A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

IOT BASE ATOMATIC TOLL COLLECTION USING RFID

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, ARVI

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement

For the award of Diploma

Of

Diploma of Engineering in Electronics and communication

Submitted by: -
1.Mis.Sakshi P. Dafare 2. Mis.Ashwini L. Pawar
3.Mr. Sarthak r. Kadav 4.Mr. Ashwin T. Barange

5.Mr. Sanket D. Bhatkulkar

Under the guidance of

Prof. P.D.Dhakulkar

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

Government polytechnic Arvi(442201)

2017-2018
 Department of electronics & communication engineering
Government Polytechnic Arvi, Dist Wardha
2017-18
This is certify that Project entitled
“IOT BASE ATOMATIC TOLL COLLECTION USING RFID”
Which has been submitted by ,
1.Mis.Sakshi P. Dafare 2. Mis.Ashwini L. Pawar
3.Mr. Sarthak r. Kadav 4.Mr. Ashwin T. Barange
5.Mr. Sanket D. Bhatkulkar

Final year student of Electronics & communication Engineering

During academic year 2017-18 in the partial fulfilment of requirement

of the

Diploma In Electronics & communication Engineering

Prescribed by the M.S.Board of technical Education, Mumbai is the

record of their own work carried out by them under my guidance and
to my satisfication.

-: Guided By :-
Prof. P.D.Dhakulakar
Lect. In Electronics & communication Engineering
Dr.B.G.Gawalwad IPS. S.R.Thute

Head Of Department Principle

Dept of Electronics & comm.Engg. Government Poly. Arvi

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is great pleasure for us to express our deep sense of indebtedness towards our guide Prof.
P.D. Dhakulkar Whose enthusiasm was a source of inspiration for us. It is because of him, that
we could synchronies our efforts in covering the manifold facets of our project.

We are extremely thankful to him for his kind advice and guidance that have paved the wa y
right from the beginning to the successful completion of project.

We profusely thank Dr. B. G. Gawalwad, Professor and Head of electronics Enginee r ing
Department and IPS. S. R. Thute, Principal of Government Polytechnic, Arvi. Who was very
kind enough to provide us all the help so that we could work voraciously, barring the time limit.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge all the teaching and non-teaching staff who directly
and indirectly helped and contributed to successful completion of our project.

Sakshi Dafare

Ashwini Pawar

Ashwin Barange

Sarthak Kadav

Sanket Bhatkulkar
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, ARVI.

MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

DECLARATION
We herewith submit the dissertation entitled “AYTOMATIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM
USING RFID” to G. P, Arvi, for the award of Diploma of Diploma in Department of
Electronics and communication under the guidance of Prof. P.D. DHAKULKAR.

This dissertation has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for award of any
diploma.

1.Mis.Sakshi P. Dafare 2. Mis.Ashwini L. Pawar

3.Mr. Sarthak r. Kadav 4.Mr. Ashwin T. Barange

5.Mr. Sanket D. Bhatkulkar

DATE:

PLACE: ARVI, WARDHA

 CONTENT

Sr.No. Chapter Name Page no.

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Block Diagram

3 Component Discription

4 RFID READER & CARD

5 Circuit Diagram

6 PCB Layout

7 PROGRAM Project Application

8 Advantages & Disadvantages
9 Conclusion
10 Reference
11 Apendix
 ABSTRACT
It is a basically known that an electronics toll control with a
manually by person and it is a time consuming. As a reason of
the latest technology advance automation and e payment
control of device become initiative.
It projects setup one toll collection center user pay toll from
sitting in a vehicle. Its shows the construction and working of the
device is wirelessly control the toll collection booth by using RFID
and AT328 microcontroller. Initially the setup of RFID card and
put data on it then RFID reader (RF signal) read the data. This
signal or code consist of the information about the function or
action to be take place i.e. on or off the toll gate. The RFID
reader reads the data from user card and send to the
microcontroller and it send to the ESP8266 and they send on
internet.
KEYWORD: - ESP8266, online toll reduction, automatic gate
control.
 Chapter No. 1

INTRODUCTION

Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

 Introduction
Our life is changing very fast and the role of automation in our day to day life is
increasing at a very fast rate. This is the motive behind our project i.e.
“Automation”. Day by day the number of vehicles passing over the road is
increasing due to which the road condition is decaying rapidly. The
government sponsors the price of road construction and road maintenance.
The government has some source of money to build and maintain these roads
& this source is the Toll Station.

