REFERENCES

1. Australian/ New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 1170. 2: 1989: Structural design

actions.”-Part 2: Wind actions”
2. British Standard, BS 8110: part 1:1985: “Codes of practice for Structural use
of concrete”.
3. British Standard, BS 6399: part 1:1996: “Codes of practice for dead and
imposed loads”.
4. Building Authority Hong Kong, Code of Practice on Wind Effects Hong
Kong 1993
5. Design of buildings for high winds Sri Lanka, Ministry of Local government,
Housing and Construction, July 1980.
6. Iyengar, H.S., (1972),“ Preliminary Design and Optimization of Tall
Buildings”, Proceedings,International Conference on Tall Buildings, Lehigh
University., Vol. II.
7. Jayachandran P, Design of Tall Buildings- Preliminary Design and
Optimization” International Conference on Tall Buildings and Industrial
Structures, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India, January 2003,
Keynote Lecture.
8. Jayasinghe, M.T.R. Wind Loads for Tall Buildings in Sri Lanka., Full day
seminar on Structural Design for Wind loading, organised by Society of
Structural Engineers Sri Lanka, 16 January 2008, Cinnamon Grand Hotel,
Colombo, Sri Lanka.
9. Jayasinnge, M.T.R., Menndis P., Advances in Tall Building and Green
Building Technology, Full day seminar organised by Society of Structural
Engineers Sri Lanka, 24th November 2009, Mount Lavinia Hotel, Mt Lavinia,
Sri Lanka
10. Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures, 2nd edition
(2002), The Institution of Structural Engineers, The Institution of Civil
Engineers, London, United Kingdom, pp. 15-20.
11. Mendis, P., Jayasinghe, M.T.R, Course notes on Advanced concrete
Tecnologies for Tall Buildings of short course organised by University of
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 06th and 7th December 1996.

76
12. Ranasinghe, A. , Jayasinghe, M.T.R. (2007), Dynamic behaviour of concrete
framed High rise buildings subjected to lateral loads, Thesis for the Degree of
Master of Engineering.
13. Bryan Stafford Smith, Alex Coull (1991) “Tall Building Structures: Analysis
and Design”.
14. Sap2000 version 12.0,(2008), Integrated Softwear for structural Analysis and
Design- Analysis Reference Manual, Computers and Structures
Inc.1995,University Avenue, Berkeley, California 94704 USA.

77
Appendix A
A.1 Calculations – Selection of section dimensions of 40 storeyed
building

The section dimensions of slabs and beams are selected so that the deflection criterion
could be satisfied. It is assumed that the flexural and shear resistance required will be
provided by using sufficient amount of reinforcement.

Slab thickness
Select thickness as 175mm.
Clear cover to R/F = 20 mm
Effective depth (Assuming r/f bars of 12mm Φ) = 175 – 20 – 12/2
= 149mm
Span / Effective depth = 6000/149
= 40.27
Basic (Span / Eff. depth) for continuous slabs = 26
Required modification factor for tension r/f = 40.27/26
= 1.55
This can be easily achieved. Therefore, use slab thickness of 175 mm

Beam dimensions
Select depth as 600mm.
Clear cover to R/F = 25 mm
Effective depth (assuming r/f bars and links of 32mm Φ and 10mm Φ )
= 600 – 10 - 25 – 32/2
= 549 mm
Long span / effective depth = 7000/549 = 12.75
This is a reasonable value.
Also select beam width as 400mm
Therefore, use beam dimensions of 600x400 (mm x mm)

Column dimensions
Select, floor to floor height = 3.6 m

78
Considering a typical internal column loaded from a tributary area of 6m x 7m,

Self weight of slab = 6 x7 x 0.175 x 24 = 176.4 kN

Weight of finishes and services(1.5 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1.5 = 63 kN
Weight of partitions ( 1.0 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1 = 42 kN
Weight of beams = (6+7) x 0.4 x 0.6 x 24 = 74.88 kN
Total dead load = 356.28 kN

Imposed Loads ( 2.5 kN/m2) = 6 x 7 x 2.5 = 105 kN

Considering imposed load reduction of 50%,

Design load per floor = 1.4 x 356.28 + 1.6 x105 x 0.5 = 582.79kN
As lateral loads are carried by shear walls, frames of a high-rise structure primarily
carry vertical loads.

