Lecture 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research 7) Replicability– research design and procedures are repeated to enable

the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

Meaning of Inquiry
Qualities of a Good Researcher
Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or
information about people, things, places, or events by investigating or Research-oriented Efficient Scientific Effective
asking questions. It requires collection of data, meaning, facts, and Active Resourceful Creative Honest
information about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data Economical Religious
carefully. In analyzing the data, varied thinking strategies are executed
that range from lower-order to higher-order thinking skills such as
Characteristics of the Researcher
inferential, critical, integrative, and creative thinking. Engaging in many
ways of thinking make inquiry an active learning process. 1) Intellectual Curiosity. A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and
inquiry of the things, and situations around him.
Meaning of Research
2) Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at
Research is a systematic process of solving a problem or finding answers the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and
to an inquiry. It is an organized method of finding or relatively new ideas economically.
from the existing body of knowledge with the help of useful tool for the
3) Healthy Criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the
purpose of improving the quality of life. It is also a systematic study of
truthfulness of the results.
trend or event which involves careful collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data or facts that relates man’s thinking with 4) Intellectual Honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or
reality. gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results.
Importance of Research 5) Intellectual Creativity – A productive and resourceful investigator
1) Research is a vehicle for mobility, a contribution towards the always creates new researches.
attainment of national goals. Values of Research to Man
2) Research explains an issue or controversy. 1. Research improves the quality of life.
3) Research advances human knowledge and satisfies curiosity. 2. Research improves instruction.
4) Research improves instruction and student achievements. 3. Research improves students’ achievement.
5) Research improves quality of life. 4. Research improves teacher’s competence.
6) Research satisfies man’s needs. 5. Research satisfies man’s needs.
7) Research reduces the burden of work. 6. Research reduces the burden of work.
8) Research has deep-seated psychological aspect. 7. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects.
8. Research improves the exportation of food products.
Characteristics of Research
9. Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measure
1) Empirical – research is based on direct experience or observation by of the country.
the researcher.
10. Research trains graduates to become responsive to the economic
2) Logical – research is based on valid procedures and principles. development of the country and to compete globally.
3) Cyclical – research starts with a problem and ends with a problem. Components of the research process
4) Analytical – research utilizes proven analytical procedures in 1) Problem/ Objectives 2) Hypotheses
gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case 3) Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework 4) Assumptions
study.
5) Review of Related Literature 6) Research Design
5) Critical – research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
7) Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
6) Methodical– research is conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures. 8) Analysis and Interpretation
9) Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

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Research Ethics
1) Honesty - strive for honesty in all scientific communications.
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
2) Objectivity - strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-
deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect
research.
3) Integrity - keep your promises and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
4) Carefulness - avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep
good records of research activities, such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
5) Openness - share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open
to criticism and new ideas.
6) Respect for Intellectual Property - honor patents, copyrights,
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never
plagiarize.
7) Confidentiality - protect confidential communications, such as
papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
8) Responsible Publication - publish in order to advance research
and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid
wasteful and duplicative publication.
9) Responsible Mentoring - help to educate, mentor, and advise
students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions.
10) Respect for colleagues - respect your colleagues and treat them
fairly.
11) Social Responsibility - strive to promote social good and prevent
or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and
advocacy.
12) Non-Discrimination - avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not
related to scientific competence and integrity.
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13) Competence - maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning;
take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
14) Legality - know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
15) Animal Care - show proper respect and care for animals when
using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.
16) Human Subjects Protection - when conducting research on
human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits;
respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special
precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute
the benefits and burdens of research fairly.
KINDS OF RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
1. According to Application of Research Methods
1. Pure Research
It is also called “basic research” or “fundamental research” that
aims to discover basic truth and principles intended to add to the
body of scientific knowledge
2. Applied Research
It involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the
solution of a problem.
2. Based on Purpose of the Research
1. Descriptive Research- define or give a verbal portrayal or
picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation
2. Correlational Research- shows relationships or connectedness of
two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect
the research.
3. Explanatory Research –elaborates or explains not just the
reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways
by which such relationship exists
4. Exploratory research- to find out how reasonable or possible it is
to conduct a research study on a certain topic.
5. Action Research
It is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the
steps of scientific method in response to immediate need to
improve existing practices.
3. According to Venue
1. Library Research
Research done in the library where answer to specific questions or
problems of the study are available.
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 2. Field Research heavier on the planning
Research is conducted in a natural setting where no changes are lighter on the planning end and
time expenditure phase and lighter on the
heavier during the analysis phase
made in the environment. analysis phase

