POWER SYSTEM HISTORY

 Power System Development

 The first power network in the US
 the first electric network in the US was established in
1882 at New York City by Thomas Edison
 the power was generated by dc generators and

distributed by underground cables

 because high RI loss at low voltage, the energy could
2

only be delivered short distance from the power

station
 high loss, short deliver distance are the shortage of

the dc power network

Energy Conversion Lab

 POWER SYSTEM HISTORY
 Power System Development
 The first ac power network in the US
 transformer was invented in 1885 by William Stanley:
be able to change voltage
 induction motor was invented in 1888 by Nikola Tesla:

replace dc motor and can produce ac power

 ac system can produce more power at higher voltage

than dc system because ac generator is lack of

commutators
 first single-phase ac in the US was generated by two

300hp waterwheel turbine at 4kV

 first three-phase ac was generated at 2.3kV in 1893

Energy Conversion Lab

 POWER SYSTEM HISTORY
 Power System Development
 Development of HVDC
 a standard 60Hz was adopted in the US, Canada,
Taiwan, etc. European adopts 50Hz system
 dc transmission line has advantages in transferring

more power for the same ac line due to no reactance,

asynchronous link between two ac systems
 high voltage dc (HVDC) was first built in 1970

 Interconnection
 utility networks are interconnected together to form
power grid or power pool
 fewer generators are required as a reserve

 energy generation and transmission more economical

and reliable
Energy Conversion Lab
 SHAPERS OF TODAY’S POWER SYSTEMS

 Thomas Edison 1882

 Power system- central stations
 George Westinghouse 1890’s
 Battle of the currents: AC vs DC
 Samuel Insull 1920’s
 Regulated monopoly
 DEVELOPMENT OF POWER INDUSTRY

 Competitive industry 1882-1920

 1887-1893 there were 24 power
companies in Chicago area
 Monopoly 1900-1920 Competition
 A wave of merger, acquisition and
consolidation produced a few local
monopolies. Regulated
 Regulation 1920-1990 monopoly
 Sam Insull proposed the concept of
regulated monopoly citing the
industry as a natural monopoly
 1907 Wisconsin and New York
established state utility
commissions Monopoly
 1935 Federal Power Commission
was established.
 Vertically Integrated Power System
transmission distribution

generation
 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (1)

 Generators – Synchronous Generators

 Two main parts: Stator and rotor components
 Two rotating field: one in rotor (excited by dc current),
the other in stator (by ac current)
 Reactive power (exciting) system (rotor part): maintain
and control generator voltage and reactive power output
 Real power system (stator part): transform mechanical
power from prime mover to real electric power and
transmit electric power by stator winding connected to
power grid
 Different generators are operated in parallel in the power
grid, they are connected at the common place called BUS.

Energy Conversion Lab

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Exciting system

Real power system

Energy Conversion Lab Figure adopted from Power System Analysis, 2nd. Ed. Prentice Hall
 THERMAL GENERATOR

Energy Conversion Lab

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Generator

Turbine and prime mover

Energy Conversion Lab

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Exciting system

Real power system

Energy Conversion Lab

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

rotor for gas turbine generator

Energy Conversion Lab
 HYDRO GENERATOR

台電竹門電廠 (美濃)
Energy Conversion Lab
 HYDRO GENERATOR

台電竹門電廠 (美濃)
Energy Conversion Lab
 HYDRO GENERATOR

Generator (台電竹門電廠)
Energy Conversion Lab
 HYDRO GENERATOR

Turbine and prime mover (台電竹門電廠)

Energy Conversion Lab
 HYDRO GENERATOR

Water gate (台電竹門電廠)

Energy Conversion Lab
 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (2)

 Transformers
 Two main parts: primary and secondary
components
 Function: transfer power with very high efficiency
from one level of voltage to another level
 Voltage/Current relations of transformer:
vp:vS=a:1=iS:iP
 VI in primary side ≈ VI in secondary side
 Limit of the transformer: insulation problem
 power may undergo four or five transformers
between generator and user
Energy Conversion Lab
 TRANSFORMER ALLOCATION