30th to 39th floor

Trial column size from 30th to 39th floor = 600 mm x 600 mm
Total column load at 30th floor = 10 x582.79 + 0.62 x 3.6 x 10 x24 x1.4
= 6263 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
N = 0.35 Ac fcu + 0.67 Asc fy
N = 0.35 Ac x 50 + 0.67 x 0.02 Ac x 460
N = 23.66 Ac
Ac = N /23.66
= 6263 x 1000/23.66
= 246708 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 514 mm x 514 mm
i.e. assumed size of 600 mm x 600 mm is satisfactory.

15th to 30th floor

Trial column size from 15th to 30th floor = 900 mm x 900 mm
Total load at 15th floor = 6263+(15x582.79 + 0.9x0.9x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 16475 kN

79
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 16475 x 1000/23.66
= 696302 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 834 mm x 834 mm
i.e. assumed size of 900 mm x 900 mm is satisfactory.

Ground floor to 15th floor

Trial column size from ground to 15th floor = 1000 mm x 1000 mm
Total load at ground floor = 16475+(15x582.79 + 1.02x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 27031 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 27031 x 1000/23.66
= 1142487 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 1069 mm x 1069 mm
Select column size as 1000 mm x 1000 mm.

A.2 Calculations – Selection of section dimensions of 35 storeyed

building

The section dimensions of slabs and beams are similar to 40 storeyed building.

Column dimensions
Select, floor to floor height = 3.6 m
Considering a typical internal column loaded from a tributary area of 6m x 7m,

Self weight of slab = 6 x7 x 0.175 x 24 = 176.4 kN

Weight of finishes and services(1.5 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1.5 = 63 kN
Weight of partitions ( 1.0 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1 = 42 kN
Weight of beams = (6+7) x 0.4 x 0.6 x 24 = 74.88 kN

80
Total dead load = 356.28 kN

Imposed Loads ( 2.5 kN/m2) = 6 x 7 x 2.5 = 105 kN

Considering imposed load reduction of 50%,

Design load per floor = 1.4 x 356.28 + 1.6 x105 x 0.5 = 582.79kN
As lateral loads are carried by shear walls, frames of a high-rise structure primarily
carry vertical loads.

30th to 35th floor

Trial column size from 30th to 35th floor = 400 mm x 400 mm
Total column load at 30 floor = 5 x582.79 + 0.42 x 3.6 x 5 x24 x1.4
th

= 3011 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
N = 0.35 Ac fcu + 0.67 Asc fy
N = 0.35 Ac x 50 + 0.67 x 0.02 Ac x 460
N = 23.66 Ac
Ac = N /23.66
= 3011 x 1000/23.66
= 127249 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 357 mm x 357 mm
i.e. assumed size of 400 mm x 400 mm is satisfactory.

15th to 30th floor

Trial column size from 15th to 30th floor = 800 mm x 800 mm
Total load at 15th floor = 3011+(15x582.79 + 0.82x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 12914 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 12914 x 1000/23.66
= 545819 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 739 mm x 739 mm

81
i.e. assumed size of 800 mm x 800 mm is satisfactory.

Ground floor to 15th floor

Trial column size from ground to 15th floor = 1000 mm x 1000 mm
Total load at ground floor = 12914+(15x582.79 + 1.02x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 23470 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 23470 x 1000/23.66
= 991980 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 996 mm x 996 mm
Select column size as 1000 mm x 1000 mm.

A.3 Calculations – Selection of section dimensions of 30 storeyed

building

The section dimensions of slabs and beams are similar to 40 storeyed building.

Column dimensions
Select, floor to floor height = 3.6 m
Considering a typical internal column loaded from a tributary area of 6m x 7m,

Self weight of slab = 6 x7 x 0.175 x 24 = 176.4 kN

2
Weight of finishes and services(1.5 kN/m ) = 6 x7 x 1.5 = 63 kN
Weight of partitions ( 1.0 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1 = 42 kN
Weight of beams = (6+7) x 0.4 x 0.6 x 24 = 74.88 kN
Total dead load = 356.28 kN

Imposed Loads ( 2.5 kN/m2) = 6 x 7 x 2.5 = 105 kN

Considering imposed load reduction of 50%,

Design load per floor = 1.4 x 356.28 + 1.6 x105 x 0.5 = 582.79kN

82
As lateral loads are carried by shear walls, frames of a high-rise structure primarily
carry vertical loads.

15th to 30th floor

Trial column size from 15th to 30th floor = 700 mm x 700 mm
th 2
Total load at 15 floor = (15x582.79 + 0.7 x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 9630 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
N = 0.35 Ac fcu + 0.67 Asc fy
N = 0.35 Ac x 50 + 0.67 x 0.02 Ac x 460
N = 23.66 Ac
Ac = N /23.66
= 9603 x 1000/23.66
= 407054 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 638 mm x 638 mm
i.e. assumed size of 700 mm x 700 mm is satisfactory.

