SCIENCE 10

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FETUS

I. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 TESTES
 produce sperm cells (male
gametes) and testosterone
(hormone responsible for
secondary sex characteristics)
 SCROTUM
 encloses and protects the testes
 cools the testes to a lower
temperature (1-3 degrees
Celsius) than that of the body
 sperm cells cannot develop at
normal body temperature
 EPIDIDYMIS
 where sperm cells mature
 temporary storage of sperm cells
before ejaculation
 length is 6cm when coiled but 6m
when uncoiled
 VAS DEFERENS
 long sperm duct that runs from
each epididymis and into the
abdominal cavity where it loops
over the bladder and joins with
the urethra
 vasectomy
 highway of semen
 SEMINAL VESICLE
 secretes seminal fluid into the
vas deferens
 PROSTATE GLAND
 secretes seminal fluid into the
urethra
 COWPER’S GLAND
 produces a mucous-like fluid
called pre-ejaculate which
neutralizes any residual acidity in
the urethra
 PENIS
 consists of erectile tissue and
through which semen is ejected
 6-7 million eggs
 no new eggs are produced
AT BIRTH
 1 million eggs remain
PUBERTY
 300, 000 remain
 300-400 will be ovulated
 FALLOPIAN TUBES /
OVIDUCT
 catch the egg cell as it comes out
of the ovary during ovulation
 where fertilization takes place
 UTERUS
 contains and protects the
developing baby when the egg is
fertilized
 CERVIX
 muscle that connect the vagina to
the uterus
 VAGINA
 canal through which the baby
goes out during birth
 passage of the menstrual flow
SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
 Growth of facial and body hair
 Broadening of shoulders
 Deepening of the voice
PUBERTY
 period characterized by rapid growth
and sexual maturation
 beginning of the production of active
gametes
 about 400 million sperm cells produced
each day
MAIN REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
 source of gametes
SPERM
 spermatogonia
 spermatozoa
 defines the gender

 URETHRA EGG
 oocyte
 where the semen from the vas
deferens flow SEMINAL VESICLE, PROSTATE
II. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE GLAND, BULBOURETHRAL
SYSTEM GLAND
 neutralize urine
 OVARIES
 produce egg cells
FIMBRIAE
FOLLICLES  hair-like structure in the fallopian tube
 surround, protect and nourish the that directs the egg to the uterus
developing egg cells OVULATION
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 release of egg cell from the ovary  help in protecting from STDs
FERTILIZATION FEMALE CONDOM
 meeting/union of sperm and egg cell  79% effective
2 CYCLES THAT OCCUR IN THE  internal condoms
 prevent sperm from reaching the egg
FEMALE
 help in protecting from STDs
 OVARIAN CYCLE  can also be put in the anus
 changes in the ovary ORAL CONTRACEPTION
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE  91% effective
 changes in the uterus  stops ovulation
 uterine cycle  thicken the mucus on the cervix
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL  cannot protect from STDs

