Q.1. State the definition of hot weather?

And when it can be considered that the

casting conditions atmosphere are hot conditions?

 Hot weather is the weather that tends to impair the quality of freshly mixed or
hardened concrete by accelerating the rate of moisture loss and rate of cement
hydration, or otherwise causing detrimental results.
 It is a combination of the following conditions:
 High ambient temperature
 High concrete temperature
 Low relative humidity
 Wind speed
 Solar radiation

Q.2. What particular precautions would you take when concreting in hot weather?

 Moisten aggregates
 Cool aggregates and mixing water
 Dampen subgrade
 Erect temporary windbreaks and sunshades
 Cover concrete
 Fog slab immediately after placing
 Add plastic fibers

Q.3. What are the effects of hot weather on fresh and hardened concrete?

 Fresh concrete:
 Increased Water demand
 Accelerated slump loss
 Increased rate of setting resulting in placing and finishing difficulties
 Increased tendency for plastic cracking
 Critical need for prompt early curing
 Difficulties in controlling entrained air
 Increased potential for thermal cracking
 Hardened concrete:
 Decreased strength from higher w/c ratio
 Decreased durability
 Increased permeability
 No uniform surface appearance
  Increased tendency for dying shrinkage
 Reduced abrasion resistance from tendency to sprinkle water during
finishing.

Q.4. State the measures used to minimize temperature gradients.

 Paint molding equipment and wrapped in white jute see wet.

 Sprinkle formwork with water before casting
 Reduce transportation time, casting, compaction and surface finishing
 Casting for the night or afternoon
 Good planning for pouring
 Concrete protection after casting ( with holding from the sun and work
windbreaks and increasing relative humidity)
 Start treatment quickly and cover elements jute see wet.

Q.5. Describe the methods of control of temperature in placing mass concrete.

 The use of cold mixing water have significantly efficacy in reducing the concrete
temperature.
 Adding snow directly to the mixer by no more than 75% of the mixing water and
it should completely melt
 A decrease in the cement temperature by 8 degrees could drop the temperature
of the concrete by 1 degree
 Cement temperature while added to the concrete should not exceed 75 C
 The use of LHPC type of cement is useful in mass concreting
 A reduction in the aggregate temperature by 1.5 to 2 degrees reduces the
concrete temperature about 1 degree
 Providing suitable shading of aggregates might be of a help.

Q.6. A 1 : 1.8 : 4.5 mix has water/cement ratio of 0.6 and a cement content of 300
kg/m3 , the temperature of the ingredients are as follows:

Cement: 60 C Aggregate: 30 C Water: 20 C

Assuming that the aggregate has negligible absorption, calculate the

temperature of the fresh concrete .
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Q.7. If the proportions of concrete mix used one of the executing area projects
Toshka weight are: cement: sand: gravel: water = 1: 2: 4: 0.5 , and were
temperatures of concrete materials, respectively 70 C, 55 C, 60 C, 35 C

- Calculate the rate of evaporation of water from the concrete surface if knowing
that: - Relative humidity in the air =35%

- The wind speed =20 Km/h.

- Air temperature = 35 C

- Discuss the impact on the produced properties of concrete?

- If you knew that the possibilities available at the site include the use of cold
water temperature of 5 C and shading aggregate and debris sprayed with cold
water, calculate evaporation rate and remember precautions to be observed in
this case.
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 Discussion: Such a rate of evaporation will totally impair the fresh concrete and
this will adversely affect the long term properties of concrete. Evaporation rate
MUST NOT EXCEED 1 kg/m2/hr.
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Q.8. The concrete mixing ratios in hot-air construction areas, were as follows:

Cement Sand Sen 1 Sen 2 Water Admixture

By 400 kg 700 kg 525 kg 525 kg 200 kg ---
weight

- Assuming that the aggregate has negligible absorption, calculate the temperature
of the fresh concrete, if you know that:
- Air temperature = 30 C - Aggregate temperature = 65 C
- Cement temperature = 75 C - Water temperature = 40 C
- The wind speed = 30 km/hr - Relative humidity in the air = 40%
- Explain the required modification to cast the concrete mix in hot weather, if
aware of possibilities that are available to the site shading aggregates (aggregate
shaded temperature = temperature of the air) and the use of ice as part of the
mixing water, calculate the amount of ice used as mixing water?

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Q.7

3.7

Q.8