5G Introduction

Nokia Networks
Introduction to 5G
Student Guide
TM5136-01A-5GR

2 Introduction to 5G
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Contents 5
Contents
Introduction to 5G
Introduction............................................................................................................. 11
Module Objectives .................................................................................................11
Evolution of different generations of mobile communication technology............... 11
30 years of evolution...........................................................................................11
Key differentiators and weaknesses of each generation of wireless technology..
13
Killer applications................................................................................................13
Summary: Introduction...........................................................................................15
5G Drivers................................................................................................................ 17
Module Objectives ................................................................................................ 17
Why we will need 5G............................................................................................. 17
Cellular market trends........................................................................................ 17
What is Driving 5G.................................................................................................20
A fully mobile and connected society................................................................. 20
The explosive growth of mobile internet ............................................................ 21
Programmable world.......................................................................................... 23
Internet of Things................................................................................................24
More of everything..............................................................................................25
Consumers ever increasing expectations...........................................................26
Why 4G is not enough........................................................................................... 27
LTE evolution towards 5G.................................................................................. 27
Summary: 5G Drivers............................................................................................ 28
What 5G is and what it is not................................................................................. 29
What 5G is and what it is not................................................................................. 29
What makes a 5G system.................................................................................. 29
Hashtag 5G........................................................................................................ 31
What 5G is and what it is not..............................................................................32
Summary: What 5G is and what it is not................................................................33
5G potential use cases........................................................................................... 35
5G use scenarios...................................................................................................35
5G for people and things.................................................................................... 35
Myriad of use cases............................................................................................37
Nokia-defined use cases....................................................................................... 42
Heterogeneous use cases..................................................................................42
Extreme mobile broadband................................................................................ 43
Massive machine communication.......................................................................44

Critical machine communication.........................................................................45

NGMN-defined use scenarios................................................................................46
Overview of NGMN-defined 5G use case.......................................................... 46
Usage scenarios defined by ITU-R........................................................................47
Usage scenarios of IMT for 2020 and beyond....................................................47
Summary: 5G potential use cases.........................................................................48
5G System requirements........................................................................................49
Diverse requirements for 5G..................................................................................49
Heterogeneous use cases leading to diverse requirements...............................49
NGMN defined requirements................................................................................. 51
NGMN defined requirements..............................................................................51
Key capabilities for IMT 2020 defined by ITU-R.................................................... 52
From IMT Advanced to IMT 2020.......................................................................52
3GPP requirements for next generation access technologies...............................54
3GPP defined requirements............................................................................... 54
5G requirements.................................................................................................... 56
Latency............................................................................................................... 56
Peak data rate.................................................................................................... 61
Spectral efficiency.............................................................................................. 63
User experienced data rate................................................................................ 64
Connection density............................................................................................. 65
Area traffic capacity............................................................................................ 67
Mobility interruption time.....................................................................................68
Inter-system mobility...........................................................................................69
Reliability............................................................................................................ 70
Mobility (Speed)..................................................................................................71
Energy efficiency................................................................................................ 72
LTE Gap to 5G requirements................................................................................. 74
LTE Gap to 5G requirements..............................................................................74
Summary: 5G System requirements......................................................................75
5G New-Radio..........................................................................................................77
Emerging application challenges........................................................................... 77
Emerging application challenges........................................................................77
Why we need new radio for 5G............................................................................. 79
Re-imagining radio interface...............................................................................79
New RAT key characteristics................................................................................. 81
New RAT key characteristics..............................................................................81
Main building blocks for 5G New-Radio.................................................................83

Contents 7
Potential building blocks for 5G New-Radio....................................................... 83

Why more spectrum is needed for 5G................................................................... 84
5G spectrum....................................................................................................... 84
mmWave and cmWave.......................................................................................... 90
mmWave and cmWave.......................................................................................90
New waveforms candidates for 5G radio...............................................................93
New waveforms.................................................................................................. 93
Massive MIMO.......................................................................................................96
Massive MIMO ...................................................................................................96
Flexible frame design.............................................................................................99
Flexible frame design......................................................................................... 99
Multi-connectivity feature..................................................................................... 101
Multi-connectivity.............................................................................................. 101
Device-to-Device technique.................................................................................103
Device-to-Device communication..................................................................... 103
Other potential building blocks for 5G New Radio............................................... 105
Other potential building blocks for 5G New Radio............................................105
Summary: 5G New-Radio....................................................................................106
5G Core Network and E2E Architecture..............................................................107
Module Objectives .............................................................................................. 107
5G E2E architecture............................................................................................ 107
5G E2E architecture: Why do we need a new E2E Architecture?....................107
5G E2E architecture: Key design targets of the 5G architecture......................109
5G E2E architecture: Fundamental transformation in overall network
architecture....................................................................................................... 111
5G E2E architecture: High-level IMT-2020 network architecture (ITU vision)..
112
5G E2E architecture: 5G architecture (NGMN vision)...................................... 113
Main building blocks for 5G core..........................................................................117
Potential building blocks for 5G core................................................................ 117
Network Slicing.................................................................................................... 118
Network Slicing................................................................................................. 118
Dynamic Experience Management......................................................................121
Dynamic Experience Management...................................................................121
Service determined connectivity.......................................................................... 123
Service determined connectivity.......................................................................123
Fast traffic forwarding.......................................................................................... 124
Fast traffic forwarding....................................................................................... 124
Mobility on demand..............................................................................................125
Mobility on demand.......................................................................................... 125
How security is built into 5G networks right from the start...................................126

5G security....................................................................................................... 126
Other potential building blocks for 5G core network............................................ 128
Other potential building blocks for 5G core network.........................................128
Summary: 5G Core Network and E2E Architecture.............................................129
LTE-A and LTE-Advanced Pro as foundation for 5G......................................... 131
How 5G will build on 4G LTE foundation technologies........................................ 131
LTE-A Pro as catalyst for 5G............................................................................ 131
Evolutionary paths of LTE-Advanced Pro............................................................ 133
LTE-Advanced Pro........................................................................................... 133
Potential 5G Technologies where LTE-A aids in transition.................................. 134
Potential 5G Technologies where LTE-A aids in transition............................... 134
Multi-Gbps data rates with CA evolution.......................................................... 136
Using 5 GHz band............................................................................................ 137
3D MIMO.......................................................................................................... 138
Millisecond latency........................................................................................... 139
Internet of Things optimization......................................................................... 140
Tight 4G-5G interworking for fast time to market................................................. 142
Evolution to 5G................................................................................................. 142
Summary: LTE-A and LTE-Advanced Pro as foundation for 5G..........................143
Landscape of major 5G industry activities.........................................................145
Major 5G industry activities..................................................................................145
Overview of major 5G industry activities.......................................................... 145
ITU-R 5G related activities...................................................................................146
ITU-R IMT 2020 and beyond............................................................................ 146
NGMN 5G related activities................................................................................. 148
NGMN 5G related activities.............................................................................. 148
3GPP work on 5G................................................................................................149
3GPP 5G related activities............................................................................... 149
5G related European Union projects................................................................... 150
5G related European Union projects................................................................ 150
5G related activities in Asia................................................................................. 151
5G related activities in Asia.............................................................................. 151
5G related activities in the Americas................................................................... 153
5G related activities in the Americas................................................................ 153
Nokia key role within 5G industry cooperation.....................................................154
Nokia 5G related research activities.................................................................154
Summary: Landscape of major 5G industry activities..........................................155
Roadmap for 5G standards and rollout.............................................................. 157

Contents 9
Key milestones in 5G development..................................................................... 157
Key milestones in 5G development.................................................................. 157
5G roadmap.........................................................................................................159
5G roadmap......................................................................................................159
Early Adopters for extreme Broadband served by Nokia.....................................160
Serving early adopters......................................................................................160
Summary: Roadmap for 5G standards and rollout.............................................. 161
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Introduction 11
Introduction
Module Objectives
• Recall the evolution of different generations of mobile communication
technology.
• List the key differentiators and weaknesses of each generation of wireless
technology.
Evolution of different generations of mobile communication

technology
30 years of evolution
Cellular communications has dramatically changed our society and the way we
communicate. It is now difficult to imagine life without modern wireless systems, as it
existed before 1990. Wireless empowers our modern life, enables modern societies
to operate efficiently, and has had a major impact on modern politics, economy,
education, health, entertainment, logistics, travel, and all industries.
A new wireless generation has appeared roughly every ten years since the first
analog generation AMPS system developed in the U.S. by Bell Labs in the 1970s.
First generation networks were dominated by analog. Second generation or 2G
networks were dominated by digital audio signals and text messaging.
Figure 1: 30 years of evolution
2G
Development of second generation GSM networks began in 1981. In 1989, the
standardization work was moved to the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI). The first GSM call was made in Finland on July 1, 1991 by
Telenokia and Siemens. The first SMS message was sent on December 3, 1992. In
1993, Australia was the first nation outside of Europe to deploy GSM. In 1995, the
first GSM network became operational in the United States. GSM deployments then
spread quickly on a global basis. By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than
75% of the worldwide cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers.
While GSM technology development was led in Europe, IS-54 and IS-136 second-
generation (2G) mobile phone systems, known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), was
developed in parallel in North America. D-AMPS, also widely referred to as TDMA,
and was once prevalent throughout the Americas, particularly in the United States
and Canada in the 1990s. D-AMPS is considered end-of-life, and existing networks
were replaced by GSM and GPRS or CDMA2000 technologies.

3G
The third generation or 3G was more about scaling the number of users on the
network for voice, text messaging and data communications, but was overwhelmed
by an unpredictable tsunami of data communication. This trend is sure to continue.
The development of the third generation (3G) wireless network was a global
standardization effort which was conducted in the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP). The 3GPP project is formed with regional partners from Asia,
Europe, and North America. ETSI is the designated European partner and the
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solution (ATIS) is the designated North
American partner. There are other 3GPP partners from China, Korea, and Japan.
The first meeting of 3GPP was held in December 1998. Between then and the end
of 2007, 3GPP produced five releases of global standards for 3G networks which
encompassed the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), the IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), and the High Speed Packet Data Access (HSPDA).
LTE and LTE Advanced

The Mobile communications system LTE was developed to provide high capacity
and higher rate data service for mobile multimedia. The first 4G standards appeared
in 3GPP Release 8 which was completed in 2008. Improvements to the 4G
standards continued with 3GPP Release 9 in 2009, 3GPP Release 10 in early 2011,
and 3GPP Release 11 in 2012. 3GPP is currently working on additional 4G
enhancements in 3GPP Release 12 and 3GPP Release 13.
LTE Advanced Pro

In October 2015, 3GPP has approved a new LTE marker called LTE-Advanced Pro
that will be used for the appropriate specifications from Release 13 onwards. It will
allow mobile standards users to associate various new features from the release’s
freeze in March 2016 with a distinctive marker that evolves the LTE and LTE-
Advanced technology series.
LTE-M and NB-IoT

LTE for Machines (LTE-M) also known as Enhanced Machine Type Communications
(eMTC) is an evolution of legacy LTE 1.4MHz, it was under discussion in 3GPP R13
in December 2015. Narrow-Band Long-Term Evolution (NB-LTE) is a narrowband
radio technology specially designed for the Internet of Things. It is currently being
standardized within 3GPP under the label NB-IoT. NB-IoT standardization was
expected to be completed by June 2016. Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), also
known as EC-EGPRS is being under 3GPP standardization which was expected to
be completed by February 2016. EC-GSM addresses IoT markets without wide LTE
deployment.
5G
The yet-to-be-defined 5G will be the next major wave of mobile telecommunications
standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. It is generally assumed
that 5G systems will emerge around 2020.

Introduction 13
Key differentiators and weaknesses of each generation of

wireless technology
Killer applications
From a historical point of view, each of the cellular standard has evolved around a
set of key use cases:
1G Voice services
2G Improved voice and text messaging
3G Integrated voice and affordable mobile Internet
4G High capacity mobile multimedia
Figure 2: Killer applications
The wireless communication systems have had a chronology of revolutionary
applications and technologies that have shaped our daily lives. The successful
deployment of killer applications in wireless allow its rapid development in the past
30 years.
First, the need for real-time mobile communications, dominated the success of
cordless phones, followed by cellular communications. Soon thereafter, text
messaging incorporated in the second generation by short message service (SMS)
became another killer application. But the low data rate services provided by 2G
systems did not fulfill the need for mobile Internet access.
With the success of wireless LAN technology (WiFi based on the IEEE 802.11
standard), Internet browsing, and the widespread market adoption of laptop
computers, Internet data connectivity became a reality and ultimately a necessity for
everyone. This phenomenon opened the market for cellular broadband wireless data
connectivity and lead to a demand for new 3G standards, which evolved to provide
fast data services and more capacity for voice.
The logical next step was to invent a better user experience for a subset of laptop
functions for mobile use and merge it with the cellular telephone, which evolved into
today’s smartphone. We now enjoy high bandwidth access to the world’s information
at our fingertips, everywhere and anytime. The recent (4G) mobile communications
system LTE was developed to provide high capacity and highest rate data service
for mobile multimedia.
But, now is there a killer application for 5G on the horizon? Is everything else going
to be evolutionary? Despite never managing to successfully predict what each
forthcoming generation of wireless technology should deliver in order to satisfy
future users, history has shown that the future is rich for transformations and
inventions, especially since we are far away from an ideally connected world.

The next foreseen killer application is the massive wireless connectivity of machines
with other machines, referred to as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type-
communication (MTC). But for M2M to reach its full potential, it needs a network
optimized for it. The big question that the industry needs to answer today is whether
we will have the same network designed for both human and machine
communications, a new dedicated network for machines, or a hybrid network for
people and things.

Introduction 15
Summary: Introduction
Module Summary
This module covered the following learning objectives:
• Recall the evolution of different generations of mobile communication
technology.
• List the key differentiators and weakness of each generation of wireless
technology.


5G Drivers 17
5G Drivers
Module Objectives
• Explain why we will need 5G.
• Discuss the factors driving 5G
• Explain why 4G is not enough.
Why we will need 5G

Cellular market trends
Figure 3: Cellular market trends 1/2
The future is shaped every day. Steve Case, co-founder of AOL has recently argued
that we are at a pivotal point in the Internet's history. This is actually the third internet
era, with the first defined by the building of the internet (1985–2000) and the second
by building new services on top of the internet (2000–2015). It consists of
entrepreneurs building on top of the existing Internet with companies like Google,
Facebook, Twitter and the growing app economy. The third era or wave, according
to Case will be defined by building the internet into everything (2015+), resulting in
disruption of many industry sectors.
At the heart of this change is the network, the infrastructure that keeps everyone
connected. Wireless, and wireless broadband is becoming the glue/substrate for the
continued dramatic expansion of smart personal devices, combined with the
expansion of data networks for enterprises and large institutions, and the growth of
ultra-broadband services for wireless and fixed access. It is transforming the entire
dynamics of our industry and deeply changing the human experience.
Today, however, we are dependent on the network and not the other way around.
We have to instruct our smartphones and tablets to look for WiFi networks or a 4G
service. And yet, as usage grows of connected devices (for example, phones,
wearable electronics and fitness gadgets) and businesses and institutions like banks
or governments continue to generate greater amounts of data, the network, will not
be able to cope.
What will be next? The future of communication is changing drastically. Future
mobile technologies usher in new paradigms for connected society. In the 2020
timeframe and beyond, mobile technologies will bring together people along with
things, data, applications, transport systems and cities in a smart networked
communications ecosystem.

Figure 4: Cellular market trends 2/2
As outlined before, driven by technology developments and socio-economic
transformations, the future of wireless is characterized by changes in business,
technology, and operator contexts as below:
Recent technology innovation is represented by the advent of smartphones and
tablets. While smartphones are expected to remain as the main personal device and
further develop in terms of performance and capability, the number of personal
devices will increase driven by new classes of user devices such as wearables or
sensors.
Supported by cloud technology, these devices will extend their capabilities to various
applications such as high quality content production and sharing, payment, proof of
identity, cloud gaming, mobile TV, and in general supporting smart life. They will
have a significant role in health, security, safety, and social life applications, as well
as controlling home appliances, cars and other machines.
Many of the trends in the consumer segment apply to future enterprises as well. The
boundaries between personal and enterprise usage of devices will be blurred.
Enterprises will look for solutions to address security and privacy challenges
associated with this hybrid type of usage. The next wave of mobile is to mobilize
industries and industry processes.
This is widely referred to as machine communication and the Internet of Things
(IoT). Tens of billions of smart devices will use their embedded communication
abilities and sensors to act on their local environment and use remote triggers based
on intelligent logic.
In many markets today, Telco players have already started to leverage partnerships
with Over the Top (OTT) players to deliver packaged services to end users. OTT
players will move to deliver more and more applications that require higher quality
and lower latency and other service enhancing capabilities (for example, proximity,
location, QoS, authentication) on demand and in a highly flexible and programmable
way.
From a services perspective, a global business model evolution of mobile operators’
services will include the evolution of current services as well as the emergence of
new ones. Currently, the most common services provided by mobile operators
include point-to-point personal communication and (best effort) data services.
These services will evolve to improve both in quality as well as in capability.
Personal communication will include high quality multimedia and rich group
communication as a baseline. Data services on the other hand, will be possible from
multiple integrated access technologies and be ubiquitous and characterized by
performance consistency. Data traffic will be dominated by video and social media.
New services will emerge which may cover new market segments such as
automated industries and smart user environments, public safety and mission critical
services, big data, proximity and geo-community services, and many others.

5G Drivers 19
All of these trends will produce a dramatic shift in demand challenging mobile
operators to provide networks and platforms that achieve the highest performance at
the lowest cost per bit while supporting extensive personalization.

What is Driving 5G
A fully mobile and connected society
It’s no secret that we live in a connected world and that it’s becoming more and
more connected every day.
In the past 6 years, we have seen the continued dramatic expansion of smart
personal devices; smartphones and tablets, combined with the expansion of data
networks for enterprises and large institutions, and the growth of ultra-broadband
services for wireless and fixed access.
Smartphones have been a major factor in driving the shift in mobile industry value
from services such as voice and text to an increasingly data-centric model. With the
anticipated growth of Internet of Things (IoT) during the next few years, there will be
more users, more devices and a more diverse range of device types than ever
before.
Figure 5: A fully mobile and connected society
By the end of 2014, the number of mobile-connected devices exceeded the number
of people on earth, and by 2019 there will be nearly 1.5 mobile devices per capita.
There will be 11.5 billion mobile-connected devices by 2019, including machine-to-
machine (M2M) modules, exceeding the world’s projected population at that time
(7.6 billion).
A broad consensus in the wireless industry anticipates a strong continuation of this
trend for several years to come.

5G Drivers 21
The explosive growth of mobile internet

Any forecast of tech or business trends toward 2020 and beyond should consider
with the exponential growth in computing power we are now experiencing as per
Moore’s Law. This growth translates to an accelerating pace of change across all
industries as the cost of processing power decreases.
The following figure shows the analysis of the growth in core network traffic since
the dawn of the internet era in terms of the constituent five-year trend segments:
Figure 6: The explosive growth of mobile internet (1/2)
The confluence of increasing content sources and the increased resolution of
produced content creates exponential growth in the bandwidth required to deliver
the content demanded by the consumer. Bell Labs predicts an increase in global
bandwidth consumption from ~1.0 Zb/year in 2015 to 4.3 Zb/year by 2020 with video
content being the reason behind the increase in the data transferred.
Importantly, in a recent report, Bell Labs Consulting concluded that with 3G, 4G/LTE
and small cells alone, operators will not be able to profitably address even half of the
demand left untouched by Wi-Fi-like technologies.
The following figure displays the predicted relative growth of traffic volume:
Figure 7: The explosive growth of mobile internet (2/2)
Mobile broadband is the key use case today and it is expected to continue to be one
of the key use cases driving the requirements for 5G. It goes far beyond basic
mobile Internet access and covers rich interactive work, media and entertainment
applications in the cloud or augmented reality.

Streaming and cloud-based services and applications are the biggest demand
drivers. They are enabled by better devices and richer applications and reinforced
by trends to higher resolution screens with the recent introduction of 4K (8K is
already expected beyond 2020) and the availability of lower latency, higher
performance 4G (LTE) networks.
As the younger generation’s unprecedented consumption of data anywhere and on
any device becomes the de facto behavior in the larger populous, wireless demand
will climb even faster, especially where wireline broadband is insufficient or
unavailable.
Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing for mobile communication
platforms. This is applicable for both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is one
particular use case driving the growth of uplink data rates – in the past, content was
mostly downloaded.
Clearly, mobile data is growing at a rate between 25% and 50% annually and is
expected to continue towards 2030 as shown in the figure. According to Nokia 5G
requirements white paper, 10,000 times more traffic will need to be carried through
all mobile broadband technologies at some point between 2020 and 2030.

5G Drivers 23
Programmable world
Figure 8: Towards Programmable world
One of hottest topics in our industry is transition from a smartphone-centric mobile
broadband business towards, what Nokia calls, the programmable world, in which
mobile broadband networks connect not only people, but form the connectivity
backbone for the IoT. It is expected to be the next revolution in the mobile
ecosystem. IoT services are likely to be a key driver for further growth in cellular.
The IoT is being shaped now and operators will not wait until 2020, as many
markets they cannot afford to wait. But, digitizing and connecting physical things to
the internet (IoT) is widely predicted to occur on a massive scale in the coming
decade.
This digitalization of the physical world enables a variety of innovative use cases.
The programmable world improves people's lives through automation, enhanced
connectivity and intelligence. It also helps industries to become more efficient, agile
and real-time. A true explosion of possibilities is expected with 5G.

Internet of Things
Figure 9: From Internet of content to Internet of Things
Over the past decades, the Internet has evolved from a static repository of
interlinked hypertext documents to a dynamic universe of networked humans,
machines and applications. Today, the convergence of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communications, big data analytics and the growth in connected devices is enabling
a highly connected world known as the IoT.
The IoT will be one of the next big things. It will enable an unprecedented number of
objects and devices to interact and share data. These interactions will spawn new
applications and create exciting business opportunities for the enterprise, energy,
transportation, public sectors and the possibilities are truly unlimited.
With the IoT, virtually anything, ALL THINGS GREAT AND SMALL: cars, houses,
smart energy meters, dog collars, will be able to send and receive data over the
Internet. Cloud, wireless and social media technologies will enhance these
exchanges. They will bring a new level of connectivity that eases collaboration and
management and puts more valuable data within reach.
According to Bell Labs Consulting report, the total number of IoT connected devices
(not including wearables) is expected to grow from 1.6B in 2014 to anywhere
between 20B (conservative view) and 46B (disruptive view) by 2020. Of this total,
cellular IoT devices will be between 1.6 Billion and 4.6 Billion in 2020. Despite this
massive adoption and traffic growth of 50 to 70 times from 2014, the overall cellular
traffic generated by IoT devices will only account for 2 percent of the total mobile
traffic by 2020.
The reason for this is that non-video-enabled IoT devices will predominate early on
and typically transfer a small amount of data in a given transaction. However, there
will be significant growth in upstream IoT video streaming after 2020 from video
surveillance cameras, dash cams, body cams, and similar devices transferring
content to cloud-based video analytics platforms.
In nutshell, IoT will be as disruptive as radio, television and the web. Today the
network connects humans. Tomorrow 5G system will connect everything, all the
time. 5G will be about people and things.

