders had surrendered
III. Reasons behind Philippine acquisition
A. Attractive commercial possibilities
B. Filipinos are incapable of self-rule
C. Americans favored it
Why did the U.S. win the Philippine-American
War?
Filipinos vs Vietnamese (according to May) Commented [1]: Guide Question 1
No. 1: Americans were outnumbered
I. There were, at most, 70,000 U.S. soldiers in
the Philippines at any time
A. Av: 40,000
II. In South Vietnam (1968): 540, 000 American
troops + 900,000 from the Army of the
Republic of Vietnam and various allied units
III. Unreliable guess: between 80,000 to 100,000
men + tens of thousands more in local militia
organizations in (Aguinaldo)’s army
IV. May’s argument: Filipino Army had the
numerical superiority
A. Around a 2 to 1 advantage
V. Vietnam war: allies outnumbered the
NLF/NVA at least 3:1, with the ratio closer
to 6:1 later on
A. Estimate is dependent on certain
assumptions → may be closer to
1.6:1
 B. Based on official statistics → may
have underestimated NLF/NVA
umbers
C. Allies had a disadvantage
No. 2: Filipinos had better weapons (briefly) and
the difference was not as bad as for the
Vietnamese war
I. Weapons used by Americans vs Filipinos did
not provide much advantage
A. Americans used an outdated
Springfield rifle: 0.45 calibre breech-
loading weapon
1. Single shot
2. Black powder cartridge
B. Filipinos used confiscated Remingtons
and Mausers
1. Remington: similar to the
Springfield
2. Mauser: modern magazine
weapons with a smokeless
cartridge
II. Filipinos had the superior rifles at the outset,
but were eventually outdone by the Americans
once they acquired the Krag-Jorgensen rifle
A. .30 calibre repeating weapon
III. Americans had the advantage in artillery
A. Filipino field pieces were primitive
IV. Weaponry advantage was nullified with
guerrilla tactics
V. The weapon disadvantage of the Vietnamese
was far greater
No. 3: Americans were better supplied
I. At most, ⅔ of the Filipinos were armed
with rifles (mostly bolos)
A. Short of ammunition
B. Poor marksmen: tended to shoot high
because they did not use the sights on
their rifles
II. Americans had cavalry units
A. Increased mobility + shock effect
III. Controlled the sea
A. Filipino mobility was highly restricted
IV. U.S. forces had advantages, but not so
overpowering
The issue of Filipino betrayal
I. Betrayal of the Filipino “people” by
indigenous elites
A. Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato
Constantino
II. Agoncillo: Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
Benito Legarda, and other Manila-based
ilustrados who collaborated with Americans
III. Constantino added General (Aguinaldo) to
the group
IV. May’s take: little evidence that their
betrayal significantly undermined the
revolution → only a handful of them
A. Filipino masses were wholeheartedly
committed to the war acc. to
Agoncillo and Constantino: May
disagrees, claiming a lack of sources
B. Large body of evidence that many
provincial elites supported the war
The issue of benevolent assimilation
I. Acc. to John Gates: major contributing factor
A. School establishment
1. Poor attendance from locals
2. Ex. Batangas, Lipa, and Bauan
B. Reorganized municipal governments
1. Would enforce what the
Americans demanded by day
but help local guerrillas by
night
C. Improved sanitary conditions
II. The Americans committed many atrocities
A. Burning of barrios
B. Beating up noncombatants
C. “Water cure”
D. Other abuses
Why the Filipinos failed
Reason 1: Emilio (Aguinaldo)
I. (Aguinaldo) was inept at leadership
A. Opportunism
B. Lack of scruples
 C. Hunger for wealth and power
II. Tactics were poorly chosen and led to defeat
III. Used the same tactics against the Americans
as with the Spaniards: Conventional warfare
A. With conventional warfare, success
would come down to training,
supply, and skill → defeated at
every turn
IV. Began using guerrilla warfare in November
A. However, they should have used this
strategy earlier
V. Southern Tagalog region was invaded in 1900
A. Initially used conventional warfare:
Mariano Trias, Miguel Malvar,
Mariano Noriel, and Juan Cailles →
quickly switched to guerrilla
VI. Wanted to defend the capital in Malolos,
Bulacan → only through conventional
warfare
A. Malolos fell on March 31, 1899
VII. (Aguinaldo) was not a professional soldier
→ only experience was the revolution
VIII. Antonio Luna: pharmacist with book
knowledge about warfare
A. April 1899: Luna wanted to adopt
guerrilla warfare but was killed
because (Aguinaldo)
IX. Guerrilla tactics: last resort of a beaten army
A. An important tactic that could be
utilized
B. Much more successful once they
adopted these tactics
Reason 2: Lukewarm support from Filipino
masses
I. Can be called into question
II. (Aguinaldo): only proposed policies
beneficial to his social class → suffrage was
restricted to the wealthy and educated →
