b+ .

4a

*:-a4

TWO CONTINENTS OF CONTEMPORARY

AFRICAN REVOLUTION

(Course Cutline)

Prepared By:

Harun Kofi Wangara

(formerly Harold Lawrence)

Abd-AI Hakimu lbn Alkalimat

(formerly Gerald A. McWorter)

Spellman College
Atlanta University Center
Spring Semester, 1968-59
 Two Continents- of Contemporary African Revolution

This course is being offered by the Department of History

and Sociology at Spelman College, It is open to Juniors and
Seniors of the entire Atlanta University Center for course
c r e d i t i n e i th e r H i sto ry or Sociology.
T h e ma j o r p u rp o se s o f the cour se ar e:

1. To probe the nature of revolution as waged or anticipated

by African peoples on the Continents of African and
North America.

2. T o fa ci l i ta te th e se minar par ticipants having an intel-

lectual-emotional confronLation with struggle as ex-
perience by Africans oppressed by systems of Racism,
C o l o n i a l i sm a n d C a p i talistic Imper ialism.

3. To raise the Black Revolutionary Consciousness in the

Atlanta University Center and the Black Community by
reason and emotion.

The requirements for the course are as follows:

1. Each student will be expected to spend three hours

weekly in seminar and prepare by reading (a) required
text(s). The student wiII be expected to participate
actively in the discussion. Forms will be provided to
make notes on and to use in the students weekly
tutorial session.

2. Each student will be expected to spend one hour each

week in consultation with a faculty rnember of her
choice (including the possibility of this being someone
not in the department or on the Spelman faculty) for
(a) a review of the weekly seminar discussion (using the
forms mentioned above), and (b) consultation on the
individual research projects.

3. Each student will be expected to prepare a research

paper on a topic relevant to the content of the course,
and have an abstrach of this paper duplicated for
seminar session.

4. Each student will be encouraged to attend a series of

publie Sunday forums organized by members of the seminar
around topics relevant to the content of the seminar.
These forums will involved the entire Atlanta University
Center and t,he Black community of Atlanta.

Grad,es: Each student will get a final evaluation based

I. 5 0 t o n re se ar ch paper
2. 5 0 t o n se minar par ticipation
 '0

-2-

t,he Seminar leaders (Wangara and lbn Alkacimat) and the tutor
will evaluate the students work.

GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCHTOPICS

1. The major questions for the research papers wili. focus

on Black people in struggle:

a" WHOARE WE?

b. WHY ARE WE THE WAY WE ARE. IN THE F'IX WEIRE IN?
C. WHEREARE WE GOING?
d. HOTJARE i{E GOING TO GET THERE?

2. Dealing wlth one of the above questions, the student

will select one of the following kinds of approaches
to her research paper:

a. educational g. military
b. personality (psychologi.cal) h. cultural
c. social structure-institutions i. technological
d. ideology j. legal
e. economic k. morals, ethics,
f. political values

3. Each paper will contain the following sections:

€ln conceptual clarification

b, historical development of revolutionary alternatives
c. evaluative analysis of present and future revolution-
ary alternatives

4. Resource People in the AU Center & Atlanta (partial list)

a" A B Spellman (Morehouse) culture and the arts

b" Stephen Henderson (Morehouse) cuLture and the arts
c" Council Taylor (Morehouse) west African social struc-
ture, institutions, cultural systems
d" Richard Long (AU) art literature, philosophy west
Africa
e. Horace Mann Bond (AU) pan-Africanism, DuBois, Nkrumah,
Afri.can students in the US
f. Gladstone Nlabati, Iiberation struggle in southern
Africa and the role of religion and theology
g. 'Julian Bond, students on the struggle (historical)
h. (historical)
J o h n L e w i s , s t u d e n t s i n t h e s t r u g-struggle
gle
i. Harambee Sist,ers - women in the
j. ARMED STRUGGLE: SNCC, Liberators Black Panther Party
k, Minister Shabazz, nationalism in Nori;i America