Ground floor to 15th floor

Trial column size from ground to 15th floor = 1000 mm x 1000 mm
Total load at ground floor = 9630+(15x582.79 + 1.02x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 20186 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 20186 x 1000/23.66
= 853180 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 923 mm x 923 mm
Select column size as 1000 mm x 1000 mm.

83
A.4 Calculations – Selection of section dimensions of 25 storeyed
building

The section dimensions of slabs and beams are similar to 40 storeyed building.

Column dimensions
Select, floor to floor height = 3.6 m
Considering a typical internal column loaded from a tributary area of 6m x 7m,

Self weight of slab = 6 x7 x 0.175 x 24 = 176.4 kN

Weight of finishes and services(1.5 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1.5 = 63 kN
Weight of partitions ( 1.0 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1 = 42 kN
Weight of beams = (6+7) x 0.4 x 0.6 x 24 = 74.88 kN
Total dead load = 356.28 kN

Imposed Loads ( 2.5 kN/m2) = 6 x 7 x 2.5 = 105 kN

Considering imposed load reduction of 50%,

Design load per floor = 1.4 x 356.28 + 1.6 x105 x 0.5 = 582.79kN
As lateral loads are carried by shear walls, frames of a high-rise structure primarily
carry vertical loads.

15th to 25th floor

Trial column size from 15th to 25th floor = 600 mm x 600 mm
th 2
Total load at 15 floor = (10x582.79 + 0.6 x3.6x10x24x1.4)
= 6263 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
N = 0.35 Ac fcu + 0.67 Asc fy
N = 0.35 Ac x 50 + 0.67 x 0.02 Ac x 460
N = 23.66 Ac
Ac = N /23.66
= 6263 x 1000/23.66

84
 = 264723 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 515 mm x 515 mm
i.e. assumed size of 600 mm x 600 mm is satisfactory.

Ground floor to 15th floor

Trial column size from ground to 15th floor = 900 mm x 900 mm
Total load at ground floor = 6263+(15x582.79 + 0.92x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 16475 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 16475 x 1000/23.66
= 696302 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 834 mm x 834 mm
Select column size as 900 mm x 900 mm.

A.5 Calculations – Selection of section dimensions of 20 storeyed

building

The section dimensions of slabs and beams are similar to 40 storeyed building.

Column dimensions
Select, floor to floor height = 3.6 m
Considering a typical internal column loaded from a tributary area of 6m x 7m,

Self weight of slab = 6 x7 x 0.175 x 24 = 176.4 kN

Weight of finishes and services(1.5 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1.5 = 63 kN
Weight of partitions ( 1.0 kN/m2) = 6 x7 x 1 = 42 kN
Weight of beams = (6+7) x 0.4 x 0.6 x 24 = 74.88 kN
Total dead load = 356.28 kN

Imposed Loads ( 2.5 kN/m2) = 6 x 7 x 2.5 = 105 kN

85
Considering imposed load reduction of 50%,
Design load per floor = 1.4 x 356.28 + 1.6 x105 x 0.5 = 582.79kN
As lateral loads are carried by shear walls, frames of a high-rise structure primarily
carry vertical loads.
15th to 20th floor
Trial column size from 15th to 20th floor = 400 mm x 400 mm
Total load at 15th floor = (5x582.79 + 0.42x3.6x5x24x1.4)
= 3011 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
N = 0.35 Ac fcu + 0.67 Asc fy
N = 0.35 Ac x 50 + 0.67 x 0.02 Ac x 460
N = 23.66 Ac
Ac = N /23.66
= 3011 x 1000/23.66
= 127249 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 357 mm x 357 mm
i.e. assumed size of 400 mm x 400 mm is satisfactory.