Energy Conversion Lab

 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (3)
 Transmission
 Over head transmission network: transfer electricity from
generating units to distribution network
 Standard transmission voltage system in Taiwan:
 EHV: 345KV (above 230 KV system is called EHV)
 primary: 161 KV
 secondary: 69KV
 distributed: 22.8KV and lower
 Distribution
 Primary distribution lines ≈ 4 ~ 34.5KV, primarily serve
industrial customers
 Secondary distribution lines: reduce voltage further to
feed residential or commercial custumers

Energy Conversion Lab

Transmission System Development

 Single line
 For remote
generator
 Transmission fault:
Circuit breakers for
fault isolation

 Parallel lines
 Redundancy to
improve reliability
 Transmission Network

 Provides
alternative paths
from generator to
load without
complete
duplication, thus
enhances reliability
of power supply at
reasonable cost.
 Greatly increases
complexity in
design and control
 Evolution of Transmission Systems

 Power plants may be far from the load (To avoid fuel
transportation, building power plants at the mine – month).
Electricity transmission is necessary
 In order to transfer a large capacity (in GW order), high voltage
alternating current (AC) is preferred to reduce current & losses
and save corresponding conductors (copper etc.)
 To enhance reliability of power supply, network structure is
adopted for the transmission system.
 Standard voltages are used in each country, which leads to
standard design of equipment (transformers, generators,
motors, circuit breakers etc.) beneficial to investment, operation
& maintenance.
 Tie-line interconnections are constructed to provide emergency
support and economic exchange between power companies.
 Higher voltage networks are built on top of existing networks,
resulting in layers of transmission and sub-transmission
systems.
 Roles of Transmission Systems

 Multiple roles of transmission system

 Linking generators to loads
 Providing alternative paths for reliability
enhancement
 Interconnecting with other utilities for
 Emergency support
 Economic exchange
 Priority lies in ensuring serving its own load
 Characteristics of Transmission Systems

 Alternating current (AC) network

 Integrated planning and operation of
generation and transmission systems
 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

step up

161kV

161kV
161kV 69kV
bus distribution bus
161kV 69kV
69kV 11kV

Energy Conversion Lab Figure adopted from Power System Analysis, 2nd. Ed. Prentice Hall
 GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK IN TAIWAN

Energy Conversion Lab

 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (4)
 Loads
 Resistive loads: independent of frequency change, most
of them are residential or commercial loads
 Frequency sensitive loads: load vary with frequency
change because of the usage of large amount of
induction motors from industry
 Unit of real power loads: kilowatts (KW) or megawatts
(MW)
 Unit of real energy loads: kilowatts-hour (KWh) or
megawatts-hour (MWh)
 Load factor (LF): average load/peak load
 Peak load: the greatest value of load during a 24-hr
period
 Typical LF: 55% ~ 70%

Energy Conversion Lab

 LOAD PROFILES
peak load

Energy Conversion Lab Part of Figure adopted from Power System Analysis, 2nd. Ed. Prentice Hall
 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (5)

 System Protection
 Switchgear definition: protective device directly
connected to circuit
 Switchgear devices: instrument transformer,
circuit breaker, disconnected switch, fuse,
lightning arresters
 Protective relays: protecting network from any
unexpected events.

Energy Conversion Lab

 SWITCHGEARS

隔離開關

過電流電驛

電力熔絲
Energy Conversion Lab
FUTURE POWER--- SMART GRID
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
FUTURE POWER NETWORK
VIRTUAL POWER PLANT
 ENERGY CONTROL CENTER

Energy Conversion Lab

 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (5)

 Energy Control Center

 Equipped with online computers to monitor,
control, and coordinate power system operation
 Computers perform signal processing through
remote acquisition system
 System operators make judgments, decisions,
and execute system operation with the aid of
computers
 The equipment serve for “Supervisory Control
And Data Acquisition” is called “SCADA” system

Energy Conversion Lab

 POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE (5)
 Computer Analysis of Power System
 transmission line performance and compensation
 power flow analysis
 synchronous machine transient analysis
 balanced fault
 symmetrical components and unbalanced fault
 stability study
 power system control
 Software That Will Use In The Class
 MATLAB: direct math models into simulation

Energy Conversion Lab