SUNDAY SERIES OF PUBLIC FORUMS:

REVOLUTIONARY PAN-AFRICAN NATIONALISM

 -3-

The planning of a series of public forums has several purposes:

a. to get, the most out of the available resources of

the A.U. Center in pursuing our topics;

b. to involve people throughout the Center and the

community;

c. to add to the course a context more appropriatq than

the classroom for the immediacy and relevance of the
topics for our students;

d. to filt the void of no-football-game-watchin-nuthin-

to-do-but-sleep-not-looked-forward-to Sunday af ter-
noons for B1ack people concerned with the Liberation
struggle.

FoTum I: WORLDCRISIS IN BLACK UNITY

FOTum 2: WORLDCRISIS OF BI,ACK CULTURE

FOTum 3: FRANZ FANON AND THE WORI,DBLACK LIBERATION STRUGGLE

FoTum 4: ROLE OF WOMENIN OUR STRUGGLE

FOTUm 5: ROLE OF STUDENTS IN OUR STRUGGLE

FOTUM 6: ARMED STRUGGLEFOR BLACK LIBERATION

SEMINAR: REQUIRFD READINGS

Session 1: The Enemy: Racism and Colonialism

a. KwameM. Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last

Staqe of Imperialism (London: Neffinl-T9-6Sl

b. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton,

Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
lMw vffiviifaqm F'eTffi-
chapters entitled "White Power: The
Colonial Situation" and "B1ack Power:
Its Need and Substance" pp. 2-57.

Session 2: Pan-African Nationalism

a. George Shapperson, "Notes on Negro Amerj-can

Influences on the Emergence of African
Nationalismr " in William John Hannam €d.,
Indepgndent ' Black Africa (Chicago: Rand
MffiaTry-dr eo. , 164l .
 -4-

b. William H" Friedland and CarI G. Rosberg, €d.,

African Socialism: A General Survev of
Affi SAaTiffi wiErr-EEEIITed-ffi-ie s
@ffiiT,T."*"I
=_-
."d-
Tanganyika (Standford: Standford University
Press, L962) .

c. E.U. Essien-Udom, "The Nationalist Traditionr "

in B1ack Nationalism (Chicago: University
of ffieo.@62',.
d. Larry Neal, "Black Power" in the fnternational
Context, in Floyd Barbour, ed., The Black
Power Revolt (Boston: Porter Sa@n-
FffiITsEffi1e68).

Session 3: Contemporary Comparative B1ack Cultural Philosphy

a. Albert H. Berrian and Richard Long, Negritude:

Essays and Studies, (Hampton: Hampton ,.
Institute P r e s s , L 9 6 7 1.

b. Stephen Henderson, "E9gIt Black Revolutionary

Culture Gittin' Down" Unpublished Essay,
1968.

c. L e ro i Jo nes and Lar r y Neal' Black Fir e:

An Antholosy of Airo-emerlEA-wl!!-lq
-r,{ffi-w=;id-6m-pany,
lfr'effi vlrriffi
Inc., 1968) Read all of the Essays
(pp. 3-188) selectj-vely read the poetry,
Fiction, and Drama, then blow your mind
on the afterword by Larry Nea1, "And
Shine Swam On't

Session 4: Kwame Nkrumah

a. Some Essential Features

-=TofrffiaEonamu6fiffi of N k r u m a -Tt6
ism, (New
s, 5) .
b. , "African Liberation and Unityr "
@ vor. 2, no. 2, Fall L962,
pp.409-435.

c. -=-ffi _t Voice From Conakry (London:

.F; pfficaffis-ilrb,fg 67) .
d. Dark
--GG;ffinallF[uffieF,
_' Days in Ghana,
-T6-6-) (New York:
.
e. W. E. B" Dutsois, "Ghana and Pan-Africanism"
in The World and Africa (New York:
rntffiaffit-FtluTffis, 1965) pp . 292-304.
 -5-