5G Drivers 25
More of everything
Figure 10: More of everything
Simply put, there is a traffic jam approaching:
Statista predicts that the number of mobile users worldwide will almost double from
2010 to 2020, increasing from 5.3 billion to 9 billion. The number of mobile devices
in use is also increasing. According to the Radicati Group, the number of mobile
devices in use will increase by over 57% between 2014 and 2018, reaching 12.2
billion in 2018.
Moreover, as stated before, mobile connections are not just being made by people,
but increasingly by machines and things. Industry analysts estimate the number of
connected devices could be anywhere from 20 billion to 100 billion by 2020, 1000
Billions by 2035.
According to Cisco CEO John Chambers, there will be about 15 billion devices
connected by 2015, and around 40 billion by 2020, citing figures from the Cisco
Internet Business Solutions Group. He also said: Despite all these connections, we
estimate that more than 99% of all physical objects that may one day join the
network are currently still unconnected. Think about that – we’ve only just begun to
connect the unconnected.
Clearly, the network based on legacy blueprints, with a never-ending cycle of
expensive upgrades, is unsustainable. A change is needed in the way we build
networks.

Consumers ever increasing expectations
Figure 11: Consumers ever increasing expectations (1/2)
End-users will become even more conditioned to expect wireless connectivity
wherever they go - and not just any wireless connectivity, but broadband
connectivity with excellent Quality of Experience.
Meeting Consumer expectations for a particular application is key. Consumer
doesn’t want to care about which air interface to use. Consumer wants us to connect
them to their information.
The world needs to be personalized to you. You need to be the center of the
universe. And so instead of you being something that attaches to a network, really it
needs to be your network that is serving you. We’re getting to the point where we’re
really making that happen, explains, Theodore SIZER, Vice-President of Wireless
Research. Tod continues, It is about a communications service that adapts to the
consumer, rather than the consumer adapting to the communications service.
Figure 12: Consumers ever increasing expectations (2/2)
The mobile-operator-led organization NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks)
summary of Operator expectations for 5G falls into 3 primary requirements:
• Better end-to-end performance: Broadband everywhere, Broadband in dense
areas and Higher user mobility.
• Better support for non-traditional applications including Internet of Things (IoT):
Massive Internet of Things, Extreme real-time communications, Lifeline
communications, Ultra-reliable communications and Broadcast-like services.
• Nokia is convinced that 5G should also focus on Better Battery life: To ensure
that the dream of massive adoption of connected devices doesn’t become a
problem of massive connection of charging cables.
The consumers expect, anywhere, anytime communications with excellent Quality of
Experience.

5G Drivers 27
Why 4G is not enough

LTE evolution towards 5G
Figure 13: LTE evolution towards 5G
LTE, designed primarily to serve smart phones and improve users’ wireless internet
experience, has been a great success. First deployed few years ago, 4G LTE has
become the fastest-growing mobile technology in history. Today it globally supports
about 908 millions subscribers at the end of Q3, 2015.
Since its launch, LTE has evolved to support higher peak bit rates and improve
interworking with other radio access technologies such as WLAN. It will continue to
evolve for the next ten years.
Why can't we simply evolve LTE?

The set of requirements for 5G is not economically or technically achievable with the
evolution of 4G.
As will be described in coming chapter, 5G networks must support diversity of use-
cases. Therefore, the need to optimize the radio interface to simultaneously meet a
wider range of use cases will drive the need for a more adaptable radio and core
network solution than LTE Evolved Packet Core.
Think about emerging new services that will eventually require extremely low end-to-
end service latency of less than one millisecond. This will challenge the basis of the
LTE framework.
Ongoing traffic growth in high density zones will eventually exceed what can be
supported in the spectrum bands in which LTE was designed to operate, leading to a
need for new radio access technologies optimized for new spectrum bands above
20 GHz.
Will this make 4G obsolete?

It should be noted that although mobile operators are still building out their 4G
networks, they need to prepare for 5G now. Since 5G will build on 4G LTE
foundation technologies, mobile operators should consider deploying advanced LTE
technologies sooner rather than later. This will not only benefit them today, but also
position their networks to evolve easily and quickly to 5G tomorrow.

Summary: 5G Drivers
Module Summary
• Explain why we will need 5G.
• Explain what is Driving 5G.
• Explain why 4G is not enough.

What 5G is and what it is not 29
What 5G is and what it is not

Module Objectives
• Explain what 5G is and what it is not.

What makes a 5G system
The buzz in the Telecommunication industry on future wave in wireless technology -
Fifth Generation or 5G - has seen a sharp increase. The question what actually
makes a 5G system, what are the system requirements and use scenarios is still
open and part of intensive discussions.
Figure 14: What is 5G?
Simply stated, 5G is the fifth generation mobile networks or the next major cellular
evolution after 4G. About every ten years, the next generation of mobile networks
appears, with each generation improving upon the last. As with each new
generation, 5G is expected to be more spectrally efficient, support many more users,
offer higher data rates and provide a more consistent user experience. With the
anticipated growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and connections, 5G is also
expected to support much higher device connection densities, prolong device
battery life, widen network coverage and make signaling more efficient.
According to the mobile industry's largest trade group, the report published by the
GSM Association on December 2014 is stated that there are currently two
competing views on what 5G is:
1. The first definition of 5G today is around the hyper-connect vision. This is where
5G is seen as a blend of existing technologies such as 2G, 3G, 4G, and Wi-Fi,
and that it can deliver greater coverage and availability, higher network density
in terms of cells and devices, and the ability to provide the connectivity that
enables machine-to-machine services and the IoT.
2. The other view of 5G that exists is that it is perceived as the next-generation
radio access technology, which is a more traditional generational view. This
means specific targets for data rates and latency are set, such as faster than
1Gbps downlink and less than 1ms delay.
The attention now focused on enabling a seamlessly connected society in the 2020
timeframe and beyond that brings together people along with things, data,
applications, transport systems and cities in a smart networked communications
environment.

Figure 15: What makes a 5G system
The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) alliance pretty much summed up its
5G vision in a 5G White Paper issued in February-2015. According to NGMN, 5G is
an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It
empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and
emerging use cases, delivered with consistent experience, and enabled by
sustainable business models.
According to Nokia 5G master plan whitepaper: 5G is the new generation of radio
systems and network architecture that will deliver extreme broadband, ultra-robust,
low latency connectivity and massive networking for human beings and the IoT.

Hashtag 5G
Over the past two years, 5G has received more media coverage and industry buzz
than any other burgeoning technology.
5G networks will be a leap, not a step, forward.
Vice-President of the European Commission Neelie Kroes tweets it is important to
understand 5G mobile will be more than just the next step beyond today’s 4G
networks.
It will also offer totally new possibilities to connect people, and also things – being
cars, houses, energy infrastructures. All of them at once, wherever you and they
are.
5G is NOT 4G+1, said Mario Campolargo, Director of Net Futures - DG CONNECT
at the European Commission. 5G is much more than 4G plus 1. In the manner of an
evolutionary leap, 5G technologies and Information and communication
technologies (ICT) networks bring the global competition for technological
leadership to a whole new level. This is a truly wireless environment that will realize
the promise of near-instantaneous, zero-distance online connectivity at any time,
from anywhere and from almost any device or terminal.
Tens of tweets (maybe hundreds) are tweeted every day concerning 5G.
Read these 9 tweets:
Figure 16: Hashtag #5G
For more information about the above tweets, click on the following links:
• Telecoms News
• DigitalSingleMarket
• Nokia Networks
• DeutscheTelekomGroup
• Dept for Business
• ITU
• DigitalSingleMarket
• Intel Network
• Marcus Weldon
Read more tweets about 5G at: #5G


Simply stated, 5G is the fifth generation mobile networks or the next major cellular
evolution after 4G. About every ten years, the next generation of mobile networks
appears, with each generation improving upon the last. As with each new
generation, 5G is expected to be more spectrally efficient, support many more users,
offer higher data rates and provide a more consistent user experience. With the
anticipated growth of IoT devices and connections, 5G is also expected to support
much higher device connection densities, prolong device battery life, widen network
coverage and make signaling more efficient.
Keep in mind, the challenge for 5G is not only to increase the user rates or the
capacity, as has been so far for the former generations, but also to master
heterogeneous use cases with diverse requirements as will be described in
upcoming chapters.
Figure 17: What 5G is and what it is not

Summary: What 5G is and what it is not

Module Summary
• Explain what 5G is and what it is not.


5G potential use cases 35
5G potential use cases

Module Objectives
• Identify potential 5G use scenarios.
• Describe Nokia-defined use cases.
• Describe NGMN-defined use scenarios.
• Describe the three usage scenarios defined by ITU-R.
5G use scenarios
5G for people and things
Despite never managing to successfully predict what each forthcoming generation of
wireless technology should deliver in order to satisfy future end-users, the industry
has however reached some consensus on the use cases and use scenarios for 5G:
5G is about people and things. It is a door opener for new possibilities and use
cases, many of which are as yet unknown.
5G will be the platform that enables growth in many industries, ranging from the IT
industry to the car, entertainment, agriculture and manufacturing industries. 5G will
connect the factory of the future and help create a fully automated and flexible
production system. It will also be the enabler of a super-efficient infrastructure that
saves resources.
Figure 18: 5G for people and things (1/2)
We can expect that safety and business-critical applications will increasingly run on
the wireless network, which necessitates absolutely stringent, reliable and
predictable service levels in terms of capacity, throughput and latency. These levels
will far exceed those of today.
What will be the possibilities in the real world? Consider the healthcare industry in
which hospitals can arrange remote robotic surgeries via a customized 5G network
that minimizes network latency as if the surgeon were physically present next to the
patient. Or how skin-embedded and 5G connected healthcare chips could constantly
monitor vital signs, preventing conditions from becoming acute and constantly
adapting medication to meet changing conditions.
Creating a safe transportation infrastructure is another major area where self-driving
cars and smart road infrastructures enabled by 5G networks can reduce accidents,
saving millions of lives every year.
With sensors enabled by 5G networks, every water pipe could be monitored in real-
time and utility providers could create a network that can sense, process and
transmit exact locations and severity of a leak and alert proper resources in real time
without the need for humans to laboriously collect and analyze the data.

Similar 5G-enabled transformations are only to be expected in agriculture, finance,
retail, education, trade and tourism. The possibilities are truly endless.
Figure 19: 5G for people and things (2/2)
American-Canadian novelist William Gibson, who invented the term cyberspace
long ago, said The future is here, it's just not widely distributed yet. Looking at some
of the examples above, the future may be closer than many of us imagine.
When you quantify some of those expected benefits; that is, when the proposition
for individuals, society and economy becomes exciting.
Take autonomous driving - there are around 1.3 million deaths on the road each
year, which is more than double the amount killed by malaria worldwide. There are
also 50 million people injured in traffic accidents globally. Now, of course, you need
the latency and response times to be instantaneous for these cars, which is a far cry
from the 15 to 20 milliseconds that today’s best LTE networks are currently able to
achieve.
Put it another way, if driver error is the cause of about 90 percent of all car crashes
and autonomous driving and connected cars would result in only 50 percent fewer
annual fatalities, that would be more than half a million lives saved every year and
millions more with fewer injuries.
Consider the potential reduction in CO2 emissions. The pollution from transportation
is expected to increase nearly six-fold in China, for example, from 190 megatons
every year to more than 1100 megatons in 35 years’ time. Connected cars, smart
navigation and autonomous driving could reduce millions of tons of CO2 and help
cities become cleaner.
Marcus Weldon, president of Bell Labs and CTO at Nokia, said 5G will give birth to
the next phase of human possibilities, bringing about the automation of everything.
This automation, driven by a smart invisible network, will create new businesses,
give rise to new services and ultimately free up more time for people. Nokia is
working with our customers today to help build and plan for a journey that will
transform network architectures and have great impact on our lives.

Myriad of use cases
Figure 20: Myriad of use cases - Interconnected
One of the fastest developing new device categories is the wearables. These
devices hold the promise of turning humans into cyborgs, with our bodies acting as
very-local area sensor networks, very-short range remote controllers or very
personal computing resources.
The most commonly used wearables today are smart watches, fitness trackers and
e-health devices.
People, in future, will have multiple sensors and actuators placed on and around
their bodies. These can synchronize with the phone and, for example, give an active
person overview of workout statistics, elderly person the outlook of body condition or
a diabetic the sugar levels.
They can also, if allowed, communicate with the city infrastructure providing
statistics on, for example, most popular running tracks or health of people in different
neighborhoods. If a person has a degraded health condition or there is a health
emergency, then a doctor can use body sensors and smartphone camera to
remotely diagnose the patient and, if needed, send help much faster.
Many haptic screens and devices are being developed currently to respond to touch
and provide tactile sensations by varying the friction between the user’s finger and
the screen. This creates an experience of You feel what you touch (remotely). An
early example is the new iPhone, which introduces 3D human sensitive touch.
The combination of haptic interaction and 360° cameras feeding live video over a
5G network to a VR head mounted device will produce a powerful experience as
though the user is actually in the remote location and in control.
Figure 21: Myriad of use cases - Augmented
Augmented Reality (AR) has many applications. First used for military, industrial and
medical applications, it has also been applied to commercial and entertainment
areas.

You may have seen the 2009 movie Avatar. Although, most of director James
Cameron's cool science fiction stuff may (likely) never happen, but with exciting new
devices such as the Oculus Rift and Microsoft’s HoloLens, AR, Virtual Reality (VR)
and virtual worlds may not be as far away as Avatar’s exoplanetary moon, Pandora.
AR enhances a real-world view with graphics. Real-time information is displayed
based on the user’s location and/or vision. VR creates a totally new user experience
with the user being in a fully immersive environment. The AR/VR device needs to
track user movements accurately, process the movement and receiving image, then
display the response immediately. An end-to-end latency of more than 5 ms would
lead to cyber sickness, an uncomfortable and nauseating customer experience.
AR enhances the existing service experiences, for example, shoppers can
experience how a dress would look on them without trying it on. AR can also be
used in emergency situations, for example, firefighters could use AR to see ambient
temperature, a building’s layout, exits and potentially dangerous areas. Police
officers could use AR with facial recognition to identify a suspect in real-time from
the police database before an arrest is made.
VR uses are extensive, not just gaming and entertainment. Students could learn
inside a VR environment conducted by a remote teacher. Students can gain
experiences as large as the inception of the universe or as small as how to split an
atom. In product development, VR can be used to design and prototype products
before they are built, shortening development time and cost.
Figure 22: Myriad of use cases - Virtual and Tactile
Think of capturing and broadcasting 360 degree virtual reality videos from your
handheld or being virtually present in 8K quality. Or consider the healthcare industry
where hospitals can arrange remote robotic surgeries via a customized 5G network
that minimizes network latency as if the surgeon were physically present next to the
patient. Or imagine how the power of combined big data from connected hospitals
from all over the world can crush the next Ebola outbreak before it actually happens.
Or how skin-embedded and 5G connected healthcare chips can constantly monitor
vital signs, prevent conditions from becoming acute and constantly adapt medication
to meet changing conditions.
Remotely controlling robots, rovers, devices or avatars in real-time can help us work
safely outside dangerous places. Hospitals can arrange remote robotic surgeries via
a customized 5G network as if the surgeon was physically present. For public safety,
robots could be sent to work in dangerous situations, such as bomb disposal or
firefighting. The system needs to be extremely reliable with Block Error Ratio
(BLER) up to 10-9 and end-to-end latency of less than 1 millisecond to support the
necessary haptic feedback.
Similar 5G enabled transformations are impending in agriculture, finance, retail,
education, trade and tourism.

Figure 23: Myriad of use cases - Autonomous
Connected cars and vehicles is a hot topic for many industry players from car
manufacturers, consumers and insurance companies to governments. The
automotive sector is expected to be a very important new driver for 5G, with many
use cases for mobile communications for vehicles.
The US Secretary of Transportation has said that driverless cars will be in use all
over the world by 2025. The IEEE predicts that up to 75 percent of vehicles will be
autonomous in 2040. While the autonomous vehicles developed today rely mostly
on onboard sensors and systems, their performance and safety could be vastly
improved through 5G communications.
Autonomous vehicles can reduce accidents and improve road utilization as vehicles
can be driven closer to each other and more safely than human drivers can achieve.
Transportation companies can take advantage of autonomous car fleets. The fleets
can be utilized more effectively with fewer accident caused by human error. In
addition, real-time ultra-reliable communications between vehicles, infrastructure
and smartphones could enable traffic to flow more smoothly, eliminating traffic jams.
Commuting time can be used for other activities with the help of autonomous
vehicles. This might save an hour per day for people living and commuting in cities.
The communication system needs to be extremely reliable as it involves human
safety. The end-to-end latency requirement needs to be as low as 5-10 ms.
Clearly, creating a safe transportation infrastructure is another major area where
self-driving cars and smart road infrastructures enabled by 5G networks can reduce
accidents, saving more than one million lives every year in the U.S. alone. This
means saving $300 billion in economic costs due to car crashes and reducing
annual CO2 emissions by as much as 300 million tons, just in U.S.
In addition to traffic safety, car-to-car in combination with car-to-infrastructure
communication will enable traffic to flow more smoothly avoiding unnecessary traffic
jams. This might save 1 hour per day for people living and commuting in cities. At
the same time, the existing road infrastructure can absorb more cars. According to a
study, up to 4 times more cars are possible through autonomous driving.
Figure 24: Myriad of use cases - Superefficient

Smart cities and smart homes, often referred to as smart society, will be embedded
with dense wireless sensor networks.
Cities are growing faster than the world population. It is increasingly challenging for
large and fast growing cities to manage their operations. 5G will enable things
(objects and devices) in our lives to exchange data in a common network. 5G will
play a major role in developing smart cities and that will help planners truly
understand our everyday tasks.
Communication service providers are looking at smart cities as a market to reach
consumers from energy, government, transportation, utility and other sectors.
Service providers that want to prove their technology will help manage operations
and adapt to cities.
A major category of customers for 5G will be national governments, cities, utilities
and societies. As California suffers one of the most severe droughts on record,
statistics show that 20% of US water supply is lost daily due to leaks in the pipes
that make up the national infrastructure. That equates to 71 billion gallons lost every
day or the amount of daily water usage in California, Texas and Ohio combined.
With sensors enabled by 5G networks, every single water pipe can be monitored in
real-time and utility providers can create a network that can sense, process and
transmit exact locations and severity of a leak and alert proper resources in real time
without the need for humans to laboriously collect and analyze the data.
5G is not just about technology, it is about improving everyday lifestyle and
considering the human factor in every organization or community.
Figure 25: Myriad of use cases - Revolutionized
Futurists have been talking about smart cars and intelligent buildings for many
years, but machine-to-machine communications and data analytics are not as new
as many believe. Did you know that for more than 40 years Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) has helped transportation, utilities and industrial
companies manage applications, optimize processes and reduce cost of operations,
but it is only very recently that the various technologies have come together to
deliver affordable and scalable products and services.
So far enterprises have used networks and devices for what they can provide,
mainly just voice and data, but the future is about being able to service the industry
verticals in a customized way, such that they would be willing to pay for the
additional productivity gains and value creation. Industry 4.0 enabled by 5G
networks can allow manufacturers to automate end-to-end factory operations and
even set up and take down new product lines or entire factories virtually. With
trillions of sensors, machine controlled robots and autonomous logistics, all capable
of talking to each other and operated remotely in real time via 5G networks,
manufacturers can achieve 50% improvement in manufacturing productivity by
eliminating wastages and leaks, guaranteeing quality, removing process
inefficiencies, minimizing labor and energy costs and responding to demand in real
time with zero delays and zero inventories.

Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important for
industrial application. Wires are expensive to install and maintain and the possibility
of replacing cables with reconfigurable wireless links is a tempting opportunity for
many industries. However, achieving this requires that the wireless connection
works with a similar delay, reliability and capacity as cables and that its management
is simplified. Low delays and very low error probabilities are new requirements that
need to be addressed with 5G.
Industrial networks have stringent requirements because they require fast machine-
to-machine communication and ultra-reliable connectivity. A system failure could
mean loss of equipment, production or even loss of life. Time-critical process
optimization is a key requirement for factories-of-the-future. The need for wireless
ultra-reliability and virtual zero latency will be driven by uses that include instant
optimization based on real-time monitoring of sensors and the performance of
components, collaboration between a new generation of robots and the introduction
of wireless connected wearables and augmented reality on the shop floor.
Machines can receive, analyze and execute tasks much more quickly than humans.
Therefore, machine-to-machine communication requires extremely low latency, for
example, closed-loop control applications for industry automation need lower than 1
ms latency. High reliability packet error rate < 10-9 is important to maintain close
synchronization and high availability. Furthermore, the overhead should be kept to a
minimum to ensure a tolerable spectral efficiency with small packet payloads.
Indoor traffic control and indoor mobility control of shop floor equipment typically
have cycle times around 1-10ms. The highest demands are from actuators and
sensors requiring cycle times of less than 1ms with a jitter of less than 1μs. While
today’s wired systems meet these requirements, 5G will create a unified platform
that addresses a wide range of needs from the company supply chain, to inter-
enterprise communication, to the control of actuators/sensors on the factory floor.
This will reduce administrative costs compared to maintaining multiple systems,
eliminate the cost to install wiring and increase flexibility to change production flow
in the factory.

Nokia-defined use cases

Heterogeneous use cases
In a nutshell, 5G enables very diverse use cases with extreme range of
requirements. Clearly the biggest difference between 5G and legacy design
requirements is the diversity of use-cases that 5G networks must support and the
new opportunities it creates compared to today’s networks that were designed
primarily to deliver high speed mobile broadband.
Figure 26: Nokia-defined use cases
The industry has widely adopted Nokia’s view that 5G will be about people and
things that can be broadly split into three use-case categories:
1. Extreme mobile broadband that delivers gigabytes of bandwidth on demand.
2. Critical machine-type communication that allows for the immediate synchronous
eye-hand feedback that enables remote control over robots.
3. Massive machine-type communication that connects billions of sensors and
machines.

Extreme mobile broadband
Figure 27: Extreme mobile broadband
On the top corner of the triangle we see the segment which is called extreme mobile
broadband. This is about massive broadband that delivers gigabytes of bandwidth
on-demand and more importantly, improves the consistency of end-user experience,
data rate of user. Wherever they are located it will be constant.
Extreme mobile broadband addresses the human-centric use cases for access to
multi-media content, services and data. The demand for mobile broadband will
continue to increase, leading to extreme mobile broadband. This delivers multi-
gigabytes of bandwidth on demand.
The extreme mobile broadband usage scenario will come with new application areas
and requirements in addition to existing mobile broadband applications for improved
performance and an increasingly seamless user experience.

Massive machine communication
Figure 28: Massive machine communication
We have the exciting domain of massive machine type communication to the bottom
left inside the triangle, it is about massive Machine Type Communications (MTC)
that connects billions of sensors and machines. This use case is characterized by a
very large number of connected devices typically transmitting a relatively low volume
of non-delay-sensitive data. Devices are required to be low cost and have a very
long battery life.
Imagine a massive amount of actors and sensors that are deployed anywhere in the
landscape and need to access the wireless network. As an example, you could think
about fire sensors in areas with high danger of forest fires, sensors for water quality
inspection or management and so on.

