CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC

COMMUNICATIONS

Items Definitions Terms

1 Its fundamental purpose is to transfer Electronic Communication System

information from one place to another.

2 The transmission, reception, and processing Electronic Communication

of information between two or more
locations using electronic circuits.

3 Electronic Communications Time Line

1830: American Scientist and professor

Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical
electrical signal.

1837: Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented

the telegraph.

1843: Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.

1861: Johann Phillip Reis completed the first

nonworking telephone.

1864: James Clerk Maxwell released his

paper “Dynamic Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field”, which concluded that
light electricity, and magnetism were related.

1865: Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first

person to communicate wireless through the
Earth’s atmosphere.

1866: First transatlantic telegraph cable was

installed

1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas

 Watson Invented the telephone.

1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the

phonograph.

1880: Heinrich Hertz discovers

electromagnetic waves.

1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves.

Marchese Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates
wireless radio wave propagation.

1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces

radio waves. Heinrich Hertz conclusively
proved Maxwell’s prediction that electricity
can travel in waves through the Earth’s
atmosphere.

1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds

his first radio equipment, a device that rings
a bell from 30 ft. away.

1895: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi

discovered ground wave propagation.

1898: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi

established the first radio link between
England and France.

1900: American Scientist Reginald A.

Fessenden the world’s first radio broadcast
using continuous waves.

1901: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi

transmits telegraphic radio messages from
Cornwall, to Newfoundland. Reginald A.
Fessenden transmits the World’s first radio
broadcast using continuous waves. First
successful transatlantic transmission of radio
signal.

1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc

transmission that generates continuous
 wave transmission 100-kHz signal that is
receivable 150 miles away.

1904: First radio transmission of music at

Graz, Austria.

1905: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents

the directional radio antenna.

1906: Reginald A. Fessenden invents

amplitude modulation (AM). First radio
program of voice and music broadcasted in
the United States by Reginald Fessenden.
Lee DeFrorest invents triode (three-
electrode) vacuum tube.

1907: Reginald Fessenden invents a high-

frequency Electric generator that produces
radio waves with a frequency of 100 kHz.

1908: General Electric develops a 100-kHz,

2-kW alternator for radio communications.

1910: The Radio Act of 1910 is the first

concurrence of government regulation of
radio technology and services.

1912: The Radio Act of 1912 in the United

States brought order to the radio bands by
requiring station and operator’s licenses and
assigning blocks of the frequency spectrum
to the existing users.

1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and

the heterodyne receiver are introduced.

1914: Major Edwin Armstrong develops the

superheterodyne radio receiver.

1915: Vacuum-tube radio transmitters

introduced.
 1919: Shortwave radio is developed.

1920: Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the

first regular licensed radio transmission out
of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

1921: Radio Corporation of America (RCA)

begins operating Radio Central on Long
Island. The American Radio League
establishes contact via shortwave radio with
Paul Godley in Scotland, proving that
shortwave radio can be used for long
distance communications.

1923: Vladimir Zworykin invents and

demonstrates television.

1927: A temporary five- member Federal

Radio Commission agency was created in
the United States.

1928: Radio station WRNY in New York City

begins broadcasting television shows.

1931: Major Edwin Armstrong patents wide-

band frequency modulation (FM).

1934: Federal Communications Commission

(FCC) created to regulate telephone, radio,
and television broadcasting.

1935: Commercial FM radio broadcasting

begins with monophonic transmission.

1937: Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded

pulse-code modulation. (PCM)

1939: National Broadcasting Company

(NBC) demonstrates television broadcasting.
First use of two-way radio communications
using walkie-talkies.
 1941: Columbia University Radio Club
opens the first regularly scheduled FM radio
station.

1945: Television is born. FM moved from its

original home of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to 88
MHz to 108 MHz to make room.

1946: The American Telephone and

Telegraph Company (AT&T) inaugurated the
first mobile telephone system for the public
called MTS (Mobile Telephone System).

1948: John Von Neumann created the first

store program electronic digital computer.
Bell Telephone Laboratories unveiled the
transistor, a joint venture of scientist William
Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain.

1951: First transcontinental microwave

system began operation.

1952: Sony Corporation offers a miniature

transistor radio, one of the first mass
produced consumer AM/FM radios.

1953: RCA and MBC broadcast first color

television transmission.

1954: The number of radio stations in the

world exceeds the number of newspapers
printed daily.

1954: Texas Instruments becomes the first

company to commercially produce silicon
transistors.

1956: First transatlantic telephone cable

systems began carrying calls.

1957: Russia launches the world’s first

 satellite. (Sputnik)

1958: Kilby and Noyce develop first

integrated circuits. NASA launched the
United States first satellite.

1961: FCC approves FM stereo

broadcasting, which spurs the development
of FM. Citizens band (CB) radio first used.

1962: U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting

stereophonic sound.

1963: T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier

systems introduced.

1965: First commercial communications

satellite launched.

1970: High-definition television (HDTV)

introduced in Japan.

1977: First commercial use of optical fiber

cables.

1983: Cellular telephone networks

introduced in the United States.

1999: HDTV standards implemented in the

United States.

1999: Digital Television (DTV) transmission

began in the United States.

4 Are time-varying voltages or currents that analog signals

are continuously changing such as sine and
cosine waves.

5 Is sometimes referred to as a power loss. Attenuation

6 Is sometimes referred to as a Unity Power Gain
____________ , If Pout = Pin, the absolute
power gain is 1, and the dB power gain is 0
dB.

7 Are voltages or currents that change in digital signals

discrete steps or levels.

8 In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Telephone

Thomas A. Watson were the first to
successfully transfer human conversation
over a crude metallic- wire communications
systems using this device.

9 The first commercial radio broadcasting KDKA

station in 1920 that broadcasted amplitude
modulated signals in Pittsburgh.

10 Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to Decibel ( dB )

measure ratio.

11 Is a unit of measurement used to indicate dBm

the ratio of a power level with respect to a
fixed reference level (1mW).

12 One-tenth of a decibel. Bel

13 A collection of one or more electronic Transmitter

devices or circuits that converts the original
source information to a form more suitable
for transmission over a particular
transmission medium.

14 Provides a means of transporting signals Transmission Medium

between a transmitter and a receiver.

15 A collection of electronic devices and circuits Receiver

that accepts the transmitted signals for the
transmission medium and then converts
those signals back to their original form.
16 Is any unwanted electrical signals that System Noise
interfere with the information signal.

17 Because it is often impractical to propagate Carrier

information signals over standard
transmission media, it is often necessary to
modulate the source information onto a
higher-frequency analog signal called a
______.

18 The process of changing one or more Modulation

properties of the analog carrier in proportion
with the information signal.