Session 5: El-Hajji Malik Shabazz

The Autobiography of Malcolm

Session 6: FRANZ FANON

The Wretched of the Earth

Session 7: ROLE OF WOMENIN THE REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE

a. Franz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, chapters

entitled "Algeria Unveiled" and The
Algerian Fanrily. "

b. Jean Smith, "I learned to Eeel Black" in

Barbour, The Black Power Revolt.
-

Session 8: ROLE OF STUDENTS IN THE RgVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE

a. J a m e s F o r m a n , S a m m yY o u n g e , J r . : The First
Black c,ol_]S,re.
Student to Die lgEg.@
ffiFraffi-Eru
b. Jack C. Walker, Sit-Ins in Atlanta (Eagleton
rnstitute of FoTiEicsl-uffity of
Rutgers I 19641.

Session 9: R O L E OF ARMED STRUGGLEFOR BLACK LIBERATION

d,. Robert Williams, Negroes With Guns.

b" Kwame, Nkrumah, Handbook of Revolutionarl

warfare for Fffi-TiFrffiTfrlda.
c. Otto Kernerr €t.dl., Report of the National
Advi sory C-r.ri:iis s i.c-fra-TiiTrrs6ffi
(
Office, 1968) .

PERIODICALS

1. Freed.omways (Quarterly)
2. Integrated Education (Bi-Monthly)
3. Jet (weekly)
4" Journal of Negro Education (Quarterlyl
5. Journal of Negro History (Quarterly)
6. Black World ( M o n t h l y )
7. Negro History Bulletin (Ftonthly)
B. Phylon ( Q u a r t e r l y )
9. Crisis (Montlr1y)
10" Journal of Black Poetry ( )
1I. Muhammad Speaks (Weekly)
L2. Liberator (Monthly)
 -6-

13. Africa Report, (i',ionthly)

L4" African Arts I arts D'Afrique (Quarterly)
15. African Forum ( Q u a r t e r l y )
16 " Journal of African History (Quarterly)
17. Journal of Modern African Studies (Quarterly)
18. Presence Africaire(Quarterly)
19. Race (Ouarterly)
2A" Soulbook (Quarterly)
2L. B1ack Panther (newspaper of Black Panther Party for SeIf
Defense)
22" Black Dialogue (Monthly)
23. Black Theatre
24" Umbra
25. -Zimbabwe
- - - u E F o n aNews
l) (weekLy newslet,ter of ZANU' Zimbabwe African
union ltrite to: z.A.N.u., p.o. Box
2331, Lusaka, Zambia

26. The A fricanl_sq

-.6ffiss) (monthly newsletter of Pan African
Write to: The Af ricanist, P . o " Box
202t llaseru, Lesotho, Southern Africa.

27. Africa ana The World write to: Pan African Publications
LTD., 89 Fleet St" London E.C. 4, England.

Session 1: RACISM AI{D COLONIALISM

1. Pierre L. Van den Berghe, Race and Racism: A Comparative

Perspective (New York: John Wiley &-SbGF;T;c.-
L967 )

2" S. Franklin Frazier, R a c e and Culture Contacts in the

Modern World 6ew IGr:---ffipilT957)-

3. Thomas F" Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in

America (Dallas : soutEffi-ld6tE5al3t-ffi-ivdsity
Fress. 1963).

4. Charles G" Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation (New

York: Harper a;E-EoTIeIil9Z3l;-
5. Louis L. Snydero The Ideal of Racialism: Its l'leaq!3g
and HistorJ (Princeton: Van NostrEiTr.@

6" William Stringfellow, My People is the Enemy (New YOrk:

HoIt, 1964).

7. Kenneth Clark, Dark Ghetto, ( l t r e wY o r k : Harper 1965).

B" Ronald Segal, The R a c e W a r , (New York: Viking Press, L967t.