Critical machine communication
Figure 29: Critical machine communication
Finally, on the bottom right of the triangle, we have this exciting opportunity rather
than new domain called critical MTC that demands immediate, synchronized eye-to-
hand feedback to remotely control robots and deliver the tactile internet. This use
case has stringent requirements for capabilities, such as, throughput, latency and
availability.
Some examples include wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production
processes, remote medical surgery, distribution automation in a smart grid, and so
on.
Prof. Frank Hanns Paul Fitzek, Deutsche Telekom chair of the communication
networks group at Technische Universität Dresden coordinating the 5G Lab
Germany, said With our expertise in 5G communication systems, we are
collaborating closely with Nokia to realize a new kind of low-latency 5G services also
known as tactile internet. Low latency communication, together with security and
resilience, enables ubiquitous steering and control of remote objects and devices
like driverless connected cars, industry robots and remote surgery. These
capabilities improve efficiency and allow for new use cases in industry sectors like
mobility, manufacturing and healthcare.
Lastly, additional new use cases will emerge, which are not foreseen in detail as of
now. This will require flexibility for future 5G to adapt to new use cases with a wide
range of requirements on the key capabilities.

NGMN-defined use scenarios

Overview of NGMN-defined 5G use case
Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) alliance expects that the business
context beyond 2020 will be notably different from today and will see the emergence
of new use cases and business models driven by the customers’ and operators’
needs and enabled by the maturity and emergence of key technologies.
Figure 30: NGMN-defined use scenarios
The post-2020 outlook is vastly broad in terms of variety and variability. In addition to
supporting the evolution of the existing use case of mobile broadband, 5G will
support countless emerging use cases with a high variety of applications and
variability of their performance attributes from delay-tolerant video applications to
ultra-low latency, from high speed entertainment applications in a vehicle to mobility
on demand for connected objects and from reliable applications to critical ones such
as health.
Furthermore, use cases will be delivered across a wide range of devices (for
example, smartphone, wearable, machine module) and across a heterogeneous
environment. NGMN has developed twenty four use cases for 5G, as
representational examples, that are grouped into eight use case families. The use
cases and use case families serve as an input for stipulating requirements and
defining the cornerstones of the 5G architecture.
The use cases are not meant to be exhaustive, but rather act as a tool to ensure
that the level of flexibility required from 5G is well captured. The snapshots on this
slide shows the eight use case families with one example use case given for each
family.

Usage scenarios defined by ITU-R

Usage scenarios of IMT for 2020 and beyond
The diagram shows usage scenarios of International Mobile Telecommunications
(IMT) for 2020 and beyond, where the usage is more focused on enhancing the
Mobile Broadband (Enhanced MBB), massive machine type communications, ultra
reliable and low latency communications:
Figure 31: Usage scenarios of IMT for 2020 and beyond
ITU has defined the term it applies to 5G as IMT-2020.
The usage scenarios for IMT for 2020 and beyond include:
1. Enhanced Mobile Broadband: MBB addresses the human-centric use cases for
access to multi-media content, services and data. The demand for mobile
broadband continues to increase, leading to enhanced MBB. The enhanced
MBB usage scenario comes with new application areas and requirements in
addition to existing MBB applications for improved performance and an
increasingly seamless user experience. This usage scenario covers a range of
cases, including wide-area coverage and hotspot, which have different
requirements. For the hotspot case, that is, for an area with high user density,
very high traffic capacity is needed, while the requirement for mobility is low and
user data rate is higher than for wide area coverage. For the wide area
coverage case, seamless coverage and medium-to-high mobility are desired,
with much improved user data rate as compared to now. However, the data rate
requirement may be relaxed compared to hotspot.
2. Ultra-reliable and low latency communications: This use case has stringent
requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency and availability. Some
examples include wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production
processes, remote medical surgery, distribution automation in a smart grid, and
so on.
3. Massive machine type communications: This use case is characterized by a
very large number of connected devices typically transmitting a relatively low
volume of non-delay-sensitive data. Devices are required to be low cost and
have a very long battery life and hence specific machines that require high
mobility (that is, freight tracking systems) or high data rates (that is, surveillance
cameras) are excluded.
Moreover, additional new use cases will emerge, which are not foreseen in detail
today. This will require flexibility for future IMT to adapt to new use cases with a wide
range of requirements on the key capabilities.

Summary: 5G potential use cases

Module Summary
• Identify potential 5G use scenarios.
• Describe Nokia-defined use cases.
• Describe NGMN-defined use scenarios.
• Describe the three usage scenarios defined by ITU-R.

5G System requirements 49
5G System requirements
Module Objectives
• Explain diverse requirements for 5G.
• Identify NGMN defined requirements.
• Identify key capabilities for IMT 2020 defined by ITU-R.
• Identify 3GPP requirements for next generation access technologies.
• Identify 5G requirements.
• Explain LTE Gap to 5G requirements.
Diverse requirements for 5G

Heterogeneous use cases leading to diverse requirements
Figure 32: Heterogeneous use cases leading to diverse requirements
The use cases and the vision of the 5G system lead to diverse requirements that the
future mobile broadband system will need to meet. The future may seem far ahead
but the phase for defining the requirements have already started.
The 5G unified ecosystem will serve both traditional as well as potential new
applications like drones, real time video surveillance, mobile augmented and virtual
reality, IoT and so on. It will have to cope with a high degree of heterogeneity in
terms of:
• Services: mobile broadband, massive machine and mission critical
communications, broad or multicast services and vehicular communications.
• Device classes: low-end sensors to high-end tablets.
• Deployment types: macro and small cells.
• Environments: low-density to ultra-dense urban.
• Mobility levels: static to high-speed transport.
As a result, diverse and often contradicting requirements need to be supported,
such as high capacity and user-rates, low latency, high reliability, ubiquitous
coverage, high mobility, massive number of devices, low cost and energy
consumption. Addressing these requirements in 5G requires new methods and
ideas at both the component and architectural levels.
The identification and elaboration on system requirements and corresponding
technology components to address them are the key activities for the 5G-related
activities currently going on around the world.

ITU-R started working on setting the fundamental requirements for 5G, followed by
the NGMN, an operator pre-standards organization, with the release of its 5G White
Paper at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2015. And more recently by the 3GPP with
its technical report for the study item (TR 38.913) Scenarios and Requirements for
Next Generation Access Technologies developing technical requirements for next
generation access technologies for the identified deployment scenarios taking into
account, but not limited to, the ITU-R discussion on IMT-2020 requirements.
Today, there are preliminary requirements for 5G developed by these organizations
but it will be another year or two before these are finalized.
As shown in the figure above, there are three main requirement dimensions:
• Throughput and capacity
• Number of devices and low cost
• Latency and reliability
As mentioned earlier, some use cases may require multiple dimensions for
optimization while others focus only on one Key Performance Indicator (KPI). One of
the main challenges for 5G will be to support such diverse use cases in a flexible
and reliable way.

NGMN defined requirements

NGMN defined requirements
Figure 33: NGMN defined requirements
In March 2015, the mobile-operator-led organization NGMN Alliance published its
5G White Paper providing consolidated 5G operator requirements. According to
NGMN defined requirements, the capabilities of the network need to be expanded to
support much greater throughput, lower latency and higher connection density. To
cope with a wide range of use cases and business models, 5G has to provide a high
degree of flexibility and scalability by design. In addition, it should show foundational
shifts in cost and energy efficiency. On the end-user side, a key requirement for 5G
will be that a consistent customer experience is achieved across time and service
footprint. NGMN envisages a 5G eco-system that is truly global, free of
fragmentation and open for innovations.
NGMN defined requirements are grouped into six categories shown in the figure
above. Because these requirements are specified from different perspectives, they
do not make an entirely coherent list; it is difficult to conceive a new technology that
could meet all of these conditions simultaneously. NGMN defined requirements are
defined per use case category instead of one-fit-for-all.
The 5G use cases demand very diverse and sometimes extreme requirements. A
single solution may not satisfy all the requirements at the same time at reasonable
cost.
Several use cases may be active concurrently at the same time, requiring a high
degree of flexibility and scalability of the 5G network.
Not all the requirements will need to be satisfied in 2020. However, the 5G
technology baseline should consider all these requirements to be satisfied at some
point.
The exact requirement set for the first release of 5G (addressing deployments
around 2020) will be the subject to further prioritization by NGMN in close
cooperation with the industry.

Key capabilities for IMT 2020 defined by ITU-R

From IMT Advanced to IMT 2020
Figure 34: From IMT Advanced to IMT 2020
According to ITU-R, IMT-2020 is expected to provide a user experience that
matches, as far as possible, the fixed networks. The enhancement will be realized
by increased peak and user experienced data rate, enhanced spectrum efficiency,
reduced latency and enhanced mobility support.
In addition to the conventional human-to-human or human-to-machine
communication, IMT 2020 will realize the Internet of Things by connecting a vast
range of smart appliances, machines and other objects without human intervention.
IMT-2020 should be able to provide these capabilities without undue burden on
energy consumption, network equipment cost and deployment cost to make future
IMT sustainable and affordable.
The key capabilities of IMT-2020 are shown in the spider chart, compared with those
of IMT-Advanced. These requirements figures are targets for research and
investigation for IMT-2020 and may be further updated in other ITU-R
Recommendations.
The eight key requirements along with some proposed target values are:
Peak data rate Maximum achievable data rate under ideal conditions per
user or device (in Gbit/s) is expected to reach 20 Gbps
(under certain conditions and scenarios).
User experienced data Achievable data rate that is available ubiquitously across

rate the coverage area to a mobile user/device (in Mbit/s or
Gbit/s): in urban and sub-urban areas, a user
experienced data rate of 100 Mbit/s is expected to be
enabled, In hotspot it is expected to reach higher values
(for example,1 Gbit/s indoor).
Latency The contribution by the radio network to the time from
when the source sends a packet to when the destination
receives it (in ms). 5G will be be able to provide 1 ms
over-the-air latency.
Mobility Maximum speed at which a defined QoS and seamless
transfer between radio nodes which may belong to
different layers and/or radio access technologies (multi-
layer/-RAT) can be achieved (in km/h). IMT-2020 is
expected to enable high mobility up to 500 km/h with
adequate QoS.

Connection density Total number of connected and/or accessible devices per

unit area (per km2).
Network Energy Referring to the quantity of information bits transmitted to/

efficiency received from users, per unit of energy consumption of
the radio access network (RAN) (in bit/Joule); It should be
improved by a factor at least as great as the envisaged
traffic capacity increase of IMT-2020 relative to IMT-
Advanced for eMBB.
Spectrum efficiency Average data throughput per unit of spectrum resource

and per cell (bit/s/Hz). It is expected to be three times
higher compared to IMT-Advanced for eMBB.
Area traffic capacity Total traffic throughput served per geographic area (in

Mbit/s/m2). IMT-2020 is expected to support 10 Mbit/s/m2
area traffic capacity, for example in hot spots.

3GPP requirements for next generation access technologies

3GPP defined requirements
Figure 35: 3GPP defined requirements
The Study Item description on Scenarios and Requirements for Next Generation

Access Technologies was approved at the 3GPP TSG RAN #70 meeting.
The objective of the study item is to identify the typical deployment scenarios
associated with attributes such as carrier frequency, inter-site distance, user density,
maximum mobility speed, and so on, and as mentioned before to develop
requirements for next generation access technologies for the identified deployment
scenarios taking into account, but not limited to, the ITU-R discussion on IMT-2020
requirements.
In the coming chapters, we will discuss one-by-one the fundamental requirements
for 5G system, as defined by ITU-R, NGMN and 3GPP.
Physical layer related requirements in the TR38.913 are given hereafter:
• A diverse set of deployments ranging from Indoor Hotspot to Extreme Rural
coverage
• A wide range of spectrum bands up to 100 GHz and bandwidths up to 1 GHz
• Wide range of device speeds, up to 500 km/h
• Ultra-deep indoor coverage with tentative target of 164 dB MCL
• Device to Device(D2D)/Vehicular-to-Vehicular(V2V) links
• Target peak rate of 20 Gbps in downlink and 10 Gbps in uplink
• Significantly improved system capacity, user data rates and spectral efficiency
• Target C-plane latency of 10 ms
• Target U-plane latency of 4 ms for mobile broadband, and 0.5 ms for ultra low
latency communication
• Target mobility-incurred connection interruption of 0 ms
• Target reliability of delivering a packet in 1 ms with 1-10-5 reliability
• Tentative target UE battery life of 15 years for massive MTC type terminals
• Improved UE energy efficiency while providing much better MBB data rate
• Improved network energy efficiency
• Target connection density of 1 million devices / km2

• Tight interworking with LTE
• Connectivity through multiple transmission points
• Operator-controlled side link (device-to-device) operation

5G requirements
Latency
Figure 36: Latency (1/5)
There is a broad consensus that 5G requirements include lower latency: latency of 1
ms should be provided for the use cases which require extremely low latency like
vehicle-to-vehicle applications and Tactile Internet.
The latency can be defined as the contribution by the network to the difference in
time (in ms) between when the source sends a packet and when the destination
receives it.
For latency requirements, the following metrics are considered: User plane latency
and control plane latency.
The 5G system should give the end user the perception of being always connected.
The establishment of the initial access to the network (or status change from idle
state to connected) should then be instantaneous from the end user perspective.
The target for control plane latency should be [10ms].
The states for 5G are not yet defined, but this should typically be a state
transition time between the idle state and a Radio Resource Control (RRC)
-connected state that supports efficient transfer of large data volumes.
The target for user plane latency should be [1ms] for UL, and [1ms] for DL.
Of course, the radio latency evolution needs to be accompanied by an appropriate
architecture evolution to meet the expected substantial end-to-end latency
improvements.

Mobile networks must meet new demands as human communication changes from
click and wait/background traffic, to interactive, real-time, haptic communication, and
introduction of critical machine-to-machine type communication. The networks must
provide significantly reduced end-to-end latency and higher reliability than is
achievable today. Ultra-reliability is vital for safety. Low latency is crucial to ensure
applications are usable and interactive whether human-to-human, human-to-
machine or machine-to-machine communication.
Human interactions will also be more demanding in the future – for the 2G system,
the main focus was voice, where latency requirements were driven by the human
audible delay constraint, in the order of 100 milliseconds. For multimedia
applications, the human eye is more sensitive and delays of less than 10
milliseconds are required. The tactile interaction stands for the increasing use of
touch interfaces, where a delay requirement as low as one millisecond can
sometimes be observed.
Besides pure network capacity, the user experience for many data applications
depends heavily on the end-to-end network latency. For example,
• Users expect a full web page to be loaded in less than 1000ms. As loading web
pages typically involves multiple requests to multiple servers, this can translate
to network latency requirements lower than 50ms.
• Real-time voice and video communication requires network latencies below
100ms.
• Advanced apps like cloud gaming, tactile touch/response applications or
remotely controlled vehicles can push latency requirements down to even single
digit milliseconds.
• Remotely controlled vehicles or high frequency trading need single digit ms
latency.
• Majority of mobile networks today show end-to-end latency in the range of
200ms - 500ms.

Question: Why do we need ultra-reliability and low latency communication? And
Why is low latency important?
One current example of a service that requires low latency is online gaming.
However, in future, the pool of interactive applications will broaden very quickly as
we see the rise of augmented reality, work and entertainment in the cloud,
automated cars and remotely controlled robots. All of these applications require ultra
low latencies for which a 5G system needs to be designed.
Minimizing latency and increasing reliability opens up potentially lucrative new
business opportunities for the industry, arising from new applications that simply will
not work properly if network delays are too high. Latency determines the perception
of speed. Real-time functionality demands the lowest possible delay in the network.
Reliability creates confidence in users that they can depend on communications
even in life-threatening situations.
Driverless cars, enhanced mobile cloud services, real-time traffic control
optimization, emergency and disaster response, smart grid, e-health or efficient
industrial communications are examples of where low latency and high reliability can
improve quality of life.
Let’s have a look at some major drivers:
• Booming use of the cloud by enterprises and consumers for all kinds of
services: As the statistics about download and usage of apps illustrate
consumers and enterprises are dependent of the cloud. The strategic vision
formulated by Sun Microsystems in 1997 that the network becomes the
computer seems to be becoming true. Users, both consumers and enterprises,
have become dependent on cloud services and applications and most of them
are sensitive to latency, just think of the current trend towards music streaming
instead of simple download.
Moreover the worlds computing and storage power is widely distributed around
the globe in thousands of datacenters which in future of will have performance
and storage capacities we can’t imagine today. This global datacenter
infrastructure builds together with network and devices a very powerful and
flexible cloud of network, computing and storage resources.
• Augmented reality: The benefit of these type of applications depends on the fact
that the required information is available here and now is it is highly context
specific.
• Dynamic machine type communications such as car to car, Auto Pilot pre-crash
warning and collision detection/prevention. Other latency sensitive mission
critical m2m applications are tele-surgery, railroad surveillance, smart grid
demand response.

• Virtual reality: Take for example the Oculus Rift, a low latency 360° head
tracking system. The Rift uses custom tracking technology to provide ultra-low
latency 360° head tracking, allowing you to seamlessly look around the virtual
world just as you would in real life. Every subtle movement of your head is
tracked in real time creating a natural and intuitive experience. With latency of
more than some milliseconds, users will feel bad and won't enjoy this great
innovation in virtual reality.
• Video: In addition to the known voice and video services, an increasing number
of real-time apps will test the performance of the networks. And such apps will
more and more also rely on fast access to cloud content. Applications containing
video will account for nearly 80% of mobile traffic by 2020.
5G needs to deliver latencies low enough that the radio interface will not be the
bottleneck, even for the most challenging use cases. Reducing latency to sub-1ms
levels may provide the greatest technical challenge.
Radio access is close to the user and has a significant impact on reliability and
latency. While LTE supports today’s broadband traffic, more advanced technology
will be needed to provide the ultra-reliability and low latency required by new use
cases and applications.
Existing mobile networks are designed more specifically for conventional and
streaming applications such as voice and video.
The latency and reliability in current wireless technologies have been designed with
the human user in mind. In the years beyond 2020, the design of new applications
should consider Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication with real-time
constraints.
The latency of LTE is superior to that of 3G, but still inferior to what can be achieved
with the wired Internet. LTE has 10 millisecond frame and 1 millisecond TTI, which
are hard limits for latency. The new 5G sub-frame will be at sub millisecond level to
set a base for short latency. Meanwhile, the frame structure needs to be optimized
for less latency.
Nokia has developed innovative ways to optimize the frame structure to minimize
scheduling latency in small cells by applying bidirectional CTRL (control) signaling to
every sub-frame. This works by locating CTRL and reference signals before the data
to allow continuous processing at the receiver site without waiting for a response. In
addition, Device to Device (D2D) use is supported for local traffic routing. Each
subframe can be dynamically set as uplink or downlink to enable resource allocation
to follow the actual traffic.
Reducing latency to sub-1ms levels may provide the greatest technical challenge.
Nokia has demonstrated mmWave jointly with NTT Docomo in MWC 2015, which
has only 1ms radio latency.

Of course, the radio latency evolution needs to be accompanied by an appropriate
architecture evolution to meet the expected substantial end-to-end latency
improvements.
Despite the inevitable advances in processor speeds and network latency between
now and 2020, the speeds at which signals can travel through the air and light can
travel along a fiber are governed by fundamental laws of physics. A user located in
Europe accessing a server in the US will face a 50ms round-trip time due simply to
the physical distance involved, no matter how fast and efficient the network is. As
the speed of light is rather constant, the only way to improve this will be to reduce
the distance between devices and the content and applications they are accessing.
Consequently, services requiring a delay time of less than 1 millisecond must have
all of their content served from a physical position very close to the user’s device.
Which means that any service requiring such a low latency will have to be served
using content located very close to the customer, possibly at the base of every cell.
In order to introduce support low latency services, the Gateway and application, that
is Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) should be introduced close to the radio.
Already today, content distribution networks provide storage functionality at the
peering points in the network and are a first step in this direction for static content.
However, many future applications such as cloud gaming depend on dynamically
generated content that cannot be cached. Therefore, the processing and storage for
time critical services also needs to be moved closer to the edge of the network. The
converged IP-Edge is the natural place to provide this local pool of storage and
processing resources across different types of access. For very low latency services
and to offload the mobile backhaul, this functionality will also be integrated with base
station sites.
These concepts also represent unique new business opportunities for operators.
Due to their proximity to the users, they are in a unique position for hosting or
providing low latency services.
One millisecond latency in combination with high availability, reliability and security
will define the characteristics of the Tactile Internet.
Download the related ITU Technology watch report here:
http://www.itu.int/oth/T2301000023/en
Play this video using the following link: http://youtu.be/7Letq_IdpmQ. In this
video, the professor of the Vodafone Chair Mobile Communications Systems at the
Institute for Telecommunications of the Technical University of Dresden. Dr. Gerhard
Fettweiss, summarizes the wireless solution engineers must create to match the
needs of today's tactile internet world.

Peak data rate
Figure 41: Peak data rate (1/2)
Peak data rate refers to the maximum achievable data rate per user or device. That
is the highest theoretical data rate which is the received data bits assuming error-
free conditions assignable to a single mobile station, when all assignable radio
resources for the corresponding link direction are utilized (that is, excluding radio
resources that are used for physical layer synchronization, reference signals or
pilots, guard bands and guard times).
5G should provide very high peak data rate capability that leads to high network
capacity enabling new differentiated services and enriching the end user experience.
The 3GPP target for peak data rate should be [20Gbps] for downlink and [10Gbps]
for uplink.
Figure 42: Peak data rate (2/2)
Gigabit experience will mean data reception and transmission speeds of Gigabits
per second to users and machines. Again, this does not mean providing high-
capacity networks everywhere, but the centers of big cities will be the first places
where the demand for a new system will be felt. The overall demand growth in both
user data rates and network capacity is still the main driver for technological
evolution – higher capacities of networks will require better performance, cell
densification and access to new, broader carriers in new spectrum. Part of the
capacity growth can of course be met with existing systems, but around 2020, limits
will be reached and 5G technologies will be needed.
The most salient requirement for IMT-Advanced has been peak service rates of 100
Mbit/s for high mobility users and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility users. For the future IMT
for 2020 and beyond, it is expected that the peak data rate will increase several
times more compared to IMT advanced. The wireless broadband data traffic is
projected to increase by 1000 fold by the year 2020 and beyond. The continued
increase in peak service rates will be necessary for wireless communication
networks to meet the demands of future services.

Several proposals for wireless 5G requirements call for data rates of 1 to 10 Gbps
and greater have been put forward. 5GPPP calls for 1000 times higher data capacity
compared with 2010 capabilities. Samsung has suggested that first commercial 5G
products in 2018 should support 6 Gbps and evolve to 50 Gbps theoretical peak
data rates. The Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty
(2020) Information Society (METIS) is more judicious in their proposed
requirements, but was calling for at least 1 Gbps sustained and 5 Gbps with lower
availability. According to the mobile-operator-led organization NGMN defined
requirements, the network should be able to serve a massive number of human and
Machine-Type Communication (MTC) devices. In the extreme cases: Data rates of
several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of thousands of users in crowded
areas, such as stadiums or open-air festivals. 1 Gb/s to be offered, simultaneously,
to tens of workers in the same office floor.
When it comes to technologies enabling higher peak rates, technologies for
harnessing higher frequency bands (for example, mm-wave bands) where large
blocks of spectrum can be made available and technologies to facilitate spectrum
sharing (in IMT identified spectrum utilized by other incumbent services) would be
desirable to meet the continued increase in peak service rates of future applications
and systems.
Technologies enabling wider channel bandwidth, higher order modulation, and
higher order MIMO techniques (Massive MIMO) would provide larger peak data
rates. New transmission techniques, may also provide higher peak rates.
Technologies in high frequency bands (for example, mm-wave bands) can utilize the
available wider contiguous bandwidth to provide higher peak service rates (in order
of gigabits per second). However, the attainable spectral efficiency in extremely high
frequency bands may be limited since the air interface will have to overcome
demanding propagation conditions in these bands. Moreover, device constraints will
limit the power output in certain high frequency bands. Solutions based on lower
peak-to-average ratio modulation methods may be appropriate.
Massive MIMO technologies can also increase peak service rates by using large
number of transmission antennas to implement effective beam-forming. This
technology also has the potential for increasing user capacity through more effective
spatial domain re-use. Arrays with large numbers of antenna elements are more
feasible in mm-wave bands.