19 A system in which energy is transmitted and Analog Communication System

received in analog form (a continuously
varying signals such as a sine wave).

20 A true digital system where digital pulses Digital Transmission

(discrete levels such as +5V and ground)
are transferred between two or more points
in a communications system.

21 The transmittal of digitally modulated analog digital radio

carriers between two or more points in a
communications system.

22 A modulation technique where the Amplitude Modulation ( AM )

information signal is analog and the
amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal.

23 A modulation technique where the Frequency Modulation ( FM )

information signal is analog and the
frequency (f) of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal.

24 A modulation technique where the Phase Modulation

information signal is analog and the phase
(q) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
25 A modulation technique where the Amplitude Shift Keying ( ASK )
information signal is digital and that
amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal.

26 A modulation technique where the Frequency Shift Keying ( FSK )

information signal is digital and the
frequency (f) of the carrier is varied
proportional to the information signal.

27 A modulation technique where the Phase Shift Keying

information signal is digital and the phase (q)
of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal. ( PSK )

28 A modulation technique where both the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

amplitude and the phase of the carrier are
varied proportional to the information signal.
( QAM )

29 Modulation is performed in a transmitter by a Modulator

circuit called ________.

30 The reverse process of modulation and Demodulation

converts the modulated carrier back to the
original information.

31 Demodulation is performed in a receiver by Demodulator

a circuit called _______.

32 2 Reasons why modulation is necessary

in electronic communications :

1. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-

frequency signals from an antenna in the
form of electromagnetic energy.

2. Information signals often occupy the same

frequency band and, if signals from two or
more sources are transmitted at the same
time, they would interfere with each other.
33 A specific band of frequencies allocated a Channel
particular service.

34 Process of converting a frequency or band Frequency Translation

of frequencies to another location in the total
frequency spectrum.

35 The purpose of an electronic Stations

communications system is to communicate
information between two or more locations
commonly called _____________ .

36 The number of times a periodic motion, such Frequency

as a sine wave of voltage or current, occurs
in a given period of time.

37 Each complete alternation of the waveform. Cycle

38 Is an international agency in control of International Telecommunications Union (

allocating frequencies and services within ITU)
the overall frequency spectrum.

39 In the United States, assigns frequencies Federal Communications Commission (

and communications services for free-space FCC )
radio propagation.

40
41 Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and Extremely Low
include ac power distribution signals (60Hz)
and low frequency telemetry signals.
Frequencies ( ELF )

42 Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range Voice Frequencies

and include frequencies generally
associated with human speech.
( VF )

43 Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range Very Low Frequencies

which include the upper end of the human
hearing range.
( VLF )

44 Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range Low Frequencies

and are used primarily for marine and
aeronautical navigation.
( LF )

45 Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range Medium Frequencies

and are used primarily for commercial AM
radio broadcasting (535kHz-1605kHz).
( MF )

46 Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range High Frequencies

and are often referred to as short waves.
Used for most two-way radio
communications. ( HF )

47 Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range Very High Frequencies

and are used for mobile radio, marine and
aeronautical communications, commercial
FM broadcasting (88 to 108 MHz) and ( VHF )
commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2 to 13
(54MHz to 216MHz).

48 Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range Ultrahigh Frequencies

and are used by commercial television
broadcasting of channels 14 to 83, land
mobile communications services, cellular ( UHF )
telephones, certain radar and navigation
systems, and microwave and satellite radio
systems.
49 Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and Super High Frequencies
include the majority of the frequencies used
for microwave and satellite radio
communications systems. ( SHF )

50 Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range Extremely High Frequencies

and are seldom used for radio
communications except in very
sophisticated, expensive, and specialized ( EHF )
applications.

51 Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range Infrared

and are not generally referred to as radio
waves. Used in heat seeking guidance
systems, electronic photography, and
astronomy.

52 Includes electromagnetic frequencies that Visible Light

fall within the visible range of humans
(0.3PHz to 3PHz).

53 Used for optical fiber systems. Light-wave Communications

54 The length that one cycle of an Wavelength

electromagnetic wave occupies in space
(i.e., the distance between similar points in a
repetitive wave).

55
56 Radio transmitter classifications according to Emission Classifications
bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of
information.

57

Ø The first symbol is a letter that designates

the type of modulation of the main carrier.

Ø The second symbol is a number that

identifies the type of emission.

Ø The third symbol is another letter that

describes the type of information being
transmitted.

58 The two most significant limitations on the Noise and Bandwidth

performance of a communications system
are ________and ________.

59 The difference between the highest and Bandwidth

lowest frequencies contained in the
information.

60 The bandwidth of a communications channel Passband

is the difference between the highest and
lowest frequencies that the channel will
allow to pass through it.
61 A highly theoretical study of the efficient use Information Theory
of bandwidth to propagate information
through electronic communications systems.

62 The measure of how much information can Information Capacity

be propagated through a communications
system and is a function of bandwidth and
transmission time.

63 The most basic digital symbol used to Binary Digit / Bit

represent information.

64 The number of bits transmitted during one Bit Rate

second and is expressed in bits per second
(bps).

65 In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Hartley’s Law

Laboratories developed a useful relationship
among bandwidth, transmission time, and
information capacity. IµBxt

66 In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon Shannon limit for information capacity

published a paper in the Bell System
Technical Journal relating the information
capacity of a communications channel to
bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

67 Any undesirable electrical energy that falls Electrical Noise

within the passband of the signal.
68 Noise present regardless of whether there is Uncorrelated Noise
a signal present or not.

69 Noise that is generated outside the device or External Noise

circuit.

70 Noise that is naturally occurring electrical Atmospheric Noise

disturbances that originate within Earth’s
atmosphere.

71 Atmospheric noise is commonly called Static Electricity

____________.

72 Noise consists of electrical signals that Extraterrestrial Noise

originate from outside Earth’s atmosphere
and is sometimes called deep-space noise.

73 Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes called Deep-Space Noise

____________.

74 Noise generated directly from the sun’s heat. Solar Noise

75 Noise sources that are continuously Cosmic Noise

distributed throughout the galaxies.

76 Noise that is produced by mankind. Man-made Noise

77 Electrical interference generated within a Internal Noise

device or circuit.

78 Noise caused by the random arrival of Shot Noise

carriers (holes and electrons) at the output
element of an electronic device.

79 Any modification to a stream of carriers as Transit-time Noise

they pass from the input to the output of a
device produces an irregular, random
variations.
80 Associated with the rapid and random Thermal Noise
movement of electrons within a conductor
due to thermal agitation.