9. W " E . B . D u B o i s , The W o r l d a n d A f r i c a , (pp. 16-80) "

10. , An ABC of Color.

 -7-

11. Margaret Walker, Jubillee (novel)

L2. Sekou Toure, "What Colonalism Did to Africar" Negro

Digest vol. xI, no. 2 December 1961 pp" 8-14.

13. Kyle Onstatt, Mandingo. (Novel).

14. Melville Herskovits, Myth of the Negro Past (New York:

Harper, L94L, now a Beacon Press paperback 1958) .

15. R. Ginsberg, 100 Years of Lynchings.

16. Mark l}uain (Sam Clemens) Kug Fleopolds- Soliloguy on the

Congo.

L7. Ernest Cole, House of Bondage.

18. Immanuel Wallerstein, Africa: The Politics of flggpgnde,lge.

19. Ashley Montagu, Statement on Race.

20. Ash1ey lrrontagu, Race: l.lanrs Most Danger_ous Myth,

2L. ilohn O. Killens, Black I u l a n' s B u r d e n .

22. Nathan Hare, The Black Algrlo-Saxons (New York; Maryani

and, ltili-sefD-Tg6il--
23. Carter G. Woodson, The Mis-Education of the liegro.

24" Kenneth C1ark, Prejudice and Your Child.

25. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Sla,very.

26. Peter Abrams, "The Blacksr" in Langston Hughes, An

African Treasury (New York: Pyramid BooF, 1961)

27. Richard Wright, Whit,e Man Listen (Garden City, New York:
Doubleday 1957).

28. Richard Wright, Color Curtain.

29. Blake llodisane, Blame M. cp History.

30. Price Cobbs and Williams Brier, Black Rage.

31. William Jenkens, Pro-Slavery Thought in the OId South.

32. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: i;arper,

L944, New edition, L963) "

Session 2z PAN AFRICANISI,I

1" Howard Broty, The B1ack Jews of Harlem (New York: Free
Press of Glenco, 1964)
 -8-

2. Edmund David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of i:arcus

Garvey ana thdTil-iverGf NedFd ffiEFovffienr
Assoctat,ion (Madison: University of Wisconsin
F'reffi)
3. Hollis R. Lynch, Edward Wilmot Blyden: pan-Neqro patriot
I I 32- r e12JGTdo t--6x f o:Fffin'iv eiEi3fEs fr
i3'67)-:-
4. James R. Hoopero Black Revolutionary: George padmore's
Path fromEffiuffiriGffi TNew
Y o rk: F re d e rick Pr aeger , L967' ).
5. Amy Jacques Garvey, Garvey and Garveyism (Kingston
Jamaica, 1963).
6. E. V. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for An
Iggntity lg@' Unffitv
Chicago Press, L962) . "r-
7" C. Eric Linco1n, Tire Black Muslims in America (Boston:
Beacon, 19-6T)

8" St. Clair Drake, "Hide D{y Face? An essay on Pan-African-

ism and Negritude" in Herbert HiIl, Soon One .'.
ivlorning (New york: Atfred A. Knopf , I933)l-

9. St. Clair Drake, "Negro Americans and the African Interest"

in John P. Davis, The Americgn Negro Ref grence
BooE (Englewood CllEsT-ffir36fle6-tice-
mlm, rni. , L9G6)"
10. Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism (l.lcw Y;rit , Prac:E -r t
les6).
11" George Padmore, Pan-Africanism or Communism? (London:
Dobson, L956) "

12. A m y Ja q u e s Ga rve y, e d . , P h i l o s o and Opinions of

Ercug Garvey (l.iew-Tork: ufrFFefFlffiFtFrrins
ffi;ffi
13. Ayi Kivei Armaf, "African Socialism: Utopian or
Scientific?" Presence Africaine No. 64
(4trr qqsrterly)-ffi-p1p;-ffi
L4" Marcus Garvey, Philosophy and Opinions.

