Week 10

EE-434 Power Electronics
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Topi 23460, Pakistan
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
March 21, 2019
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources March 21, 2019 1 / 21
Overview
1 DC-DC Boost converter

Assumptions for analysis
Analysis for switch closed
Analysis for switch open
Transfer function derivation
Determining the component values
Inductance value
Capacitor value
What happens when the converter first starts?
Design Examples
Simulation results of Example 6-4
2 Comparison of buck and boost converter
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Introduction
The output voltage is always greater than the input voltage and hence it is
called a boost converter.
Analysis is based on following.
Steady-state conditions exist.
Switching period is T, switch is closed for DT and open for (1-D)T
Inductor is in CCM
Output capacitor is large enough so that the voltage (Vo ) is
essentially constant.
All components are ideal.
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Analysis for switch closed 0 ≤ T ≤ DT
The equivalent circuit with switch closed is shown below. Diode is reverse
biased.
Applying KVL around the closed path

diL diL Vs
vL = Vs = L =⇒ = (1)
dt dt L
Current increases linearly during this duration. The current starts from an
initial value and ends at some value. So that the change in inductor
current is given as
Vs DT
(∆iL )closed = (2)
L .
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Analysis for switch closed 0 ≤ T ≤ DT
Figure: Inductor voltage

Figure: Inductor current
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Analysis for switch open DT ≤ T ≤ T
The equivalent circuit with switch open is shown below. Diode is forward
biased because inductor current needs a path.
Applying KVL around the closed path

diL diL Vs − Vo
vL = Vs − Vo = L=⇒ = (3)
dt dt L
Current decreases linearly during this duration. The current starts from
the peak value and ends at some value. So that the change in inductor
current is given as
(Vs − Vo )(1 − D)T
(∆iL )open = (4)
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Analysis for switch closed DT ≤ T ≤ T
Figure: Inductor voltage

Figure: Inductor current
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For steady state operation, the change in inductor current should be zero.
Using (2) and (4)
(∆iL )closed + (∆iL )open = 0 (5)

| {z } | {z }
Vs DT (Vs −Vo )(1−D)T
L L
Solving for Vo ,
Vs
Vs (D + 1 − D) − Vo (1 − D) = 0 =⇒ Vo = (6)
1−D
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Transfer function can also be computed by equating the volt-sec product
equal to zero.
VL = Vs D + (Vs − Vo )(1 − D) = 0 (7)

Solving for Vo ,
Vs
Vo = (8)
1−D
Observations
Output voltage is not a linear function. For D=1 the output tends to
infinity however, non-ideality of components does not let this happen.
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Figure: Transfer characteristics of

ideal boost converter
Figure: Transfer characteristics of boost

converter with finite resistance in inductor
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For a lossless converter
Pin = Po (9)
|{z} |{z}
Vs Is = Vs IL Vo Io
Equating and substituting (8)
V2o (Vs /(1 − D))2 V2s
Vs IL = = = R (10)
R R (1 − D)2
Solving for average inductor current
Vs R V2o Vo Io
IL = = = (11)
(1 − D) R
2 Vs R Vs
Maximum and minimum inductor currents are determined by
∆iL Vs Vs DT
Imax = IL + = + (12)
2 (1 − D) R
2 2L
∆iL Vs Vs DT
Imin = IL − = − (13)
2 (1 − D) R
2 2L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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To ensure CCM,
Vs Vs DT
Imin = − =0 (14)
(1 − D) R
2 2L
or
Vs Vs DT Vs D
= = (15)
(1 − D) R
2 2L 2Lf
Minimum combination of inductance and switching frequency in CCM is
D(1 − D)2 R
(Lf)min = (16)
2
D(1 − D)2 R
Lmin = (17)
2f
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For a design perspective inductance is usually expressed in terms of the
desired current ripple. The method no.2 presented in Week 9 is used.
Consider the following
For the On time,

Vs
∆IL = slope × DT = DT = 0 (18)
L
Rearranging,
Vs DT Vs D
L= = (19)
∆iL ∆iL f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Peak to peak output ripple can be The ripple voltage is

calculated using capacitor waveform
Vo DT Vo D
∆Vo = = (21)
RC RCf
or
∆Vo D
= (22)
Vo RCf
Capacitor value is given as
D
Vo C= (23)
|∆Q| = DT = C∆Vo (20) R(∆Vo /Vo )f
R
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The capacitor voltage swings around an average value as shown below
Using the current through a capacitor the slope of the capacitor voltage
ic
can be expressed as dv
dt = C
dvc (t) ic (t) −V
= = (24)
dt C RC
Change in capacitor voltage is given as
−Vo
slope × DT =⇒ −2∆Vo = DT (25)
RC
Vo D
C= (26)
fR∆vo .
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What happens when the converter first starts?
The inductor current is a straight line for the first few switching cycles
because the output voltage is negligible.
Student exercise
SImulation is FUN. try it at home
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Example 6-4
Scenario
Design a boost converter that will have an output of 30 V from a 12-V
source. Design for continuous inductor current and an output ripple
voltage of less than one percent. The load is a resistance of 50Ω. Assume
ideal components for this design.
Solution:
Using (8) D=1- VVos =0.6
Selecting a switching frequency f=25kHz.
The minimum inductance is given in (17)
D(1 − D)2 R
Lmin == 96µH (27)
2f
To ensure CCM, let L=120µH.
Using (11) and (2)
(Vs
IL = = 1.5A (28)
(1 − D)2 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Example 6-4
∆iL Vs DT
= = 1.2A (29)
2 2L
This means
Imax = 1.5 + 1.2 = 1.7A (30)
Imax = 1.5 − 1.2 = 0.3A (31)
Capacitor value is given as
D
C≥ = 48µF (32)
R(∆Vo /Vo )f
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Simulation results of Example 6-4
Vi and Vo are input and output voltage respectively. VL is the inductor

voltage, IL is inductor current (multiplied by 4 for easy visualization) Ic is
capacitor current(multiplied by 15 for easy visualization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Example 6-5
Please go through this example yourself and remember

SIMULATION is FUN :)
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Comparison of buck and boost converter
Specifications Buck Boost

Switch parameters 01 VDSmin = Vin 01 VDSmin = Vin
Diode 01 VRRmin = Vin 01 VRRmin = Vin
Capacitor 01 VC ≥ Vo 01 VC ≥ Vo
Inductor 01 IL ≥ Irms 01 IL ≥ Irms
Gate driver High side Low side
Discontinuous input Continuous input ,dis-
Current1
,continuous output continuous output
cell7 cell8 cell9
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Important in PV system design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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EE-434 Power Electronics

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

March 21, 2019

1 DC-DC Boost converter

2 Comparison of buck and boost converter

Applying KVL around the closed path

Figure: Inductor voltage

Applying KVL around the closed path

Figure: Inductor voltage

(∆iL )closed + (∆iL )open = 0 (5)

VL = Vs D + (Vs − Vo )(1 − D) = 0 (7)

Figure: Transfer characteristics of

Figure: Transfer characteristics of boost

For the On time,

Peak to peak output ripple can be The ripple voltage is

Vi and Vo are input and output voltage respectively. VL is the inductor

Please go through this example yourself and remember

Specifications Buck Boost

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