Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

Task 4- P4
1. Metals:

(A). Steel iron alloy: some elements such as (Cr, Ti, Mo, W) when these are mixed with steel, we get
the form of hard and stable carbides as a result of its production. When chromium Cr and steel are
both mixed, it results to form chromium carbides as chromium reacts with carbon atoms. The grain
growth rate is increase by chromium, otherwise chromium can result in brittle properties therefore
It is very important in making sure that chromium is not overheated. Materials have high tensile
strength if the grain growth rate is decreased. The materials mentioned above are very good for the
use of hardening steel as it slow the rate of gain growth.

The material toughness is greater when the fine grain structure is seen. Chromium and nickel are
mostly mixed with steel as this helps to increase the chemical resistance properties of steel.

When steel is mixed in some other elements such as Al, Ni, Co and Si; it results in graphitisation of
cementite. In steel, silicon acts as a deoxidizer. This also result in poor surface quality due to the low
carbon steel that damages its surface. The strength and hardness of steel can be increased by using
silicon. Also, electrical resistance properties and oxidation can be increase by the help of silicon. The
hardness of the steel can be increase by the contribution of manganese by mixing it in steel, it helps
to stop the formation of iron sulphide and also contributes in dioxidation.

(Reference: http://www.durofy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/alloying-elements.jpg)

(B). At above the temperature of steel’s recrystallization that is at a very high temperature the steel
is rolled and this is one of the processing method which is known as Hot rolling. The new set of
grains are replaces the old deformed grains, ones the material is heated this is known as
recrystallization. In a hot rolling process that are two process involved, that result in recovery and
recrystallization i.e. a new set of grain is formed. The recovery process involves the electrical
conductivity which is increased as an outcome, also the restoration of physical properties of metal is
involved at the recovery stage; however the observation of change cannot be seen. On the other
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

hand, in recrystallization stage the steel turn out to be more ductile and there is removable of
residual stress, as a result the steel’s strength decreases while the steel’s hardness. In a hot rolling of
steel there is one more step that take place which is the grain growth, this happens when a material
is experiencing to a very high temperature, this result in the growth of the grain in that material this
is known as grain growth. The outcomes of grain growth is that it leads to a rise in the ductility while
decrease in the hardness and strength of the material.

(Reference:
http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/analysis/fires/docs/strengthcurve.jpg)

(Reference: https://www.nde- ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Recovery.gif -)

(C). The structure and effect on metals behaviour while they experience cold working. An ingot,
bloom or billet is needed to start the cold rolling process. The result that is obtain is high ductility
and malleability however very low strength and hardness of the metals, because they all having a
few numbers of dislocations in grains.

The grain of the metal becomes flattens and deforms finally when the cold rolling process comes to
end. The result of it is that the size remains the same of the grain, the grains experiences increase in
the number of dislocation as it multiplies, a great surface finish is formed and also the steel increase
20% of its strength. This is due to the increase in strength and hardening of the steel and decrease in
its ductility and toughness.

2. Thermoplastic polymers:

(A). The viscosity of the plastic is affected by the temperature in thermoplastics. The resistance of
flow of a fluid is referred to the measure of viscosity. The viscosity of the plastic will decrease if the
temperature is set to increase, with the help of different moulding techniques it can be easily
shaped. The chemical and mechanical properties of the plastic will decrease, only if the plastic is
overheated. There are long chains of atoms which are chemically bonded together in a polymer
because of the viscosity of the plastic is decreased due to the increase in high temperature. The
state of the material changes as the bonds are braked due to the high energy.
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

(Reference: http://www.mech.utah.edu/~rusmeeha/labNotes/degPix/regions.gif)

(B). At a very high pressure is considered in injection moulding, this effects the viscosity of
thermoplastic due to the long polymer chain getting closer. In order this to stop happening, a great
care in needed while carrying out the hot processing and pressure. Plastic of pallets gets liquefied
due to heating of this small pallets of plastic in an injection moulding. There is an opening which
allows the liquefied plastic to get pushed into the mould at a very high pressure. The right amount of
material has to go into the mould, therefore the flow of the material has to be controlled to allowing
it into the mould. If there is a very high pressure it can result in low surface finishing, loss of money
and the developing of micro cavities in the parts, therefore the pressure needs to be controlled as it
is an important factor.