Spectral efficiency
Figure 43: Spectral efficiency (1/2)
Spectral efficiency is measured in bits/sec/Hz and corresponds to the amount of bits
that can be transported over a wireless link per unit of spectrum.
The spectral efficiency of HSPA is between 0.5 and 1.0bps/Hz/cell. The spectral
efficiency of LTE is up to 6.1 bps/Hz/cell (Baseline spectrum efficiency depends on
the use case as presented in TR 36.912). Through innovative techniques for 5G
New-Radio (like Massive MIMO technology) it will be possible to increase the
spectral efficiency up to [30bps/Hz] for downlink and [15bps/Hz] for uplink.
For 3GPP, the target for peak spectral efficiency should be [30bps/Hz] for downlink
and [15bps/Hz] for uplink.
Figure 44: Spectral efficiency (2/2)

User experienced data rate
Figure 45: User experienced data rate
The user requirements will become more stringent over time: accessing data without
perceivable latency, ubiquitous connectivity, and, of course, larger data rates. While
1 Mbit/s arguably provided a fair degree of satisfaction in 2010, users are more likely
to demand at least 10 times what deemed feasibly today by 2020 and potentially
100 times beyond 2020. 5G systems should provide an edgeless experience to the
mobile users unlike the existing wireless systems where the user experience is
limited by the cell edge performance. It need to provide significant improvement in
cell capacity and boost user data rate to accommodate rapidly increasing traffic
demands of the future.
Peak data rates of a 5G system will be 10 Gbps in uplink and 20 Gbps Downlink but
more importantly user experienced data rate, or end-user data rate which is
measured in bit/s at the application layer should be at least 100 Mb/s available
everywhere according to ITU-R. This will allow the use of the mobile Internet as a
reliable replacement for wireline wherever needed. The required user experienced
data rate should be available in at least 95% of the locations (including at the cell-
edge) for at least 95% of the time within the considered environment.
User experienced data rate is defined by 3GPP as the 5%-percentile of the user
throughput. User throughput (during active time) is defined as the size of a burst
divided by the time between the arrival of the first packet of a burst and the
reception of the last packet of the burst. User experienced data rate is here defined
as the data rate that, under loaded conditions, is available with 95% probability. It
may be calculated as user experienced data rate = 5% user spectrum efficiency ×
bandwidth.
The user experienced data rate requirement depends on the targeted
application/use scenario. It is set as the minimum user experienced data rate
required for the user to get a quality experience of the targeted application/use
scenario. 5G would support different user experienced data rates covering a variety
of environments and scenarios for enhanced Mobile Broadband. For wide area
coverage cases, for example, in urban and sub-urban areas, a user experienced
data rate of 100 Mbit/s is expected to be enabled. In hotspot cases, the user
experienced data rate is expected to reach higher values (for example, 1 Gbit/s
indoor).
According to NGMN, Use case specific user experienced data rates up to 1 Gb/s
should be supported in some specific environments, like indoor offices, while at least
50 Mb/s shall be available everywhere cost-effectively.
Finally, values for relevant deployment scenario(s) are for further study by 3GPP.

Connection density
Figure 46: Connection density
By delivering massive capacity and connectivity, 5G will be the key enabler of a new
era that will affect every end user, the economy, and the society as a whole. It will
make the probable possible by connecting everyone and everything efficiently.
Number of connections refers to the total number of users and devices
simultaneously connected to the wireless systems. 5G systems should support very
high number of connections considering increased communication among things
that is expected in the year 2020 and beyond.
Connection density refers to total number of devices fulfilling specific Quality of
Service (QoS) per unit area (per km2). QoS definition should take into account the
amount of data or access request generated within a time t_gen that can be sent or
received within a given time, t_sendrx, with x% probability.
Innovative thinking and the right combination of technologies are needed to enable
new 5G solutions for massive connectivity.
5G differs from 4G LTE in that it will be designed not for one traffic type, but multiple
types. And, each type of traffic will have different and often extreme requirements.
For example, a massive number of new Internet of Things (IoT) devices will be
attached to a 5G network. Bell Labs Consulting estimates that the total number of
IoT connected cellular devices will be between 1.6B and 4.6B by 2020. While these
devices will add little traffic compared to mobile broadband, they will require
signaling to communicate with the network. Bell Labs estimates that a typical IoT
device may need 2,500 transactions or connections to consume 1MB of data.
The billions of connected devices, combined with more social and messaging type
video applications that generate small packets of signaling data could overload
today’s networks. This will reduce the bandwidth for mobile broadband traffic and
impact the QoE for subscribers.
According to ITU-R, future IMT 2020, should support:
• High user density without degrading quality.
• Large number of connected devices.
High user density without degrading quality

This scenario addresses solutions that provide reasonable end-user experience in a
crowd. The technical challenge is to provide such service at high traffic density per
area despite a large number of handsets and machines/devices per area in
combination with deployment cost constraints.

This will allow end-users to enjoy infotainment applications in shopping malls,
stadiums, open air festivals, or other public events that attract a lot of people. It will
allow people to work while getting stuck in unexpected traffic jams, or when
travelling in crowded public transportation systems. It might also allow professionals
such as police, fire brigades, and ambulances to exploit the public communication
networks in these crowded environments. New societal services can also be
provided if good MMC and D2D communication are enabled in these crowded
environments. To ensure direct communication and massive machine
communication are not disrupting the quality of experience of other services,
particular care must be devoted in defining solutions to manage the potential
impacts of D2D and MMC.
Large number of connected devices

This scenario addresses the communication needs of a massive deployment of
ubiquitous machine-type devices, ranging from low complexity devices to more
advanced devices. The resulting, widely varying, requirements in several domains
for example, in terms of energy consumption, cost (complexity), transmission power,
latency, cannot always be best met by cellular networks currently under deployment.
Ubiquitous devices will sometimes communicate in a local context, which means
that the traffic pattern and routes may be different than in cloud or traditional human-
centric communication. To integrate the ubiquitous things' communication in a
unified communications network is a challenge. For example, for applications
combining information from different types of sources. Another challenge lies in how
to manage the created signaling overhead by the high number of devices.

Area traffic capacity
Figure 47: Area traffic capacity
The 5G Network should have the capability to provide mobile communication
services to areas with extreme user density and it requires extreme traffic volume.
Area traffic capacity means total traffic throughput served per geographic area (in
Mbit/s/m2). The area traffic capacity is a measure of how much traffic a network can
carry per unit area. It depends on site density, bandwidth and spectrum efficiency. In
the special case of a single layer single band system, it may be expressed as: area
capacity (bps/m2) = site density (site/m2) × bandwidth (Hz) × spectrum efficiency
(bps/Hz/site).
To increase the Area traffic capacity, we might increase spectrum efficiency or
support large bandwidth. IMT Advanced's target is to improve spectrum efficiency
gains in the order of [3x]. Regarding the bandwidth; it is proposed that at least
[1GHz] aggregated bandwidth shall be supported.
The available bandwidth and site density, which both have a direct impact on the
available area capacity, are linked to the deployment scenario and are under the
control of the service provider. Thus no target requirement can be specified.
Nevertheless, the spectrum efficiency results together with assumptions on available
bandwidth and site density can be used in order to derive a quantitative area traffic
capacity KPI for information.

Mobility interruption time
Figure 48: Mobility interruption time
Mobility interruption time means the shortest time duration supported by the system
during which a user terminal cannot exchange user plane packets with any base
station during transitions. The target for mobility interruption time should be [0ms].
In LTE, U-plane interruption time in FDD is 10.5 ms, in TDD is 12.5 ms for both intra-
frequency and inter-frequency handovers. And there is no specific requirements for
inter-RAT interruption time.
In 3GPP, target mobility-incurred connection interruption of 0 ms. This is a key
requirement for delivering Connectivity transparency and consistent experience in a
highly heterogeneous environment.
According to NGMN, connectivity transparency should be achieved in a seamless
way from a user perspective. By defining the service interruption time as the time
during which the user is not able to receive any user plane data, including inter-
system authentication time, this requires:
• Inter-RAT mobility service interruption time, including between 3GPP and non-
3GPP RATs, shall be possible to be unnoticeable by the user (possibly
depending on the user subscription).
• Intra-RAT mobility service interruption time shall be possible to be unnoticeable
by the user (possibly depending on the user subscription).
• Seamless inter-system authentication, including between 3GPP and non-3GPP
RATs.

Inter-system mobility
Figure 49: Inter-system mobility
According to 3GPP TR, further study is needed to clarify what is IMT system and
maybe to limit it to LTE or LTE evolution. Whether to support voice interoperability is
to be clarified.

Reliability
Figure 50: Reliability
As a key design principle for 5G, reliability is related to flexibility - with the flexible
integration of different technology components, we will see a step away from best
effort mobile broadband towards truly reliable communication. Reliability is not only
about equipment up-time, it also relates to the perception of infinite capacity and
coverage that future mobile networks need to deliver. This in principle means that for
all the use cases and the vast majority of the users, the required data will be
received in the required time and will not be dependent on the technology used.
Furthermore, reliability is becoming more critical as we start to relay on mobile
communications for control and safety. A reliable connection can be defined as the
probability of a certain data package being decoded correctly within a certain
timeframe. This means that retransmission may be needed to ensure reception of a
correct data package, a process which will inevitably delay the transmission.
Therefore, even to obtain LTE latency numbers with higher reliability, a lower system
delay will be required.
So, Reliability relates to the capability to provide a given service level with very high
probability. The reliability of a communication is characterized by its reliability rate,
defined as follows: the amount of sent packets successfully delivered to the
destination within the time constraint required by the targeted service, divided by the
total number of sent packets.
If reliability is high enough, in particular when combined with low latency, critical
machine communication and safety-of-life applications can be supported.
The reliability rate depends on the service and use case. The 5G technology should
allow high reliability rates of 99.999%, or higher for the use cases that demand it,
particularly in case of critical machine communication.
The target for reliability should be [1-10-5] within [1ms].

Mobility (Speed)
Figure 51: Mobility (Speed)
The 5G ecosystem will ensure possibilities to provide high (but not peak) data rates
even to high speed users. The target for mobility target should be 500km/h.
According to NGMN: Mobility refers to the system’s ability to provide seamless
service experience to users that are moving. In addition to mobile users, the
identified 5G use cases show that 5G networks will have to support an increasingly
large segment of static and nomadic users/devices. 5G solutions therefore should
not assume mobility support for all devices and services but rather provide mobility
on demand only to those devices and services that need it. In other words, mobility
on-demand should be supported, ranging from very high mobility, such as high-
speed trains/airplanes, to low mobility or stationary devices such as smart meters.
The mobility requirements are expressed in terms of the relative speed between the
user and the network edge, at which consistent user experience should be ensured.
And according to ITU-R: A connected society in the years beyond 2020 will need to
accommodate a similar user experience for end-users on the move and when they
are static for example, at home or in the office. To offer the best experience to highly
mobile users and communicating machine devices, robust and reliable connectivity
solutions are needed as well as the ability to efficiently maintain service quality with
mobility.
Good mobility is defined by being seamless for the end user and in that fixed,
nomadic as well as high speed mobility is supported. A fully connected beyond 2020
society requires bringing a similar user experience for end-users on the move as for
static users for example, at home or in the office. To provide the best experience to
highly mobile user equipment and communicating machine devices, robust and
reliable connectivity solutions are needed as well as the ability to efficiently manage
the mobility.

Energy efficiency
Figure 52: Energy efficiency (1/2)
When it comes to energy efficiency, two aspects are to be considered:
• on the network side, energy efficiency refers to the quantity of information bits
transmitted to and received from users, per unit of energy consumption of the
radio access network (RAN) (in bit/Joule);
• on the device side, energy efficiency refers to quantity of information bits per
unit of energy consumed (in bit/Joule) by the communication module.
Energy efficiency of the networks is a key factor to minimize the Total Cost of
Ownership (TCO), along with the environmental footprint of networks. As such, it is
a fundamental design principle of 5G.
The air interface and system solutions developed for 5G must be very energy
efficient for devices in general and enable years of no-charge operation in support of
low-cost wide-area Internet of Things applications.
The 5G radio system must be designed with these requirements in mind.
UE battery life is another requirement related to device energy consumption which
can be evaluated by the battery life of the UE without recharge.
The target for UE battery life should be [10 years].
According to ITU-R requirements for IMT-2020, Network energy efficiency should be
improved by a factor at least as great as the envisaged traffic capacity increase of
IMT-2020 relative to IMT-Advanced for eMBB.
According to 3GPP, inspection is the baseline method to qualitatively check the
capability of the RAN to improve area traffic capacity with minimum RAN energy
consumption, for example, ensure no or limited increase of BS power with more
antenna elements and larger bandwidth, and so on. As qualitative evaluation, 3GPP
should ensure that the new RAT is based on energy efficient design principles.
When quantitative evaluation is adopted, one can compare the quantity of
information bits transmitted to/received from users, divided by the energy
consumption of RAN.

Figure 53: Energy efficiency (2/2)
A Green 5G is crucial for a healthy environment. As global carbon emissions
increase and sea levels rise, global weather and air pollution in many large cities
across the world is becoming more severe. Consequently, energy saving has been
recognized as an urgent issue worldwide.
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) take up a considerable
proportion of total energy consumption. In 2012, the annual average power
consumption by ICT industries was over 200 Gigawatt, of which telecoms
infrastructure and devices accounted for 25 percent.
In the 5G era, it is expected that millions more base stations with higher functionality
and billions more smart phones and devices with much higher data rates will be
connected.
Several research groups and consortia have been investigating Energy Efficiency
(EE) of cellular networks, including Mobile VCE, EARTH, and GreenTouch. Mobile
VCE has focused on the BS hardware, architecture, and operation, realizing energy
saving gains of 75–92 percent in simulations. GreenTouch has set up a much more
ambitious goal of improving EE 1000 times by 2020.
Several operators have been actively developing and deploying green technologies,
including green BSs powered solely by renewable energies, and green access
infrastructure such as cloud, collaborative and clean radio access network (C-RAN).
Bell Labs is a founder of the GreenTouch consortium – dedicated to fundamentally
transforming communications and data networks and significantly reducing the
carbon footprint of ICT devices, platforms and networks. Thierry Klein, Head of Bell
Labs Green Research, explains, We need to operate the network differently. The
networks need to be much more dynamic and more intelligent to ultimately be more
energy-efficient.
The Chief Scientist of Wireless Technologies and Head of Green Communications
Research Center at China Mobile, Dr. Chih-Lin I said The future has to be green,
anything that’s not green, does not belong to the future.
Click this hyperlink to Replay the GreenTouch™ video:
http://youtu.be/pAyQ-kxPw9o

LTE Gap to 5G requirements

LTE Gap to 5G requirements
Figure 54: LTE Gap to 5G requirements
When the baseline 4G system (3GPP Release-12, taken from ITU requirements for
IMT-Advanced in 3GPP TR 36.912) is compared against the 5G requirements,
improvements are different domains.
Particularly, the network capabilities of 3GPP Release-12 fall short of the 3GPP
requirements in a number of areas as shown on this table.
Also, IMT-2020 systems will differentiate themselves from LTE systems not only
through further evolution in radio performance but also through greatly increased
flexibility end-to-end. This end-to-end flexibility will come in large part from the
incorporation of software into every component. Well known techniques such as
Software defined networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and
cloud computing will together allow unprecedented flexibility in the IMT-2020
system. Such flexibility will enable many new capabilities including network slicing.

Summary: 5G System requirements

Module Summary
• Explain diverse requirements for 5G.
• Identify NGMN defined requirements.
• Identify key capabilities for IMT 2020 defined by ITU-R.
• Identify 3GPP requirements for next generation access technologies.
• Identify 5G requirements.
• Explain LTE Gap to 5G requirements.


5G New-Radio 77
5G New-Radio
Module Objectives
• Explain emerging application challenges.
• Explain why we need new radio for 5G.
• Describe the new RAT key characteristics.
• List main building blocks for 5G New-Radio.
• Explain why more spectrum is needed for 5G.
• Describe mmWave and cmWave.
• Describe new waveforms candidates for 5G radio.
• Describe massive MIMO.
• Describe Flexible frame design.
• Describe multi-connectivity feature.
• Explain Device-to-Device technique.
• List other potential building blocks for 5G New Radio.
Emerging application challenges

Emerging application challenges
5G will support countless emerging use cases with a high variety of applications and
variability of their performance attributes.
5G requirements imply heterogeneity in multiple areas from:
• Delay-tolerant video applications to ultra-low latency
• High speed entertainment applications in a vehicle to mobility on demand for
connected objects
• Reliable applications to critical ones such as health
.
It is also expected that future network will be able to support thousands of devices
(for example, machines and smartphones). A flexible system that can adapt the
amount of overhead and signaling is desirable. Many current and future applications
generate small packets. It includes real-time gaming, instant message, machine
type of traffic, and status update message.
Figure 55: Emerging application challenges
Ultra-dense networks need to handle large number of simultaneous transmissions in
a small geographical area. This poses new challenges to resolve multiple access
problems efficiently and flexibly, especially in scenarios where Device-to-Device
(D2D) communications and/or massive sets of Machine-to-Machine
Communications (MMC) take place.

5G will operate in a highly heterogeneous environment characterized by the
existence of multiple types of access technologies, multi-layer networks, multiple
types of devices, multiple types of user interactions, and so on. In such an
environment, there is a fundamental need for enablers to achieve seamless and
consistent user experience across time and space.
Clearly, the 5G architecture should include modular network functions that could be
deployed and scaled on demand, to accommodate various use cases in an agile
and cost efficient manner. 5G promises to improve wireless network performance by
providing the capacity to support diverse connections and the flexibility to adapt to
each user’s needs. Consequently, 5G requires much more Scalability and Flexibility
than previous generations.

5G New-Radio 79
Why we need new radio for 5G

Re-imagining radio interface
Current wireless standards (for example, LTE), while providing significant
enhancements over previous generations, are not able to fully meet the future
networks' challenges. The existing design is geared towards a one-size-fit-all
solution which is not flexible and efficient enough for the variety of applications and
services envisioned for the future. A single monolithic air interface design is not able
to suit the competing needs of different applications.
Figure 56: Reimagining radio interface
When designing the future air interface, considerations are taken to address several
key challenges, in particular - latency; overhead; capacity (spectral efficiency,
number of users, and so on); high reliability; ubiquitous coverage; high mobility;
massive number of devices; and low cost and energy consumption.
With all these requirements and the diversity of solutions, flexible design and
interface management are of increasing importance, as most likely a one-fits-all
solution will not be able to efficiently address all the demand of the diverse services
of future wireless networks.
Why can’t we simply evolve LTE?

The answer is simple - The set of requirements for 5G is not economically or
technically achievable with the evolution of 4G. Some of the main challenges
include:
• Advanced mission critical services and immersive virtual reality will eventually
require extremely low end-to-end service latency of less than 1 millisecond. This
will challenge the basis of the LTE framework and the hybrid re-transmission
approach used to handle error correction which effectively limits latency to
approximately 10 milliseconds.
• With wide spread adoption of Internet of Things devices, the RAN will need to
handle extreme device connection density, up to 1,000,000 devices per km².
Because LTE is connection-oriented, the signaling overhead will become a
major issue as soon as the device density increases, and so what is required is
a connectionless service.
• Desire by mobile operators to offer a more consistent Quality of Experience
(QoE) rather than simply promoting raw peak bit rates will push the RAN to
support a more flexible optimization for a more uniform delivered bit rate.
• The need to optimize the radio interface to simultaneously meet a wider range of
use cases will drive the need for a more adaptable radio and core network
solution than LTE/EPC.

• Ongoing traffic growth in high density zones will eventually exceed what can be
supported in the spectrum bands in which LTE was designed to operate, leading
to a need for new radio access technologies optimized for new spectrum bands
above 20 GHz.
• Need to evolve the security infrastructure to handle a significantly large number
of attached devices will encourage the adoption of more distributed solutions
based on chain of trust using verifiable credentials.
The 4G air interface and it's evolutions fall short in meeting the requirements of the
new use cases. There is an obvious need to shape a new 5G air interface that will
offer much more than just a faster variant of 4G.

5G New-Radio 81
New RAT key characteristics

New RAT key characteristics
To allow the system to adapt to the anticipated wide range of use cases and
extreme requirements, the key characteristics of 5G new radio should be:
• Flexibility
• Scalability
• Efficiency
• Reliability
Figure 57: New RAT key characteristics
Flexibility
The flexibility of 5G radio allows the support of a multitude of applications with
diverse requirements. The use cases for 5G are more diverse than ever and require
very diverse link characteristics. Some examples are as follows:
• Massive data transmissions require large packet sizes and a lot of allocated
resources.
• Non-stationary sensors may need only small packet sizes and rare resource
allocations, but in turn require a battery efficient sleep mode.
• Flexible adaptation to fast traffic variations in uplink and downlink.
• Cloud gaming or remote machine control require low end-to-end latency.
• Video streaming requires latency matching with the data rate communication
systems beyond 2020 will need to be flexible enough to accommodate all the
diverse use cases without increasing the complexity of management.
Another reason that flexibility is the first key design principle of 5G is that any new
technology or system we design for 5G needs to be future proof and last at least
until 2030. This means that it is unlikely that we can currently foresee all future use
cases. However, we will need to design all new components of 5G in a way that
makes it easy to extend them to accommodate these unknowable scenarios.
Scalability
Scalability renders the air interface to be able to scale to a very large number of
connections (typically required by machine type communications) concurrently with
other types of connections (for example Mobile Broadband).

Efficiency
The air interface design will achieve high degrees of efficiency, both in terms of
energy and also resource utilization (particularly spectrum utilization).
Reliability
As a key design principle for 5G, reliability is related to flexibility. With the flexible
integration of different technology components, we are a step away from best effort
mobile broadband towards truly reliable communication. Reliability is not only about
equipment up-time, but also relates to the perception of infinite capacity and
coverage that future mobile networks need to deliver. This in principle means that for
all the use cases and the vast majority of the users, the required data is received in
the required time and will not be dependent on the technology used. Furthermore,
reliability is becoming more critical as we start to relay on mobile communications for
control and safety. A reliable connection can be defined as the probability of a
certain data package being decoded correctly within a certain timeframe. This
means that re-transmission may be needed to ensure reception of a correct data
package, a process which will inevitably delay the transmission. Therefore, even to
obtain LTE latency numbers with higher reliability, a lower system delay will be
required.
Putting reliability as a key design principle for 5G means that:
• In all concepts of system, design focus should be put on fairness.
• The requirement is expressed in % of the users and not the locations/coverage,
because even the reliable network needs to be cost effective for the service
providers.
• The mechanisms for trade-off between link reliability (low packet error rate) and
throughput and/or latency are introduced in a simple and efficient way.
• Multiple network layers and radio access technologies are used to provide the
most reliable link based on the user’s application needs, location and mobility.

5G New-Radio 83
Main building blocks for 5G New-Radio

Potential building blocks for 5G New-Radio
As outlined before, a single monolithic air interface design will not be able to suit the
competing needs of different use scenarios. When designing the future 5G air
interface, considerations are taken to address several key challenges, in particular:
Latency; overhead; capacity (spectral efficiency, number of users, and so on.); high
reliability; ubiquitous coverage; high mobility; massive number of devices and low
cost and energy consumption.
This slide shows the most important (but not exhaustive) technologies of the future
5G radio system to meet the required KPI's:
Figure 58: Potential building blocks for 5G New-Radio
The main technologies which are the building blocks for 5G New-Radio will be
described in the coming slides.