municipal and provincial governments
A. Landowners got more holdings →
at the expense of tenants and the
landless
III. Largest support from the provincial elites
IV. Many of the lower classes were indifferent
A. Small segment supported the Filipino
forces
V. Patron-client bonds: reciprocal relationship
between superordinates and subordinates
VI. Millenarian sects: would attack the U.S. forces
A. Different aims from the Philippine
Republic
B. Wanted radical societal change →
no coordination with the army
proper
VII. Peasants unhappy with the heavy taxation of
the Republic and their failure to provide land,
would attack the estates of prominent
landlords
VIII. Policies did not appeal to the populace
IX. Bonifacio: successful in stirring the masses by
appealing to their millenarian aspirations
A. Kalayaan meant differently
B. (Aguinaldo): political autonomy
C. Bonifacio and masses: brotherhood,
abundance, and equality; a major
change in society → sociopolitical
revolution
X. (Aguinaldo): reinforced the power of local
elites → little concern for social reform
XI. Ethnic tensions among groups was
pervasive → regionalism
A. Army was dominated by Tagalogs
→ resented by non-Tagalogs
B. Ex. Panay: (Aguinaldo) sent
General Ananias Diocno to Panay
→ People in Iloilo were unwilling
to subordinate themselves
XII. There was also infighting
XIII. A loose collection of local units → primary III. Soldiers were volunteers rather than
allegiance to the magnate (inflated sense of enlisted → more enthusiastic than draftees
own importance) IV. No broadcasting of the consequences of the
war
Reason 3: Did not secure outside support V. Less educated populace → more protests
I. Did not have access to arms, supplies, from educated university students
ammunition, and other forms of assistance VI. Vietnam war: antiwar movement in late 1960-
II. Most supplies were those seized from the 70s
Spaniards A. Military drafting
A. Some purchased from China B. Better education
B. Some captured from Americans
III. Could not sustain guerrilla operations due to ADDITIONAL NOTES
low ammunition What May overlooked
I. American superiority of arms: played a large
Reason 4: Geography role in the war
I. The Philippines in an archipelago: difficult A. Filipinos only had superior arms for a
mobility very short period of time
II. Population is dispersed II. Unsupported claims
III. Americans controlled the sea, so Filipino 1. Some claims were based on his own
forces could not coordinate speculation like the reason of
Aguinaldo not doing this
Reason 5: No experience III. Upper class perspective
I. Only forms of military action in centuries 1. Most of the people from lower classes
were within the last few decades during the could not record what happens. They
revolution are too busy fighting the war
II. Only small-scale uprisings IV. Paradoxical claims
III. Vietnam: had a long history of resistance and V. The question of the participation of the
military operations masses
VI. American atrocities is one of the greatest
Reason 6: Few restraints on prosecution for U.S. reasons
war crimes A. Reconcentration of villages
B. Atrocities
I. Free to attack bases and commit many C. Spread of disease
atrocities without censure
II. Not bothered by geopolitical considerations Support of the masses
III. Could not do so during the Vietnam war I. Unfair to say that they did not wholeheartedly
→ geographical considerations, restrictions support resistance against American
on bombing operations occupation
II. May be a fragmented movement, but they
were united in their aspirations for freedom
Reason 7: Attitude of the American public
III. Evidenced by municipal authorities who
I. A popular undertaking
would fight for the war even while fulfilling
II. Anti-imperialist movement was relatively
the American’s requests
weak and had few widespread supporters
→ limited effectiveness
IV. Support and protection provided by barrios to
(Aguinaldo) and his troops ensure that they Persecution
were not captured for a year I. Americans would go from house-to-house to
V. History from below determine collaborators
A. History from the perspective of the II. Torture and brutal interrogation methods
masses III. Executions
B. Battle of Filipinos: many came from a IV. Water curing
position which does not comprise the
whole picture Famine
C. POV of the republic and actions I. Farmers and other workers leaving lands
were the only acceptable steps in → cannot continue food production
battling the Americans → does not II. Mass starvation
consider the worldview of the III. Domesticated animals for food were also
killed by Americans
masses
D. Problematic aspect of delivering
Diseases
history: typically through the lense of
I. Cholera was a major issue because of the
the dominant class
reconcentration camps
E. Many groups fought the Americans in
II. More exposed to infectious diseases due to
