Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
And
rotational motion
Translation
+
Rotational motion
7.2 CENTRE OF MASS
We may define
centre of mass of a
body or a system
of bodies as a
point at which the
entire mass of the
body/system of
bodies, is
supposed to be
concentrated.
7.2.1Centre of Mass of a Two
Particle System
Consider a system of two
particles of mass m1 and
m2 located at A and B
respectively, where
Let C be the position of
centre of mass of the
system of two particles. It
would lie on the line joining
A and B. Let
be the position
vector of
r,
centre of mass.
v1 evaluate
To , v2 suppose
are velocities of
particles m1 and m2
Respectively at any instant t.
Then
dr 1 dr 2
v1 = and v2 = ...(1)
dt dt
f1
Letf 2 = external force applied
on particle of mass m1
F12 = external force applied on
particle of mass m2
F21
d
d (4), we get
Adding (3)
and
( m1 v1 ) + ( m2 v2 ) = f1 + F12 + f 2 + F21
dt dt
As F12 = − F21
d
∴ [( m1 v1 ) +m2 v2 ] = f1 + f 2 = f ...( 5)
dt
Where f 1 = total external force on the system
of two particles.
Using (1),we get
d dr1 dr2
m1 + m2 = f
dt dt dt
d d
or (m1 r1 + m2 r2 ) = f
dt dt
d2 d
or 2
(m1 r1 + m2 r2 ) = f
dt dt
m1 +we
From ((7), )r = m1 r1 + m2 r2
m2get ...(9)
m1 r1 + m2 r2 + ...mn rn
r=
m1 + m2 + ...mn
7.3 MOTION OF
Equipped with the definition of the centre of
CENTRE
mass, we OF
are now in a position MASS
to discuss its
physical importance for a system of particles. we
know :
second particle etc. and is the
velocity of the centre of mass. Note that we
assumed the masses m1, m2, ... etc. do not
change in time. We have therefore, treated them
as constants in differentiating the equations with
respect to time.
Differentiating Eq.(7.8) with respect to time, we
obtain
Now, from Newton’s second law, the force acting
on the first particle is given by . The
force acting on the second particle is given by
on. Eq. (7.9) may be written
as
(7.11)
7.4 LINEAR MOMENTUM OF A SYSTEM
OF PARTICLES
The linear momentum of an object is
defined as the motion contained in a body
OR the product of the mass and velocity is
known as momentum.
Momentum
l ω
and Angular Velocity
In general, each component of the total
r’
angular momentum depends on all the
components of the angular velocity.
L = ∑ ri × m i v i = ∑ i
r × m i (
ω × ri ) = ∑ i i
m r 2
ω − (
ri ω) ri ( )
i i i
L x = − ∑ mi z i x i ω ; L y = − ∑ mi zi yi ω ;
i i
i
( ) i
(
L z = ∑ mi ri2ω − z i ω ⋅ zi = ∑ mi ri2 − zi2 ) ω = ∑ m r'
i
2
i i ω
7.6 Torque and angular
momentum
Torque , about the reference point O, due to a
force F exerted on a particle, is defined as the
vector product of the position relative to the
reference point and force
In other words Turning effect of force
is known as torque .
r
O
τ
The angular momentum of a particle, about the
reference point O, is defined as the vector
product of the position, relative to the reference
point, and momentum of the particle
In other words motion contained in a
body while it is moving in circular part is
known as angular momentum.
l
p
r
O
7.7 Equilibrium of a
rigid body
F1 F
O A 3
F2
gravitational
torque
7.8 Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia or rotational inertia of a
body about a given axis of rotation is
defined as the sum of the product of the
masses of the particles and square of the
distances from the axis of rotation.
L 3 L
M M x 1
y
Iy = ∫ x2 dx = ⋅ = ML2
dx 0 L L 3 0
3
x
L
3 L/2
L/2 M M x 1
Icm = ∫ x 2 dx = ⋅ = ML2
−L / 2 L L 3 −L / 2
12
Moment of
inertia of a
uniform circle
r
dr
d
R2
2 M
2
I A = ∫ r dm = ∫ ∫ r ⋅ 2
rdϕdr =
circle πR
00
M R 3 2π M R4 1 2
= ∫ r ∫ d ϕ dr = 2 π ⋅ ⋅ = MR
πR 2 0 0 πR 2 4 2
Moment of Inertia for
system of particles and a
continuous body
A
system of particles:
IA = ∑ i i
m r '2 r’
ri’
dm
mi
i
continuous body
A
Moments of Inertia of some regular shaped bodies
about specific axes
7.8.1 radius of gyration
Distance of a point in a body from the axis
of rotation, at which if whole of the mass of
the body were supposed to be concentrated,
its moment of inertia about the axis of
rotation will be same as that determined by
actual distribution of mass of the body is
called radius of gyration.
it is denoted by K.
Notice from the Table 7.1 that in all cases,
we can write , where
k has the dimension of length. For a rod,
about the perpendicular axis at its midpoint,
7.9 THEOREMS OF
PERPENDICULAR AND
PARALLEL AXES
These are two useful theorems
relating to moment of inertia. We
shall first discuss the theorem of
perpendicular axes and its simple yet
instructive application in working out
the moments of inertia of some
regular-shaped bodies.
7.9.1 Theorem of
It perpendicular
states that axes
the moment of inertia of a planar
body (lamina) about an axis perpendicular
to its plane is equal to the sum of its
moments of inertia about two perpendicular
axes concurrent with perpendicular axis
and lying in the plane of the body.
The figure shows a planar body. An axis
perpendicular to the body through a point O is
taken as the z-axis. Two mutually perpendicular
axes lying in the plane of the body and
concurrent with z-axis, i.e. passing through O,
are taken as the x and y-axes. The theorem
states that;
Derivation:
Let us consider a plane lamina lying
in the XOY plane. The lamina is
made up of a large number of
Now PNl= x, PN = y
Moment of inertia about X-axis = my2
Moment of inertia of the whole of lamina about X-axis
Pure rotational
For pure rotation, we consider
that the rotating disk rotates
about a fixed axis with angular
velocity, "ω" such that :
⇒ ω = vC /R
⇒ v = vC = ωR
However, if we consider a particle
inside the disk at radial distance
"r", then its linear velocity
resulting from pure rotation is
given by :
⇒ v = ωr
Substituting value of ω from
earlier equation, we can obtain
the velocity of a particle inside
the rotating disk as :
v = (vC r)/R
(2)
where "r" is the linear distance of
the position occupied by the
particle from the axis of rotation.
Pure translation
K=KR+KT