Why more spectrum is needed for 5G

5G spectrum
Mobile broadband networks face a tremendous increase in data traffic volumes over
the next 20 years. So, how to solve the capacity challenge?
In the world of wireless, Shannon’s law is the one fundamental rule that defines the
physical limits for the amount of data that can be transferred across a single
wireless link. It says that the capacity is determined by the available bandwidth and
the signal to noise ratio – which in a cellular system typically is constrained by the
interference.
Clearly, in order to meet the increased capacity and coverage demand, large
amounts of spectrum is a key prerequisite for any radio access network evolution.
Beyond the levers of increased network densification and enhanced spectral
efficiency, more radio spectrum for mobile networks is vital to meet this capacity
challenge. A new spectrum will need to be allocated and put into use quickly.
Figure 59: 5G spectrum (1/3)
The amount of spectrum available needs to be expanded by adopting new
frequency bands and by using available spectrum more efficiently, both in terms of
frequency and with regard to when and where it is employed.
5G radio is likely to use several bands from 400 MHz to 100 GHz and spectrum
below 6 GHz for early 5G introduction.

5G New-Radio 85
5G Radio Access is developed for different spectrum ranges like below 6 GHz. In
November 2015, the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) held by the ITU
agreed on an agenda item for WRC 2019 to identify spectrum for IMT 2020; new
radio bands above 20 GHz are expected to be identified for 5G.
The lower frequency bands being made available for 5G have good penetration
characteristics that provide coverage to support applications with high mobility and
reliability. Efficiently using sub-6 GHz spectrum requires different carrier bandwidths
and flexible spectrum aggregation techniques. Within this range, carrier bandwidths
of 40-100 MHz and efficient spectrum aggregation techniques are needed for sub-3
GHz FDD deployments. For 3-6 GHz spectrum, support for high contiguous carrier
bandwidths of more than 100 MHz is especially relevant. The higher frequencies
have several bands available to provide huge capacity and throughput.
Nokia has proven that it is possible to take advantage of x*100 MHz bandwidth in
the cmWave band (3–40 GHz), or 1–2 GHz bandwidth in the mmWave band
(40–100 GHz). Substantial Nokia research, including channel measurements, Proof
of Concept verifications and live trials with key operators shows that these bands
can be used for access and backhaul to help support large volumes of small cell
traffic.
Current spectrum allocations and the work of the WRC indicate that by about 2020
the focus will be on frequencies below 6 GHz and some non-harmonized
national/regional spectrum above 6 GHz:
• In most of the regions, 5G will be commercially launched in year 2020 at
spectrum between 3-6 GHz (for example at 3.4-3.8 GHz) and deployments
above 6GHz will follow some years later, though some countries such as Korea,
US and Japan likely to start with 28 GHz as well (Verizon also looking at 39
GHz).
• Currently, no spectrum in the range 4-24 GHz for 5G.
• For below 6 GHz minimum band allocation is 50-100 MHz per operator (based
on LTE CA –not on 5G performance) and for above 6GHz min 400[-1000/3000]
MHz per operator is needed for extreme mobile broadband use case of 5G.
• 5G trial activities are ongoing in spectrum both below and above 6 GHz.
• First commercial pre-5G deployment is expected in US at 28/39GHz for Fixed
Wireless Access (FWA).
• First major mobile 5G trial is expected at Korean Olympics also at 28 GHz.

Should no further low bands be made exclusively available for cellular, then
operators will need to make use of complementary solutions to obtain additional
spectrum and ways of utilizing spectrum more efficiently. For the latter purpose,
there are a number of technology features and capabilities which Nokia considers to
be greatly beneficial in optimizing the utilization of available spectrum.
Spectrum sharing techniques are used to optimize spectrum utilization, and more
importantly, to provide opportunities for operators to access additional spectrum,
which is typically allocated to other radio services and thus not available via
traditional exclusive licensing. This way different spectrum sharing options are
complementing network capacity. These will most likely mean sharing spectrum with
other incumbents through Licensed Shared Access (LSA) and Authorized Shared
Access (ASA).
Ultimately, the availability of spectrum and the efficiency of it’s usage contribute
fundamentally to the achievable capacity and performance of radio networks.
Furthermore, affordability is crucial, so the harmonization of radio frequency bands
remain important to ensure economies of scale, to facilitate roaming and to minimize
interference across borders. Nokia believes that spectrum harmonization is a key
policy objective in line with ITU-R recommendations.
For more information on
Introduction of new spectrum sharing concepts: LSA and WSD, go to
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/workshops/RWP1B-SMWSCRS-
14/Presentations/CEPT-ECC-FM53%20-
%20Introduction%20of%20new%20spectrum%20sharing%20concepts%20
WSD%20and%20LSA.pdf
Exclusive access remains top priority

Exclusive access is the traditional means of making spectrum available to cellular
network operators. Exclusivity promotes operators’ long term investment in large
scale networks and guarantees high quality services. Licenses are granted by
National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) in accordance with national laws and rules,
either directly following an operator’s application, through a beauty contest
procedure or through an auction. Auctions have been the most common mechanism
employed over the last decade. The licensee has the sole right to use this spectrum
according to the assignment rules, either on a nationwide basis or within a defined
geographical region, over a significantly long period of time, for example, 20 years. It
is commonly acknowledged that such exclusive use of dedicated spectrum will
continue to be the preferred way of spectrum usage by MBB cellular operators.
Authorized/Licensed Shared Access – A new complementary licensing

scheme
Even though dedicated spectrum for exclusive use remains the gold standard, and
the preferred option to address the expected demand of future mobile broadband, it
is also vital to use all available spectrum as efficiently as possible. This may result in
sharing it with other services. Many bands already host important services that must
have access to spectrum, but do not necessarily use it fully.
A number of bands are used only partially in time and/or location. For example,
spectrum allocated to defense organizations might only be required in a few
geographic locations, with the potential for it to be made available to MBB in other
parts of a given country. Similarly, other spectrum might only be required by
licensees for use at specific events at certain times of the year, and could at other
times be made available to other parties.

5G New-Radio 87
New emerging cognitive technologies make it possible to share spectrum by using
radio environmental awareness techniques and interference management, which
allow multiple systems to occupy the same spectrum. In order that such capabilities
are realized, new regulatory approaches are needed that allow more flexible, shared
spectrum usage. Authorized Shared Access (ASA), as being defined and reframed
by Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG) as Licensed Shared Access (LSA) is a
regulatory approach to allow spectrum sharing under well-defined conditions.
ASA/LSA provides a solution for bands that cannot easily be vacated by their
incumbent users, but where actual spectrum usage is underutilized and infrequent.
The concept was originally proposed by an industry consortium under the name
Authorized Shared Access.
Through this new access model, a primary license holder (incumbent) grants
spectrum access rights to one or more other users which may then use the band
under specific service conditions. Conditions defining how the spectrum may be
used is subject to individual agreements, and to permission from the NRA. The NRA
is expected to issue licenses to one, or a very limited number of mobile operators
that allows them to use specific bands as ASA/LSA licensees. Thereby orthogonal
usage by time or location should always be coordinated between the operators and
the incumbent in order that a certain level of performance predictability can be
realized. This setting provides predictable levels of service quality – thus
strengthening motivation for investment in infrastructure compared to the scenario
where usage is made available under a license-exempt scheme such as a TV White
Spaces concept.
ASA/LSA is a valuable spectrum optimization tool as it aims to balance the needs of
legacy spectrum users with those of operators, and it enables timely availability and
licensed use of harmonized spectrum with predictable QoS. A major benefit
envisioned with ASA/LSA is that the number of ASA/LSA licensees is limited, and
that these ASA/LSA licensees are known to each other. Interference issues, if any,
are resolved and avoided either statically, through cooperative planning, or
dynamically, through the use of common database access and cognitive radio
technologies. Thus, in time, the concept may further evolve to embrace even more
dynamic sharing principles.
The basic ASA/LSA concept is depicted in the diagram above. Based on a
commercial sharing agreement, the incumbent would lay down the data regarding
the exact frequency bands, the locations where, and time when the frequency is
available to the licensee in an ASA/LSA repository.
Co-Primary shared access - primarily for future small cell deployments

Co-Primary shared access refers to a spectrum access model where primary license
holders of a similar regulatory status (that is, MBB operators) agree on joint use of
parts of their licensed spectrum. This could also include mutual renting of licensed
spectrum. The exact usage conditions (policies) would be laid down in commercial
agreements between spectrum holders; subject, where necessary, to permission
from the NRA.
Traffic offloading to unlicensed spectrum

As noted earlier, mobile broadband traffic is likely to continue to nearly double every
year, driven particularly by the increasing penetration and usage of tablet devices
and smartphones. A significant part of this traffic is local indoor traffic and goes
through unlicensed frequency bands wherever available and accessible. Unlicensed
radio currently offers up to 500 MHz of spectrum (2.4GHz and 5GHz) for open
access, with even further bandwidth at 5GHz potentially available in the next couple
of years. While Wi-Fi further evolves into High Efficiency WLAN (HEW), it is
expected to provide higher peak rates and throughput per area in dense scenarios.
At the same time, LTE for unlicensed bands may offer an event more efficient and
better integrated option to offload traffic into unlicensed spectrum.

MBB operators can take advantage of unlicensed spectrum for the offload of large
amounts of traffic from their base stations and backbones. 3GPP has standardized
Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) interfaces that allow an
operator to give Wi-Fi network selection policies to the terminals and define to the
terminals when and where to use 3GPP and Wi-Fi networks. For full exploitation of
these opportunities, however, there is a clear need to provide seamless connectivity
and continuity functionalities, thus achieving a sort of expanded macro network
capacity, with traffic offload to, and from unlicensed bands. Nokia is researching
algorithms for traffic steering between LTE and Wi-Fi.
Essential benefits include the fact that short distance Wi-Fi connections provide
faster data speeds, and offers the opportunity to take away a bulk of (primarily
indoor) traffic from MBB access and backbone networks, thus ensuring that cellular
network capacity is reserved for high-value traffic. Care should be taken considering
that unlicensed bands may become totally overloaded, especially at 2.4GHz, by the
vast amount of devices seeking access. LTE on unlicensed spectrum would open an
alternative deployment scenario and it would be fully integrated into LTE network.
Carrier Aggregation enables flexible way to take additional spectrum resources into
LTE use by combining those with licensed carrier. Supplemental downlink would be
an option to increase downlink capacity and secondary cell would enhance both
downlink and uplink. Unlicensed spectrum is setting the limitations to output power,
but that is in line with small cell deployments. In some regions, there are additional
limitations like listen before talk (LBT) feature that would need standardization. For
the smooth operation, 3GPP should address the band sharing with other un-
licensed technologies.
Unlicensed will also need more spectrum bandwidth in order to keep pace with the
expected traffic growth, which may be even more severe for local indoor
applications. In this case, new future spectrum opportunities could arise in the
mmWave area, for example, at 60 GHz, where up to 9 GHz of spectrum is already
allocated to unlicensed usage. Forthcoming equipment conforming to the IEEE
802.11ad standard will allow unlicensed usage within this band. Due to their very
high operating frequencies, only short distances (mostly indoor) can be covered with
such options.
To recap, a combination of exclusive spectrum and shared solutions can meet the
needs of mobile network operators towards and beyond 2020. We expect these
approaches during the next 10 years to increase the total amount of spectrum
resources below 6 GHz to at least a total of 1500 MHz. Considering the various
spectrum regulatory schemes and future eMBB needs, Nokia’s recommendations
can be summarized as follows:
• Exclusive Spectrum Access has top priority for 3GPP Radio Access
Technologies (RATs) and additional spectrum (for example, UHF 700 MHz,
lower C-band) should be allocated and put into use without delay.
• Authorized/Licensed Shared Access (ASA/LSA) can unlock additional spectrum
for LTE use. A good example is the 2.3 GHz band in Europe, given that this
band already supports MBB deployments in other regions, thus contributing to
global spectrum harmonization, and providing economies of scale. Another
interesting band for ASA/LSA and small cells is 3.5 GHz band in US.
• In the long term, we expect that there will be significant economical benefits to
be gained from various co-primary sharing scenarios. Shared use in the upper
C-band could enable wider bandwidths, and maximize spectrum usage within
small cell deployment.
• In the macro cellular domain, joint integrated broadcast-broadband multimedia
networks can lead to optimized solutions for the use of the lower UHF (470-694
MHz) spectrum.

5G New-Radio 89
• Offloading mobile device traffic from cellular coverage to unlicensed spectrum
can significantly contribute to meeting future capacity challenges. Traffic
steering between 3GPP RAT and operator controlled Wi-Fi access is based on
policies in the device and on directives from the network. LTE Unlicensed may
open an event more efficient and better integrated way to offload traffic from
cellular networks.

mmWave and cmWave

mmWave and cmWave
Figure 62: mmWave and cmWave (1/3)
Most mobile cellular systems are deployed in the sub-3 GHz spectrum. We have
seen in previous figures how the spectrum can be used efficiently and some
techniques can be used to optimize the utilization of available spectrum.
Alternatively, one possible area of 5G study is to explore higher carrier frequency,
such as centimeter wave (in the range between 3 GHz and 30 GHz) and millimeter-
wave bands (in the range between 30 GHz and 100 GHz) recently investigated.
Super High Frequency (SHF) is the ITU designation for Radio Frequencies (RF) in
the range between 3 GHz and 30 GHz. This band of frequencies is also known as
the centimeter band or centimeter wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten
centimetres.
Millimeter wave referred to as mm wave or Extremely High Frequency (EHF) is the
highest radio frequency band in practical use today. EHF includes frequencies from
30-300 GHz. mm wave is the next band, above microwave. It is because this band
has a wavelength of between 1 and 10 mm that it has given rise to the name
millimeter band or millimetre wave, also called mmWave or mm Wave.
Clearly, there is a gigantic amount of spectrum at mmWave and cmWave
frequencies ranging from 3-100 GHz. Many bands therein seem promising, including
most immediately the local multipoint distribution service at 28–30 GHz, the license-

5G New-Radio 91
free band at 60 GHz, and the E-band at 71–76 GHz, 81–86 GHz, and 92–95 GHz.
Several tens of gigahertz could become available for 5G, offering well over an order
of magnitude increase over what is available today.
The need for additional spectrum, as stressed in previous topics/figures will
inevitably lead to the co-existence of frequency bands with radically different
propagation characteristics within the same system.
Historically, cmWave and mmWave bands were ruled out for cellular usage mainly
due to concerns regarding short-range and non-line-of-sight coverage issues.
Propagation characteristic and channel model of high frequency spectrum are not
totally understood. Cost-effective transceiver architectural solutions are still under
study.
LEARN MORE ABOUT mmWAVE. REPLAY THIS VIDEO: Millimeter-Wave
Technology Trends for Multi-Gigabit-Wireless and Industrial Sensors:
http://video.all.alcatel-lucent.com/play/index/vid/10121
The main challenges for cmWave and mmWave communications include large path
loss (especially with non-line-of-sight propagation), signal blocking and absorption
by various objects in the environment, and low transmission power capability of
current high frequency band amplifiers. Signal attenuation is combated using large
antenna arrays driven by beaming tracing, fast beam switching and tracking
algorithms.
cmWave and mmWave communications enable high data rates as well as low
latency in specific scenarios, practically within areas where high capacity is required
such as indoor and dense urban areas. High frequency bands are used as
supplement for existing traditional cellular bands.
With the combination of cmWave, mmWave transmission and massive MIMO, the
very narrow beam can facilitate management of intra- and inter-cell interference and
enforce the multiplexing. The use of these higher frequency bands provide
consistent user experience:
1. Use beaming tracing or fast beam switching.
2. High gain beamforming.
3. Dual connectivity to an anchor (low) frequency layer: cmWave and mmWave
bands are expected to be used as a secondary carrier, using Carrier
Aggregation or Dual Connectivity while control plane and coverage is ensured
by lower band (sub-6 GHz) connection.
To achieve a good understanding of cmWave and mmWave, further study and
selection of high frequency bands are still needed. We need to:
• Explore the typical scenarios and deployment.

• Understand the effect of blockage and of real-world propagation effects.
• Design enabling multi-antenna solutions, with reasonable cost and energy
consumption figures.
• To understand synergies between low-frequency and high-frequency bands (for
example, air interface design, physical frame, scheduling, channel estimation,
and so on).
For 5G systems to operate in bands up to 100 GHz, there is a need for accurate
radio propagation models for these bands which are not addressed by existing
channel models developed for bands below 6 GHz. The telecommunications
industry and academia conducted measurement campaigns for 5G channel
modeling. IEEE 802.11ad has some measurement results at 57-64 GHz. New York
University (NYU) and University of Austin also have some measurement results. EU
Projects Miweba and MiWave are studying these aspects.
Channel modeling study has been initiated in 3GPP, with an objective to develop a
channel model to enable a study on feasibility and framework of 5G using high
frequency spectrum of 6-100 GHz.
To learn more about mmWave, click on
http://video.all.alcatel-lucent.com/play/index/vid/10121 to replay the talk
given by Prof. Thomas Zwick from KIT (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie).
This video has been recorded during Bell Labs Stuttgart Colloquium in
November 2014.

5G New-Radio 93
New waveforms candidates for 5G radio

New waveforms
Figure 65: New waveforms (1/3)
New waveforms alternative to OFDM or maybe enhancements of OFDM need to be
explored and seen if they will allow step-improvement or not, or used for specific
requirements or scenarios.
The major design criteria for 5G waveforms are:
• Combine broadband and small packet traffic.
• Be resource efficient (energy, spectrum, network).
• Add contention mode for bursty traffic.
• Offer high reliability and low latency options.
• Allow for low overhead, low complexity, simple terminals.
Currently, a list of candidate solutions has been selected, namely:
• Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC); also referred to as Universal Filtered -
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (UF-OFDM)
• Filter bank-Based Multi-Carrier (FBMC)

• Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM)
This list has been well perceived by the research community as well as 5G research
and pre-standardization forums.
Many state-of-the-art wideband systems (including LTE) use CP-OFDM based
transmission schemes. The CP-OFDM based systems (if not pre-coded) usually
exhibit rectangular waveform on each of it's subcarriers and do not provide efficient
methods to filter it's waveform due to the design limit of it's transceiver structure.
The FBMC (Filter bank-Based Multi-Carrier) transmission, on the other hand,
provides a filter-bank analysis and synthesis filter to enable efficient pulse shaping
for the signal conveyed on each individual subcarrier. Such transceiver structure
usually requires higher complexity in implementation, both due to the filter
processing and the increased complexity in equalization and interference
management. However, the usage of digital polyphase filter bank structures,
together with the rapid growth of digital processing capabilities in recent years had
made FBMC a reasonable approach.
• Similar solution in uplink and downlink to allow efficient interference handling,
side links and (self)backhauling.
• UF-OFDM to allow efficient multiplexing of multiservices in frequency which is
more important at low bands.
• ZT-S-OFDM: SC-OFDM with zero tailing. Keep lower out-of-band emission.
Maximize power amplifier efficiency and to allow efficient beamforming with
minimized switching overhead.
Is there consensus for new waveform(s)?
OFDM owns best throughput performance, but still weak in energy localization of
frequency pulse shape and UL asynchronous access. However, above requirements
are up to real scenario need. OFDMA waveform suitable, for example, for eMBB use
cases up to around 40 GHz may not be optimal such as narrow-band mMTC type
links and eMBB links above 40 GHz. A single-carrier waveform should be
considered for these cases.
Filter based waveforms and ZT-DFS-S-OFDM own similar advantages in frequency
energy localization and asynchronous tolerance because:
• Filter can suppress out-of-band emission, and consequently suppress out-of-
band interference caused by asynchronous co-existence.
• Zero-tailing can extend original OFDM signal, in essence, that is another type of
filter.
CP-OFDM:
• Superior in high rank and high QAM transmission.
• For example, 256QAM and 2x2 MiMO Transmissions on 800MHz.

5G New-Radio 95
• eMBB to support high data rate connections.
• Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-spread option possible for UL to reduce Peak-
to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
UF-OFDMA should be considered for lower bands, for example, below 6 GHz:
• Multiplexing different services utilizing numerologies and unsynchronized
transmission.
• Reduce guard frequencies between different bands.
• DFT-spread option possible for UL to reduce PAPR.
Zero-tail DFT-spread OFDM:
• Higher frequencies to reduce PAPR.
• Simpler implementation without filter.

Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO
Figure 68: Massive MIMO (1/3)
Massive MIMO (also known as Large-Scale Antenna Systems, Very Large MIMO, or
also Hyper MIMO) is becoming mature for wireless communications and has been
incorporated into wireless broadband standards like LTE and Wi-Fi. Basically, the
more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, the more the possible
signal paths and the better the performance in terms of data rate and link reliability.
The price to pay is increased complexity of the hardware (number of RF amplifier
front-ends) and the complexity and energy consumption of the signal processing at
both ends.
Massive MIMO techniques are at the heart of achieving higher capacity for cellular
systems. It is based on antenna arrays with a few hundred antennas simultaneously
serving many tens of terminals in the same time-frequency resource. The basic
principle behind massive MIMO is to reap all the benefits of conventional MIMO, but
on a much greater scale.
Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) offers increased multiplexing gains, and even though it
has been included in the 3GPP LTE-Advanced standard, it’s full potential has yet to
be realized. Drastically higher capacity can be obtained by very large MIMO (VLM)
arrays employed at the base station. Increasing transmit array size has desirable
implications for coverage, intersymbol and intracell interference control, and transmit
power budget optimization.

5G New-Radio 97
Massive MIMO was originally envisioned for Time Division Duplex (TDD) operation,
but can potentially be applied also in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) operation.
Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power
components, reduced latency, simplification of the Media Access Control (MAC)
layer, and robustness to interference and intentional jamming. The anticipated
throughput depends on the propagation environment providing asymptotically
orthogonal channels to the terminals, and experiments have so far not disclosed any
limitations in this regard.
Integrating large scale antenna arrays into the air interface design of 5G systems in
the centimeter Wave or millimeter Wave bands will show significant differences to
the MIMO solutions currently deployed in 4G systems.
Click on the link https://youtu.be/u_USOmf9uJ4 or scan the QR code to
replay the 5G demonstration of how massive MIMO and beamsteering can
be achieved with phased array technology, using a large number of antenna
elements in order to achieve 5G performance targets.
Massive MIMO can be used to improve spectral efficiency via multi-stream
transmission, or to form a narrow beam to increase transmission distance.
Normally, sub-6 GHz bands have smaller bandwidth, but Massive MIMO multi-
stream transmission can achieve high Gbps peak data rates. Antenna size is
inversely proportional to the frequency, so the antenna’s physical size will set a limit
on the possible number of antenna elements.
Higher bands have relatively large bandwidths, but also greater path losses.
Massive MIMO is an effective way to compensate path loss on 3-40 GHz bands
using high beamforming gain as well as to increase peak data rate by multi stream
transmission. For very high frequency bands (for example, mmW, 30-100 GHz) the
antennas focus the transmitted energy towards the receiver to overcome increased
path loss caused by radio propagation. Many parallel MIMO streams are not
required due to the large bandwidth available at these bands.
Different frequency ranges require different Integrated Circuit technologies, which
Nokia is developing in conjunction with technology vendors and academia. Hybrid
/RF (digital and analog) beamforming architecture can reduce the transmitter cost
and energy consumption for Massive MIMO.
Finally, while massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant,
it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention; for example, the
challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components work effectively

together, the need for efficient acquisition scheme for channel state information,
resource allocation for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of
freedom provided by an excess of service antennas, reducing internal power
consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions.
Click on the link https://youtu.be/imLiaLQGmB8 or scan the QR code to
replay the 5G demonstration of how massive MIMO and beamsteering can
be achieved with phased array technology, using a large number of antenna
elements in order to achieve 5G performance targets.