Thermosetting polymers

(A). Since there is crystallinity properties involve in thermosetting plastics, there are main benefits of
the material this includes the hardness, strength and the rigidity of the material. In a periodic
manner there are atoms arranged having crystallinity properties involve in the materials. The
polymer is set to be having high cooling rate in its cooling stage. The rigidity, hardness and the
strength of the polymer is affected due to the high cooling rate which have effect on the degree of
crystallinity. The resin in the thermosetting plastic is used on the composites which means it has to
have relevant properties like adhesion. High physical and mechanical properties can be obtained
ones the resin is been applied as it can be cooled, when the resin is hard and less rigid.
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

(Reference:
http://www.solvayplastics.com/sites/solvayplastics/EN/specialty_polymers/PublishingImages/SemiCrystallineThermoplasti
cs.gif)

Ceramics:

(A). Water is contained in a material called clay, depends on what kind of form the material is in.
Under ambient conditions the water can dry which is stored in the pores, this happens at times. The
material is ceramic based. Between the layers the water gets absorbed, it also happen in the
structural channel and by the atoms to exchangeable cations, also at mineral surface of the clays
where the water gets absorbed. There is change of thickness of the water at the start, when the
water gets mixed with the clay, this helps the bound water to spread beyond that and from the
surface spreading outwards. There is change in nature of the water when compared to liquid water
as an outcome of it. The clay starts to liquefy after it becomes more solid, due to the increase in the
water content.

At times huge position of water is mixed with clay, as this helps to form slurry which is a very fluid
like material. In a slip casting process there is use of slurry, a non-uniform mix is formed as an
outcome of the settled clay which is the ceramic particles. But deflocculated is used to stop this
happen. There is a change in the electrical charge on the particles as they do not attract but repel
each other due to the effect of deflocculated. When the material content is low compared to the
water content being high, this will have effect the material in low strength and high porosity. On the
other hand, if the material content is high compared to the water content being low, this will affect
the material having high strength and low porosity.

(B). There is an effect on the density, rigidity, strength and grain size of the ceramic during the
process of sintering the heating rate, cooling rate, pressure and temperature. When the
temperature is increased and high pressure is applied the physical, mechanical and chemical
properties of the ceramics are set to be improved during the process of sintering. Just below the
melting point of the material (powders) the temperature is raised and at the material ten high
pressure is applied. The impact is allowing together for the material to mix easily, which are then
ready to be sintered just before they are held in the mould. A solid component is formed as a result
of the atoms which are present in the particles of the powder, as particles are first diffused and then
after they are fused back together during the process of sintering. There is shrinkage of the
material/part due to sintering.

In sintering process the material’s porosity is set to decrease while the material’s density is set to
increase, experienced under physical properties.

In terms of chemical properties, there is increase in the chemical resistance when the material is
mixed together, also due to certain factors like method of processing the assumption cannot be
made. Compared to chemical and physical property the mechanical properties are the most affected
ones. The tensile strength and the young’s modulus of the material increases soon after the sintering
process finishes, this leads to a decrease in case of the formability of the material which is used to
make the parts of thermal/electrical shock resistant.

Composites:

(A). The characteristics of a composite material is affected by the matrix phrase and also by the
reinforcement. The composite of the material is held in its place due to the matrix phase. When it
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

comes to the reinforcement phase it is the external forces which provides an overall shape and
dimension along with the composite. The strength of the material is increased when it comes to
mechanical properties of the composite with the help of the reinforcement. One of the main phrases
is the reinforcement because it has effect on the composites characteristics by 40-60%.

For illustration, carbon fibre are as reinforcement in a Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The
composite becomes stronger due to the aligned carbon fibre which are parallel to one other. This
helps the composite to resist applied forces. There is an equal strains seen the fibre and matrix are
bonded together and also if the composite are loaded parallel to the fibre alignment than the fibre
are considerable stiff, there they have stress of large amount on them.