81 THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL

NAMES, INCLUDING :

Ø Thermal Noise, because it is temperature

dependent;

Ø Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;

Ø Johnson Noise, after the man who related

Brownian particle movement of electron
movement;

Ø White Noise, because the random

movement is at all frequencies;

82 Johnson proved that thermal noise power is Noise Power

proportional to the product of bandwidth and
temperature.
N = KTB

83 A form of internal noise that is correlated Correlated Noise

(mutually related) to the signal and cannot
be present in a circuit unless there is a
signal. “ no signal, no noise! “

84 Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a Harmonic Distortion

signal are produced through nonlinear
amplification (nonlinear mixing).

85 The generation of unwanted sum and Inter-modulation Distortion

difference frequencies produced when two
or more signals mix in a nonlinear device.

86 The original signal and also called the First Harmonic

fundamental frequency.
87 A frequency two times the original signal Second Harmonic
frequency.

88 A frequency three times the original signal Third Harmonic

frequency.

89 Another name for harmonic distortion. Amplitude Distortion

90 Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of Impulse Noise

short duration in the total noise spectrum.

91

92 A form of external noise and as the name Interference

implies it means to disturb or detract form.

93 Noise produced when information signals Electrical interference

from one source produce frequencies that
fall outside their allocated bandwidth and
interfere with information signals from
another source.

94 The ratio of the signal power level to the Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio ( S/N )
noise power level.
95 Figures of merit used to indicate how much Noise Factor ( F )
the signal - to-noise ratio deteriorates as a
signal passes through a circuit or series of
circuits and

Noise Figure ( NF )

96

97 FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE

NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
 98 A convenient parameter often used rather Equivalent Noise Temperature
than noise figure in low noise, sophisticated
VHF, UHF, microwave, and satellite radio
receivers. It indicates the reduction in the ( Te )
signal-to-noise ratio a signal undergoes as it
propagates through a receiver.
Te = T ( F – 1 )

CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND MIXING

Items Definitions Terms

1 Electrical signals of which amplitude changes Analog Signals

continuously with respect to time with no breaks or
discontinuities.

2 Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their Digital Signals

amplitude maintains constant level for a prescribed
period of time and then it changes to another level
with respect to time with no breaks or discontinuities.

3 Digital signal with only two levels possible. Binary Signal

4 Digital signal with four levels possible. Quaternary Signal

5 Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency, Signal Analysis

bandwidth, and voltage level of a signal?

6 A signal that repeats at a uniform rate. Periodic Wave

7 A description of signal with respect to time. Time-domain

Representation

8 A time-domain instrument that shows signal Oscilloscope

waveforms.

9 The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows Signal Waveform
the shape and instantaneous magnitude of the signal
 with respect to time.

10 A description of signal with respect to its frequency. Frequency Domain

Representation

11 A frequency-domain instrument that shows amplitude- Spectrum Analyzer

versus-frequency plot.

12 Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than Nonsinusoidal /

one harmonically related sine or cosine wave.

Complex Wave

13 A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French Fourier Series

physicist and mathematician Baron Jean Fourier used
to analyze complex periodic wave.

14 A mathematical tool that allows us to move back and Fourier Series

forth between the time and frequency domains. It is
used in signal analysis to represent the sinusoidal
components of nonsinusoidal periodic waveforms.

15 Waveform comprised of an average dc component Periodic Waveform

and a series of harmonically related sine or cosine
wave.

16 Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency? Harmonic

17 Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency Fundamental Frequency

(repetition rate) of the waveform.

18 If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about the even function

vertical axis, it is said to have axes, or mirror,
symmetry and is called an ________.

19 If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a odd function

line midway between the vertical axis and the negative
horizontal axis and passing through the coordinate
origin, it is said to have point, or skew, symmetry is
 called an ______.

20 If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the half-wave symmetry

waveform for the first half cycle repeats itself except
with the opposite sign for the second half cycle, it is
said to have ________.

21 The ________ of a waveform consists of all the frequency spectrum

frequencies contained in the waveform and their
respective amplitudes plotted in the frequency
domain.

22 The difference between the highest and lowest Bandwidth of an

frequencies contained in the information. It is also the
difference between the highest and lowest frequencies
that the channel will allow to pass through it. information signal

23 The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period Duty Cycle
of the waveform.

24 The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or Electrical Power

used, and is a function of the square of the voltage or
current

25 A fourier transform where a time-domain signal is Discrete Fourier Transform

sampled at discrete times.

26 A new algorithm of fourier transform developed by Fast Fourier Transform

Cooley and Tukey in 1965 where the computing time
2
is proportional to n log 2n rather than n .

27 The process of combining two or more signals Mixing

28 Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear Linear Summing

device, such as a passive network or a small-signal
amplifier. Also called linear mixing.

29 An amplifier where the output is simply the original Linear Amplifier

input signal amplified by its gain.
 30 Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a Nonlinear Mixing
nonlinear device such as a diode or large-signal
amplifier.

31 Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of that Harmonic Distortion

frequency.

32 Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that Frequency Multiplication

frequency.

33 The sum and difference of the two original Cross Products

frequencies.

34 The generation of any unwanted cross-product Intermodulation Distortion

frequency when two or more frequencies are mixed in
a nonlinear device.

35 Desired cross products produced by mixing in a Modulation

nonlinear device.