At the onset, the goal of our project group was to design an Automatic tolling
system for collecting toll. After studying various techniques like weight-based
systems, bar coding etc. we chose Radio frequency identification, which is an
emerging technology applied for tracking and communication. RFID (Radio
frequency Identification) is an area of automatic identification that has quickly
been gaining momentum in recent years and has now being seen as a radical
means of enhancing data handling processes, complimentary in many ways to
other data capture technologies such as bar coding.

In today’s era of technology, where machines are being extensively used in all
the fields we are trying to emulate concept, which will be of great use in public
transport systems. Today a person has to travel long distances into vastly
unknown territories for job, business, or even for tourism. As the vehicles are
increasing and roads are falling short, nowadays we see frequently traffic jams
or long queues at the toll stations waiting for paying the toll. Paying the toll
every-time through cash or checking the pass takes a lot of time. And today
Time is more precious than money. Therefore, our project is aimed at reducing
time consumed for manual transactions and human effort
Chapter No. 2

Block Diagram
 Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

2.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC TOLL COLLECTION

SYSTEM USING RFID
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 Fig 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The previous page Block diagram of our project’s working model.

Before preparing the Hardware & Software we had designed the block diagram
of working model of our project. It can also be called as Blueprint of our
project. It shows all basic parts required to run our system. And these basic
parts will be explained further in detail.
This consist of 4 main units as shown in the diagram they are,

RFID TAG (On Vehicle).

RFID Receiver.

Microcontroller Board (connected to receiver & gate control).

GATE CONTROL (servo motor).

 Chapter No. 3

Component Description

Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

3. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
 3.1 MICROCONTROLLER
Design specification of Microcontroller AT328
 28-pin AVR Microcontroller
 Flash Program Memory: 32 Kbytes
 EEPROM Data Memory: 1 Kbytes
 SRAM Data Memory: 2 Kbytes
 I/O Pins: 23
 Timers: Two 8-bit / One 16-bit
 A/D Converter: 10-bit Six Channel
 PWM: Six Channels
 RTC: Yes, with Separate Oscillator
 MSSP: SPI and I²C Master and Slave Support
 USART: Yes
 External Oscillator: up to 20MHz

Description
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines
32 kB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities,
1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare
modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a
byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D
converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5
volts. The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.
A common alternative to the ATmega328 is the "Pico Power" ATmega328P. A
comprehensive list of all other members of the mega AVR series can be found
on the Atmel website. As of 2013 the ATmega328 is commonly used in many
projects and autonomous systems where a simple, low-powered, low-cost
micro-controller is needed. Perhaps the most common implementation of this
chip is on the popular Arduino development platform, namely the Arduino
Uno and Arduino Nano models. Reliability qualification shows that the
projected data retention failure rate is much less than 1 PPM over 20 years at
85 °C or 100 years at 25 °C. Programming mode is entered when PAGEL (PD7),
XA1 (PD6), XA0 (PD5), BS1 (PD4) is set to zero. RESET pin to 0V and VCC to 0V.
VCC is set to 4.5 - 5.5V. Wait 60 μs, and RESET is set to 11.5 - 12.5 V. Wait more
than 310 μs. Set XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = 100 1000 0000, pulse XTAL1 for at least
150 ns, pulse WR to zero. This starts the Chip Erase. Wait until RDY/BSY (PD1)
goes high. XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = 100 0001 0000, XTAL1 pulse, pulse WR to zero.
This is the Flash write command. And so on. Serial data to the MCU is clocked
on the rising edge and data from the MCU is clocked on the falling edge. Power
is applied to VCC while RESET and SCK are set to zero. Wait for at least 20 ms
and then the Programming Enable serial instruction 0xAC, 0x53, 0x00, 0x00 is
sent to the MOSI pin. The second byte (0x53) will be echoed back by the MCU.
Pin Diagram

