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ECUATIILE DE BAZA ALE

SCHIMBATOARELOR DE
CALDURA

- Ecuatia de bilant termic;


- Ecuatia generala de transfer de caldura.
Ecuatia de bilant termic

& & &


Q1 = Q2 + Qma [W ]
Forme particulare ale
ecuatiei de bilant termic
 Coeficientul de retinere al caldurii:
Q& 2 Q& ma
η r Q&1 = Q& 2 ⇔ ηr = & = 1 − &
Q1 Q1
 Fluide bifazice:
η r ⋅ M& 1 ⋅ (h1i − h1e ) = M& 2 ⋅ (h2e − h2i ) [W ]
 Fluide monofazice:
η r ⋅ M& 1 ⋅ c p1 ⋅ (T1i − T1e ) = M& 2 ⋅ c p 2 ⋅ (T2e − T2i ) [W ] ⇔
⇔ η r C1 ⋅ (T1i − T1e ) = C2 ⋅ (T2e − T2i )
C1 = M& 1 ⋅ c p1, C2 = M& 2 ⋅ c p 2 [W/K].
Ecuatia generala de
transfer de caldura

Q1→2 = S ⋅ K s ⋅ (T1 − T2 )
& [W ]
∫ s K s ⋅ (T1 − T2 ) ⋅ dS
K s ⋅ (T1 − T2 ) =
S
K S = const . ⇒ Q& 1−2 = K s ⋅ S ⋅ ∆Tmed [W ]
Coeficientul global de
schimb de caldura
 Perete plan: 1 1  W 
Ks = = n  m2 ⋅ K 
Rs ,tot  
∑ Rs,i
i =1

1  W 
Ks =  m 2 ⋅ K 
1 δp 1
+ Rs, d1 + + Rs, d 2 +
α1 λp α2

1 1
= + R s , d 1 + Rs , d 2
K s K s ,o
1  W 
K s ,o =
1 δp 1  m 2 ⋅ K 
+ +
α1 λ p α 2
Coeficientul global de
schimb de caldura
 Perete tubular: Kl =
1
=
1  W 
Rl ,tot n  m ⋅ K 
∑ Rl ,i
i =1
1  W 
Kl =  m ⋅ K 
1 Rs ,d 1 1 d Rs ,d 2 1
+ + ln e + +
π d iα 1 π d i 2π λ p d i π d e π d eα 2

1 1 Rsd 1 Rsd 2
= + +
K l K lo π di π d e
1  W 
K lo =  m ⋅ K 
1 1 d 1
+ ln e +
π d iα 1 2π λ p d i π d eα 2

Kl  W 
KS =
π ⋅ d  m 2 ⋅ K 
Valori orientative ale coeficientilor globali de
schimb de caldura
Ks,o
Tipul de aparat
W/(m2.K)
Preîncălzitor de apă 1100 – 8500
Schimbător apă-apă 850 – 1700
Condensator de abur 1100 – 5600
Condensator de freon 280 – 850
Condensator de amoniac 850 – 1400
Condensator de alcool 255 – 680
Răcitor de aer cu aripioare 25 – 55
Încălzitor de aer cu
28 – 280
aripioare utilizând abur
Schimbător apă-ulei 110 - 350
Schimbător abur-ulei uşor 170 – 340
Schimbător abur-ulei greu 56 – 170
Schimbător gaze-gaze 10 - 40
Diferenta medie logaritmica de temperatura
Curgerea în echicurent:

Curgerea în contracurent:
Diferenta medie logaritmica de
temperatura
dQ& = − M& 1c p1dT1 = ± M& 2 c p 2 dT2

dQ& = K s (T1 − T2 )dS


dQ& dQ&
⇒ dT1 = − ; dT2 = ±
&
M 1c p1 M& 2 c p 2
 1 1 
⇒ d (T1 − T2 ) = −dQ
& ± 
 M& 1c p1 M& 2 c p 2 
 
d (T1 − T2 )  1 1 
⇒ = −K s  ± dS
T1 − T2  M& 1c p1 M& 2 c p 2 
 
Diferenta medie logaritmica de
temperatura
T1i − T2i  1 1 
Echicurent (+ ) ⇔ ln = Ks  + S
T1e − T2e  M& 1c p1 M& 2 c p 2  o
 
Q& Q&
M& 1c p1 = &
; M 2c p2 =
T1i − T1e T2e − T2i
T1i − T2i K s
⇒ ln = (T1i − T1e + T2e − T2i )So
T1e − T2e Q&

(T − T2i ) − (T1e − T2e ) = K S ∆T ec


⇔ Q& = K s S o 1i [W ]
s o med
T1i − T2i
ln
T1e − T2e

ec (T1i − T2i ) − (T1e − T2e ) cc (T1i − T2e ) − (T1e − T2i )


∆Tmed = ∆Tmed =
T1i − T2i T1i − T2e
ln ln
T1e − T2e T1e − T2i
Cazuri particulare - Diferenta medie logaritmica de temperatura
Variatii monotone de temperatura:

∆Tmax − ∆Tmin
∆Tmed =
∆Tmax
ln
∆Tmin
T −T T2e − T2i
T ∆Tmed = 1i 1e T
∆Tmed =
T ∆T
T −T T −T
ln 1i 2 s ln 1s 2i med = T1s − T2 s
T1e − T2 s T1s − T2e
T1i
T1i=T1e=T1s T1i=T1e=T1s

T2e T2i=T2e=T2s
T1e
T2i=T2e=T2s
T2i

S S S
Cazuri particulare - Diferenta medie logaritmica de temperatura
Variatii nemonotone de temperatura:
T ∆TIImed
∆TI ∆TIIImed
med
T1i T1s
T1e
T2e

T2i F Tip curgere


I II III 1,0
R = ct.
S 0,2
Curgerea in curent incrucisat:
4,0
ci cc
∆Tmed = F ⋅ ∆Tmed 0,5
0 1,0 P
 ∆T2 T2e − T2i C2 ∆T1 T1i − T1e  ec ci cc
F = f  P = ε =

d
=
∆Tmax T1i − T2i
, R = = = 
C1 ∆T2 T2e − T2i  ⇒ ∆Tmed ≤ ∆Tmed ≤ ∆Tmed

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