5G New-Radio 99
Flexible frame design

Flexible frame design
The subframe and frame structures should support different service and deployment
requirements. The designed subframe shall support expected minimum latency of
the new radio system.
Figure 71: Flexible frame design (1/2)
The wide range of spectrum available and the diverse use cases for 5G demand a
configurable frame structure with flexible numerology. This is unlike LTE, which has
a fixed 10 ms frame and 1 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) that is inflexible and
limits latency performance.
Figure 72: Flexible frame design (2/2)
The new 5G frame structure is self-contained and can accommodate large data
packets transmitted efficiently with low overhead, as well as small, low latency
performance packets that needs to be scheduled frequently. The 5G subframe is in
the range of about 0.1 – 0.25 ms for short latency, and can be configurable to be
optimized for wide area or local area needs, or for different bands.
The three different subframe formats are as follows:
• Downlink only subframes
• Uplink only subframes
• Subframes with bi-directional control

These subframe structures would all be valid for TDD, as FDD would only use
Downlink and Uplink only subframes for downlink and uplink transmissions
respectively.
Specific solutions on the radio frame depend on other building blocks and is still
under investigation.

5G New-Radio
101
Multi-connectivity feature
Multi-connectivity
Multi-connectivity refers to the situation where a UE transmits and receives on radio
resources from several radio interfaces in parallel. Multi-connectivity can be realized
on different layers of the RAN protocol stack or system architecture, depending on
the location of the anchor point.
Figure 73: Multi-connectivity (1/3)
Multi-connectivity enhances throughput and the reliability of connection to improve
the Quality of Service (QoS). This technique also provides seamless mobility by
eliminating handover interruption delays and errors, and optimizes capacity,
coverage and mobility for devices connected in a heterogeneous network.
Multi-connectivity supports the smooth introduction of 5G on top of LTE networks
and enables 4G/5G real-time radio resource management with dynamic inter-RAT
load balancing.
The following is an example of multi-connectivity between LTE-Advanced, 5G at
cmWave and 5G at mmWave bands:
The grey color is LTE-A at 2GHz (100MHz Bandwidth), light blue is cmWave
at 15GHz (500MHz bandwidth) and dark blue is mmWave at 73GHz (2GHz
bandwidth)

In this particular example, a device can have aggregate access of all bands (LTE
and 5G bands); the aggregated spectrum has a very wide diversity of properties,
that is from good coverage below 3GHz to highly directive, almost only noise limited
communication at 73 GHz, hence aggregation allows to maximally leverage the
benefits of all forms of spectrum.
In LTE, multi-connectivity at user plane level is already adopted (for example,
Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), cell aggregation, Carrier Aggregation (CA), dual
connectivity). Aggregating radio resources in more than one eNB for user plan data
Tx. but Control plane as well as mobility still in one cell only.
What is new in 5G?
For connection robustness, ultra-high reliability and ultra-low signaling latency, both
Control Plane and User Plane can be connected to multiple cells.
The different types of multi-connectivity can be distinguished as follows:
Intra 5G multi- Establish and maintain parallel connections among the
connectivity different radio interfaces of 5G, such as mmW, cmW and
WA (<6GHz)
Inter RAT multi- Establish and maintain simultaneous connections to 5G

connectivity and LTE networks.
Inter RAT multi-connectivity does not exclude
connections.
Non-3GPP inter RAT Establish and maintain simultaneous connections to 5G

multi-connectivity and WLAN networks to more than one 5G radio
interfaces, while being connected to other RATs in
parallel.

5G New-Radio
103
Device-to-Device technique
Device-to-Device communication
Figure 76: Device-to-Device communication (1/2)
Legacy cellular networks were built under the design premise of having complete
control at the infrastructure side. 5G systems should drop this design assumption
and exploit intelligence at the device side within different layers of the protocol stack,
for example, by allowing Device-to-Device (D2D) connectivity.
Figure 77: Device-to-Device communication (2/2)
Two devices can directly exchange data without having to route it through a network.
This is already possible with state-of-the art technology, but communication can only
happen after manual pairing, and this is often platform-dependant.
D2D communication will be an important communication method in 5G. It is
characterized by short distance between communication devices, no user-plane
processing needed by the network elements, and bypassing transport networks,
which helps to minimize delay.
This can be an opportunity for 5G systems to enhance their performance in terms of
network off-loading, spectral efficiency, throughput, fairness, coverage (the coverage
of MMC devices can be enhanced through the use of the D2D), extension, latency
and power-saving. In addition, it gives the possibility of carrying out emergency calls
in out-of-coverage areas.
D2D radio links can be established on cellular spectrum, or license-exempt
spectrum, and the network can be involved (controlled D2D) or not (autonomous
D2D) in the establishment and maintenance of the connection.

In 3GPP, it was started as a study item on proximity services based on D2D [3GPP-
TR36843]. Further, it should be noted that the approaches currently applied to D2D
are also applicable to Vehicular-to-Vehicular (V2V).
There are two main design directions currently found in the literature:
Network-assisted D2D The network performs all the decisions in regards to
resource sharing mode selection (D2D or via the cellular
infrastructure); power control; scheduling; selection of
transmission format (such as modulation, coding rates,
multi-antenna transmission mode, and so on).
D2D with minimal The network provides at most only synchronization

network assistance signals to the devices.

5G New-Radio
105
Other potential building blocks for 5G New Radio

Other potential building blocks for 5G New Radio
Last but not the least, several different technologies are needed to achieve Nokia
vision for 5G. Eight key techniques for 5G radio design have been outlined in
previous topics/figures. Of course, there are other radio techniques needed to
enable diverse requirements. such as, self backhauling, interference mitigation,
efficient coding, scalable multiple access procedures and adaptive retransmission
schemes.
Figure 78: Other potential building blocks for 5G New-Radio
Whilst 5G standardization is in it's early phases, the selection and development of
key 5G technologies is well on its way. Nokia is a leader in 5G research, and plays a
vital role in its definition and development through major research projects. These
projects are conducted by Bell Labs, and through our partnerships with mobile
operators, universities and key 5G organizations to shape 5G radio interface which
is flexible, versatile, scalable and efficient in order to address the requirements of
the beyond 2020 era.

Summary: 5G New-Radio
Module Summary
• Explain emerging application challenges.
• Explain why we need new radio for 5G.
• Describe New RAT key characteristics.
• List main building blocks for 5G New-Radio.
• Explain why more spectrum is needed for 5G.
• Describe mmWave and cmWave.
• Describe new waveform candidates for 5G radio.
• Describe Massive MIMO.
• Describe Flexible frame design.
• Describe multi-connectivity feature.
• Explain Device-to-Device technique.
• List other potential building blocks for 5G New-Radio.

5G Core Network and E2E Architecture
107

Module Objectives
• Describe 5G E2E Architecture.
• List main building blocks for 5G core.
• Describe Network Slicing.
• Describe Dynamic Experience Management.
• Describe service determined connectivity.
• Describe fast traffic forwarding.
• Describe mobility on demand.
• Explain how security is built into 5G networks right from the start.
• List other potential building blocks for 5G core network.
5G E2E architecture
5G E2E architecture: Why do we need a new E2E Architecture?
Figure 79: 5G E2E architecture: Why do we need a new E2E Architecture?
5G networks must cope with a wide range of use cases and extreme requirements.
5G needs novel technologies to provide the required data rates, latencies,
robustness and connectivity. Most of these technologies are characterized by their
flexibility and ability to adapt to different scenarios and use cases. Clearly, the
overall performance of mobile networks must increase dramatically.
New network architecture will be essential to meet the requirements beyond 2020,
to manage complex multi-layer and multi-technology networks, and to achieve built-
in flexibility.
New network architecture is needed for several key reasons as follows:
• Considering the key functionalities needed for the programmable multi-service
architecture, when they are implemented within the legacy architecture, the loss
of flexibility would lead to an ineffective and expensive network. The substantial
increase of mobile broadband and massive deployment of MTC (IoT) traffic in
the coming years needs proper scalability and programmability. The abstraction
of network functions from the underlying hardware is essential. It is expected
that network functions will run as software components on top of operators’ telco
cloud systems rather than dedicated hardware components. In LTE,
virtualization is applied in a box-driven way. In 5G, virtualization should be used
as the underlying principle for the new architecture design. The breaking down
and reassembly of network functions to use NFV technologies in a better way
for best scalability and agility is vital.

• Also, separation of the control and user plane functions is the basic SDN
principle, which enables dynamic allocation of user plane resources at the best
place for a given service. Some example use cases that will benefit from a
flexible gateway allocation, depending on the service, are low latency services
and/or Content Delivery Network (CDN) which require the gateway close to the
radio access while the best option for basic Internet access may still be a central
gateway.
• Furthermore, the report of standards gap analysis provided by ITU-T Focus
Group on IMT-2020, FG IMT-2020 identified some of the major challenges in
IMT-2020 including the diversities in requirements, particularly in bandwidth,
mobility, and signaling. The flexibility of the architecture, the tight integration of
various radio access networks as well as fixed access networks, end-to-end
OAM are also identified as essential requirements in IMT-2020. Clearly, legacy
network architecture falls short of the IMT-2020 requirements in a number of
areas.

109
5G E2E architecture: Key design targets of the 5G architecture
Figure 80: 5G E2E architecture: Key design targets of the 5G architecture
It is now clear that 5G will be much more than just a new radio system or it will not
only be a new RAT family with its cellular access network; it must encompass the
entire network, end-to-end. 5G architecture will expand to multiple dimensions. One
of the main challenges for 5G will be to support diverse and heterogeneous use
cases in a flexible and reliable way. 5G Networks must cope with a wide range of
use cases and extreme requirements. It might have been easy to build a separate
system for each of these requirements, but the real challenge is to develop 5G as
one system of systems that can meet all these requirements invisibly from the user’s
perspective.
Taking all diverse needs and lifespan of the infrastructure into account, we must
make flexibility the key design principle of 5G networks. And related to flexibility is
reliability. With the flexible integration of different technology components, the
change from best effort mobile broadband towards truly reliable communication will
be visible. Reliability is not only about equipment up-time, it also relates to the
perception of infinite capacity and coverage that future mobile networks need to
deliver anytime anywhere for every kind of application. This reliability is becoming
more critical as we start to rely on the 5G communication system for control and
safety. Crucially, because it is not possible to foresee all future uses, applications
and business models, the network needs to be flexible and scalable to cope with the
unknown. As outlined before, 5G Networks will differentiate themselves from LTE
systems not only through further evolution in radio performance but also through
greatly increased end-to-end flexibility. This end-to-end flexibility will come in large
part from the incorporation of softwarization into every component.
5G architecture should provide a common core to support multiple access
technologies (cellular, Wi-Fi and fixed), multiple services; mobile broadband,
massive Machine Type Communications (MTC) and critical (MTC), and multiple
network and service operators. This will be enabled by Network Function
Virtualization (NFV) and Software defined networking (SDN) technologies which
allow to build systems with a high level of abstraction.
So, 5G networks should be programmable, software driven and managed
holistically. 5G mobile networks will focus on the customer experience and must be
built around user needs. The value of networks will lay in their personalization and
the experience of using them.

5G networks will be designed to enable functions to be offered as a service, that is
as a Network as a service. If all network elements from Access, Core, OSS to
Security and Analytics are virtualized and sliced out as one integrated service, it
should be possible for an operator to create an instance of an entire network
virtually, relying on whatever underlying infrastructure is available for the defined
geography. Using the power of programmability, the operator can customize such a
network instance for any industry enterprise. Imagine the potential of being able to
offer tailored vertical NaaS solutions for Logistics, Automotive, Healthcare, Utilities,
or Retail.
Finally, the report of standards gap analysis provided by ITU-T Focus Group on IMT-
2020, FG IMT-2020 identified six key IMT-2020 requirements are listed as follows:
• Access network-agnostic and unified core network
• Distributed network architecture
• Integrated management of multi-RAT and fixed access networks
• Flexible and lightweight signaling
• Latency optimized network
• Extensible network
To play the video, Key design targets of the 5G architecture, click the following

link: https://youtu.be/57U_bW-Opi0

111
5G E2E architecture: Fundamental transformation in overall network

architecture
Figure 81: 5G E2E architecture: Fundamental transformation in overall

network architecture
5G Networks will be an ultra-fast and ultra-flexible communication system including
different technologies, but will be transparent for the end user and easy to manage
for the operator. They will be cognitive and will optimize themselves autonomously.
Cognitive networks will use big data analytics and artificial intelligence to solve
complex optimization tasks in real time and in a predictable manner. All parts of the
network will be cloud-based to use existing resources in the best way. With more
intelligence placed closer to the user and the ability to process large amounts of
data, network performance can be predicted and optimized.
This network architecture will entail the full use of open source software
technologies, industry compliance and greater cooperation with IT players. At the
same time, standardization bodies and organizations such as 3GPP and ETSI will
continue to help define the best standard for 5G, assuring interoperability with
regard to the air interface and associated software and mobility control architecture.
When it comes to how operators build their own network infrastructure, 5G should
offer new models for minimizing upfront investments. With virtualization of all
network functions and vertical specific applications on top of physical networks, it
should be possible for vendors such as Nokia to provide Software as a Service,
where the software functionality can be continuously updated and programmed for
the client, rather than directly sold as software with long term maintenance
contracts. Essentially, all telco applications could move from a Software licensing
model to SaaS which could be potentially disruptive, especially when combined with
joint ecosystem building with respective verticals. Interestingly, for software/
equipment providers, it means there could be new customers such as industry
vertical aggregators beyond just telco operators.

5G E2E architecture: High-level IMT-2020 network architecture (ITU vision)
Figure 82: 5G E2E architecture: High-level IMT-2020 network architecture (ITU

vision)
IMT-2020 network architecture will not only be different from legacy IMT Networks in
the core but also in radio network and front/back-haul networks.
According to the ITU-T vision, Multiple various access points including a new IMT-
2020 RATs, Wi-Fi AP, and even fixed networks are connected to a converged data
plane functions via an integrated access network so that mobile devices can be
serviced through an access technology-agnostic network core. The converged data
plane functions are distributed to the edges of an IMT-2020 common core network
resulting in creating a distributed flat network. The control plane functions, which are
responsible for QoS control and mobility management, controls the user traffic to be
served agnostically to the access networks to which it is attached.
IMT-2020 network architecture can also support massive native flexibility with the
support of network softwarization (network virtualization, functions virtualization,
programmability) depending on different service scenarios and requirements, which
is a major differentiation from existing IMT networks.

113
5G E2E architecture: 5G architecture (NGMN vision)
Figure 83: 5G E2E architecture: 5G architecture (NGMN vision)
In the NGMN 5G White Paper, a 3-Layer-Model is proposed as a basis for a
Network Slicing architecture. NGMN 5G architecture comprises three layers and a
management entity. The three layers are: an Infrastructure Resources Layer, a
Business Enablement Layer and a Business Application Layer. This 3-Layer
approach will be used as a basis and evolved to match the architectural Anything as
Service (XaaS) business architectures in data networks and spanning the whole
core and access network areas.
Following describes the three layers and the management entity:
• The infrastructure resources layer comprises all physical network resources of a
fixed-mobile converged network: access nodes, cloud nodes (edge and central),
networking node, and 5G devices. The cloud nodes offer processing, networking
as well as storage capabilities. The 5G devices comprise terminal devices as
well as data forwarding devices, for example, relays, hubs, or routers. It is
expected that these devices and their capabilities are also configurable. The
physical resources are exposed to the business enablement layer and can be
accessed and configured by the management and orchestration entity.
• The business enablement layer deals with the functions that are executed on
the physical resources provided by the infrastructure layer. It comprises a library
of functions required within a network, including functions realized by software
modules that can be retrieved from the repository to the desired location, and
related configuration parameters. The end-to-end (E2E) management and
orchestration entity dynamically selects the appropriate functions for a particular
service and their arrangement and configuration.
• The business application layer consists of specific applications or services of the
mobile network operator or tenant. On this layer, network slices can be created
by the E2E management and orchestration entity, and applications can be
mapped to network slices.
• The E2E management and orchestration entity configures all three layers
according to demands of the requested service or business model and
supervises them during runtime. This includes defining the network slices,
chaining the relevant modular NFs and mapping them onto the infrastructure
equipment. It also includes resource management and scaling the capacity of
functions and managing their geographic distribution. NGMN expects that this
entity will build on technologies designed in the framework of NFV, SDN, or self-
organizing networks (SON) concepts.

5G E2E architecture
Figure 84: 5G E2E architecture
Nokia defines 5G as a System of Systems. This means that 5G is a multi-RAT
network, which natively combines LTE and new 5G technologies, in addition to other
access types like Wi-Fi or fixed.
Following lists the eight domains:
1. Cognitive Domain: It collects data and events from the network and, when
necessary, from external sources. This data can be processed in real-time to
extract relevant information as well as stored offline for processing later, or
applications access the data via the Shared Data Domain. Analysis of the data
reveals and interprets different patterns, for example, to find the root cause of
problems and to identify any effects on customers or the operator’s business.
Insights from these analyses are reported and automatically translated into
appropriate actions. These are performed by the Co-ordinated Actuation
Domain to prevent conflicts between actions initiated by different applications.
2. Service Enablement Domain (SED): Using SED, operators can allow controlled
and secured access to their networks to authorized third parties, allowing them
to deploy innovative, cognitive applications and services to mobile consumers,
enterprises and vertical segments. The SED provides a Software Development
Kit (SDK) to aid application design, provisioning, testing, reporting, analytics and
integration into the platform. For example, the Throughput Guidance capability
in Mobile Edge Computing already provides managed access to the network for
any kind of application to ensure the best performance.
3. Shared Data Domain (SDD): SDD acts as a common data repository to provide
shared data access for applications from various operator domains. The aim is
to eliminate application-specific data silos whenever possible and to provide a
consistent set of KPIs. Apart from providing flexible access to data, the SDD
also has security and privacy mechanisms to ensure that only authorized
applications have access to protected data. Authentication and authorization,
and restricting access to people based on their roles, ensures data security and
privacy.
4. Software Appliances Environment: In the 5G architecture, all physical resources
needed to implement any network element are virtualized and offered as a
Service accessible through an infrastructure manager. All network functions and
services are built from software, which can be subscriber repository, a voice
server, LTE-SW, a firewall on an IP transport layer, SON functionality, and many
others.
5. Virtualization Framework: The virtualization domain comprises an execution
plane and an automation plane. The execution plane consists of a set of
resources (compute, networking, storage) which may be accessed by network
functions through a virtualization layer. The automation plane enables
automated management of the execution plane through operations such as

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creation, deletion and scaling of the network functions and allocation of the
underlying resources.
6. Radio Access network: New 5G radio will natively integrate existing and new
technologies, it will include existing systems like LTE Advanced and Wi-Fi.
7. Orchestration and Management: In a fully cloud-based network, there are
several levels and types of orchestration. These include service orchestration for
services, developed by the operator and offered to users; and the management
of cloud services and available resources, performed by the virtualized
infrastructure manager domain. And, as a completely new entity, the Network
Function Orchestrator is introduced and defined by ETSI NFV.
8. Security and Privacy: The major principles on which the Security and Privacy
architecture is based are constant vigilance; increased automation of data
collection, analysis and response; and the evaluation of threats beyond the
boundaries of the network.
5G e2e Network Functional architecture
Figure 85: 5G E2E architecture: 5G e2e Network Functional architecture
The figure above zooms into the 5G components, namely the virtualized 5G network
functions and Shared Data Layer (Data Repository), of the overall end-to-end
architecture vision as outlined in previous slide.
The baseline for the architecture depicted in this figure is the virtualization of 5G
network functions and the separation of Control plane and User plane, both in the
access (light blue) and non access (dark blue) domains.
The mobility management, session management, service control functions and a
dynamic policy control will benefit from common data layer(s). The connectivity
management functionality supports flexible definition of connectivity models going
beyond point-to-point services.
On the U-plane side, a seamless integration of Network Service Functions on top of
the basic connectivity and policy enforcement function is envisioned, thus removing
the fine line of separation between the network service functions in the SGi LAN and
the connectivity service. However, it is up to the deployments to decide whether
network service functions are deployed independently in the SGi LAN or seamlessly
integrated to the basic connectivity and policy enforcement functions. Policy
enforcement functions will be enhanced with active QoE management to ensure a
premium user experience even in congested network areas.
When it comes to the radio access, what can be or cannot be virtualized depends on
operators’ front-haul availability, that is, whether abundant fiber is
deployed/available. The architecture of the radio part needs to be flexible to cope
with different front-haul deployments. Typical radio functions which can be easily
virtualized are, for example, the Radio Resource Control / Management, the multi-
connectivity (intra-5G and 5G-LTE dual connectivity). The latter one is a key feature
of 5G. Multi-connectivity can be done at higher and/or lower layers.

Nokia has created a holistic concept of future 5G architecture in which
programmable radio and core networks are automatically re-shaped in real time to
adapt to changing demands. Volker Ziegler, Chief Architect at Nokia, said: Nokia is
leading industry-wide 5G architecture work through various vehicles such as the 5G-
Public Private Partnership (5G-PPP) project 5G NORMA (5G Novel Radio
Multiservice adaptive network architecture). With our cognitive and cloud-optimized
architecture for the 5G era, we have outlined an end-to-end architecture that will
allow unprecedented and cognitive customizability to meet stringent performance,
security, cost, and energy requirements. It will fuel economic growth through new
business models across vertical sectors, such as Network-as-a-Service for other
industries to use network functions as they need them.

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Main building blocks for 5G core

Potential building blocks for 5G core
Figure 86: Potential building blocks for 5G core
In a nutshell, the Nokia programmable 5G multi-service architecture overcomes the
rigidity of legacy networks. It achieves this by automatically and dynamically
adapting radio access and core network resources to meet the needs of different
services, traffic variations over time and location, and network topology, including
transport.
The architecture uses a system of systems approach to integrate and align the
network’s many different and separate parts to achieve lower latency and higher
reliability than today’s networks can offer. Nearly all network functions will be
software defined, cognitive technologies will automatically orchestrate the network,
and content and processing will be distributed across the network close to where
they are needed.
So, 5G will implement a radically new network architecture based on NFV and SDN
technologies. Programmability will be central to achieving the hyper-flexibility that
operators will need to support the new communication demands placed on them
from a wide array of users, machines, companies from different industries and other
organizations.
The main building blocks for 5G core network and end to end architecture are
depicted on this slide.
The key architecture functionalities are as follows:
• Network Slicing
• Dynamic Experience Management (DEM)
• Service-determined connectivity
• Fast traffic forwarding
• Mobility on demand
• Security

Network Slicing
Network Slicing
Figure 87: Network Slicing (1/3)
Network Slicing is a key concept for 5G. 5G networks will be further abstracted with
the concept of network slices. Operators will then be able to use their physical
infrastructure to create network slices, which are virtual instances of an entire
network tailored to the needs of any industry whether automotive, healthcare,
logistics, retail or utilities.
So, Network Slicing means that multiple independent and dedicated virtual sub-
networks (network instances) are created within the same infrastructure to run
services that have completely different requirements on latency, reliability,
throughput and mobility. That means a network slice is the definition of the
characteristics of a virtual network, in other words, it is a network definition/template
made available in the network orchestrator, ready for deployment.
As outlined before, the 5G architecture uses a system of systems or multi-service
architecture approach to integrate and align the many different and independent
parts of a network to achieve higher performance with greater functionality as
compared to today’s networks. Nearly all network functions will become software-
defined, cognitive technologies will automatically orchestrate the network, and
content and processing will be dynamically distributed across the network close to
where they are needed at a certain point in time.