Fig.Pin Diagram
PIN CONFIGURATION 28-lead PDIP
Pin Description

Pin Number Pin Name Pin Number Pin Name

1 PC6 15 PB1

2 PD0 16 PB2

3 PD1 17 PB3

4 PD2 18 PB4

5 PD3 19 PB5

6 PD4 20 AVcc

7 Vcc 21 AREF

8 GND 22 GND

9 PB6 23 PC0

10 PB7 24 PC1

11 PD5 25 PC2

12 PD6 26 PC3

13 PD7 27 PC4

14 PB0 28 PC5

Fig. Pin Description

5.2. Pin Descriptions

5.2.1. VCC Digital supply voltage.

5.2.2. GND Ground.
5.2.3. Port B (PB [7:0]) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2 Port B is an 8-bit bi-
directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-
stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the
inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from
the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used
as chip clock source, PB [7:6] is used as TOSC [2:1] input for the Asynchronous
Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
5.2.4. Port C (PC [5:0]) Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-
up resistors (selected for each bit). The PC [5:0] output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-
up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
5.2.5. PC6/RESET If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O
pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the
other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a Reset. The various special features of Port C are
elaborated in the Alternate Functions of Port C section.
5.2.6. Port D (PD [7:0]) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal
pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-
up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
5.2.7. AVCC AVcc is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC [3:0], and
PE [3:2]. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used.
If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
Note that PC [6:4] use digital supply voltage, VCC.
5.2.8. AREF Are is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
5.2.9. ADC [7:6] (TQFP and VFQFN Package Only) In the TQFP and VFQFN
package, ADC [7:6] serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are
powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels .
3.3 LCD DISPLAY
Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric
Display it means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special
symbols thus LCD is a user friendly Display device which can be used for
displaying various messages unlike seven segment display which can display only
numbers and some of the alphabets. The only disadvantage of LCD over seven
segment is that seven segment is robust display and be visualized from a longer
distance as compared to LCD. Here we have used 16 x 2 Alphanumeric Display
which means on this display we can display two lines with maximum of 16
characters in one line.

This interface diagram shows us the connection of an LCD to

microcontroller.LCD consists of 8 data lines which can be either a command or
a data. An entire port is used for sending data to the LCD by microcontroller. 3
other pins are also used for handshaking purposes.
3.4. MFRC522 (RFID MODULE)

DESCRIPTION

The MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless

communication at 13.56 MHz’s The MFRC522 reader supports ISO/IEC
14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG.The MFRC522’s internal transmitter is able
to drive a reader/writer antenna designed to communicate with ISO/IEC
14443 A/MIFARE cards and transponders without additional
active circuitry. The receiver module provides a robust and efficient
implementation for demodulating and decoding signals from ISO/IEC
14443 A/MIFARE compatible cards and transponders. The digital
module manages the complete ISO/IEC 14443 A framing and
error detection (parity and CRC) functionality. The MFRC522 supports
MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 products. The MFRC522
supports contactless communication and uses MIFARE higher transfer
speeds up to 848 kBd in both directions.