Ground floor to 15th floor

Trial column size from ground to 15th floor = 800 mm x 800 mm
Total load at ground floor = 3011+(15x582.79 + 0.82x3.6x15x24x1.4)
= 12914 kN
Assuming columns are axially loaded primarily and Grade 50 concrete with tor steel
r/f (fy = 460 N/mm2) percentage of 2.0% of gross cross section,
Ac = N /23.66
= 12914 x 1000/23.66
= 545819 mm2
Therefore, required column size is 739 mm x 739 mm
Select column size as 800 mm x 800 mm.

86
Appendix B
B.1 Calculations – Determination of number of lifts.

87
88
B.2 Calculations – Sizing of stairway.

89
Appendix C
Wind load calculation

Refer
Calculation Remarks
ence

Wind load calculation for 40 storey building (AS/NZS 1170.2 :

1989)

4.4.2
Lh = 1000 (h/10)0.25
= 1000 x (144/10)0.25
= 1948

B= 1
1+n(36h2 + 64b2)/Lh

Bx = 1
1 + n(36 x 1442 + 64 x 352) / 1948

= 0.682
By = 1
1 + n(36 x 1442 + 64 x 422) / 1948

= 0.678

r = 2 (sv/V) / Mt evaluated for z = h

= 2 x 0.22 / 1.00
= 0.44

W = gvrnB

4
Wx = 3.7 x 0.44 n0.682

4
= 0.3385

90
Refer
Calculation Remarks
ence
Wy = 3.7 x 0.44 n0.678

4
= 0.3374

Vz = VM(z,cat)MsMtMi
= 38 x 0.61 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 1.10
= 26 m/s
S= 1
[1+(3.5 nah/Vh)][1 + (4nab/Vh)]
Sx = 1
[1+(3.5x0.319x144/26)][1 + (4x0.319x35/26)]
= 0.050
Sy = 1
[1+(3.5x0.319x144/26)][1 + (4x0.319x42/26)]
= 0.44

gf = n[2loge(3600na)]

= n[2 x loge(3600x0.319)]

= 3.75

N = naLh/Vh
= 0.319 x 1948 / 26
= 24.34

E = 0.47N
(2+N2)5/6
= 0.47 x 24.34 / (2 + 24.34)5/6
= 0.056

91
Refer
Calculation Remarks
ence

G = 1 + rn[gv2B(1+w)2+gf2SE]

Gx = 1 + 0.44n[3.72 x 0.682 (1+0.3385)2 + 3.752 x 0.050 x 0.056]

0.01
= 3.01
Gy = 1 + 0.44n[3.72 x 0.678(1+0.3374)2 + 3.752 x 0.044 x 0.056]

0.01

= 2.99

qz = 0.6Vz2 x 10-3

Fx = qzCpeGx

Fy = qzCpeGy

Along wind acceleration = (2πna)2 gf r n(SE/x) Δ

Across wind acceleration = 1.5 gf qh b (0.76+0.24k) n(πCfs/x)

92
Table C.1 Calculation of wind force per unit area – 40 storey building

93
94
Table C.2 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations as point loads in 40 storey
building

95
Table C.3 Calculation of wind acceleration – 40 storey building

96
97
Table C.4 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations in 40 storey building (for wind
acceleration)

98
Table C.5 Calculation of wind force per unit area – 35 storey building

99
100
Table C.6 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations as point loads in 35 storey
building

101
Table C.7 Calculation of wind acceleration – 35 storey building

102
103
Table C.8 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations in 35 storey building (for wind
acceleration)

104
Table C.9 Calculation of wind force per unit area – 30 storey building

105
106
Table C.10 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations as point loads in 30 storey
building

107
Table C.11 Calculation of wind acceleration – 30 storey building

108
109
Table C.12 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations in 30 storey building (for wind
acceleration)

110
Table C.13 Calculation of wind force per unit area – 25 storey building

111
112
Table C.14 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations as point loads in 25 storey
building

113
Table C.15 Calculation of wind acceleration – 25 storey building

114
115
Table C.16 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations in 25 storey building (for wind
acceleration)

116
Table C.17 Calculation of wind force per unit area – 20 storey building

117
Table C.18 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations as point loads in 20 storey
building

118
Table C.19 Calculation of wind acceleration – 20storey building

119
120
Table C.20 Calculation of wind loads on grid locations in 20 storey building (for wind
acceleration)

121