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Network Slicing allows a mobile operator to address different use cases, services
with different demands on network capabilities effectively. It allows to provide
services by abstracting the functionality offered by the network slice through open
APIs exposure to 3rd party service provider, thus Third-party entities can be given
permission to control certain aspects of slicing via a suitable API, in order to provide
tailored services.
Each network slice can be based on different architectural principles. Network slicing
is an appropriate means to keep networks based on different architectures
separated.
Each Network slice has its own isolated set of resources, this means for example,
deploying, maintaining and usage of a network slice does not affect other network
slices. Network slice can also share resources between them.
To make this slicing concept a bit more clear, let’s have a look at a concrete
example. It is expected to see a handful of different slice types, for example, for
extreme MBB, massive MTC and critical MTC and many more instances.
Example of network slices for diverse use cases are as follows:
• To serve tablets and smartphones, Extreme Mobile Broadband slice is used:
Scalable Control plane, High-performance user plane, potentially distributed and
Mobility on demand, including high-speed mobility
• To serve Mission critical devices, Critical MTC slice is used: Highest reliability for
control plane and user plane, User plane in edge cloud for lowest latency and
Local switching
• To serve IoT devices, Massive MTC dedicated slice is used: Optimized for
Sporadic Data Transmission of Short Data Burst, Extreme Power Savings and
Enhanced monitoring/reporting (for example, location reporting)
UE can be served by multiple UP slices at a given time. UE can be served by any
CP/UP slice at any time. This may depend on factors such as UE capabilities,
applications. Selection principles are critical for network slicing to be accomplished.
Definition of a multi-dimensional descriptor (for example, application, service
descriptor) configured in the UE and reported to the network, allows network to
select a particular slice.
Multi-dimensional selection principle – use cases are as follows:
• Mobile broadband UE can request a service referred to as session continuity for
a certain application. In this case, network chooses functional entities necessary
to support mobility procedures, session management and other relevant
functions such as policy control, security.

• Stationary IoT UE can request a service referred to as session on demand for a
certain application. In this case, network chooses functional entities necessary
to support session on demand (and no function selected to offer support for
mobility).
• Critical MTC UE can request a service referred to as efficient user plane path for
a certain application. In this case, network chooses functional entities necessary
to support low latency user plane path and at the same time offer support for
route optimization, as needed due to UE mobility.

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Dynamic Experience Management

Dynamic Experience Management
Figure 90: Dynamic Experience Management (1/2)
Generally, customer experience management has moved from a nice to have topic
to an absolute must have priority in the industry over the last few years.
DEM allows operators to instantly respond to changing needs of customers and
network conditions to improve their experience by orders of magnitude while
ensuring network resources are used efficiently to maximize profitability for each
application session. DEM can sustain Quality of Experience (QoE) in nearly all
sessions even under high load conditions, which is about four times better than
industry-standard Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms.
Figure 91: Dynamic Experience Management (2/2)
Dynamic Experience Management, which is Automatic Quality of Experience
optimization of each application session, provides superior customer experience
even under high network load using up to 30 percent fewer resources.
It removes the limitations of current QoS management solutions. Operators have
experienced that measuring QoS is not enough and it is not correlating with the QoE
perceived by end users. More granularity is needed in measurements, analytics and
actions with the adequate context information to ensure immediate QoE
optimization.
Operators will need to be able to instantly respond to changing demands and
network conditions to substantially improve the QoE while also ensuring network
resources are used efficiently during each application session. Conventional QoS
architecture is not sufficiently aware of the specific needs of the different application

sessions in the networks and is not able to initiate the right optimization actions
automatically within the necessary short time frame. A major overhaul of the Core
QoS architecture that goes beyond simply evolving the LTE Core will be needed to
tap the full potential of Dynamic Experience Management to sustain QoE in nearly
all sessions, even under high load conditions.
Dynamic Experience Management can already be deployed in today’s
networks.

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Service determined connectivity

Service determined connectivity
Figure 92: Service determined connectivity (1/2)
Conventionally, the network’s available connectivity determines what services are
possible. In 5G, devices and services are no longer tied to a single point to point IP
connection. In fact, the connectivity path can be freely chosen according to actual
service demand. By enabling a service to determine the connectivity, the required
latency and reliability can be assured by the network.
Figure 93: Service determined connectivity (2/2)
New services require a new connectivity model. The figure above shows the
different networking models that need to be enabled by 5G. Service determined
connectivity support is needed for new use cases that require re-locatable low
latency and high reliability (multi-connectivity) services. In LTE, the continuous
optimization of the IP anchor point (that is, relocation of IP anchor point) is not
supported. This is necessary to offer the shortest and optimal path for routing UP
traffic enabling low latency services (for example, critical MTC) and at the same time
support seamless service continuity due to mobility. In LTE, the PDN connections
with local GW is possible for local IP access (LIPA) and traffic offloading (SIPTO),
but if the user moves beyond the serving area of the local GW, there is no support
for service continuity for the corresponding service. In addition, a point to point
connection to a (central) GW is not appropriate for some use cases like Vehicle-to-X
(V2X) that require support for low latency with full mobility and many-to-many type of
connectivity.
Another example is to provide simultaneous access to Internet services through a
central gateway and access to a local Content Delivery Network (CDN) site through
a local gateway.

Fast traffic forwarding

Fast traffic forwarding
Figure 94: Fast traffic forwarding (1/2)
In order to support low latency services, the Gateway and application, that is, the
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) should be introduced close to the radio. Depending
on the location of the communicating devices, switching happens either at the radio
or in an aggregator cloud. Furthermore, it should be ensured that service continuity
is achieved when the communicating devices are fully mobile.
Figure 95: Fast traffic forwarding (2/2)
A variety of services will depend on the network providing low latency access under
full mobility conditions. For example, Vehicle-to-X (V2X) applications will require
seamless service continuity as the vehicle moves between the serving areas of local
gateways. Supporting such re-locatable low latency and high reliability (multi-
connectivity) services will require the 5G access point, or an aggregator cloud, to
route traffic either to the centralized IP anchor, local IP anchor or directly to the MEC
application. This is achieved by introducing service-aware forwarding at the radio.

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Mobility on demand
Mobility on demand
Figure 96: Mobility on demand (1/2)
Offering mobility on demand makes efficient use of network resources. Depending
on the application needs and device capabilities, the network determines the right
level of active and idle mode mobility to be assigned for a certain device.
Figure 97: Mobility on demand (2/2)
It has been observed that only 30% of the users who are actually camping in cellular
operator networks are actually mobile. So, the overhead introduced in the network to
support seamless mobility should be minimized by introducing support for flexible
mobility, also referred to as mobility on demand. Flexible active mobility is made
possible by supporting flexible IP anchoring and enabling mobility only when
needed.
Flexible mobility consists of two components: one for managing mobility of active
devices and a second for tracking and reaching devices that support a power-saving
idle mode.
The assigned mobility may range from one extreme, beginning with no active mode
mobility, with no support for idle mode (typical with today’s Wi-Fi access) to the other
extreme with full support for active and idle mode mobility as applied in 2G/3G/4G.
Different levels of flexible mobility bridge the gap between these extremes, allowing
for independent assignment of idle-mode mobility on a per-device basis, and active
mode mobility on a per-application basis.

How security is built into 5G networks right from the start

5G security
Figure 98: Security (1/2)
When it comes to security and privacy, it is vital to take steps to protect the network
from threats.
Figure 99: Security (2/2)
These threats must be detected quickly, with swift action to reduce their effect. This
rapid response requires an architecture that is multidimensional, cohesive and
holistic, connecting the dots between Security and Privacy and network events.
Sharing of information on threats, breaches, and associated solutions is critical, not
only with customers, and ecosystem partners, but with regulators and potentially
with competitors. This openness is required since all domains are affected by cyber
threats.
The major principles on which the Security and Privacy architecture is based are
constant vigilance; increased automation of data collection, analysis and response;
and the evaluation of threats beyond the boundaries of the network.
Besides protecting the privacy of subscribers and the confidentiality and integrity of
their communication, also the protection of internet of things applications and the
network itself against any forms of cyber attacks is of paramount importance. In
particular, a superior degree of network availability is required to support future use
cases like control of critical infrastructures, car traffic control or remote surgery.
Nokia CEO Rajeev Suri in a recent interview said: I think network security will have
to play a very strong role. I do not think we, as an industry, are focused on security
as much as we should be. Mobile malware is really increasing at a rapid pace. It is

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not very expensive to find a loophole in the network and try to bring parts of the
network down, or to target consumers and individuals and get hold of private
information.
In a nutshell, Nokia aims for security mechanisms with highest robustness, flexibility,
and automation for 5G security.

Other potential building blocks for 5G core network

Other potential building blocks for 5G core network
Apart from the core network technologies, there are other potential 5G core network
and 5G Network architecture building blocks to be considered.
Figure 100: Other potential building blocks for 5G core network
While these new technologies will be very diverse and applied to all domains of a
mobile network including transport and core network, they must also be harmonized
to make sure there are no contradictions. It might have been easy to build a
separate system for each of these requirements, but the real challenge is to develop
5G as one system of systems that can meet all these requirements invisibly from the
user’s perspective. New network architecture will be essential to meet the
requirements beyond 2020, to manage complex multi-layer and multi-technology
networks, and to achieve built-in flexibility. 5G era networks will be programmable,
software driven and managed holistically.
Backhaul will be heterogeneous, relying on optical technologies wherever possible,
augmented with other secure wireless backhaul options to support flexible
deployments.
Mobile edge computing will bring the cloud applications, content and context closer
to user locations. This will personalize the service experience through faster service
delivery and augmented reality enhancements. This capability goes hand-in-hand
with the transformation to cloud-based radio access.
Virtualization of core and radio access network functions will optimize the use of
network resources, add scalability and agility. This will also require both central and
local data centers with SDN capabilities. SDN technologies will enable transport
network resources, including fronthaul and backhaul, to become virtually
programmable.

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Summary: 5G Core Network and E2E Architecture

Module Summary
• Describe 5G E2E architecture.
• List main building blocks for 5G core.
• Describe Network Slicing.
• Describe Dynamic Experience Management.
• Describe service determined connectivity.
• Describe fast traffic forwarding.
• Describe mobility on demand.
• Explain how security is built into 5G networks right from the start.
• List other potential building blocks for 5G core network.


LTE-A and LTE-Advanced Pro as foundation for 5G
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Module Objectives
• Explain how 5G will build on 4G LTE foundation technologies.
• Explain the evolutionary paths of LTE-Advanced Pro.
• List potential 5G Technologies where LTE-A aids in transition.
• Explain tight 4G-5G interworking for fast time to market.
How 5G will build on 4G LTE foundation technologies

LTE-A Pro as catalyst for 5G
Figure 101: LTE-A Pro as catalyst for 5G
Evolution to 5G is a voyage. Original LTE standards from 3GPP Release 8 have
been enhanced with LTE-Advanced to offer improved support for small cells and
higher bit rates using Carrier Aggregation (CA). LTE will continue to evolve with the
introduction of LTE-Advanced Pro. LTE-Advanced Pro brings great enhancements in
radio performance on top of LTE-Advanced: multi-Gbps data rates, higher spectral
efficiency and reduced latency. LTE-Advanced Pro also enables a number of new
application scenarios, including Internet of Things (IoT) optimization for the
Programmable World, vehicular connectivity and public safety.
Although Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are still building out their 4G networks,
they need to prepare for 5G now. Since 5G will be build on 4G LTE foundation
technologies, mobile operators should consider deploying advanced LTE
technologies sooner rather than later. This will not only benefit them today, but also
position their networks to evolve easily and quickly to 5G tomorrow. With 5G
deployments slated to start in 2020, MNOs should be making plans to participate in
5G technology trials.
Each LTE release is a stepping-stone to 5G. Operators must start preparing their
networks today for 3GPP R12, R13, and R14. Investing in 4G is the right approach.
Investments in LTE advanced and advanced Pro technologies will allow operators to
boost capacity and quality of experience today and secure 5G sites for tomorrow.
As leaders in LTE, small cells and virtualization, Nokia is well positioned to help
mobile operators build a strong 4G foundation to start their journey on the path to
5G.
In a nutshell, the move to the new 5G-driven, programmable world will be gradual.
Rather than a replacement for existing technologies. Nokia’s view is that 5G has to
be built on top of LTE and EPC and that a healthy balance of evolution and

revolution will ensure investment protection for operators and vendors while
innovative technologies will enable a future-proof 5G network. By combining all
available technologies with new innovations operators will be able to get the full
value of 5G. They will be able to create the massive capacity and massive
connectivity needed for a new era of communication. This will allow them to look
beyond technology to create new business models based on the delivery of agile,
elastic, and highly personalized services. It will make all the probable use cases
possible and enable the connection of everyone to every thing, transforming our
digital lives.

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Evolutionary paths of LTE-Advanced Pro

LTE-Advanced Pro
LTE-Advanced Pro introduces improved radio capabilities which will make mobile
broadband services more efficient, providing higher quality and enabling new sets of
services on top of LTE networks. These features are defined in 3GPP Releases
13/14 and are collectively known as LTE-Advanced Pro. The developments will
enable the Programmable World for billions of connected IoT devices, vehicular
communication for Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) and public safety/critical
communications. LTE-Advanced Pro raises user data rates to several Gbps, cuts
latency to just a few milliseconds, gives access to unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum and
increases network efficiency.
LTE-Advanced Pro evolves in parallel to 5G towards the programmable world.
The evolutionary paths of LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G are shown in the figure below:
Figure 102: LTE-Advanced Pro
LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G can use similar technology components to enhance
radio capabilities. 5G is a new non-backwards compatible radio technology that can
operate both below and above 6 GHz frequencies and provide even higher data
rates and lower latency. LTE-Advanced Pro operates below 6 GHz and evolves in
parallel to development work on 5G.
To replay the video, click on this link: https://youtu.be/8UFODEdoNHw

Potential 5G Technologies where LTE-A aids in transition

Potential 5G Technologies where LTE-A aids in transition
Figure 103: Potential 5G Technologies where LTE-A aids in transition
Since its launch, LTE has evolved to support higher peak bit rates and improve
interworking with other radio access technologies such as WLAN. It will continue to
evolve for the next ten years or so. LTE-Advanced Pro brings great enhancements
in radio performance on top of LTE-Advanced.
The LTE-Advanced enhancements, which are currently undergoing standardization
in 3GPP in Release 13 and subsequent releases, mark a truly giant leap forward for
4G. The aggregation of up to 32 carriers made possible by LTE-Advanced, in
combination with the use of unlicensed spectrum, will allow data rates to scale
beyond 3 Gbps. Latency will shrink below 2 ms and spectral efficiency gains
enabled by Full Dimensional MIMO will boost network capacity by a factor of 3. All
these and further enhancements will not only benefit smartphone users, but also
enable a host of new use cases, from connectivity for the IoT to public safety.
At the same time, networks and networking topologies are anticipated to evolve with
the introduction of new platform technologies such as: Network Function
Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Network (SDN) and Mobile Edge
Computing (MEC): The MEC concept is being standardized in ETSI, work that was
initiated by Nokia. Nokia’s MEC solution is called Liquid Applications. Liquid
Applications are also expected to be a key component in future 5G deployments.
With all these new features and enhancements, why cannot we simply evolve LTE?
As already outlined in a previous chapter, the set of requirements for 5G is not
economically or technically achievable with the evolution of 4G.
Some of the main challenges include:
• Advanced mission critical services and immersive virtual reality will eventually
require extremely low end-to-end service latency of less than 1 millisecond.
• With wide spread adoption of IoT devices, the RAN will need to handle extreme
device connection density, up to 200,000 devices per km². Because LTE is
connection-oriented, the signaling overhead will become a major issue as soon
as the device density increases. What is required is a connectionless service.
• Desire by mobile operators to offer a more consistent Quality of Experience
(QoE) rather than simply promoting raw peak bit rates will push the RAN to
support a more flexible optimization for a more uniform delivered bit rate.
• The need to optimize the radio interface to simultaneously meet a wider range of
use cases will drive the need for a more adaptable radio and core network
solution than LTE/EPC.

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• Ongoing traffic growth in high density zones will eventually exceed what can be
supported in the spectrum bands in which LTE was designed to operate, leading
to a need for new radio access technologies optimized for new spectrum bands
above 20 GHz.
• Need to evolve the security infrastructure to handle a significantly large number
of attached devices will encourage the adoption of more distributed solutions
based on chain of trust using verifiable credentials.

Multi-Gbps data rates with CA evolution
Figure 104: Multi-Gbps data rates with CA evolution
LTE started with 150 Mbps peak rate and 20 MHz bandwidth. In Release 10, the
peak data rates were upgraded by carrier aggregation. Mainstream carrier
aggregation in 2015 delivers up to 300 Mbps on 2x20 MHz and the first networks
with 3x20 MHz are about to go into commercial operation. 3GPP Release 10 defines
a maximum capability up to 5x20 MHz, which gives 1 Gbps with 2x2 MIMO and
64QAM, and even 3.9 Gbps with 8x8 MIMO.
The data rate can be increased still further with more spectrum and more antennas.
A higher number of antenna elements is feasible when using comparatively large
base station antennas, however, it is more of a challenge to integrate further
antennas into small devices. For these, data rates are more easily increased by
using more spectrum. Release 13 makes this possible by enhancing carrier
aggregation to enable up to 32 component carriers. In practice, the use of
unlicensed spectrum enables LTE to benefit from even further carrier aggregation
capabilities.

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Using 5 GHz band
Figure 105: Using 5 GHz band
So far, LTE networks have been deployed using licensed spectrum between 450
and 3600 MHz. With ever increasing amounts of traffic, being able to use unlicensed
as well as licensed bands will allow improvements in capacity and peak data rates
for LTE-Advanced Pro. The unlicensed 5 GHz band has plenty of available
spectrum, suitable in particular for small cell deployments. This large pool of
spectrum allows mobile broadband operators to benefit from the carrier aggregation
evolution provided by LTE-Advanced Pro.
LTE-Advanced Pro can use unlicensed band spectrum either through Licensed
Assisted Access (LAA), or by integrating Wi-Fi more closely to the cellular network
via LTE-Wi-Fi aggregation (LWA).
LAA combines the use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum for LTE using carrier
aggregation technology as shown in figure above. It is a highly efficient method of
offloading traffic, since the data traffic can be split, with millisecond resolution,
between licensed and unlicensed frequencies. Licensed bands can provide reliable
connectivity, mobility, signaling and guaranteed data rate services, while the
unlicensed band can give a significant boost in data rates. The technical solution for
combining licensed and unlicensed spectrum is based on dual connectivity and
carrier aggregation – the same solutions that have already been defined in LTE-
Advanced and which can be reused for the 5 GHz band.
LTE-Advanced Pro also allows the aggregation of LTE and Wi-Fi transmissions,
offering a further way to make use of unlicensed bands. So far, LTE and Wi-Fi
interworking has been implemented on the application layer. Under 3GPP Release
13, the data traffic can be split between LTE and Wi-Fi transmissions, allowing the
user device to receive data simultaneously via both paths. This allows full use of Wi-
Fi capacity while maintaining the LTE connection for reliable mobility and
connectivity.

3D MIMO
Figure 106: 3D MIMO
LTE-Advanced Pro introduces the next step in spectral efficiency with 3-dimensional
(3D) beamforming, also known as Full Dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO). Increasing
the number of transceivers at the base station is the key to unlocking higher spectral
efficiencies.
Release 13 specifies MIMO modes for up to 16 transceivers at the base station,
while Release 14 may allow as many 64. These will bring efficiency gains for
downlink transmissions: 16x2 provides a 2.5-fold gain in spectral efficiency
compared to 2x2, while 64x2 shows a 3-fold gain. The gain available from 64x2
compared to 8x2 is 50 percent. Note that the 8x2, 16x2 and 64x2 transceiver
configurations each have four columns of cross-polarized antenna elements of
approximately the same physical dimensions, while the 2x2 transceiver
configuration has only one column of cross-polarized antenna elements. The total
transmission power is the same in all cases.

139
Millisecond latency
Figure 107: Millisecond latency
LTE-Advanced Pro tackles the latency problem by reducing the frame length and
optimizing the physical layer control of the air interface resources. A shorter TTI is
directly proportional to the air interface delay. Shortening the TTI by reducing the
number of symbols is the most promising approach when seeking to maintain
backwards compatibility and usability in existing LTE bands. The current 1 ms TTI
produces in practice a 10-20 ms round trip time, while an LTE-Advanced Pro
solution should provide even less than 2 ms round trip time and a less than 1 ms
one-way delay.
Nokia’s implementation approach offers further reduction in end-to-end delay in
content delivery, through deployment of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). Nokia’s
MEC solution is called Liquid Applications. This allows the delivery of large amounts
of localized data to the user with an extremely low delay, all without burdening the
core network. Low-latency LTE-Advanced Pro will provide an even better radio
interface to complement the benefits of Liquid Applications. In addition to low
latency, MEC allows authorized third-parties to gain access to the RAN edge,
enabling them to deploy innovative applications and services for mobile subscribers,
enterprises and vertical segments. As already outline in a previous slide, Liquid
Applications are expected to be a key component in future 5G deployments.

Internet of Things optimization
Figure 108: Internet of Things optimization
Narrow-Band Long-Term Evolution (NB-LTE) is a narrowband radio technology
specially designed for the IoT. It is currently being standardized within 3GPP under
the label NB-IoT. NB-IoT standardization was completed by June 2016. NB-LTE
specification is developed by 3GPP and targeted for Rel-13 (3GPP TR 45.820,
study still ongoing).
NB-IoT is an optimized variant of LTE and is well-suited for the IoT market segment
because of its low implementation cost, ease of use and power efficiency. Nokia will
help develop and bring to market the products needed for the commercialization of
NB-IoT timed with market demand.
NB-IoT will support a scalable solution for data rates. This solutions is deployable
either in shared spectrum together with normal LTE, or as stand-alone, in a refarmed
GSM carrier with as narrow a bandwidth as 200 KHz.
It increases the coverage of LTE networks seven-fold and simplifies modems by 85
percent to support low data volume IoT applications.
On the other hand, LTE for Machines (LTE-M) also know as Enhanced Machine
Type Communications (or eMTC) is an evolution of legacy LTE 1.4MHz, it was under
discussion in 3GPP R13 in December 2015. LTE-M is optimized for support of low
throughput, low complexity, low energy consumption Machine Type Communications
with good coverage. LTE-M will support a scalable solution for data rates. This
solutions is deployable either in shared spectrum together with normal LTE, or as
stand-alone, in a refarmed GSM carrier with as narrow a bandwidth as 1.4 MHz.
LTE-M complements NB-IoT by addressing demanding IoT applications with low to
mid-volume data use of up to about 1 Mbps. The technology also simplifies modems
by about 80%. And Nokia has already shown 1st live LTE-M demo on commercial
Nokia FlexiZone and core in MWC 2015 working together with KT, one of Korea's
leading operators.
IoT optimization in Release 13 extends coverage for power-limited devices via
repetition and power spectral density, boosting to 164 dB path loss, allowing the use
of power-limited devices to operate in cellars or closed indoor places. Release 13
also improves battery consumption by introducing longer Discontinuous Reception
(DRX) cycles, allowing up to 10-year battery life with 2 AA batteries. Narrowing the
operating bandwidth to 1.4 MHz and further to 200 kHz, together with reduced
modem complexity enables LTE to support low cost device use. Moreover, signaling
and network optimizations improve the capacity of networks, so that tens of billions
of devices can be served by a single network.
Operators can start supporting IoT devices with LTE networks from Release 8 using
Category 1 devices that are available today. Device cost and power consumption is
reduced in Release 12 with Category 0 devices using a simple software upgrade in

141
the network. Even further cost reductions are possible with a narrow-band 200 kHz
IoT solution developed in 3GPP Release 13. This will enable a further cut in the
implementation costs of IoT modems, making mass market deployment feasible.
This narrowband IoT solution can be multiplexed within an LTE carrier, outside an
LTE carrier or deployed as a standalone carrier. The preferred solution is the in-band
options which is a software upgrade to the LTE network and allows to multiplex NB-
IoT within the existing LTE carrier.