15. Edward W. B1yden, Christianity, Islam and the Negro.

16. Elloit M" Rudwick, W.E.B. DuBois: A Study o -ef a M i n o r i t y

Gr oup. ( Ph i lAGlpffi--f iveFs fii-o f efrn 5y
m, 1 9 6 0 )"
L7 " Martin Delavey, The Conditions, Elevation; E m i r ation and
Destiny of the Col_ofed P e o p l e s o f t h e UffiEed Sffies "
 .4
-9-

18., Elyah ftluhammad, Iulessage to the Black{nan (Chicago:

M u h a m m a d ' sM o s q u e N o . 2 , 1 9 6 5 )

19" Leophold Senghor, Tow_qrde African Socialism.

20" W.B"B" DuBois, The World and Africa.

2L. PauI Robeson, Here I Stand.

Session 3: CONTEMPORARY BLACK CULTURALPHILOSOPHY

COMPARATIVE

t. H a r o l d C ru se , T h e C ri sis of the Negr o Intelleclg?J.

(New Yffi:--mTfiam ltorrow-and Comp., 1967) .

2" H a r o l d C ru se , R e b e l l i on or Revolution ( New Yor k:

wilriafr'-MffiaiE e6@1lfT9'6'a1.
3" LeRoi Jones, Blues People: N e g r o M u s i c i n l r l h i t e A m e r i-c a
(New York: william ffiwEdTcofr'p," ' oT-

4. LeRoi Jones, Black Music (New York: William lviorrow ancl

Co., 1967) "

5. LeRoi Jones, Home: Social Essays (New York: William

morroffid coTT9E-eJ--esspecially "Myth at a
Negro Literatur€, " "Black Writing, "Expressive
Languager" and "The Revolutionary Theatre."

6. James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (Boston: Beacon

Press, 1955).

7. James Baldwin' Nobody Knows $g N a m e ( N e w Y o r k : Dial

Press, 1961).

B. Ra1ph EIIison, S h a d o w and Act (New York: Random House,

19 64) .

9. J a n h e i n g Ja h n , Mu n tu : Tir e New Afr ican Cultur e ( New Yor k :

Grove P6 r96f-n$-ecf€ffiy chE$t.Effil, 2, 4 '
5, 7, 8"

t0. Ezekiel Mphahlele' The African Image (New York: Praeger,

L962) .

11. Alain Locke €d., The New Negro (New York: Atheneum, f968)"

L2. Daryll Forde, African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmglog]gg!

Jde"i a" afffiueq@"
.

13, Abraham Arapman, B}ack Voices (New York: New American

Library Mentor Book, 1968). See

a. Blyden Jackson, "The Negrors Image of the

Universe as Reflected in liis Fiction"
 -1 0-

b. John Henry C1arke, "The Origin and Growtir of

Afro*Ameri,can Li.terature "

c. Darvim Turner, "The Negro Dranatists Image

of the Universe, L920-L960"

L4. Melville L, Herskovj-ts, The Myth of the Negro Past

(Boston: Beacon Press, 1958). See especially
chapter I "The Significance o f A fricanisms '
chapter 2 "The Contemporary Science: Africans
in Secuitar Lifb, chapt,er I "The Contemporary
Sc j-ence: Language and the Arts. "

r5. Eldridge Cleaver, SouI on Ice (New York; McGraw-Hill

Book Co., f968) .

16. Albert B. Cleage, Jr. The Black Messiah (New York:

Sheed and Ward, L968).

L7. Charles Keil, Urban Blues (Chicago; University of

chicasilffisElT9-e e).
18. St. Clair Drake, "fhe Negro's Stake in Africa: the mean-
ing of Negrituder" Negro Digest,, June 1964r PP.
33-4 I .

