THEOLOGY – 2 REVIEWER - It is a beauty that wells up from within and
therefore is natural and not hiding something.
Module 1: “Sensitivity to the Beautiful as Filipino
Moral Sensibility”
GANDA IN GENERAL
Ganda - stands for a delight-bringing totality. It
is “not a mere aspect of social, intellectual, and
material reality” but “the sum total of katangian
(traits) associated with anything”.
- that is why we consider pleasant
physical appearance as insufficient in what we
could call maganda if there is no corresponding
goodness in character” (De Mesa and Cacho,
2012 page 20).
Ethical Concept of Ganda
1. Mabuti
- Maganda ang mabuti (beauty in goodness).
- Mabuti versus Maganda
- There are mabubuting tao (good people) who
are cold in relating to others whereas
magandang loob facilitates ease in relating to
them for they are welcoming.
2. Maayos
- Maganda ang maayos (beauty in orderliness).
- What is perceived in a right place (maayos),
like spaciousness (maaliwalas), cleanliness
(kalinisan), is considered beautiful (maganda).
- In addition, maayos (orderliness) suggests
congenial relationships (magandang
samahan) and orderly life as whole
(katiwasayan).
3. Totoo / Walang Daya
- Maganda ang totoo/walang daya (beauty in
truth/guilelessness).
- A truly impactful beauty is that of which is true,
real, and lack of deceit or pretense.
Hindi “pa epek lang”.
PAGSASALOOB SA KAGANDAHANG-LOOB:
EMBRACING MORAL GOODNESS
Kagandahang-loob - is a winsome goodness,
ang kabutihang nakabibighani o nakakaakit.
Ethical goodness and aesthetic charm are
combined. That is why Kagandahang-loob is
pure positivity that captives and wins people
over (E. Schileebeeckx cited in De Mesa and
Cacho, 2012, page 24).
**Ang ganda ay hindi lamang panlabas,
sapagkat ito ay may loob din.
Bibig – Kagustuhan
– Damdamin
Gitna – Paninindigan sa Kilos
– Pagtataya ng buhay
Lalim – Espiritu na nauugat sa Panginoon
**Kung ang ganda ay panlabas lamang ito ay
mababaw.
Characteristics of Kagandahang-loob
1. Kagandahang-loob is an eminently
relational concept.
2. Kagandahang-loob is authentic if it arises
from the personal initiative of one acting.
3. Kagandahang-loob is directed towards the
well-being or welfare of the other.
4. Kagandahang-loob is not self-seeking and
does not look for a “return of the favor.”
5. Kagandahang-loob tends to an
“excessive” manifestation of goodness and
generosity.
6. Kagandahang-loob is discerned and
proven through experiences over a period
of time.
 PANGANGATAWAN NG KAGANDAHANG-
LOOB: COMMITMENT TO BE MORAL
Discipleship – pangangatawan sa
kagandahang-loob ng Dios
Magandang kalooban – is an internal and
invisible characteristic of a person.
**The inner world of interiority becomes visible
and tangible through external manifestation.
**“Sa magandang asal at ugali nababakas
ang kagandahan ng loob.” Otherwise,
“palabas lamang ito at pakitang tao.”
“Walang loob kung walang katawan.”… Only
in pangangatawan that the kagandahan of
the loob becomes manifest.
Module 2: Jesus: Ang lubos na kaaya-ayang
mukha ng Kagandahang loob.
Jesus Christ – is the point reference of our
Christian faith. He is our maxim for a Christian
way of life.
– witness God face to face
through his words and deeds
Jesus’ Pagsasaloob of God’s Kagandahang-
loob
Jesus is a man of prayer. He prayed from the
beginning to the end of his life, with others and
by himself, and particularly at every crucial
moment of his life.
– Jesus prayed in the church (Luke 4:16b)
– Jesus prayed outside the church (Luke
22:14-20)
– Jesus prayed by himself (Mark 5: 30; Mark
1:35, 39; Luke 6:12)
– Jesus prayed for others (Luke 22:32; John
17:15; John 17:17; John 17:21; Luke 23:34)
– Jesus prayed with the Scriptures (Luke 4:8-
12; Luke 4:17-20)
– Jesus prayed at pivotal moments (Luke
4:1-13; Luke 9:28)
– Jesus prayed at the end (Luke 23:34; Luke
23:46)
Jesus always pray for Him, prayer is intimacy
with God whom he called “Abba” (Father).
Jesus way of prayer, taught through the “Our
Father” revealed 3 intertwined elements of
prayer:
1. An intimate contact with God;
2. A feeling moved by God;
3. A hope to God’s reassuring presence.
**To be prayerful (madasalin) is ‘the condition
of being constantly mindful of God’s
‘kagandahang-loob’ in all things and at all
times’.
Jesus, a person of service: Ministry of
Kagandahang-loob
Jesus face to face witness through deeds was
characterized by his:
1. Authentic goodness flowing out of
graciousness (pawang kagandahang-
loob);
2. Genuine desire (kusang loob ang
pagmamagandang loob ni Hesus) for a
better life to the people and not to glorify
himself;
3. Transformative power (nakakahawa ang
kagandahang-loob ni Hesus); and
4. Total dedication for the good of others
(walang kapantay ang kagandahang-loob
ni Hesus).
Metanoia – a change of heart.
**Jesus called for a change of heart
(pagbabalik loob) as he invites us to a life
discipleship (pangangatawan).
Beatitudes – came from the words “Beautiful
Atittudes”.
1. Simplicity
2. Gentleness
3. Merciful
4. Humility
5. Righteousness
6. Peacemakers
7. Purity of Heart
Module 3: As Beautiful Images of God: An
Invitation to be Human
IMAGE OF GOD
According to Cacho and De Mesa (2012), “To