FEATURES

 Highly integrated analog circuitry to demodulate and decode

responses
 Buffered output drivers for connecting an antenna with the
minimum number of external components
 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG
 Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode up to 50 mm
depending on the antenna size and tuning
 Supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 encryption in
Read/Write mode
 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A higher transfer speed communication
up to 848 kBd
 Supports MFIN/MFOUT
 Additional internal power supply to the smart card IC connected via
MFIN/MFOUT
 Supported host interfaces
 SPI up to 10 Mbit/s
 I2C-bus interface up to 400 kBd in Fast mode, up to 3400 kBd in
High-speed mode
 RS232 Serial UART up to 1228.8 kBd, with voltage levels
dependant on pin voltage supply
 FIFO buffer handles 64 byte send and receive
 Flexible interrupt modes
 Hard reset with low power function
 Power-down by software mode
 Programmable timer
 Internal oscillator for connection to 27.12 MHz quartz crystal
 2.5 V to 3.3 V power supply
3) FILTER CAPACITOR:
As mentioned above we have to use filter capacitor to remove the AC
signal from the output of rectifier. Filter capacitor is used in order to remove
ripples from the pulsating DC and convert it to unregulated DC.
A capacitor is an electrical device that can store energy in the electric field
between a pair of closely spaced conductors (called ‘plates’). When voltage is
applied to the capacitor, electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite
polarity, build up on the plate.
Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy storage devices. They can also
be used to differentiate between high frequency and low frequency signals and
this makes them useful in electronic filters. These small deviations from the ideal
behavior of the device can become significant when it is operating under certain
conditions, i.e. high frequency, high current, or temperature extremes.
PIV =100V
I = 1A
For filter capacitor design :-
C= (I1 * t1)/Vr
Vr= ripple voltage
Il = load current
T1= time during which the capacitor being discharge by load current
Vr = ripple voltage 10% of output voltage
Vr = 1.0 V
Frequency 50 HZ
T1 = 1/50 = 20 ms
T for 360° = 20ms
For 180°= 10ms
For 60°= 20ms * (60°/360)
= 3.4ms
For bridge :-
 T1 = [time for 90° + time for θ1]
= 5ms + 3.4ms
= 8.4ms
I1 = load current supplied to various IC
I1 = current required for LCD + o/p current of 89S51 +
o/p current of max232 + current required for LM35 +
+ Current required for heart beat sensor + current required
For GPS SR-87
= 3mA + 40mA + 8mA + 0.060mA + 22mA + 40mA
= 113.06Ma
C = I1 * T1/ Vr
= 113.06 * 8.4 * 10^-6 / 1
= 949.704 µF
Thus this 949.704 µF value can be approximated to 1000 µF. Thus we will use
1000 µF capacitor before IC 7805, which is used for improving Frequency
Response
4) VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
Two separate voltage regulators are used after the filter capacitor so as
to generate constant DC voltage supply of 5 volts and 12 volts. We have used
7805 and 7812 as a voltage regulator. Both of them are three pin IC which are
namely input, ground and output. We have to give out put of filter capacitor to
the input of regulator, and we get 5 volts and 12 volts supply at the output pin
of the respective regulator.
Transformer selection: we require 12V for min input for IC 7805
= Drop across IC 7805 + Required Output voltage
= 3 V+ 5V
=8V
So at Input of 7805 we required 8 V with margin
Consider drop across diode 0.7V so 2 diode conducts drop is 1.4 V
= 1.4 V +8 V
= 9.4 V
So at secondary we required 10 V
Fixed voltage regulator IC 7805 produces +5V regulated output voltage with
respect to the ground.
 Output Current in Excess of 1.0 A
 No External Components Required
 Internal Thermal Overload Protection
 Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting
 Output Transistor Safe–Area Compensation
 Output Voltage Offered in 2% and 4% Tolerance
 Available in Surface MountD2PAK, DPAK and Standard 3–Lead
 Transistor Packages

Waveforms for Power supply module

We get 230 volts A.C. supply

from the power grid (Electricity
board). The voltage amplitude is
of 230 volts and the frequency is
50 Hz.

By using a Step down tranformer

we are lowering the 230 volt AC
supply to a lower value (e.g., 15
V) using a transformer. This
lower voltage is still AC. The
voltage amplitude is reduced
but the frequency is same,
which is 50 Hz

Then rectification is done by a

set of 4 diodes (Bridge rectifier),
this rectifier transforms this AC
voltage into pulsating voltage.
The negative half cycles of
transformer output are
converted to positive half cycles.

The next step is filtering, which

is done by an electrolytic
capacitor of 100microF, this
filter capacitor transforms this
pulsating voltage into almost
DC. This is having ripples.