CYCLE HORMONAL RING

 91% effective
 MENSTRUAL PHASE  contains estrogen and progestin which
 flow of blood and low level of is absorbed by the vagina
estrogen  stops ovulation
 low level of estrogen causes the  thicken the mucus on the cervix
lining of the uterus (endometrium)  cannot protect from STDs
to become thinner and then break  for 3 weeks which should be removed
down during periods
 40 mL of blood, together with
IUD
mucus and epithelial cells of
 99% effective
uterus come out through the
vagina  intrauterine device
 long term
 PROLIFERATIVE PHASE  reversible
 thickening of the uterus caused  changes the sperm cells move so they
by the increase in estrogen levels can’t get to an egg
 OVULATION PHASE CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTION
 maturation of the follicle  99% effective
 increase in estrogen level  shot of hormone which last in the body
 releasing the egg into the for 8-12 weeks
fallopian tube  irreversible
 lasts for one day and occurs at  infertile for the next 3 months
around the 12th day of the cycle  do not protect from STDs / STIs
 SECRETORY PHASE SURGICAL STERILIZATION
 lasts for about 14 days  99% effective
 corpus luteum is formed by the  tubal ligation –for women
remaining follicle cells  vasectomy – for men (semen without
ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE sperm)
 permanently prevents pregnancy
 two hormones secreted by the corpus
luteum IMPLANT
 thicken the lining of the uterus in  99% effective
preparation for pregnancy  releases hormones
PROGESTERONE  implanted into the arm
 pregnancy hormone  lasts up to 4 years but it is not
permanent
PHASES OF OVARIAN CYCLE  can be removed
 FOLLICULAR PHASE
 OVULATION PHASE
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
 78% effective
 LUTEAL PHASE
 withdrawal / pull-out method
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS  very ineffective because one must make
CONDOM sure to pull out before any semen
 85% effective comes out
 most common CALENDAR RHYTHM METHOD
 prevent sperm from reaching the egg  85% effective
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 natural family planning  “little brain”
 avoiding sex when the woman is fertile
 unreliable because most women do not
 balance and coordination
have a perfectly regular menstrual cycle  BRAINSTEM
CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH  relays signal between the brain
 91% effective and spinal cord
 worn in the skin of belly, upper arm, butt  extending from the base,
or back continues into the spinal cord
 used every 3 weeks
 made up of pons, medulla
 releases hormones
oblongata and midbrain
DIAPHRAGM PONS
 88% effective
 cap  top region
 put inside the vagina to cover the cervix  relays signal between cerebrum and
 used with spermicide cerebellum
BREASTFEEDING  2.5 cm or 1 inch in size
 98% effective  consists of primarily white matter
 naturally stops ovulation  controls the sleep/wake cycle
ABSTINENCE  controls breathing rate
 100% effective
 absence of intercourse  controls hearing, taste and balance
VAGINAL DOUCHE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 cleaning the vagina inside to remove  beneath the pons
semen  lower portion
 highly ineffective
 directly connected to the spinal cord
NERVOUS SYSTEM  controls blood pressure, heart rate,
NERVOUS SYSTEM breathing, vomiting, swallowing and
 controls and coordinates all the different sleep
parts of the body so that they could work  CEREBRAL CORTEX
together to perform their tasks at the
right time
 outer region of the cerebrum

 controls responses involving emotions,

 consist of gray matter made up of
nerve cell bodies
reasons and habits
CNS  Function: processing of
information and control of body
 central nervous system movements
 composed of the brain and the spinal  THALAMUS
cord
 sorts information that comes from
BRAIN and goes to the cerebral cortex
 protected by the skull  relay station for sensory
 control center of the body information on its way to the
 maintains homeostasis (balance) cerebrum
PARTS OF THE BRAIN  receives signal from the
cerebrum and other parts of the
 CEREBRUM OR CEREBRAL brain that regulate emotion and
HEMISPSHERES arousal
 largest part of the brain  regulates sleep and
 divided into left and right consciousness
hemispheres  Function: visual, auditory, touch
 Function: carries out higher system, motor systems of the
thought processes which brain
involves : language, learning,
memory
 CEREBELLUM
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 HYPOTHALAMUS PARTS OF THE NEURON
 regulates body temperature,  CELL BODY
thirst, emotions, blood pressure,  largest portion
and hunger
 cytoplasm
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
 energy
 FRONTAL  integrates incoming stimuli or
 most uniquely human of all the signals and receives impulse
brain structures
 produces proteins
 Use/Function: thoughts, behavior,
 NUCLEUS
emotion, planning, personality,
organizing, problem solving,  gives life to the cell
thinking  center of the cell body
 PARIETAL  contains the DNA (genetic
 middle of the brain material)
 Use/Function: perception,  DENDRITES
arithmetic, spelling, object  hair-like
manipulation
 receives information
 TEMPORAL
 AXON
 temples of the brain/head
 passes information
 Use/Function: smell, sound,
memory, language  long fiber

 OCCIPITAL  MYELIN SHEATHE

 back of the brain  fat-like

 Use/Function: sight  protects the axon

SPINAL CORD  aids the speed of transmission of

impulses
 protected by the vertebral column
 NODES
 31 pairs of spinal nerves
 highway of nerves  gaps in the myelin sheathe

 divided into 4 parts  shortcut of information

4 PARTS OF THE SPINAL CORD

 Sacral
 Lumbar
 Thoracic
 Cervical
REFLEX
 simple response to stimulus
PNS
 peripheral nervous system
 composed of the nerves and sense
organs
SENSORY
 towards the brain
MOTOR
 away from the brain
NEURON
 basic unit of structure and function of
the nervous system
 carry messages throughout the body