their own ways
VI. United in the belief of Filipinos as a single close quarters → many were brought by
nation the American army themselves
VII. Ex. Muslim resistance III. Reynaldo Ileto: tracked the diseases →
discovered that they were from Manila
Atrocities as a strategy
and brought to the provinces by the
I. Guerrilla warfare: gave the advantage to the
Filipinos Americans
II. The Americans needed another strategy to IV. Estimated death toll: 109,461 in 9 months
fight against the Filipinos: desperate measures
Balangiga Massacre
Reconcentration I. 50,000 deaths, from 10 y.o. up
I. Isolating civilians from guerilla fighters into II. Conducted by Jacob Smith who ordered wide
designated camps scale killings
II. Destroyed crops and killed animals III. 30+ soldiers killed
III. Cut off water and food supplies to the
soldiers Surrender
IV. Scorch-earth measures: burned berrios and I. Major forces were forced to surrender
villages II. Town mayors begged guerrilla forces to
V. With civilians isolated → cut off the surrender to spare people from the disease
and famine
support to the resistance and distinguish
III. Simon Ola of the Bicol region was the last to
civilians from insurgents surrender
A. Casualties due to persecution, famine,
and diseases
VI. Surrender of many guerilla fighters to prevent Education under the American Rule
casualties from their families
• Benevolence is a principal feature of American
occupation of the islands. One of the tenets of
benevolence is tutelage, the American way of
supervising and educating the colonial population to
prepare them for self-government, a requisite of
civility.
American Colonial Government
I. • The American regime in the Philippines
started not only through military expeditions
but also through ventures that put together a
civil government.
II. • William McKinley appointed Jacob
Schurman to head a commission that would
survey the conditions of the Philippines.
III. • The second commission arrived in the
Philippines on June 3, 1899 to continue the
investigations the situation of the Filipinos
and to facilitate the turn over the
administration of the Philippines from
military rule to civil government. It was led by
William Howard Taft, a federal judge in Ohio.
IV. • Other members of the commission include
Luke Wright, Henry Ide, and Bernard Moses.
• The Taft commission and the initial
American policy in the Philippines was crafted
by Elihu Root, then Secretary of War.
V. On September 1, 1900, the commission
started to function as the legislative pillar of
American rule in the Islands.
Colonial Education System
I. • Before the establishment of formal schools
in Manila and in localities, American soldiers
first served as teachers to Filipino.
II. • Manuel Roxas, for instance, in a speech
pleading for independence told a mixed
audience that he learned to speak English
from American soldiers.
Thomasites
I. • On August 21, 1901, 509 commissioned
teachers from United States of American
came on board USS Thomas.
II. • Adenaline Knapp: “a white ship in mid-
ocean, her forefoot set toward the Philippines,
her deck thronged with young men and
women actuated for the most part by high
ideals and a genuine desire to be helpful.”
III. • Composed of 368 men and 141 women, the
Thomasites were deployed to various parts of
the Philippines to teach in different levels.
IV. • They initially taught 4,000 Filipino students
enrolled in 29 schools.
Features of American Colonial System
I. Inculcates American Values
1. With the stereotype that it is
customary to Filipinos to be late,
a. Americns taught them to be
punctual. Values like honesty,
obedience were also taught
2. Sports games that were commonly
played by americans were taught
which include baseball, basketball and
volleyball
3. Sanitation were also part of primary
and secondary school instructions
4. English was used as a medium of
instruction .
a. Extra-curricular activities
underscored the exercise of
the use of English
5. Americans taught dignity of labor.
a. Introduced vocational skills.
b. INdustrial arts for boys and
home economics for girls
II. Implements “industrial Revolution”
III. Subjects taughtL Artihmetic, geography,
American History , General History ,
composition, dicttion, grammar, other
specializing /vocational subjects
Sanitation and Hygiene Commented [2]: Guide Question 2(from the post of
sir,sanitary conditions).
American Benevolence
 I. Warwick Anderson: American public health
system is a combination of brutality and
benevolence, control and tutelage
II. For Americans, sanitation and hygiene are
basic components of a civilized life
a. “the health of these people is the vital
question of the islands. To transform
them from weak and feeble race we
have found into the strong, healthy
and enduring people that they may yet
become is to lay the foundations for
the successful future of the country.”