The voltage obtained after the

capacitor oscillates a little bit
(this oscillation is called ripple),
so a voltage regulating stage is
necessary, done by a voltage
regulator IC. After this stage the
output is true DC voltage
1) TRANSFORMER:
Transformer is the main component of the power supply module. There
are two types of transformer namely Step up and Step Down. We have used Step
down transformer as we have to generate 5 volts and 12 volts DC supply from
the 230 volts input AC supply so we have used 15 volts / 500 mA transformers
which mean its output will be 15 volts AC with current rating of 500 mA.

Types of Transformer:
1. Core type Transformer
2. Shell type Transformer
3. Berry type Transformer

3.8 RECTIFIER:
Rectifieris used to rectify the negative half cycles of the output signal of
the secondary of the transformer. So at the input of the rectifier We have AC
signal with both positive and negative cycles and at the output of the rectifier
We have signal with only positive cycles but as this signal is also AC We have to
use capacitor to filter out the AC of the output signal. There are mainly three
types of rectifiers namely half wave, Full wave and Bridge rectifier. Out of
these three we have used Bridge rectifier since it give more efficiency. A full
wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or
positive) portions of the alternating current waveform .The positive (negative)
portions thus combine with the reversed negative (positive) portions to
produce an entirely positive (negative) voltage/current waveform. For single
phase AC is center tapped, and then two diodes back to back (i.e. anode to
anode or cathode to cathode) form a full wave rectifier.

Rectifier designing 1N4007 diodes are used to build circuit of full wave bridge
rectifier
 Surge overload rating - 50 amperes peak
 Ideal for printed circuit board
 Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded plastic technique results in
inexpensive product
  Mounting Position: Any

For diode design:-

PIV = Vm
Vm = E0 max + 2 Vf
= 10.7 + 1.4 V
= 12.1 V
I0 = Il/2
= 116.2 mA/ 2
= 58.1 mA
Peak repetitive current
Ifm = [Il (t1+t2)]/t2
T2 = time for 90° - time for θ1
= 5ms - 3.4ms
=1.2ms
Ifm = 116.2mA( 8.6ms+1.2ms) /1.2ms
= 833mA
From above specification diode 1N4007 is selected.
 Chapter No. 4

ESP8266

Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

 ESP8266:
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP
stack and microcontroller capability produced by Shanghai-based Chinese
manufacturer, Express if Systems.
The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with
the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer, Ai-Thinker. This small
module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make
simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at the time
there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the
commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact that there were very
few external components on the module which suggested that it could
eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore
the module, chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese
documentation. The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash,
allowing for single-chip devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi.

Fig. ESP 8266

Features:

 Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor core based on

the Tensilica Xtensa Diamond Standard 106Micro running at
80 MHz.
 Memory:
iB instruction RAM.
iB instruction cache RAM.
16 iB user data RAM.
 iB ETS system data RAM. External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is
supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB typically included).
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be
enabled on GPIO2.
 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC).
 I²C (software implementation).
 I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO ).
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be
enabled on GPIO2
 Chapter No. 5

Circuit Diagram
 Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Schematic Diagram of Automatic Toll Collection
Fig. Schematic Diagram of Automatic Toll Collection.
 Chapter No. 6

PCB LAYOUT

Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

PCB LAYOUT

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and

electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or
traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It
is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB
populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also
known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).

Fig. PCB layout Diagram

 Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall
performance of the electronic equipment. A good PCB design ensures that the
noise introduced as a result of component placement and track layout is held
within limits while still providing components years of assembly maintenance
and performance reliability.

Where and Why are PCB’s used?

Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track
which are firmly bonded to an insulating base.
Advantages of PCB over Common wiring are:
1. PCB’s are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components
in a very small area with minimum parasitic effects.
2. PCB’s are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error.
3. Small components are easily mounted.
4. Servicing in simplified.

Base Materials used for PCB

The base materials used for PCB’s are glass epoxy, epoxy paper, polyester etc.
Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic
deposition.