3. Laboratory Research
Research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by 4. According to Type of Data
isolating the study in rigorously specified and operationalized area. 1. Quantitative Research
Research that utilizes numerical method of measuring or
COMPARISON OF QUALITATIVE vs. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ascertaining the variable. It uses an objective method of
measuring the variable and data are treated using statistical tools.
Point of
Qualitative Quantitative
2. Qualitative Research
Comparison Research that does not utilize numerical data but instead data are
quantity (how much, how presented through elaborate word descriptions of what is
focus of research process, understanding, meaning observed. Interpretation and analysis relies on the researcher’s
many)
personal judgement and critical analysis of the event, condition, or
Philosophical phenomenology, symbolic, positivism, empiricism, behaviour observed under investigations. This is usually utilized
perspectives interactionism, constructivism realism
with case studies
understanding, description, prediction, control, 5. According to Procedure and Techniques
Purpose interpretation, discovery, description, confirmation, 1. Historical Research
hypothesis generation hypothesis testing Research which is the accumulation of facts in relation to a
design particular time sequence to determine whether or what certain
flexible, evolving, emergent predetermined, structures events in history actually happened.
characteristics

small, non-random, purposeful, large, random, 2. Descriptive Research

Sample
theoretical representative It includes all studies that purport to present facts concerning the
nature and status of anything. It is concerned with condition of
Number-based
Text-based
relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and
Less in-depth but more processes that are going-on, felt influences and developing trends.
Data More in-depth information on a few breadth of information
cases across a large number of 3. Experimental Method
cases It is a problem-solving approach of research that describes what
researcher as primary instrument, will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or
observations, focus groups, in- researcher is outside, manipulated. It is the technique of discovering information by
depth interviews, and reviews of scales, tests, surveys, means of experimentation.
data collection documents for types of themes questionnaires
4. Ex Post Facto Research
Unstructured or semi-structured Fixed response options
Research which investigates a problem by studying the variables in
response options
retrospect. The dependent variable is immediately observable and
inductive, constant comparative, the main concern is to find out the antecedents that give rise to
primary mode of interpretive
analysis
deductive, statistical test this consequence.
no statistical test
References:
largely depends on the
largely depends on skill and rigor of
validity measurement device or Baraceros, Esther L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Manila: Rex Book Store
the researcher
instrument used Prieto, Nelia G. et.al.(2017) Practical Research 1 for Senior High School –
Quantitive. Manila: LoriMar Publishing
More subjective: describes a More objective: provides
Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2015.Responsible Conduct of Research, 3rd ed. (New
problem or condition from the point observed effects
York: Oxford University Press).
view of view of those experiencing it (interpreted by
https://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/soc2web/Content/phase05/phase05_step03_deep
researchers) of a program
er_qualitative_and_quantitative.htm
on a problem or condition

