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Jawad Bashir
BAHRIA UNIVERSITY 09
[FLOODSS] September 16, 2009
FLOODS
A flood (in Old English flood, a word common to Teutonic languages;
compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in
flow, float) is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging
land, a deluge. In the sense of "flowing water", the word is applied to
the inflow of the tide, as opposed to the outflow or "ebb".
OR
A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land, a
deluge. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied
to the inflow of the tide
.
Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water,
such as a river or lake, which overflows, with the result that some of
the water escapes its normal boundaries. It is recognized world over
that floods are the most destructive of natural hazards and the
greatest cause of large-scale damages to lives and property. Over the
years, major floods have occurred in almost all the South Asian
countries, causing huge loss of life and property.Despite the
investment of millions, even billions of dollars in efforts to tame the
rivers of the region, the frequency of major flood disasters has actually
increased over the past 25 to 30 years. There is a growing consensus
that the impacts of climate change may well lead to an
increase in both the frequency and the magnitude of floods.
Types of Flooding
Flooding can be divided into different categories according to their
duration:
1. Slow-Onset Floods
2. Rapid-Onset Floods
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3. Flash Floods
Flood Types(Location)
Flooding can also be divided into different categories according to their
location:
1. Coastal Floods
• Coastal Floods usually occur along coastal areas. When there are
hurricanes and tropical storms which will produce heavy rains, or
giant tidal waves created by volcanoes or earthquakes, ocean
water may be driven onto the coastal areas and cause coastal
floods.
2. Arroyos Floods
3. River Floods
4. Urban Floods
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• In most of the urban area, roads are usually paved. With heavy
rain, the large amount of rain water cannot be absorbed into the
ground and leads to urban floods.
CAUSES OF FLOODS
Natural causes of floods:
1.High rainfall
Heavy rainfall raises the water level. When the water level is
higher than the river bank or the dams, the water comes out
from the river, there will have a flooding.
2.Snowmelt
3.Relief
4.Coastal flooding
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Flooding always occur in coastal areas. Because there have high tides
orstorms,the sea level will raise. If the sea level is higher than the level
of the coastal lowland, flooding will occur.
5.Tsunamis
Large areas of forests near the rivers have been cleared. The lands use
to make room for settlement, roads and farmland. Less vegetation
protect the soil, the soil is quickly lost to rivers and sea. This raises the
river bed, so the river overflows its banks easily.
2. Poor farming
Some farming practices can damage the vegetation cover, so the soil
will be washed into the river easily.
• Overgrazing
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People want more food and money, they graze too many animals
on the land and the pasture is eaten away quickly. Less
vegetation cover, soil washed into the rivers easily.
• Over cultivation
When a piece of land has been used for farming for a long period
of time, the soil may became so infertile that no vegetation can
grow on it. The land less fertile than before, so the soil washed
into the rivers more easily.
When the dams are poorly constructed or maintained ,they can easily
collapse and this results in flooding.
4. Population pressure
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Satellite 2D Modeling
In this method latest satellite equipped with various tools are use to
measure floods and stream discharge rate very accurately.
Flooding Precautions
Following steps should be taken before and after the flood for safety
purposes
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Effects Of Flooding
Primary effects
Secondary effects
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long-term effects
FLOODS IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan is one of the five South Asian countries with the highest
annual average
number of people physically exposed to floods, which occur normally
due to storm systemsthat originate from Bay of Bengal during the
monsoon from July to September. The stormsoriginating in Bay of
Bengal passing over lower Central India and Rajputana, enter Pakistan
and continue towards North into Kashmir. The mountain ranges in the
extreme north of Pakistan provide a perennial source of inflow into the
rivers.
Floods particularly hit Punjab andSindh while hill torrents tend to effect
the hilly areas of North Western Frontier Province,Balochistan and the
northern federally administered areas. Flood events of 1950, 1992
and1998 caused many deaths and huge losses to the national
economy. According to official sources, floods in Pakistan during the
decade 1991 to 2001 caused an estimated damage of over Pak Rs
78,000 million to property.
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The frequency of
monsoon depressions
formed in Bay of Bengal is about 80% of the total number of
depressions formed in the
South Asia monsoon region .Relatively few monsoon depressions form
in the east Arabian Sea and over land in monsoon trough region. The
average annual frequency of monsoon depression is seven, of which
one occurs in June and two each in July, August and September. The
monsoon depression normally takes a west-northwesterly course
during the peak monsoon months of July and August, while they move
in a northwesterly direction during the transition period in early June
and late September. The depression generally weaken after crossing
the central parts of India, owing to the cut-off in the moisture supply,
the move further northwest and merge in the seasonal low over west
Rajasthan and adjoining Pakistan. When the depressions are fed by
fresh moisture supply from the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon,
the depression may retain their intensity and take a westerly course to
reach Gujarat state of India, causing very heavy rains in the region. On
some occasions the westerly wave passing over the north of Pakistan
may take the depression under its grip and it may move in the north
ward direction, causing heavy rains in the upper areas of Punjab and
adjoining areas of NWFP and Kashmir.
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1992 FLOODS
During the summer monsoon season in 1992 heavy rainfall occurred
over the Jhelum
River basin (Fig.1) in the month of September which caused severe
flooding in the
Jhelum River. This was the worst event recorded since 1959 and
brought in its wake large
Economic losses and infrastructure damage in Pakistan. This severe
flooding event was
induced by the severe precipitation event associated with the summer
monsoon
depression traveling from Bay of Bengal through India to upper parts of
Punjab andadjoining areas of Kashmir and North West Frontier Province
of Pakistan.
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Floods in 2007
At least 241 have been killed and 204 missing in the flood related incidents, A
total of 111 died in southwest province of Baluchistan, 100 in south province
Sindh and 30 in North West Frontier Province, Some 1.1 million people have
been affected in Baluchistan and 100,000 displaced. A total of 15 out of 29
districts across Baluchistan have been affected while five districts in Sindh
have been affected. Infrastructure has been severely undermined with roads
and bridges damaged or destroyed and telecommunications out in many
area.
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Sindh soil is mainly composed of highly silica content and that’s why it
is permeable, allowing the un compacted structures to fall quickly. The
Indus deltas and tributaries bring different type of soils in this area,
and that’s why the rate of water consumption is various at various
places, At northern part of Sindh the soil is some how compacted, but
as we move down to south the compaction of soil loss, This allowing
the water to runoff quickly and cause floods near tributaries. The area
near Gawadar is consist of Compacted and highly porous rocks.
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PUNJAB
2. Due to general topography of the area sloping towards the south west,
the embankments along headwork’s and irrigation structures have been
constructed in such a way that breaching sections are provided on the
right marginal bunds to give relief to water heading up against the left
marginal bunds and keep the flow through the Barrages within safe limits
for the hydraulic structures.
SINDH
1. The Indus River flows on a ridge in Sindh Province, and surrounding areas
are generally lower than the river bed hence, water once spilling over the
bunds does not return back..
BALOUCHISTAN
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N.W.F.P
1. In NWFP, the floods are mainly due to flashy hill torrents having steep bed
slopes, which greatly increase flood velocity and severely erode the
banks.
2. Mostly spurs have been constructed to save the areas from erosion.
Structure
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