CHAPTER 4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

1 The process of impressing low-frequency information signals onto a Modulation
high-frequency carrier signal.
2 The reverse process of modulation where the received signals are Demodulation
transformed back to their original form.
3 The process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency Amplitude
carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the Modulation
modulating signal.
4 Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently radiated by the Radio Frequencies
antenna and propagated through free space.
5 The modulated output waveform from an AM modulator is? AM Envelope
6 Sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM. AM DSBFC
7 The band of frequencies between fc – fm (max) and fc. Lower Sideband
8 Any frequency within the lower sideband is called. Lower Side
Frequency
9 The band of frequencies between fc and fc + fm(max) Upper Sideband
 10 Any frequency within the upper sideband is called? Upper Side
Frequency
11 The term used to describe the amount of amplitude change Coefficient of
(modulation) present in an AM waveform signal. Modulation
12 The coefficient of modulation stated as a percentage. Percent Modulation
13 The maximum percent modulation that can be imposed without 100%
causing excessive distortion.
14 The _______ in a transmitter where modulation occurs determines Location
whether the circuit is a low or a high-level transmitter.
15 The modulation takes place prior to the output element of the final Low-Level
stage of the transmitter. Modulation
16 The modulation takes place in the final element of the final stage High-Level
where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude. Modulation
17 The amplitude of the output signal depends on the amplitude of the Emitter Modulation
input carrier and the voltage gain of the amplifier.
18 A class C modulator capable of nonlinear mixing and the modulating Collector Modulator
signal is applied directly to the collector.
19 Used to translate the low-frequency intelligence signals to radio- Up-converter
frequency signals that can be efficiently radiated from an antenna
and propagated through free space.
20 Are used for observing the modulation characteristics of AM Trapezoidal Pattern
transmitters.
21 A form of amplitude distortion introduced when the positive and Carrier Shift
negative alternations in the AM modulated signal are not equal
(nonsymmetrical modulation).
22 Complex waveforms comprised of two or more frequencies. Nonsinusoidal
Signals
23 Are complex waves made up of two or more harmonically related Complex Repetitive
sine waves and include square, rectangular, and triangular waves.
Waveforms
24 A form of AM where signals from two separate information sources Quadrature
modulate the same carrier frequency at the same time without Amplitude
interfering with each other. The information sources modulate the
Modulation
same carrier after it has been separated into two carrier signals that
are 90º out of phase with each other. ( QAM )
CHAPTER 5 AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION
Items Definitions Terms
1 The reverse process of AM modulation. AM Demodulation
2 The first stage of the receiver of which primary functions are RF Section
detecting, band limiting, and amplifying the received.
3 This section down-converts the received RF frequencies to Mixer / Converter
intermediate frequencies (IFs).
4 This section primary functions are amplification and IF Section
selectivity.
5 This section demodulates the AM wave and converts it to the AM Detector
original information signal.
6 This section amplifies the recovered information. Comprises Audio Section
several cascaded audio amplifiers and one or more speakers.
7 A receiver parameter that is used to measure the ability of the Selectivity
receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all
others.
8 The ratio of the bandwidth 60dB below maximum signal level Shape Factor
and bandwidth 3dB below maximum signal level.
9 The most prevalent form of noise and is directly proportional Thermal Noise
to bandwidth.
10 Noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the Bandwidth. Bandwidth Improvement
11 The corresponding reduction in the noise figure due to the Noise Figure Improvement
reduction in bandwidth expressed mathematically in dB.
12 The ________ of a receiver is the minimum RF signal level Sensitivity
that can be detected at the input to the receiver and still
produce a usable demodulated information signal. Also
known as receiver threshold.
13 Defined as the difference in decibels between the minimum Dynamic Range
input level necessary to discern a signal and the input level
that will overdrive the receiver and produce distortion.
14 Defined as the output power when the RF amplifier response 1-dB Compression Point
is 1 dB less than the ideal linear-gain response.
15 A measure of the ability of a communication system to Fidelity
produce, at the output of the receiver, an exact replica of the
original source information.
16 Any frequency, phase, or amplitude variations that are Distortion
present in the demodulated waveform that were not in the
original information signal.
17 The total phase shift encountered by a signal and can Absolute Phase Shift
generally be tolerated as long as all frequencies undergo the
same amount of phase delay.
18 Occurs when different frequencies undergo different phase Differential Phase Shift
shifts and ay have a detrimental effect on a complex
waveform.
19 Defined as the ratio of the power transferred to a load with a Insertion Loss
filter in the circuit to the power transferred to a load without
( IL )
the filter.
20 A hypothetical value that cannot be directly measured. A Equivalent Noise
parameter that is used in low-noise, sophisticated radio Temperature
receivers rather than noise figure.
21 The frequencies generated in the receiver and used for Coherent / Synchronous
demodulation are synchronized to oscillator frequencies Receiver
generated in the transmitter.
22 Either no frequencies are generated in the receiver or the Noncoherent /
frequencies used for demodulation are completely Asynchronous Receiver
independent from the transmitter’s carrier frequency.
23 One of the earliest types of AM receivers and are probably Tuned Radio Frequency
the simplest designed radio receivers available today.
24 A phenomenon at radio frequencies where current flow is Skin Effect
limited to the outermost area of a conductor.
25 A technique where TRF receiver’s instability can be reduced Stagger Tuning
somewhat by tuning each amplifier to a slightly different
frequency, slightly above or below the desired center
frequency.
26 Means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device Heterodyne
or to translate one frequency to another using nonlinear
mixing.
27 A broad –tuned bandpass filter with an adjustable center Preselector
frequency that is tuned to desired carrier frequency.
28 The most common intermediate frequency used in AM 455 kHz
broadcast-band receivers is ________.
29 Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters and IF Section
is often called IF strip.
30 Refer to frequencies that are used within a transmitter or Intermediate Frequency
receiver that fall somewhere between the radio frequencies
and the original source information frequencies.
31 Means that the two adjustments are mechanically tied Gang Tuning
together so that a single adjustment will change the center
frequency of the preselector and, at the same time, change
the local oscillator frequency.
32 When the local oscillator is tuned above the RF it is? High-side Injection / High-
beat Injection
33 When the local oscillator is tuned below the RF it is? Low-side Injection / Low-
beat Injection
34 The side frequencies undergo a sideband reversal during the Sideband Inversion
heterodyning process called?
35 The ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to oscillate Tracking
above or below the selected radio frequency carrier by an
amount equal to the intermediate frequency throughout the
 entire radio frequency band.
36 The difference between the actual oscillator frequency and Tracking Error
the desired frequency.
37 Any frequency other than the selected radio frequency carrier Image Frequency
that, if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with the local
oscillator, will produce a cross-product frequency that is equal
to the intermediate frequency.
38 A numerical measure of the ability of a preselector to reject Image-frequency Rejection
the image frequency. Ratio
39 Occurs when a receiver picks up the same station at two Double Spotting
nearby points on the receiver tuning dial.
40 A high-gain, low-noise, tuned amplifier that, when used, is the RF Amplifier
first active stage encountered by the received signal.
41 High-performance microwave receivers require a ________ Low-noise Amplifier ( LNA )
as the input stage of the RF section to optimize their noise
figure.
42 A FET with a metal-semiconductor junction at the gate of the MEsa Semiconductor FET
device, called a Schottky barrier. Semiconductor FET (
MESFET )
43 A wideband, unconditionally stable, low-power, dual-gain NE / SA5200
linear integrated-circuit RF amplifier manufactured by
Signetics Corporation.
44 This section purpose is to down-convert the incoming radio Mixer / Converter Stage
frequencies to intermediate frequencies proportional to
bandwidth.
45 The difference between the level of the IF output with an RF Conversion Gain
input signal to the level of the IF output with an IF input
signal.
46 A configuration where the mixer excites itself by feeding Self-excited Mixer
energy back to the local oscillator tank circuit to sustain