Tight 4G-5G interworking for fast time to market

Evolution to 5G
Figure 109: Evolution to 5G
LTE-Advanced Pro is a key technology for the immediate future of mobile network
development. LTE-Advanced Pro will be backwards compatible on the same
frequencies as current LTE networks and devices and will be available from 2017. In
contrast, 5G will be a non-backwards compatible radio technology, starting trials
around 2018 and commercially available on a wide scale in 2020. LTE will evolve to
constitute part of the 5G system, complemented by new non-backwards compatible
radio interfaces designed to better serve new use cases and scenarios. 3GPP is
expected to define close interworking between LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G, in fact a
tighter interworking than with any earlier technologies. 5G Devices will have
simultaneous connection to LTE and 5G radios, based on the LTE Dual Connectivity
functionality.
The quality and performance of LTE-Advanced Pro is not only important in the short
term but also in the long term when 5G radio will be deployed. 5G is expected to use
LTE for the control plane in the first phase, with the 5G radio used for boosting user
plane data rates. An excellent 5G experience will only come with high quality LTE
networks. 5G will further boost the data rates and capacity beyond LTE-Advanced
Pro by using larger bandwidths and spectrum above 6 GHz.

143
Summary: LTE-A and LTE-Advanced Pro as foundation for 5G

Module Summary
• Explain how 5G will build on 4G LTE foundation technologies.
• Explain the evolutionary paths of LTE-Advanced Pro.
• List potential 5G Technologies where LTE A aids in transition.
• Explain tight 4G-5G interworking for fast time to market.


Landscape of major 5G industry activities
145

Module Objectives
• List major 5G industry activities.
• Describe ITU-R 5G related activities.
• Describe NGMN 5G related activities.
• Describe 3GPP work on 5G.
• Explain 5G related European Union projects.
• Explain 5G related activities in Asia.
• Explain 5G related activities in the Americas.
• Identify Nokia key role within 5G industry cooperation.
Major 5G industry activities

Overview of major 5G industry activities
5G-related research activities had already begun. Different regions of the world are
competing to be the leader in the research and development of 5G standards,
networks, and products. Various organizations from different countries and regions
have taken initiatives and launched programmes aimed at potential key technologies
of 5G.
Figure 110: Overview of major 5G industry activities
The European Union has invested heavily in research activities with the aim to put
Europe back in the leading role of the global mobile industry. In addition, China,
Korea and Japan have a number of initiatives underway with funding by the
respective governments.
North America, in particular the United States, has long been leading the global
efforts on the deployment of mobile technologies all the way through 4G
technologies and need to remain a strong player in the definition and development
of 5G in order to continue the deployment leadership by tuning the 5G development
to the unique North American and Latin American marketplace. 5G Americas
officially announced the change of the organization’s name from 4G Americas on
February 12, 2016.
The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has drawn up its evolution
roadmap to 2020. On the other hand, The Next Generation Mobile Networks
(NGMN) Alliance has positioned itself as the lead organization driving the 5G
agenda.
Through the leading role of WP 5D, International Telecommunication Union-Radio
communication sector (ITU-R) is finalized its view of a defined actionable timeline
towards IMT for 2020 and beyond.

ITU-R 5G related activities

ITU-R IMT 2020 and beyond
Figure 111: ITU-R IMT 2020 and beyond
ITU has a rich history in the development of radio interface standards for mobile
communications. The framework of standards for IMT, encompassing IMT-2000 and
IMT-Advanced, spans the 3G and 4G industry perspectives and will continue to
evolve as 5G with IMT-2020.
ITU-R began in 2012 a programme to develop IMT-2020 and beyond, setting the
stage for the 5G research activities that have since emerged across the world. In
September 2015 the organization has finalized its Vision of the 5G mobile
broadband connected society. This view of the horizon for the future of mobile
technology will be key in setting the agenda for the World Radio communication
Conference (WRC) 2019, where deliberations on additional spectrum are taking
place in support of the future growth of IMT.
WP 5D is responsible for the overall radio system aspects of IMT systems,
comprising IMT 2020 and beyond (but also IMT-2000, IMT-Advanced). Through the
leading role of Working Party 5D ITU-R which has finalized its vision of a timeline
towards IMT-2020. In the next phase, in the 2016-2017 time-frame, WP 5D will
define in detail the performance requirements, evaluation criteria and methodology
for the assessment of new IMT radio interface. It is anticipated that the timeframe for
proposals will be focused in 2018.
In 2018-2020 the evaluation by independent external evaluation groups and
definition of the new radio interfaces to be included in IMT-2020 will take place.
WP 5D also plans to hold a workshop in late 2017 that will allow for an explanation
and discussion on performance requirements and evaluation criteria and
methodology for candidate technologies for IMT-2020 that has been developed by
WP 5D, as well as to provide an opportunity for presentations by potential
proponents for IMT-2020 in an informal setting.
The whole process is planned to be completed in 2020 when a draft new ITU-R
Recommendation with detailed specifications for the new radio interfaces will be
submitted for approval within ITU-R.
The Secretary-General of ITU, Houlin Zhao said: Following additional spectrum
allocations for mobile during the World Radio Communication Conference in late
2015, ITU is continuing to work in close collaboration with governments and the
global mobile industry to make rapid progress in bringing the vision of IMT-2020 to
fruition. Future steps in 5G mobile technology are aimed at a new paradigm of
connectivity among people and things in a smart, networked environment
encompassing big data, applications, transport systems and urban centers.

147
ITU UPDATE: The work of the ITU-T Focus Group on network aspects of IMT-
2020 (5G): https://youtu.be/9JAj3QJVETY
ITU INTERVIEWS: Stephen M Blust, AT&T speaking on mobile broadband:
https://youtu.be/fQrWyvlbM6A

NGMN 5G related activities

NGMN 5G related activities
The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance is a forum made up of 28
mobile operators and various other mobile industry ecosystem companies including
network and handset vendors, and research institutes. It was founded by leading
international mobile network operators in 2006.
The NGMN Alliance is developing, consolidating and communicating operator
requirements to ensure that customer needs and expectations on mobile broadband
are fulfilled.
Figure 112: NGMN 5G related activities
NGMN began working on identifying requirements for 5G standards in Q4 2013.
NGMN has launched a 5G-focused work-programme that will build on and further
evolve the NGMN 5G White Paper guidelines (published its 5G White Paper at
Mobile World Congress 2015) with the intention to support the standardization and
subsequent availability of 5G for 2020 and beyond.
The key tasks of the project teams will be: the development of 5G requirements and
design principles, the analysis of potential 5G solutions, and the assessment of
future use-cases and business models. The outcome of the work will be shared and
discussed with all relevant industry-organizations, SDOs and research groups.
NGMN positions operators at the forefront of 5G development:
https://youtu.be/MlYwkXqMJuc

149
3GPP work on 5G
3GPP 5G related activities
The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has drawn up its evolution
roadmap to 2020.
Figure 113: 3GPP 5G related activities
The 3GPP is starting work on a more detailed set of standards for 5G. Their initial
focus is on setting requirements (the technical requirements defined in TR 38.913
Study on Scenarios and Requirements for Next Generation Access Technologies),
followed by formal Study Items (SI) to baseline the architecture and radio
technologies. This will lead to work items between 2017 and 2019 to define the
complete 5G specification, resulting in the first release being issued as part of 3GPP
Release 15.
While the normative work can be phased to initially specified support for only a
subset of the identified use cases and requirements. It seems widely agreed that,
the design of the new radio should be forwarded and has to be compatible so it can
optimally support the remaining use cases and satisfy the requirements that will be
added in a later phase:
• Phase 1 to be completed by H2 2018 (3GPP Release 15) to address a more
urgent subset of the commercial needs (to be agreed).
• Phase 2 to be completed by Dec 2019 (3GPP Release 16) for the IMT 2020
submission and to address all identified use cases and requirements.
Check out this Podcast called: Time-line for 5G in 3GPP-SD
http://tube.int.nokia.com/Pages/NSNPodcastDetail.aspx?ItemId=6610

5G related European Union projects

5G related European Union projects
Figure 114: 5G related European Union projects
The list of the projects shown here is a non exhaustive list. See more at
https://5g-ppp.eu/5g-ppp-phase-1-projects/
Much of the European 5G research is funded by the European Union. The 7th
Framework Programme (FP7) was a funded European Research and Technological
Development from 2007 until 2013 (projects needed to start by 2013 for FP7
funding, but could run an additional 2-3 years).
The 5G Public Private Partnership (5G PPP, previously 8th Framework Program) is
a collaborative research program that is organized as part of the European
Commission’s Horizon 2020 program – The European Union Program for Research
and Innovation. It is aimed at fostering industry-driven research, which is controlled
by businesses, performance and societal KPIs. The 5G PPP has a lifetime from
2014 to 2020 and is open for international cooperation and participation. Within this
research and innovation framework, the European Commission, with the approval of
the European Parliament, has committed 700M€ of public funds to supporting 5G
PPP activities. Complementary private investment in the order of five times the
amount is expected to be provided by Industry, SME, and Research Institutes to
realize the 5G-PPP vision. The private side in 5G PPP is represented by the 5G
Infrastructure Association.
The 5G PPP is expected to fund many projects over the next several years. The
main related projects are given on this slide but this is not an exhaustive list.
More information is available at http://5g-ppp.eu/ or Twitter: @5GPPP

151
5G related activities in Asia

5G related activities in Asia
Figure 115: 5G related activities in Asia
5G related activities in China

The 5G-related activities in China are primarily centered on two main fora. These
two fora are the IMT-2020 Promotion Group and Ministry of Science & Technology
(MOST) 863-5G Project.
The IMT-2020 promotion group was jointly established by three ministries in China
(the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and
Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology) in February 2013
based on the original IMT-Advanced Promotion Group, with the objective to Promote
5G research and development Facilitate global cooperation on 5G R&D.
The IMT-2020 promotion group does not carry out any detailed research activities
itself but should be seen more as discussion or coordination fora. The set of
members of the IMT-2020 promotion group includes Chinese operators, vendors,
universities and research institutes. Foreign companies cannot be members of the
IMT-2020 promotion group but are invited to events such as workshops. More
information is available at http://www.imt-2020.cn/en
863-5G is a government-sponsored research activity on 5G wireless access as part
of the overall Chinese 863 research program. The first call of 863-5G activities
consist of four topics or directions covering three years (2014-2016). These four
aspects covered are Radio-access-network (RAN) architecture, Radio-transmission
technologies, Visions, requirements, and spectrum and enabling techniques and
Evaluation and test methodology.
The 863-5G activities are not limited to Chinese companies; non-Chinese
companies may also participate. The list of non-Chinese companies participating in
the 863-5G activities includes Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung and NTT DoCoMo.
5G related activities in South Korea

South Korea formed the 5G Forum, an industry-academia cooperative program in
May 2013. The appointed chairing companies include the Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), three major telcos (for example, KT,
SKT and LG U+) and major electronics companies such as Samsung Electronics,
LG Electronics, KMW and Dio Interactive. The Forum has identified four strategies
to promote in Korea which include: activation of 5G R&D, implementation of
universal infrastructure, creation of mobile service and establishment of national
policy.

By 2020 the South Korean government intends to commercially deploy 5G mobile
telecommunication technology for the first time in the world featuring five core 5G
services during the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. This would include social
networking services; mobile 3D imaging; artificial intelligence; high-speed services;
and ultra- and high-definition resolution capabilities; and holographic technologies.
More information is available at http://www.5gforum.org
5G related activities in Japan

In Japan, the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) 2020 and
beyond Ad Hoc group was established in September 2013 with the objective to
study system concepts, basic functions and distribution/architecture of mobile
communication in 2020 and beyond.
The country has set an ambitious target of having commercial 5G services available
in time for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. Additionally, The Fifth Generation
Mobile Communications Promotion Forum (5GMF) was created in September 2014
to conduct research & development concerning the 5G system and research and
study pertaining to standardization thereof, along with liaison and coordination with
related organizations, the collection of information, and dissemination and
enlightenment activities aimed at the early realization of the 5G Systems, all with the
aim of thereby contributing to the sound development of the use of
telecommunications.
More information is available at http://5gmf.jp/en/

153
5G related activities in the Americas

5G related activities in the Americas
Several 5G activity in the Americas has been taking place in various universities.
These research activities are often joint activities with private industry, funded
through government grants, or a combination of the two.
Figure 116: 5G related activities in the Americas
5G Americas is an industry trade organization composed of leading
telecommunications service providers and manufacturers. The organization's
mission is to advocate for and foster the advancement and full capabilities of LTE
wireless technology and its evolution beyond to 5G, throughout the ecosystem's
networks, services, applications and wirelessly connected devices in the Americas.
5G Americas is invested in developing a connected wireless community while
leading 5G development for all the Americas.
5G Americas officially announced the change of the organization’s name from 4G
Americas on February 12, 2016.
More information is available at http://www.5gamericas.org or
Twitter@5GAmericas.

Nokia key role within 5G industry cooperation

Nokia 5G related research activities
The following figure illustrates the Nokia’s contribution in shaping and aligning the
global 5G end-to-end ecosystem:
Figure 117: Nokia 5G related research activities
We are a leader in 5G research, and we play a vital role in its definition and
development through major research projects. These projects are conducted by Bell
Labs and FutureWorks through partnerships with mobile operators, universities and
key 5G organizations, like 5G PPP, NGMN, ITU and 3GPP.
Nokia’s position as a leader in innovation is stronger than ever through the
combination of the Nobel prize winning research organization at Bell Labs and the
cutting edge research at FutureWorks.
The combination of these research capabilities will drive breakthrough innovations
that will shape and define the networks of the future of our connected lives.
Ultimately, the creation of a successful 5G standard requires the best ideas to be
adopted, no matter where they come from. And requirements from outside the
telecom industry are very important to consider.
Nokia has established a broad range of innovation partnerships to establish a
common direction through collaboration in requirement setting, technology research
and finally in standardization.
Therefore, we are driving collaborative research with customers (for example, NTT
DOCOMO, SKT, KT, DT, CMCC), governmental bodies, regulatory and industry
bodies (for example, NGMN, IEEE), industry & scientific community, 5G labs (for
example, 5G lab at TU Dresden) and universities (for example, New York University
for channel measurements and characterization or University of Kaiserslautern for
5G architecture).
Particularly, Nokia is a leading contributor to 5G radio system and overall
architecture within 5G PPP Projects: 5G-NORMA, METIS-II, FANTASTIC-5G,
mmMAGIC and Xhaul.
In addition to its contributions in these projects, Nokia also holds the chair position of
the entire 5G-PPP Infrastructure Association Board and participates in several
overall coordinating workgroups of the 5G-PPP Initiative.
On top of that, Nokia participates in a Coordinating Support Action (CSA) project
called EURO-5G for effective and efficient co-operation between all projects of the
5G-PPP, all associated partners, the European Commission and related national
initiatives.

155
Summary: Landscape of major 5G industry activities

Module Summary
• List major 5G industry activities.
• Describe ITU R 5G related activities.
• Describe NGMN 5G related activities.
• Describe 3GPP work on 5G.
• Explain 5G related European Union projects.
• Explain 5G related activities in Asia.
• Explain 5G related activities in the Americas.
• Identify Nokia key role within 5G industry cooperation.


Roadmap for 5G standards and rollout
157

Module Objectives
• Describe key milestones in 5G development.
• Explain 5G roadmap.
• Explain how Nokia is serving Early Adopters for extreme Broadband.
Key milestones in 5G development

Key milestones in 5G development
Figure 118: Key milestones in 5G development
In early 2012, ITU-R embarked on a programme to develop IMT-2020 (International
Mobile Telecommunications 2020), setting the stage for the 5G research activities
that have since emerged across the world.
The EC’s (The European Commission) 5G research activities began in November
2012 with the co-funding of METIS (Mobile and wireless communications Enablers
for the Twenty-twenty (2020) Information Society).
During Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2013, GSMA launched an industry effort to
think about the future of the mobile services industry. In December 2013, the
European Union went further and announced a joint 5G research and innovation
project with the private sector: The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5G
PPP).
In Japan, The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) 2020 and
beyond Ad Hoc group was established in September 2013 with the objective to
study system concepts, basic functions and distribution and architecture of mobile
communication in 2020 and beyond.
The industry buzz on 5G increased dramatically in 2014. Attention was becoming
more focused on establishing the operator’s view of the enablers for a connected
society in the 2020 and beyond timeframe.
On July 1, 2015, the projects from the first phase of the 5G PPP started. The first
call for projects has resulted in nineteen projects being selected addressing a rich
cross section of the research challenges leading to a 5G infrastructure by 2020.

In 2015, the ITU-R finalized it's Vision of the 5G mobile broadband connected
society. This view of the horizon for the future of mobile technology was the key in
setting the agenda for the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) 2015,
where discussions regarding additional spectrum take place in support of the future
growth of the industry.

159
5G roadmap
5G roadmap
The roadmap, milestones and steps to be taken towards the final deployment are
essential prerequisites for the overall success of 5G.
Figure 119: 5G roadmap
Research work on 5G started about five years ago with significant research projects
in Europe, China, Korea, and Japan. At the same time, ITU-R started working on
setting the fundamental requirements for 5G, followed more recently by the (Next
Generation Mobile Networks) NGMN, an operator pre-standards organization, with
the release of it's 5G White Paper at Mobile World Congress (MWC) 2015.
Moving forward, the 3GPP will start working on a more detailed set of standards for
5G. Their initial focus is on setting requirements, followed by formal study items to
baseline the architecture and radio technologies. This will lead to work items
between 2017 and 2019 to define the complete 5G specification, resulting in the first
release being issued as part of 3GPP Release 15. Therefore, trials prior to 2019
cannot be standard based.
In parallel, ITU-R is expected to launch a formal call for candidate radio technologies
for it's IMT-2020 project and prepare for the critical World Radio Conference (WRC)
in 2019 where new radio bands above 20 GHz are expected to be identified.
Mobile Network Operators are expected to hold technology trials in 2018 and limited
customer trials in 2019, with early commercial 5G deployments starting in 2020-
2021. Particularly, Korea and Japan are aggressive on the timetable of 5G. Both
Korea and Japan are about to show their competence on 5G technology
development by providing 5G services in 2018 Winter Olympic Games and 2020
Summer Olympic Games respectively.

Early Adopters for extreme Broadband served by Nokia

Serving early adopters
Figure 120: Serving early adopters
5G will happen faster than expected. This may surprise some of you, Chief
Executive Rajeev Suri declared to an audience including investors ahead of the
Mobile World Congress 2016 in Barcelona.
First commercial 5G deployments are expected to happen starting 2020. As
mentioned in previous slide, some markets, especially Korea and Japan need high
capacity mobile broadband to be deployed by 2020. This will require the standards
to be agreed and finalized in 2018. But pre-standard products and trials will take
place in 2017 and 2018.
In 2017, Nokia targets 5G-ready massive broadband solution for last hop to the
home. The solution bridges from the existing fiber network using high throughput
5G-ready hotspots placed, for example, on adjacent lamp posts to cover the last
hop. This ensures at least 1 Gbps throughput for every home. Nokia will start
performing trials in 2016 and targets commercial availability in 2017.
Connecting homes near fiber, Nokia’s 5G-ready solution is the first concrete step
towards realizing the benefits inherent with full 5G.
Next step will be in 2018, with Pre standardized trials. It will be triggered by South
Korea Telecom's ambition to have 5G-ready networks running in time for the 2018
Winter Olympics in South Korea.
And finally, as outlined before, the first commercial 5G deployments are expected to
happen starting 2020. this 3GPP compliant solution will see the introduction of novel
layers and architectural changes beyond those implemented in pre-standard phase;
to enable the full potential of 5G.
At Nokia, we are ready to help operators turn 5G technical concepts into real
business. Our holistic services approach and methodology guides them throughout
the whole 5G journey. Are you ready for this new experience?
Click on https://youtu.be/LaKyga5unGU or scan the QR code in the image to
play the video.

161
Summary: Roadmap for 5G standards and rollout

Module Summary
• Describe the key milestones in 5G development.
• Explain 5G roadmap.
• Explain how Nokia is serving Early Adopters for extreme Broadband.

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Critical machine communication.........................................................................45

Potential building blocks for 5G New-Radio....................................................... 83

Evolution of different generations of mobile communication

Figure 1: 30 years of evolution

LTE and LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced Pro

LTE-M and NB-IoT

Key differentiators and weaknesses of each generation of

Figure 2: Killer applications

Why we will need 5G

Figure 3: Cellular market trends 1/2

Figure 4: Cellular market trends 2/2

Figure 5: A fully mobile and connected society

The explosive growth of mobile internet

Figure 6: The explosive growth of mobile internet (1/2)

Figure 7: The explosive growth of mobile internet (2/2)

Figure 8: Towards Programmable world

Figure 9: From Internet of content to Internet of Things

Figure 10: More of everything

Consumers ever increasing expectations

Figure 11: Consumers ever increasing expectations (1/2)

Figure 12: Consumers ever increasing expectations (2/2)

Why 4G is not enough

Figure 13: LTE evolution towards 5G

Why can't we simply evolve LTE?

Will this make 4G obsolete?

What 5G is and what it is not

What 5G is and what it is not

Figure 14: What is 5G?

Figure 15: What makes a 5G system

Figure 16: Hashtag #5G

What 5G is and what it is not

Figure 17: What 5G is and what it is not

Summary: What 5G is and what it is not

5G potential use cases

Figure 18: 5G for people and things (1/2)

Figure 19: 5G for people and things (2/2)

Myriad of use cases

Figure 20: Myriad of use cases - Interconnected

Figure 21: Myriad of use cases - Augmented

Figure 22: Myriad of use cases - Virtual and Tactile

Figure 23: Myriad of use cases - Autonomous

Figure 24: Myriad of use cases - Superefficient

Figure 25: Myriad of use cases - Revolutionized

Nokia-defined use cases

Figure 26: Nokia-defined use cases

Extreme mobile broadband

Figure 27: Extreme mobile broadband

Massive machine communication

Figure 28: Massive machine communication

Critical machine communication

Figure 29: Critical machine communication

NGMN-defined use scenarios

Figure 30: NGMN-defined use scenarios

Usage scenarios defined by ITU-R

Figure 31: Usage scenarios of IMT for 2020 and beyond

Summary: 5G potential use cases

Diverse requirements for 5G