III. The americans viewed Filipinos as inferior,
carriers of diseases
IV. The views of Americans varied according to
dominant scientific and colonial paradigm of
health system
American Experience and their racial views towards
Filipinos
I. Acclimitization
A. Negative reaction of the body to a
new climate or environment
B. Americans experienced irritation and
afflicted illnesses said to be caused by
the climate
C. For westerners,
Acclimization=modification of human
body and degredation of the race
D. Effects of acclimitization: Effects:
submissiveness, laziness, “facial pallor,
earthy yellow skin tone, sunken eyes,
loss of appetite, restless sleep, fatigue
that permeates all limbs.” •
E. Fred Atkinson: Long residence in the
Philippines caused loss of memory
and loss of ability to spell
F. Charles Woodruff: blonds suffer in
the Philippines or ethan brunets, have
higher graces of neurasthenia,
breakdown in larger numbers
proportionally and in may ways prove
their unfitness for the climate
G. These cases inculcated the notions of
white susceptibility and Filipino
immunity
H. Woodruff: never had any symptoms
of any disease whatever .they are a
fatal source of infection to white men
who do no posses this racial immunity
II. Bacteriology
A. Scientists and colonial officials long
debated the causes of diseases in the
Philippines especially for American
residences
B. The development of bacteriology in
adherence to “Germ Theory”
weakened the claims of
acclimatization as a major cause of
these illnesses.
C. • Filipino immunity was questioned by
some as studies on bacteriology
developed. They were observed
eventually being infected by
contagious diseases that the
Americans acquired but worse.
D. • The Germ Theory, now
strengthened, became the major
paradigm of medical sciences.
E. • William Freer: “…when attacked by
disease they succumb quickly because,
already weakened by hunger, their
power of resistance is not sufficient to
withstand the ravages of fever.”
F. • Americans also attributed their
susceptibility and vulnerability to their
unsanitary habits and practices, their
behaviors which lack of sanitary
principles
III. Filipino Hygiene according to Americans
A. • “These [insanitary] habits are to a
certain extent dependent upon racial
customs and the attainment of a lower
degree of civilization…” (p. 73).
B. • Governor James F. Smith: “people
drinking from esteros, eating with
fingers and refusing to recognize the
importance of sanitary laws.”
 C. • Filipinos had a habit of not washing
their hands before and after eating. If
they did, they used filthy water.
D. • Unregularized fiestas were also
prohibited. For Edith Moses: “Many
officers seem to think that the fiesta is
a mask for an uprising on a large scale
and all American women and children
have been warned not to go into
streets.”
E. • Benjamin Edger: “Even in the
houses of the wealthiest cities in
Luzon, Lipa, Batangas Province, the
lavatory and sink are in close
proximity to the kitchen.”
IV. Toilets
A. Filipinos didn’t have a clean system
of “evacuating intestinal
contaminants.”
B. • Also, residences did not have
sewerage system. Excrement were
dump directly to esteros.
Cholera and the Bubonic Plague
I. Cholera
A. In 1902, a vessel from Hong Kong
arrived in Manila carrying cholera.
B. • Filipinos in the countryside
responded to cholera with superstition
and traditional medicine. Some would
use manungal tree oil to cure infected
persons, other would do pilgrimage to
Mount Banahaw hoping to recover
from the disease.
II. Bubonic Plague
A. • The first case of bubonic plague in the
Philippines was recorded in December 1898
when a Chinese junk from Hong Kong
disembarked a carrier of y. pestis, the bacteria
causing bubo to the body of the infected.
B. • Filipinos became vulnerable especially
those who lived in slum areas. With houses of
poor qualities, they became more exposed to
bubonic infection.
American Response:
I. assumption that for Filipinos, sanitary
immunity is more effective than biological
protection
II. . • Building hospitals to towns and sending
medical personnel to barrios
III. . • Disinfecting assumed and confirmed
contaminated inhabitants.
IV. • Implementing quarantine system in ports. •
Relocating residents of shanty areas especially
those from Tondo and Binondo.
V. • Plans to emulate “City-Beautiful” program
were proposed for Manila.
A. City beautiful: beautification and
monumental grandeur in cities
VI. • Interior and exterior of households were
standardized.
VII. • Regulation of foodways in the markets.
VIII. • People with Hansen’s disease, were
forcefully deported to Cullion Leper Colony
in Paragua which was found in 1904 and
began to be operational in 1906.
IX. • Laboratory and scientific ventures: “In 1909
alone, the hard-pressed staff of Manila Bureau
of Science had examined over 7,000 fecal
specimens, almost of all from Filipinos; and
then in 1914, at the beginning of cholera
epidemic, they were overwhelmed by more
than 126,000 jars of feces.”
X. • The Americans standardized preparation of
food and water.
XI. Warwick Anderson: “Every child had to carry
a clean handkerchief, drink at least a cup of
milk each day, sleep from ten to twelve hours
a night under a mosquito net, bathe daily,
wear shoes, and wash his hands before
eating.”