oscillations noise figure.
47 A low-power VHF monolithic double-balanced mixer with NE / SA602A
input amplifier, on-board oscillator, and voltage regulator.
48 Are relatively high-gain amplifiers that are very similar to RF Intermediate Frequency
amplifiers, except that IF amplifiers operate over a relatively
( IF ) Amplifier
narrow, fixed frequency band.
49 The most common technique used for coupling where the Inductive or Transformer
voltage that is applied to the primary windings of a
Coupling
transformer is transferred to the secondary windings.
50 Ability of a coil to induce a voltage within its windings. Inductance
51 Ability of one coil to induce a voltage in another coil. Mutual Inductance
52 The ratio of the secondary flux to the primary flux. Coefficient of Coupling
53 The transfer of flux from the primary to the secondary Flux Linkage
windings and is directly proportional to the coefficient of
coupling.
54 The point where the reflected resistance is equal to the Critical Coupling
primary resistance an d the Q of the primary tank circuit is
halved and the bandwidth doubled.
55 Is caused by the reactive element of the reflected impedance Double Peaking
being significant enough to change the resonant frequency of
the primary tuned circuit.
56 The coefficient of coupling approximately 50% greater than Optimum Coupling
the critical value yields a good compromise between flat
response and steep skirts.
57 IF transformers come as specially designed tuned circuits in IF Cans
groundable metal packages called _______.
58 A differential cascoded amplifier designed for use in CA3028A
communications and industrial equipment as an IF or RF
amplifier at frequencies from dc to 120 MHz.
59 The function of this circuit is to demodulate the AM signal and AM Detector
recover or reproduce the original source information.
60 A simple noncoherent AM demodulator using a diode. Also Peak Detector
called as diode, shape, or envelope detector.
61 A distortion in the detection process where the RC time Rectifier Distortion
constant is too short, the output waveform resembles a half-
wave rectified signal.
62 A distortion in the detection process where the RC time Diagonal Clipping
constant is too long, the slope of the output waveform cannot
follow the trailing slope of the envelope.
63 A circuit that compensates for minor variations in the received Automatic Gain Control
RF signal.
( AGC )
64 It prevents the AGC feedback voltage from reaching the RF Delayed AGC
or IF amplifiers until the RF level exceeds a predetermined
magnitude.
65 Is similar to conventional AGC except that the receive signal Forward AGC
is monitored closer to the front end of the receiver and the
correction voltage is fed forward to the IF amplifiers.
66 Its purpose is to quiet a receiver in the absence of a received Squelch Circuit
signal.
67 Are used to remove sporadic, high-amplitude noise transients Limiters /
of short duration, such as impulse noise in the audio section
Clippers
of a receiver.
 68 A method of measuring signal strength relative to noise Signal-to-Notched Noise
strength where an RF carrier modulated 30% by a 1-kHz tone Ratio
is applied to the input of the receiver.
69 A National Semiconductor Corporation linear integrated LM1820
circuit AM radio chip that has an onboard RF amplifier, mixer,
local oscillator, and IF amplifier stages. An LIC audio
amplifier, such as the LM386, and a speaker are necessary
to complete a functional receiver.
70 This receivers would need only two external components: a PLL Receivers
volume control and a station tuning control.
71 The ratio of the demodulated signal level at the output of the Net Receiver Gain
receiver (audio) to the RF signal level at the input to the
receiver, or the difference between the audio signal level in
dBm and the RF signal level in dBm.
72 Includes all the gains and losses incurred by a signal as it System Gain
propagates from the transmitter output stage to the output of
the detector in the receiver and includes antenna gain and
transmission line and propagation losses.
CHAPTER 6 SINGLE – SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Items Definitions Terms
1 A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is transmitted at full power AM Single-sideband Full
but only one of the sidebands is transmitted. Carrier ( SSBFC )
2 A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is totally suppressed and AM Single-sideband
one of the sidebands removed. Suppressed Carrier ( SSBSC )
3 A form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband is totally removed and AM Single-sideband Reduced
the carrier voltage is reduced to approximately 10% of its unmodulated Carrier ( SSBRC )
amplitude. Sometimes called single-sideband reinserted carrier.
4 It is the reinserted carrier in SSBRC for demodulation purposes. Pilot Carrier
5 A form of amplitude modulation in which a single carrier frequency is AM Independent Sideband (
independently modulated by two different modulating signals. ISB )
6 A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one complete AM Vestigial Sideband ( VSB )
sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second sideband is transmitted.
7 ________ is the picture portion of a commercial television broadcasting signal. VSB System
8 Are obvious advantages of single-sideband suppressed- and reduced- carrier Bandwidth Conservation and
transmission over conventional double- sideband full-carrier transmission? Power Efficiency
9 This ratio determines the degree of intelligibility of a received signal. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
10 With double-sideband transmission, the two sidebands and carrier may Selective Fading
propagate through the transmission media by different paths and therefore,
experience different transmission impairments. This condition is called
________.
11 A condition in double-sideband transmission where one sideband is Sideband Fading
significantly attenuated.
12 A form of selective fading where there is a reduction of the carrier level of a Carrier-Amplitude Fading
100%-modulated wave that will make the carrier voltage less than the vector
sum of the two sidebands.
13 A condition where the relative positions of the carrier and sideband vectors of Carrier or Sideband Phase
the received signal change, causing a decided change in the shape of the Shift
envelope, causing a severely distorted demodulated signal.
14 A product modulator where the output signal is the product of the modulating AM Modulator
signal and the carrier.
15 Modulator circuits that inherently remove the carrier during the modulation DSBSC Modulators
process.
16 A circuit that produces a double-sideband suppressed-carrier signal. Balanced Modulator
17 A balanced modulator that is constructed with diodes and transformers. Balanced Ring Modulator
Sometimes called balanced lattice modulator.
18 The small carrier component that is always present in the output signal of a Carrier Leak
balanced modulator.
19 The operation of this balanced modulator as the balanced ring modulator is Balanced Bridge Modulator
completely dependent on the switching action of diodes D1 through D4 under
the influence of the carrier and modulating signal voltages.
20 A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that produces an output signal that LM1497 / 1596 Balanced
is proportional to the product of its input signals. Modulator IC
21 The circuit where the carrier is reinserted. Linear Summer
22 Three methods for single-sideband generation. Filter, Phase-Shift, and Third
Method
23 Types of single-sideband filters. Crystal Lattice, Ceramic,
Mechanical, Saw Filters
24 A mechanically resonant transducer that receives electrical energy, converts it Mechanical Filter
to mechanical vibrations, and then converts the vibrations back to electrical
energy at its output.
25 Filters that use acoustic energy rather than electro-mechanical energy to Surface Acoustic Wave Filters
provide excellent performance for precise bandpass filtering.
26 Reflected energy that cancels and attenuates the incident wave energy. Heterodyne
27 Reflected energy that aids the incident wave energy. Constructive Interference
28 A transducer which launches the acoustic wave in only one direction. Unidirectional Transducer
29 Any difference between the transmit and receive local oscillator frequencies frequency offset error
produces a _______ in the demodulated information signal.
30 Fifty hertz or more offset is distinguishable by a normal listener as a _______. tonal variation
31 A narrowband PLL that tracks the pilot carrier in the composite SSBRC Carrier Recovery Circuit
receiver signal and uses the recovered carrier to generate coherent local
oscillator frequencies in the synthesizer.
32 An SSB receiver that uses a PLL carrier recovery circuit and a frequency Multichannel Pilto Carrier
synthesizer to produce coherent local and beat frequency oscillator
frequencies.
33 Systems that provide narrowband voice communications for land-mobile Amplitude-Compandoring
services with nearly the quality achieved with FM systems and do it using less Single-Sideband ( ACSSB )
than one-third the bandwidth.
34 The process of combining transmissions from more than one source and Multiplexing
transmitting them over a common facility, such as metallic or optical fiber cable
or a radio-frequency channel.
35 A transmission that can be used to combine hundreds or even thousands of Single-Sideband Suppressed-
 narrowband channels into single, composite wideband channel without the Carrier Transmission
channels interfering with each other.
36 Single-sideband transmitters are rated in ________ and ________. Peak Envelope Power ( PEP )
& Peak Envelope Voltage (
PEV )