Preparation of Single Sided PCB

In single sided PCB conductor tracks are present on one side of copper
clad board. So crossing of conductors is not allowed. It is mechanically &
chemically cleansed. The photo resist is an organic solution which when exposed
to light of proper wavelength, changes their solubility in developer but after
exposure to light is not soluble.
Laminate coating of photo resist is done by: (i) Spray coating (ii) Dip coating (iii)
Roller coating.
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact
with each other. The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the
developer tank. Proper developer has to be used for a particular photo resist
and then the PCB is dyed in a tray. The dye reveals the flux to be used for a
particular photo resist. Then the PCB is dyed in a tray.

FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the
component side as well as the copper clad side. Spaces are provided for holes to
insert the respective components. Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the
interconnecting marks.

ETCHING

Fig. Etching Process

The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a
small amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride
in etching. Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains. Then it is
washed with water and Oxalic Acid.
 Chapter No. 7

PROGRAMING

Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

 PROGRAMMING

For Reading Card Data

#include <SPI.h>

#include <MFRC522.h>

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 5, A3, 7, 8, A1);

#include<Servo.h>

Servo gate ;

#define RST_PIN 9 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above

#define SS_PIN 10 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above

String api_key = "7171ea82115dadc7f13124afda8e32a8d727d1f7";

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance

char Aa1[10] = {'B', 'H', 'A', 'T', 'K', 'U', 'L', 'K', 'A', 'R'};
char Aa2[5] = "PAWAR";

char Aa3[5] = "KADAV";

char Aa4[7] = "BARANGE";

//********************************************************************
*********************//

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communications with

the PC

SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus

mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522 card

// Serial.println(F("AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX DEDUCTION SYSTEM")); //shows in serial

that it is ready to read

gate.attach(6);

gate.write(90);

lcd.print("AUTOMATIC TOLL");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("TAX COLLECTION");

delay(2000);

pinMode(A2, INPUT_PULLUP);

void loop() {

MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

for (byte i = 0; i < 6; i++) key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF;

byte block;
 byte len;

MFRC522::StatusCode status;

//-------------------------------------------

// Look for new cards

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) {

return;

// Select one of the cards

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) {

return;

// Serial.println(F("**Card Detected:**"));

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("** Card Detected");

//-------------------------------------------

//mfrc522.PICC_DumpDetailsToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid)); //dump some details about

the card
 //mfrc522.PICC_DumpToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid)); //uncomment this to see all
blocks in hex.

………………………………………………………….

Serial.print("DILIP_BHATKULKAR");

Serial.print("&p2=");

Serial.print("MH32C4020");

Serial.print("&p3=");

Serial.print("50");

Serial.print("&p4=");

Serial.print("ONLINE_DEDUCTION");

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Payment Done");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Thank You...");

lcd.print("AUTOMATIC TOLL");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("TAX COLLECTION");

if (kk == 5)

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("VN : MH32AE2011");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
 lcd.print("PAWAR");

delay(2000);

gate.write(0);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Deduct OFFLINE");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Payment Rs 100");

delay(2000);

while (digitalRead(A2) == 1);

………………………………………………………………………………….

Serial.print("RAMDAS_KADAV");

Serial.print("&p2=");

Serial.print("MH27CD3696");

Serial.print("&p3=");

Serial.print("100");

Serial.print("&p4=");

Serial.print("CASH_PAYMENT");

gate.write(90);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Payment Done");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Thank You...");
 delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("AUTOMATIC TOLL");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("TAX COLLECTION");

if (ss2 > 5)

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("VN : MH32AC7033");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("BARANGE");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Deducting Online");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Payment");

delay(2000);

……………………………………………………………………………………

lcd.print("AUTOMATIC TOLL");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("TAX COLLECTION");
 }

delay(1000); //change value if you want to read cards faster

mfrc522.PICC_HaltA();

mfrc522.PCD_StopCrypto1();

Chapter No. 8

ARDUINO DESCRIPTION
 Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

ARDUINO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
 Fig. Arduino Kit

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino,
moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and
the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous
versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

FEATURES
Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6.