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH – is a research type that puts premium or
high value on people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their
personal traits.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Human understanding and principle
2. Active, powerful, and forceful
3. Multiple research approaches and methods
4. Specify to generalization
5. Contextualization
6. Diversified data in real-life situations
7. Abounds with words and visuals
8. Internal analysis
Types of Qualitative Research
1. Case study – usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing,
psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc. This involves long time
study of a person, group, organization or situation
2. Ethnography – the study of particular cultural group to get clear
understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle.
3. Phenomenology-the study of how people find their experiences
meaningful
4. Content and Discourse Analysis – requires an analysis or
examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication
used by a person, group or any institution in communicating
5. Historical Analysis-examination of primary documents to make you
understand the connection of past events to the present time.
6. Grounded theory- takes place when you discover a new theory to
underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis
 Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects
and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret
meaning from these data that help us understand social life through
the study of targeted populations or places. People often frame it in
opposition to quantitative research, which uses numerical data to
identify large-scale trends and employs statistical operations to
determine causal and correlative relationships between variables.
 Within sociology, qualitative research is typically focused on the micro-
level of social interaction that composes everyday life, whereas
quantitative research typically focuses on macro-level trends and
phenomena.
CRECENCIA DRUSILA LOPEZ SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
 Methods of qualitative research include observation and immersion,
interviews, open-ended surveys, focus groups, content analysis of
visual and textual materials, and oral history.
THE PURPOSE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Qualitative research has a long history in sociology and has been used
within it for as long as the field itself has existed. This type of research
has long appealed to social scientists because it allows the research to
investigate the meanings that people attribute to their behavior,
actions, and interactions with others. While quantitative research is
useful for identifying relationships between variables, like, for
example, the connection between poverty and racial hate, it is
qualitative research that can illuminate why this connection exists by
going directly to the source -- the people themselves.
 Qualitative research is designed to reveal the meaning that informs
the action or outcomes that are typically measured by quantitative
research. So, qualitative researchers investigate meanings,
interpretations, symbols, and the processes and relations of social life.
What this type of research produces is descriptive data that the
researcher must then interpret using rigorous and systematic methods
of transcribing, coding, and analysis of trends and themes.
 Because its focus is everyday life and people's experiences, qualitative
research lends itself well to creating new theories using the inductive
method, which can then be tested with further research.
METHODS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative researchers use their own eyes, ears, and intelligence to collect
in-depth perceptions and descriptions of targeted populations, places, and
events. Their findings are collected through a variety of methods, and
often, a researcher will use at least two or several of the following while
conducting a qualitative study.
 Direct observation: With direct observation, a researcher studies
people as they go about their daily lives without participating or
interfering. This type of research is often unknown to those under
study, and as such, must be conducted in public settings where people
do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy. For example, a
researcher might observe the ways in which strangers interact in
public as they gather to watch a street performer.
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 Open-ended surveys: While many surveys are designed to generate generated by social media users, has become a popular technique
quantitative data, many are also designed with open-ended questions within the social sciences.
that allow for the generation and analysis of qualitative data. For
example, a survey might be used to investigate not just which political While much of the data generated by qualitative research is coded and
candidate’s voters chose, but why they chose them, in their own analyzed using just the researcher's eyes and brain, the use of computer
words. software to do these processes is increasingly popular within the social
 Focus group: In a focus group, a researcher engages a small group sciences.
of participants in a conversation designed to generate data relevant to
the research question. Focus groups can contain anywhere from 5 to PROS AND CONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
15 participants. Social scientists often use them in studies that
examine an event or trend that occurs within a specific community.  Qualitative research has both benefits and drawbacks. On the plus
They are common within market research too. side, it creates an in-depth understanding of the attitudes, behaviors,
 In-depth interviews: Researchers conduct in-depth interviews by interactions, events, and social processes that compose everyday life.
speaking with participants in a one-on-one setting. Sometimes a In doing so, it helps social scientists understand how everyday life is
researcher approaches the interview with a predetermined list of influenced by society-wide things like social structure, social order,
questions or topics for discussion but allows the conversation to and all kinds of social forces.
evolve based on how the participant responds. Other times, the
researcher has identified certain topics of interest but does not have a
This set of methods also has the benefit of being flexible and easily
formal guide for the conversation, but allows the participant to guide
adaptable to changes in the research environment and can be conducted
it.
with minimal cost in many cases.
 Oral history: The oral history method is used to create a historical
account of an event, group, or community, and typically involves a
 The downsides of qualitative research are that its scope is fairly
series of in-depth interviews conducted with one or multiple
limited so its findings are not always widely generalizable.
participants over an extended period of time.
Researchers also have to use caution with these methods to ensure
 Participant observation: This method is similar to observation,
that they themselves do not influence the data in ways that
however with this one, the researcher also participates in the action
significantly change it and that they do not bring undue personal bias
or events in order to not only observe others but to gain first-hand
to their interpretation of the findings. Fortunately, qualitative
experience in the setting.
researchers receive rigorous training designed to eliminate or reduce
 Ethnographic observation: Ethnographic observation is the most
these types of research bias.
intensive and in-depth observational method. Originating in
anthropology, with this method, a researcher fully immerses herself
by Ashley Crossman
into the research setting and lives among the participants as one of
Updated May 17, 2017
them for anywhere from months to years. By doing this, the
An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods
researcher attempts to see events and have experiences from the https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-3026555
viewpoints of those studied in order to develop an in-depth and long-
term account of the community, events, or trends under observation.
 Content analysis: This method is used by sociologists to analyze
social life by interpreting words and images from documents, film,
art, music, and other cultural products and media. The researchers
look at how the words and images are used, and the context in which
they are used to draw inferences about the underlying culture. In the
last decade, content analysis of digital material, especially that

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS:
 are concerned with opinions, feelings and experiences
 describes social phenomena as they occur naturally - no attempt is
made to manipulate the situation - just understand and describe
 understanding is sought by taking a holistic perspective / approach,
rather than looking at a set of variables
 qualitative research data is used to help us to develop concepts and
theories that help us to understand the social world - which is an
inductive approach to the development of theory, rather than a
deductive approach that quantitative research takes - ie. Testing
theories that have already been proposed.
 Qualitative data is collected through direct encounters i.e. through
interview or observation and is rather time consuming.
 Observation is used extensively in studies by psychologists,
anthropologists, sociologists, and program evaluators. Direct
observation reduces distortion between the observer and what is
observed that can be produced by an instrument (e.g., questionnaire).
It occurs in a natural setting, not a laboratory or controlled
experiment. The context or background of behavior is included in
observations of both people and their environment. And it can be used
with inarticulate subjects, such as children or others unwilling to
express themselves.

What is Qualitative Research?

 Qualitative research is aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a
specific organization or event, rather than surface description of a large
sample of a population. It aims to provide an explicit rendering of the
structure, order, and broad patterns found among a group of
participants. It is also called ethnomethodology or field research. It
generates data about human groups in social settings

 Qualitative research does not introduce treatments or manipulate

variables, or impose the researcher's operational definitions of
variables on the participants. Rather, it lets the meaning emerge from
the participants. It is more flexible in that it can adjust to the setting.
Concepts, data collection tools, and data collection methods can be
adjusted as the research progresses.
 Qualitative research aims to get a better understanding through first-
hand experience, truthful reporting, and quotations of actual
conversations. It aims to understand how the participants derive
meaning from their surroundings, and how their meaning influences
their behavior.
 Qualitative research uses observation as the data collection method.
Observation is the selection and recording of behaviors of people in
their environment. Observation is useful for generating in-depth
descriptions of organizations or events, for obtaining information that
is otherwise inaccessible, and for conducting research when other
methods are inadequate.

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