XII. • Kerosene can were used as temporary
sewerage. Eventually, sewerage system was
introduced to households.
XIII. • Rat tail bounty system.
A. People turned this into a bsiness. They
grew rats which made the disease
rpoblem even worse
XIV. • Fiestas were prohibited and were replaced
by Carnivals, thematic festivities that were
akin to festivals but were highly regulated.
Free Trade, Agriculture and Rural Development:
I. Bureaucracy under American Rule
A. The Philippine Commission initially served as
the legislative body of the American colonial
government in the Philippines.
B. • There were three Filipinos who were
appointed to it: Benito Legarda, Trinidad
Pardo de Tavera, and Jose Luzuriaga.
Eventually, their seats were respectively
replaced by Rafael Palma (7 December, 1907),
and Juan Sumulong (1 March 1909).
C. • For the executive branch, Americans
occupied posts such as the the Department of
Interior, Commerce, and Public Instructions.
In 1910, Filipinos began to be appointed to
executive positions.
D. • The first Filipino to handle executive post
was Gregorio Araneta who was appointed
secretary of Finance and Justice.
E. • In 1902, the Organic Act was passed by the
American congress. It mandated the
formation of a legislative body consisted of
Filipinos which would initially make an entity
of self-representation.
F. • The establishment of this body was
guaranteed if certain conditions indicated in
the Organic Act are already attained.
G. • Conditions: (1) General and complete
peace; (2) conducting a national census; (3)
two years of continued peaceful condition
after the undertaking of census.
H. • In 1907, eighty delegates were elected
from 34 provinces. 1 delegate represents
90,000 of the population.
II. Free Trade
1. Decline in Production
Due to subsequent conflict that
Filipinos went through, the
production of crops in number went
down.
• The production and dissemination
of crops were halted by cholera
outbreak, locusts, and rinderpest.
• Filipinos landowners, farmers, and
even the Philippine Commission
supported an initiative to reduce tariff
to Philippine produce into American
market to augment and expand its
market.
III. Payne Aldrich Act and Underwood-Simmons
Act
A. On 5 March 1909, Cong. Sereno
Payne introduced a bill which aimed
to:
1. 6. All products, except rice are
to be admitted duty-free into
the Philippines with
conformity with to certain
shipping conditions.
2. 7. The American market
should provide duty-free entry
of Philippine products not
exceeding 300,000 tons of
sugar, 300,000 pounds of
wrapper tobacco and filler
tobacco mixed with more than
15 per cent of wrapper
tobacco, 1 million pounds of
filler tobacco, and 150 million
cigars.
B. Oct 3 1913: Underwood-simmons act
replaced aPayne ldrich Act:
implemented total reciprocal duty-free
trae bet Phil and United States.
IV. Effects of Free Trade
 A. • Expectedly, the effects of Free Trade is the
increase of reliance to American market.
B. • The Philippine import from the United
States fluctuated from 9% in 1899 to 64% in
1933.
C. • With the Americans owning the majority of
the capital in the country, export trade
became the principal back bone of Philippine
economy. •
D. Export-oriented economy increased the
cultivation on primary crops such. From 1915
to 1920, cigar production fluctuated from 185
million to 510 million.
E. • Primary crops include sugar, coconut,
tobacco, abaca.
F. • Provinces with vast land began cultivating
based on crop specialization. 1. Sugar:
Negros, Panay, Pampanga, and Tarlac 2.
Abaca (hemp): Albay, Camarines, Sorsogon,
Samar, Leyte 3. Coconuts: Quezon, Cavite,
Laguna, and Batangas
G. • Mechanization was introduced to prime
crop producers
H. . • Manufacturing was introduced as mills
were also brought in
I. . • Roads were constructed to facilitate faster
mobility
Patron Client Bond
I. Definition
1. Utang ng loob: defined as a mutual
arrangement between a person that
has authority, social status, wealth,
or some other personal resource
(patron) and another who benefits
from their support or influence
(client)
II. Philippine Revolution
1. Different mayors during the Commented [4]: please check if correct
revolution were divided-> some were
loyal to the Americans-> some
filipinos-> they would use their
influence to cconvicne there people to
follow their eliefs->Cause of division
among people -> one of the reaosn
why they lost
2. Ex: betreyal of the Filipino indigenous
elites
a. These elites influenced the
people
3. Soemthing to do with emilio Commented [5]: please check if correct
(Aguinaldo)
4. Manuel L Quezon
III. American Period
1. Benevolent Assimilation, they taight
Filipinos obedience Commented [6]: does this have a connection>??
Commented [3]: Guide Question 4(how did patron
client bond shape the political system