19. Leopold S. Senghor, "What is Negrituder" in PauI E.

Signmund, €d., Ideologies- o f t , h e D eveloping
Nat ions i uew voffieil Tq6Tfii-Erc--Z4T=25L .
20" E. N. Obiechina, "Transition from oral to Literary
Traditionr" Presence Africaine No. 63 (3st
Quarterly L967) pp. 140-161.

2L. *Alnos Tutuola and the OraI Tradition" Presence

- - - E t r i c a i n er
No. 65 (Ist Quarterly 1968) p p . - T'FITil

22. Clyde
- Ha1isi and James lltume, Ttlg alglgble Karenga
(published by uS, 82L t-si@-t6E-Elif-e1es,
California 90003) 1967.

23" A.B. Spellman, Fou! Lives 1n the BeBop Elf-g1ngse- (New

York: F'EffirrffiTooTsfTg66JT
24" Marvin X and Faruk, "Islam and Black Art: An Interview
with LeRoi Jonesr" Negro Digest VoI. XVIII'
No. 3, January rbagTF. affat-8o.
25. Ron Karehg&r n'Black Art: A Rhythmic Reality of Revolution."
Negro Digest Vol. XVII, No. 3, January 1968,
pp. 5-9.

26. James Cunningham, "Ron Karenga and Black Cultural

Nationalism" Negrg Digest Vol. XVII, No- 3'
January 1968r pP. 4, 76-80.
 -11-

Session 4: KWAI{E NKRTI!{AH

l. K&sameNkrumah' I Speak of Freedom (New York: Praeger'

1961) .

2. , Towards Colonial Freedom.

3. , What I lrlean by Posit-i-ve Action.

4. , Consciencism.

5. , "The Recovery of African History" Negro

G Vol" xrr; No. 6 April 1963 Fp.Fq'2.
6" , Africa Must Unite (New York: Praeger 1963).

7" Sophia Ripley Ames, Nkrumah of Ghana (Chicago: Rand

McNally, I96f

8. Timothy Bankole, Kwame NkrumaL, jis Rise to power (iondon:

Allen and

9. D.E. Apter, "Nkrumah, Charisma, and the Coupr" qaqdqlus

p p . 7 5 7 - 9 2 ( S u n u n e1
r 958).

10. George Padmore, The Gold Goast Revolution.

11. Richard Wright, Llgql Power.

Session 5: EL-HAJJI MALIK SHABAZZ

A. Works By Malcolm:

1. "The Black Struggle in the United States" Presence

Africaine English Edition, No. 2t 1965.

2. }talcolm X Spserks: Sslucteci Sr'r'-ches ancl Statcments

3. I"la1colm Ta1ks to Young People, (NY: Young Socialist

Pamphlet, 1965).

4" Malcolm on Afro-American History.

5. Two Speecbes by Malcolm X (NY: Pioneer Publishers,

r96s).
6. "We are A11 Blood Brothers," Liberator JuIy L964.

7. The Speeches of Malcolm X at, Harvard, edited by Archie

sl.
8. At least 4 record.s, and several tapes if we can get
copies.
 -L2-

B" Secondary Analysis:

1. George Breitman, The Last Year of Malcolm X: The

gv<.:lution of

2. , Malcolm X: The Man and His Ideas"

3. Elciridge 'Cleaver, "Initial Reactions on the Assasi-

nation of MaIcoIm Xr" in Soul On lce.

4. E. U" Essien-Udom, The Black Muslims in America.

5. Leroi Jones, o'The Legacy of Malcolm X and the coming

of the B1ack Nationr" in Home: Socia1 Essays"

6. Julius Lester, "The Angry Children of l{alcolm X,"

Sing Out 1966.