CHAPTER 7 ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms
1 Two forms of angle modulation. FM and PM
2 Angle modulation was first introduced in the year 1931
________ as an alternative to amplitude modulation.
3 He developed the first successful FM radio system in Major E. H. Armstrong
1936, and in July 1939, the first regularly scheduled
broad-casting of FM signals began in Alphine, New
Jersey. Also developed the superheterodyne receiver.
4 A modulation that results whenever the phase angle (θ) Angle Modulation
of a sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time.
5 Varying the frequency of a constant-amplitude carrier Direct Frequency Modulation (
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating FM )
signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating
signal.
6 Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier directly Direct Phase Modulation ( PM
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at )
a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal.
7 The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier Phase Deviation (Δθ )
phase in radians in respect to the reference phase.
8 The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in Frequency Deviation (ΔF )
hertz in respect to its unmodulated value.
9 The original unmodulated carrier frequency in the Carrier Rests Frequency
resultant angle-modulated waveform.
10 The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier at a Instantaneous Phase
given instant of time and indicates how much the phase Deviation
of the carrier is changing with respect to its reference
phase.
11 The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of Instantaneous Phase
time.
12 The instantaneous change in frequency of the carrier and Instantaneous Frequency
is defined as the first time derivative of the instantaneous Deviation
phase deviation.
13 The precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant of Instantaneous Frequency
time and is defined as the first time derivative of the
instantaneous phase.
14 Are the output–versus-input transfer functions for the Deviation Sensitivities
 modulators, which give the relationship between what
output parameter changes in respect to specified
changes in the input signal.
15 Is called the modulation index or sometimes index of Peak Phase Modulation
modulation.
16 The change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when Frequency Deviation
it is acted on by a modulating-signal frequency.
17 The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2Δf). Carrier Swing
18 The ratio of the frequency deviation actually produced to Percent Modulation
the maximum frequency deviation allowed by law stated
in percent form.
19 A circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way that Phase Modulator
its instantaneous phase is proportional to the modulating
signal.
20 A circuit which the carrier is varied in such a way that its Frequency Modulator
instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral of the
modulating signal.
21 ________ of the first kind for several values of Bessel Function
modulation index provides the number of side frequency
pairs and their corresponding magnitude.
22 A side frequency is not considered significant unless it 1%
has amplitude equal to or greater than ____ of the
unmodulated carrier amplitude.
23 The modulation index is less than 1. Low-index Case
24 The modulation index is greater than 10. High-index Case
25 Modulation indices greater than 1 and less than 10. Medium Index
26 Low-index FM systems are sometimes called? Narrowband FM
27 A rule which is an approximation and gives transmission Carson’s Rule
bandwidths that are slightly narrower than the
bandwidths. It defines a bandwidth that includes
approximately 98% of the total power in the modulated
wave.
28 The worst-case modulation index and is equal to the Deviation Ratio ( DR )
maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the
maximum modulating-signal frequency.
29 The FCC has assigned the commercial FM broadcast 20 MHz
service a _______ band of frequencies that extends from
88 MHz to 108 MHZ.
30 The 20–MHz band is divided into 100, ________ wide 200 kHz
channels beginning at 88.1 MHz.
31 To provide high-quality, reliable music, the maximum 75 kHz ; 15 kHz
frequency deviation allowed is _______ with a maximum
 modulating-signal frequency of _______.
32 The highest side frequencies from one channel are Adjacent Channel Interference
allowed to spill over into adjacent channels, producing an
interference known as _______.
33 A _______ wide guard band is usually on either side of 200 kHz
each assigned channel.
34 The noise voltage at the output of an FM demodulator FM Noise Triangle
increases linearly with frequency. This is called ______.
35 The high-frequency modulating signals are emphasized Pre-emphasis
or boosted in amplitude in the transmitter prior to
performing modulation.
36 The reciprocal of pre-emphasis that restores the original De-emphasis
amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics to the
information signals.
37 A circuit that provides a constant increase in the Pre-emphasis Network
amplitude of the modulating signal with an increase in
frequency.
38 When the frequency of the carrier is modulated by the Direct FM ( Indirect PM )
information signal, _______ results.
39 When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the Direct PM ( Indirect FM )
information signal, _______ results.
40 Angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is Direct FM
varied directly by the modulating signal.
41 Three common methods for producing direct frequency Varactor Diode, FM
modulation. Reactance, Linear IC
Modulations
42 Direct frequency modulator used for low-index Varactor Diode Direct FM
Applications, such as two-way mobile radio. Modulator
43 A direct FM modulator using a JFET as the active device. FM Reactance Modulator
44 A complete FM modulator on a single 8-pin DIP MC1376
integrated circuit chip.
45 Can generate a direct FM output waveform that is Linear IC VCO and Function
relatively stable, accurate, and directly proportional to the Generators
input modulating signal.
46 Angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is Direct PM
deviated indirectly by the modulating signal.
47 Two common methods for producing direct phase Varactor Diode and Transistor
modulation. Direct PM Modulator
48 The process of up-converting the frequency of the Frequency Up-Conversion
modulated carrier after modulation has been performed.
 49 Two basic methods of performing frequency up- Heterodyning and Frequency
conversion. Multiplication
50 An up-conversion method where a low-frequency Heterodyne Method
modulated carrier can either be up- or down-converted to
a different location in the frequency spectrum without
changing its modulation properties.
51 An up-conversion method where the modulation Multiplication Method
properties of a carrier can be increased at the same time
that the carrier frequency is up-converted.
52 Transmitters that produce an output waveform in which Direct FM Transmitters
the frequency deviation is directly proportional to the
modulating signal.
53 A circuit that compares the frequency of the non-crystal Automatic Frequency
carrier oscillator to a crystal reference oscillator and then
Control
produces a correction voltage proportional to the
difference between the frequencies. ( AFC )
54 A frequency-selective device whose output voltage is Frequency Discriminator
proportional to the difference between the input
frequency and its resonant frequency.
55 A voltage added to the modulating signal to automatically dc Correction Voltage
adjust the master oscillator’s center frequency to
compensate for the low-frequency drift.
56 A ________ preceded by a differentiator generates a PM FM Modulator
waveform.
57 Transmitters that produce an output waveform in which Indirect FM Transmitters
phase deviation is directly proportional to the modulating
signal.
58 Probably the most significant advantage of angle Noise Immunity
modulation transmission over amplitude modulation
transmission.
59 Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals Capture Effect
received with the same frequency.
CHAPTER 8 ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION AND FM STEREO