(Reference: http://www.materials.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/fibres1.gif)

However, the characteristics of the material would be affected if the composite

is loaded perpendicular to the alignment of fibre, meaning the composite is
transversely loaded to the fibre alignment. This means there will be relatively
low strength in the composite forming brittle. An assumption would be that the
composite will have more strength only when it is being aligned parallel to the
fibre alignment and not when the composite is aligned perpendicular to the
fibre alignment as it will show up as relatively low strength.

(B). High amount of fibre is needed in order for the composite to have high strength and stiffness.
There has to be lamina which is a set of fibres aligned in thin sheet, this helps to archive high
strength and stiffness. The material is set to be very anisotropic, when the fibre is in transverse
direction as the fibre has generally low stiffness as stated before. With the use of fibre it is not
possible to make a very high strength material however, using foils and sheets in a two dimensions
which can be made as isotropic compared to fibre. The bond between the matrix and reinforcement
has to be considered when producing lamination. There can be separation between the layers of the
reinforcement overall having impact on the decrease in the physical and mechanical properties of
the material, therefore it is really important in making sure that the delamination failure does not
occur. There are three types of delamination that can occur, this are the fractures that causes rein
and the reinforcement of being separated and fractures inside both of the reinforcement and the
resin. The delamination failure is the failure that breaks easily when a force is applied, when there is
a weak bonds holding the laminates together, in the reinforcement phase the strain is been
transferred from the matrix phase. The physical and mechanical properties of the composite are
been affected by the delamination failure. This impacts in reducing the hardness, strength and
stiffness, due to this the composite is affected in its structure and behaviour.

(C). When ceramic materials are mixed with metals a type of composite is formed known as cermet.
The mechanical and physical properties are increased when the tungsten carbide (WC) are together
along with cobalt cermet (Co). Since, there is high toughness in Co and high harness in WC, it can be
used in tooling. The tooling is mostly used in turning and milling. The properties of mechanical and
physical along with microstructure and sintering temp can be improved with the use of cermet. Into
the matrix Tic which is the reinforcement that is forced into it, that is when the Ni adds to increase
the strength, flexibility and stiffness of the mechanical properties. But the grain size of Tic is
reduced.
Savio Rodrigues 40073997 Assignment 1 Unit 10- Materials

Effects of post-productions apply in smart material including:

(A). Any material which is able to return back to its original size, shape and colour is described as a
smart material/alloys. When a force stress is applied on piezoelectric they tend to produce voltage.
Note that it is a type of smart material. Also there is stress produce since there is voltage within the
material. The volume of the material is set to decrease when the opposite polarity voltage is applied
to it. This results not only decrease in the volume but also decreases the size of the material when
voltage is been applied on the material. However when the polarity having the same voltage is been
applied on the material the volume and size of the material is set to increase.

(B). The ones who remember their original shape are known as shape memory alloy. This means that
after undergoing stress, this shape memory alloy can return back to their original shape. The
behaviour and the properties of the material can be affected by applying low or high temperature on
the smart alloys. Martensite can be easily shaped, since it is the structure that smart memory alloy is
known to be. However, when stress is applied the martensite structure does not affects since it is
mainly twisted. This affect the shape and physical properties of the material however it does not
affect the mechanical properties. The smart alloys loses its martensite structure, when the shape
memory alloy is been heated at a very high temperature. When the martensite structure is set to
have high strength and toughness when it deforms and changes to austenite it has much better
mechanical properties.

(C). There are two types of smart alloy that have the colour changing ability. One of them is
Thermochromic and the other one is Photochromic material.

Depending on the temperature the colour is set to change in Thermochromic material. When the
temperature is set on increase the colour will also change of that material. Therefore, when the
temperature falls back to normal so do the colour of that material will go back to its original colour.
This also means that the physical, chemical and mechanical properties stays the same as they do not
have affect over them.

Depending on the light the colour is set to change in case of the Photochromic material. When the
material comes in the present of light the colour is set to change. Therefore, when the present of
light is been removed the colour of the material will return back to its original. This also means that
the chemical, physical and mechanical properties are not been affected.