7. C. Eric Lincoln, Black Nationalism: A Search for

tdentity in am

8. -=@y , "The Meaning of Malcolm Xr " Christian

9. Elijah M u h a m m a d ,M e s s a g e t o t h e B l a c k M a n ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

10" Lawrence Neal, "Malcolm and the Conscience of glack

Amcricar " Liberator

11. Dudley Randall and Margaret Burroughs, ed., For

:l:.Ic-1tr ii; Peurrs ,-,ir.the, Life e-nd.L]-:ttr o-F-

L2" Rolland SneIlings, "Malcolm X as International

Statesman, n' Liberator.

13. A.B. Spellman, "Interview with Malcolm X," Monthly

Review "

Session 6z FRANTZ FANON

1. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Co1r,,nialism (New York: Grove

Press, Inc. , 1965) .

2" Frantz Fanon, Black Skin White Masks (New Yorkt Grove
P r e s s , I n c . 7 1 9 6 7 ] -.

3. Frantz Fanon, Towaql The African Revolution. (New York:

Morrthly Review Press, L9671.

4. Albert l4emmi, The Colonizer and The Colonized (Boston:

B e a c o n P r e s s , L 9 6 7 1"

5" J"E. Seigel, "On Frantz Fanon," The American Scholar

(Winter 1968-69) Vo1. 38 No. I pp. 84-46"
 -13-

6" Mohamed A. Cherif, "Frantz Fanon and The African

Revolutionr" Presence Africaine No. 58, Vol 30
(seconcl euartffi
7" Amady Aly Drena, "Les damnJs cie Ia terre et les problbmes
d'Afrique Noire," Presence Africaine, No. 62.
(Second Quarterly W
8" A. R. Zalberg, "Frantz Fanon: A Gospe1 for the Damn€dr"
Encounter 272 56-63 N '66"

Session 7: ROLE OF WOIUEN

1. Gwendolyn Cherry, Ruby Thornasn and Pauline Wi1lis,

Portraits in Color: the Lives of Colorful
ryggro_-Ug4en ( P a t t e r s o n , N.J.: Pageant, L9621 .

2. Rackham Holt, ivlary lrrcleod Bethune, A Biography (Garden

City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964).

3" E' u'""ntlilt::;::Tit

4. Daisy Bates, The Long Shadcw of Little Rock (New York:
McKay, 1962).

5. Billy Holiday, Lady Sings the Blues. (New York: Doubleday,

19s6).

6. Sojourner Truth, Narrative of Sojourner Truth (Boston,

published by Author, 1875).

7" See Women Today (formerly entitled African Women, Semi-

ann[El-publ ication f rom lond6iF-

B" Jeanne L" Noble, "The American Negro Womanr" in John D.

Davisr Thg American Negro Reference Book (Engle-
wood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , L966) "

Preston Valon and Carroll Horton, "Some Demographic

Characteristics of Outstand.ing Negro Women"
J" of Negro Education, XXIII (Fal1 1954)
pp. 406-20"

10. Arthur Huff Fanset, Sojourner Truth: God's Faithful

P:_Iglirn (cha
ffirffia Press, 1938).
11" Earl Corrad, Harriet Tubman (Washington, D"C.: Associ-
ated Publishers, 1943) "

L2. Calvin Hornton, " T h e N e g r o W o m a n r " in -Sex and Racism in

America (New York: Grove P r e s s , 1 9 6 5 ) r P P . 1 2 1 - 1 6 8"
 -r4-
13. Elise Johnson McDongal, "The Task of Negro Womanhood, "
in Alaine Locke, €d., The New (New York:
Atheneum, 1968) pp. 359-:3Efl.

L4. Ke } l y Mi 1 l e r, " S u rp l u s Negr o W omenr " in Radicals and

Conservatives and other Essays oilEE-ffi-in

p p . L 8 2 ,-L 9 2 .

15. R u b y D e e , " T h e T a tte re d eueensr ,, Neqr g Diqes! Vol. XV,

No. 6 April , L966 pp. 32-76.