Items Definitions Terms
1 In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the audio FM Receivers
detector is directly proportional to the frequency deviation at
its input.
2 In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the audio PM Receivers
detector is directly proportional to the phase deviation at its
input.
3 The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals are FM Receivers
both described under the heading ________.
4 A modulation where the information is impressed onto the Angle Modulation
carrier in the form of frequency or phase variations.
5 A method used to remove amplitude variations caused by Limiting
noise from the composite waveform simply by clipping the
peaks of the envelop prior to detection.
6 The section that rejects the image frequency in FM Pre-selector
receivers.
7 The section that establishes the signal-to-noise ratio and RF Amplifier
noise figure in FM receivers.
8 The section that down-converts RF to IF. Mixer / Converter
9 The section that provide most of the gain and selectivity. IF Amplifiers
10 The section that removes the information from the Detector
modulated wave.
11 The envelope (peak) detector common to AM receivers is Limiter, Frequency
replaced in FM receivers by a ________, ________, and Discriminator and De-
________. emphasis Network
12 The circuit that extracts the information from the modulated Frequency Discriminator
wave.
13 Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to produce an FM Demodulators
output voltage that is proportional to the instantaneous
frequency at its input.
14 Circuits used for demodulating FM signals. Slope Detector, Foster-Seely
Discriminator, Ratio
Detector, PLL Demodulator,
and Quadrature Detector
15 Circuits that convert FM to AM and then demodulate the Tuned-Circuit Frequency
AM envelope with conventional peak detectors. Discriminators
16 A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that has the most Slope Detector
nonlinear voltage-versus-frequency characteristics and,
therefore, is seldom used.
17 Is simply two single-ended slope detectors connected in Balanced Slope Detector
parallel and fed 180° out of phase.
18 Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator that is a Foster-Seeley
tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose operation is
Discriminator
very similar to that of a balanced slope detector.
19 The typical voltage-versus-frequency response curve for a S-curve
Foster-Seeley discriminator.
20 An FM demodulator that is relatively immune to amplitude Ratio Detector
variations in its input signal.
21 This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits and PLL FM Demodulator
automatically compensates for changes in the carrier
 frequency due to instability in the transmit oscillator.
22 Sometimes called a coincidence detector that extracts the Quadrature FM
original information signal from the composite IF waveform
Demodulator
by multiplying two quadrature (90° out of phase) signals.
23 Special circuits that removes the unwanted amplitude Limiters
variations since with FM, the information is contained in
frequency variations.
24 The limiter circuit produces a constant-amplitude output for Threshold, Quieting, or
all input signals above a prescribed minimum input level, Capture Level
which is often called the ________.
25 The improvement in the S/N ratio when the peaks of the FM Thresholding, FM
signal have the limiter so far into saturation that the weaker Quieting, or FM Capture
noise is totally eliminated. Effect
26 The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects of Capture Effect
interfering signals. Also, the ability to differentiate between
two signals received at the same frequency.
27 Is the minimum dB difference in signal strength between Capture Ratio of an FM
two received signals necessary for the capture effect to Receiver
suppress the weaker signal.
28 An improved monolithic low-power FM IF system NE/SA614A
manufactured by Signetics Corporation. It is a high gain,
high frequency device that offers low-power consumption
and excellent input sensitivity at 455 kHz.
29 A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but instead of Quadrature Detector
mixing two different frequencies, it mixes two signals with
the same frequencies but with different phases.
30 A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM IF system NE/SA616
similar to the NE/SA614A except with the addition of a
mixer/oscillator circuit.
31 A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system TDA7000
manufactured by Signetics Corporation for monolithic FM
portable radios. A complete FM radio receiver on a single
integrated-circuit chip.
32 A circuit that is used to reduce the total harmonic distortion Frequency-Locked-Loop
(THD) by compressing the IF frequency swing (deviation).
33 With this transmission, the information signal is spatially Stereophonic Transmission
divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz audio channels (a left and
a right).
34 Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to private Subsidiary Communications
subscribers, such as department stores, restaurants, and Authorization ( SCA )
medical offices equipped with special receivers; Sometimes
cordially refer to as
“elevator music”
35 The process of placing two or more independent channels Frequency Division
next to each other in the frequency domain (stacking the Multiplexing ( FDM )
channels), and then modulating a single high-frequency
carrier with the combined signal.
36 The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz to 15 kHz, 60 kHz To 74 kHz
while an additional SCA channel is frequency translated to
the _______ passband.
37 The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or double-sideband 7 kHz
transmission or FM with a maximum modulating-signal
frequency of _______.
38 The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo transmission. 19 kHz
39 When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the Direct PM
information signal, _______ results.
( Indirect FM )
40 A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses PLL XR-1310
techniques to derive the right and left audio channels from
the composite stereo signal.
41 Half-duplex, one-to-many radio communications with no Two-Way Mobile Radio
dial tone.
42 Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, non-commercial radio Class D Citizens Band ( CB )
service for either personal or business use utilizing push-to- Radio
talk AM DSBFC and AM SSBFC.
43 Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to above 300 Amateur ( HAM ) Radio
MHz. Designed for personal use without pecuniary interest.
44 Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS disseminates Aeronautical Broadcasting
information for the purposes of air navigation and air-to- Service ( ABS )
ground communications utilizing conventional AM and
various forms of AM SSB in the HF, MF, and VHF
frequency bands.
45 Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone communications. Mobile Telephone Service
46 Provides worldwide telecommunication service using Personal Communications
handheld telephones that communicate with each other Satellite Service ( PCSS )
through low earth-orbit satellite repeaters incorporating
QPSK modulation and both FDMA and TDMA.
47 Is used extensively for public safety mobile Two-Way FM Radio
communications, such as police and fire departments and Communications
emergency medical services.
48 The maximum frequency deviation for two-way FM 5 kHz ; 3 kHz
transmitters is typically ________, and the maximum
modulating-signal frequency is ________.
49 Transmissions are initiated by closing a ________ switch, Push-To-Talk ( PTT )
which turns on the transmitter and shuts off the receiver.
50 It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit Police Mobile Radio
 Department used a mobile radio system that operated at a
frequency close to 2 MHz.
51 It was used rather than a simple mechanical switch to Electronic
reduce the static noise associated with contact bounce in
Push-To-Talk
mechanical switches.
52 Transmitters equipped with ________ are automatically Voice-Operated Transmitter (
keyed each time the operator speaks into the microphone, VOX )
regardless of whether the PTT button is depressed.
CHAPTER 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION
