CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research paper aimed at answering the following question

1.How has the practice of smoking change throughout all its history
2.How smoking influences smoker’s health as well as passive smokers

HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no significant explanation why smoking cigarrete is Globaly the largest single risk
factor for deaths than any death related inccidents.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Success of this study would benefits the following:
1. Health - Letting people know that smoking cigarretes is dangerous to their health, that
smoking can lead to variety of complications of the entire body.
2. Community – Providing enough information about the possible illness or diseases, if they
try to use cigarettes.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This study focused on the effects of smoking cigarettes and what are the possible life-
threatening illness, we can get on smoking cigarettes.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Smoking - The act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material
Nicotine - Is a stimulant and potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is naturally
produced in the nightshade family of plants.
Cigarette - A small roll of finely cut tobacco endosed in a wrapper of thin paper designed for
smoking.
Tobacco - Is the common name of several plants in Nicotiana genus and the solanaceae family,
and the general term for any product prepared feom the cured leaves of the tobacco plant.
Never - smoker for those who have never tried smoking tobacco or cigarrete.
Former- smoker for those who have tried or did not continue smoking tobacco or cigarrete.

Current- smoker for those who were still smoking tobacco or cigarretes during the survey day.
 Risk Associated with Smoking Cigarretes

Introduction
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Since the smoking cessation (stopping smoking) can be an extremely difficult
process, understanding exactly how smoking harms your body can help keep you motivated to
kick the habit. Although you may not think about the risk every time you smoke, smoking is not
only dangerous, it is possitively life-threatening. If you continue to smoke or use smokeless
tobacco products, you are likely shaving years of your lifespan and setting yourself up for serious
health problems.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), smoking is currently

responsible for more than 5 million deaths worldwide each year. They predict that by 2020, the
worldwide death toll from will reach 10 million each year, causing nearly 18 percent of all deaths
in the developed world. To help you to understand the magnitude of smoking related deaths, we
can compare them with other sources of premature deaths. For example, the number of people who
die from using tobacco ia greater than the combined total number of people who die from murder,
suicide, car accidents, fire, AIDS, and using alcohol, cocaine, and heroin.

Tobacco use also accounts for one‐third of all cancers. Smokers die from cancer at a
rate that is twice as high as nonsmokers, and heavy smokers die at a rate that is four times higher
than nonsmokers. Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer of both men and women, and
smoking is associated with nearly 90 percent of lung cancer cases. In addition smoking is a leading
cause of cancers of the mouth, tongue, throat, larynx, (voice box), esophagus, stomach, pancreas,
cervix, kidney, ureter, and bladder.

Cancer is not the only disease caused by smoking. Smoking also causes chronic
bronchitis and emphysema, and worsens asthma. Cigarette smoking substanially increases the risk
of coronary heart disease, including stroke, heart attack, anearysm and vascular disease. It also
contributes to peptic ulcers, varicose veins, periodontal disease. Alzheimer’s disease,
atheroscherosis, high blood pressure, allergies, and impotence.

The bottom line is that continuing to smoke puts you at risk of contracting a serious,
life-threatening illness. If you contract any one of the diseases listed above, your quality of life
will deteriorate and you will shorten you life span.