16. Sa r a D . Gi l b e rt, " T h e Black W oman' s Fate ln Affluent

Vol' xvrr' No'e' rurY
ff;1"il: +E$s3isgst
L7" N i k k i Gi o va n n i , " F i rst steps Towar d A Tr ue Revo1ution,"
N e g r o D i g e s t V o l . X V I , N o . 2 . D e c e m b e r1 9 5 5 ,
pF-6,6=68.-
18. Abbey Lincoln, "Who Will Revere The B1ack Womanil Negro
Digest Vol. XV No. 1I, Sept. 1966, pp. ISTT:

]9. Ethel Waters, My Ey_e is on the Sfarroy.

20. Eartha Kitt,

2L. Marian Anderson, My Lord, What A MoTning. (New york:

Viking, lml
22. Enma G. Sterve, l4ary Mcleod Bethune.

23. Shirley Grahm, The Story of phillis-

l{hpatley.

Session 8: ROLB OF STUDENTS

1. Howard Zinn, 9NCC: The New Abotitionists (Boston:

Beaco

2. c h a r l e s V . H a mi l to n , " The place of the Br ac) < coJ,lege in

th e H u ma nR i g h ts Str uggler " Negr o Digest Vol. XVI
No. 1I, September 1967 pp. 4.ff,

3. S. E. Anderson, "Toward Real Relevancyl,' Negro Digest

VoI . xvr, No. ll, september tlAZ, -FffT:f7:-
4. Negro Digest, special issue on ',The Black gniversity"
March 1968, Articles by Gerald A. McWorter,
Vincent Harding, Stephen Hendergorlr J. Herman
Blacke, Darvin Turners.

5. Negro Digest, second special issue on "The B].ack university"

March, 1969, Articles by Gerald A. MgWorter,
Vincent Harding, Edgar Beckham, Nathan Hare, and
others.
 i

, -15-

6. Vernon Dixon, "The Black Student and the Brother in the

Streets," Negro Digest Vol. XVIII, No. 1,
November, 1968, pp" 28-35"

Session 9z ROLE OF ARMED STRUGGLE

1" Herbert Aptheker, American Negro S1ave Revolts. (New York:

1943):

2. Robert F. Williams, 'Effective Self Defense,"' in

"For
Francis Broderick and August Merer, €d" -N e g r o
Protest Thouqht in tire Twentieth Centurv
- 9 6 s )'
3" Regis Debray, Revolution in the Revolution: Armed
Struoo
S truggle and Political S t r u g g l e i n f,aEffi-
Latin
America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 19671 "

4" Vo Nguyen Giap, Peoplers War, Peoplers Arm Viet

Insurrection Manual for eve.Lo
Countries AEION,

Douglas Pike, Viet Cong: The Organization anrf Techniges

of the

1966).

6. War uhiv Kote, (Genera1 China), Man l4an General, (Nairoli,

Kenya: East Afrj.can pub@I967).

7. Mao Tsi-Tung, On Protracted War, (Peki-ng, China: Foreign

Languages Press, I966) .

B" Ernesto Che Guevara, Reminisgnces of_ lhe CuPan Eevol_u-

tionary lllar (New York: Monthly Review Press,
Ie68) "

9" Oginda Odinga, No! Yet Uhurn: An Ortobiography (t{ew

York: Hill a n d W a r g , 1 9 6 7 1.

10" Ernesto Che Guevara, On Guerrilla Warfare (New York:

Frederick A. Paeger, L961).

11" Henry Bienen, Violence and Social Change: A Review of

Current Literature (Chicago: University of
@sl.
L2" KarI von Clausewity, War, Politics and Power (Chicago:
Henry negnery@.

13. Robert Conot, Rivers of_Blood, Years of Darkness (New

York: Bantam Books, L967).
 7. ,f.*

-16-

L4" Truman l,Ielson, People with Strength: The Story of ivlonroe,

North Carolina (New York: Marzani and Munsell,
ffi
15. Herbert Aptheker, American Negro S1gve RevoLts (New
Yorks: fn ).