Chapter No. 8

PROJECT APPLICATION
 Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

PROJECT APPLICATION

 Automatic Toll Reduction.

 Online Deduction.
 Detect automatically Vehicles.
 Security is more for user information.
 No Overlaps the data by card of vehicles.
 In National Highway to implement this project.
 In government sectors more implement this project.
 More profitable because it reduces more paper and fuel.
 It reduces more waiting time.

Chapter No. 9
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Automatic Toll Collection Using RFID

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages: -
 1) Human effort and time is reduced.
2) The technology used does not require line of sight.
3) Requires no Toll Plazas and investment on the infrastructure of building
huge toll plaza can be saved.
4) At presently available manual toll plazas there are high chances of
cheatings to be conducted. But in case of computerized toll station, the
cheating is completely eliminated because the control is over the main
server and there is no human interface in the collection of the charges at
the toll plazas.
5) Without the interruption in the flow of traffic, this system can efficiently
work 24 hours a day.
6) Helps to trace the illegal vehicles.
7) Since most of the working is software based hence hardware cost is
saved.
8) Also due to most of the working being software base, the chances of the
system failure is less.

Limitation of your Project: -

As every coin has its two sides, our system also has its ADVANTAGES & few
LIMITATIONS which can be overcome easily. They are,
 1) We have to invest in dedicated computers which run 24X7 for each lane
for fast service.
2) We have to make provision for UPS for uninterrupted service.
3) If RFID tag is destroyed the information in it is lost & we will have to
make separate backups for every tag. So basically investment cost is only
the main limitation factor.

Future Scope
As of in future we are planning of making this system more accurate. Also we
will be probably implementing the facility of post charging the users account.
Also we will be looking to send user a sms about his transaction details. Apart
from these all the major modification that we are planning is to directly link
the users’ toll account with his bank account. Hence the toll tax will be directly
deduced from the user’s bank account instead of his toll account. Also in future
we are looking to add a feature that will allow the government cars to pass
through without collecting their tax.

Conclusion: -
Times are changing and even this Manual Technique for Taxation at
toll station has to change and seeing a change in mind set of every individual
this technology would also be taken whole heartedly. And we would see that
paying Toll at the Toll station won’t be that time consuming and much accurate
and preferred across every nook and corner of the globe wherever there would
be a toll station. And as described above about the merits of this Toll station
we don’t think that it’s not that far enough when we would see this technology
being used in India and in terms benefiting the whole society as well as the
company whose is involved in Toll taxation.

RFID is a powerful technology, and it is likely to see world-wide deployment

within the coming years. Continuous technological advancements of RFID have
resulted in reduced cost of installation and maintenance of devices across
different market segments. Comparing advantages and limitations of our
system we can conclude that our system is beneficial for daily travelers and
Toll station authorities to lessen the burden.

And finally, while RFID may seem to be a fairly simple and innocuous
technology on the surface, a wide range of issues and choices need to be
explored and resolved for its successful, wide-scale deployment. We are seeing
great promise and signs that the RFID and future upcoming sensor network
technologies will help to change the way we think about our manufacturing
processes and the interactions with the people and customers.

On the concluding node we can say that we have successfully implemented

one of the phase of our project but still have some improvements and
advancements to be done.

Reference: -
BOOKS: -
 1) Sachin Bhosale, Dnyaneshwar Natha Wavhal. “Automated Toll Plaza
System using RFID” IJSETR, Vol 2, Issue 1, Jan 2013.
2) Aniruddha Kumawat, Kshitija Chandramore, “Automation Toll Collection
System Using RFID”, Vol. 2, Issue 2, April-June 2014
3) Asif Ali Laghari, M. Sulleman Memon and Agha Sheraz Pathan, “RFID
Based Toll Deduction System,” I.J. Information Technology and
Computer Science.
4) Micro controller by Ayala
5) Embedded System by Mazidi
6) Microprocessor and micro controller: U. A. Bakshi

WEBSITES: -
1) www.electronicsforu.com
2) www.atmel.com
3) www.datasheetlocator.com