Items Definitions Terms
1 Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called radio- Free-space
frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio propagation.
2 Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. Electromagnetic wave
3 The orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the Polarization
surface of the Earth.
4 Polarization remains constant Linear Polarization
5 Forms of Linear polarization Horizontal Polarization and
Vertical Polarization
6 Polarization vector rotates 360◦ as the wave moves one Circular Polarization
wave-length through the space and the field strength is
equal at all angles of polarization.
7 Field strength varies with changes in polarization. Elliptical Polarization
8 Used to show the relative direction of electromagnetic Rays
wave propagation.
9 Formed when two points of equal phase on rays Wavefront
propagated from the same source are joined together.
10 A single location from which rays propagate equally in all Point source
directions.
11 Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a Magnetic Field
conductor when current is flowing through.
12 Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a H = 1/2πd
conductor is expressed mathematically as:
13 Invisible force fields produced by a difference in voltage Electric fields
potential between two conductors.
14 Electric filed strength (E) is expressed mathematically as: E = q/4πЄd2
15 Dielectric constant of the material separating the two Permittivity
conductors.
16 The permittivity of air or free space is approximately. 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
17 The rate at which energy passes through a given surface Power density
 area in free space.
18 Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an Field intensity
electromagnetic wave propagating in free space.
19 Mathematically power density is expressed as: P = €H W/m2
20 The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission Zs = (μo/Єo)1/2
medium is equal to the square root of the ratio of its
magnetic permeability to its electric permittivity.
21 Point source that radiates power at a constant rate Isotropic radiator
uniformly in all directions.
22 Power density is inversely proportional to the square of Inverse Square Law
the distance from the source.
23 Propagation medium. Isotropic medium
24 Waves propagate through free space; they spread out, Attenuation
resulting in a reduction in power density.
25 Reduction of Power. Absorption Loss
26 Reduction in power density with distance is equivalent to Wave attenuation
a power loss.
27 Spherical spreading of the wave. Space attenuation
28 One with uniform properties throughout. Homogeneous medium
29 Absorption coefficient varies considerably with location, Inhomogeneous medium
thus creating a difficult problem for radio systems
engineers.
30 Optical properties of Radio Waves. Refraction, Reflection,
Diffraction and Interference
31 Bending of the radio wave path. Refraction
32 Square root of the dielectric constant and is expressed in: Refractive index;
n = (k)
33 (k) Equivalent dielectric constant relative to free space K = (1- 81N/f2)1/2
(vacuum).
34 Boundary between two media with different densities. Plane
35 Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface at the Normal
point of incidence.
36 Angle formed between the incident wave and the normal. Angle of Incidence
37 Angle formed between the refracted wave and the Angle of Refraction
normal.
38 Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space Refractive Index
to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a given
material.
39 Perpendicular to the direction of propagation (parallel to Density gradient
the waveform)
40 To cast or turn back. Reflect
41 Ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage intensities. Reflection Coefficient
42 Portion of the total incident power that is not reflected. Power transmission
Coefficient
43 Fraction of power that penetrates medium 2. Absorption coefficient
44 Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is Diffuse reflection
randomly scattered in many directions.
45 Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface. Specular (mirror like)
Reflection
46 Surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular. Semirough surfaces
47 Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth Rayleigh criterion
surface whenever the cosine of the angle of incidence is
Cos θi > λ/8d
greater than λ/8d, where d is the depth of the surface
irregularity and λ is the wavelength of the incident wave.
48 Modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront Diffraction
when it passes near the edge of an opaque object.
49 Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle, which Shadow zone
allows secondary waves to “sneak” around the corner of
the obstacle.
50 States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in Linear Superposition
space is the sum of the individual wave vectors.
51 Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earth’s Terrestrial waves
atmosphere.
52 Communications between two or more points on Earth. Terrestrial radio
Communications
53 Used for high-frequency applications. Sky waves
54 Earth –guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the Surface wave
surface of earth.
55 Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces:
56 Disadvantages of surface waves. 1. Ground waves require a
relatively transmission power.
2. Ground waves are limited to
very low, low and medium
frequencies.
3. Requiring large antennas.
4. Ground losses vary
considerably with surface
material and composition.
57 Advantages of ground wave propagation. 1. Given enough transmit
power, round waves can be
used to communicate between
any two locations in the world.
2. Ground waves are relatively
unaffected by changing
atmospheric conditions.
58 Travel essentially in a straight line between transmit and Direct waves
receive antennas.
59 Space wave propagation with direct waves. Line-of-Sight (LOS)
Transmission
60 The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space wave Radio Horizon
propagation.
61 Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such Duct propagation
that electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and
Earth’s surface.
62 Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located D Layer
approximately between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km to
 100 km) above Earth’s surface.
63 Located approximately between 60 miles and 85 miles E Layer
(100 km to 140 km) above Earth’s surface.
64 The upper portion of the E layer. Sporadic E layer
65 Made up of two layers, F 1 and F 2 layers. F Layer
66 Highest frequency that can be propagated directly upward Critical frequency
and still be returned to Earth by the ionosphere.
67 Maximum vertical angle at which it can be propagated Critical Angle
and still be refracted back by the ionosphere.
68 A measurement technique used to determine the critical Ionospheric Sounding
frequency.
69 Height above the Earth’s surface from which a refracted Virtual Height
wave appears to have been reflected.
70 Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave Maximum Usable
propagation between two specific points on Earth’s
Frequency (MUF)
surface.
71 Secant law. MUF = critical frequency/cosθi
72 Operating at a frequency of 85% of the MUF provides Optimum Working
more reliable communications.
Frequency (OWF)
73 Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky Skip distance
wave at a given frequency will be returned to Earth.
74 The area between where the surface waves are Quiet, or skip, zone
completely dissipated and the point where the first sky
wave returns to Earth.
75 Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky waves Ceiling
to travel higher before being returned to Earth.
76 Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic waves Free-space path loss
as it propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with
no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
77 Occurs simply because of the inverse square law. Spreading loss
78 Variation in signal loss. Fading
79 To accommodate temporary fading, an additional loss is Fade margin
added to the normal path loss
Fm = 30 logD + 10log (6ABf) –
10log (1-R) – 70