be made as God’s image in a world that did
not think much about their worth was a double
declaration. It was an endorsement of the
inherent goodness of humans and, at the
same time, it offered the challenge to be
human by exercising responsibility” (p.123).
Human Person Adequately Considered (HPAC)
 Precondition: A Morally good disposition -
one is truly seeking for the good
 Discernment of a Morally Good Act
consists in considering eight dimensions of
the human person in any moral issue one
faces
 Synthesized by Belgian theologian Louis
Janssen from the Vatican II document
Gaudium et Spes (Joys and Hopes):
Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the
Modern World
Dimensions of the Human Person
1. Possesses freedom (GS17) [Kusang-loob]
- Authentic Freedom is not just doing and
saying what I want, but doing what is good.
- Understanding freedom as doing what I want
violates freedom as relational.
- This is its very nature because we always
exercise our freedom in relation with others
(Shared Freedom).
 Sin on the other hand is an abuse of
freedom because we invade the
freedom of others according to CFC. This
explains why sin as stated by Cacho and
De Mesa (2012) is pandaraya because it
is deliberate and intentional and
therefore an abuse of freedom.
2. Conscience (GS16) [Makataong-loob]
- Conscience is defined as a voice within us
telling us to do what is good and avoid doing
wrong because it makes us feel guilty
according to Ian knox (2003) though we all
know it is not that all simple.
- It is the conscience that judges the morality of
the act considering the object (nature of the
act), the Intention and the circumstances
according to CFC.
- It is the conscience that guides our freedom
in making good moral decisions.
- These are to be used in a responsible manner
[matuwid na pamamaraan] (GS 31).
3. Corporeal Being (Sumasakatawan)
- “[One] is not allowed to despise his bodily life.
Rather, he [she] is obliged to regard his [her]
body as good and honorable since God has
created it…” (GS 14)
- Self-care/self-esteem is a virtue
4. MATERIAL BEING (Sumasakalikasan)
- We are “beings-in-the world”; an integral part
of the environment.
- Implications: consider the effect of action on
the environment
- Through science and technology, we are co-
creators of God in renewing the world. (GS 53-
62)
5. Relational - I-Thou (Nakikipagkapwa)
- Significant relationships are important in our
growth as moral subjects
 Martin Buber - Only in relation to a thou
can one became an I.
- Who are the significant others in your life?
How will they be affected by your actions?
6. Relational – Social Being (Sumasalipunan)
 Social structures and institutions – created
for the common good (buting-tanan)
 Implications:
 Individualist ethic is not enough (GS 30)
 Need to stress respect for these
institutions (GS 26)
 But social structures and institutions are also
limited and imperfect; need to revise them
to adapt to changing contexts (GS 26, 29,
30)
7. Historical Being (Sumasakasaysayan)
 Personal History/Story - it is important to
know our developmental stage
 Cultural History - we are part of a nation
with a story and a culture. Culture is
dynamic
 GS 55 “In every group or nation there
is an ever-increasing number of men
and women who are conscious that
they themselves are the artisans and
authors of the culture of their
community.”
 Development of Beliefs in one’s Religion
Ex. Church teaching for many centuries –
procreation is sole purpose of sexual
intercourse; this was modified in Gaudium et
Spes when the relational meaning of sexuality
was recognized (i.e. sexual intercourse is also
expression of love)
8. Fundamentally Equal but Unique (Pantay-
pantay subalit may pagkakatangi)
 GS 29 – fundamental equality grounded in
our sharing the same human nature; we
have a common body with common
needs; therefore moral demands are
universalizeable (e.g. Universal
Declaration of Human Rights by the United
Nations)
 Uniqueness of each one’s situation (e.g.
cybersex of OFW separated from spouse)
HUMAN PERSON ADEQUATELY CONSIDERED = 8
DIMENSIONS OF A HUMAN PERSON
 HPAC is not an individualist ethic; person is
not the same as the individual [person
here is “in relation”]; discernment is done
by an individual/community in relation to
other communities and the church.
 These dimension should always be
considered in making a moral decision.
MORAL DECISION MAKING
Moral Decisions
- are when you have to decide between what
is the right and wrong thing to do.
- Believe it or not, most people use the Bible or
the Church to help guide their moral decision
making.
- The following is a fool-proof (if you actually
take the time to think through it) method of
MDM.
 The STOP Sign Method for Making Moral
Decisions

Search
Think
Others
Pray

1. Search out the facts: What? Why? Who?

When? Where?
- To make Moral decisions you need to make
informed decisions.
 Remember these principles:
- A good intention does not justify evil
means to attain it.
- If any part of the act is wrong (action,
motive, circumstances) DON’T DO IT.

2. Think about:
- The alternatives and the Consequences.

3. Others: Consult and Consider

- Talk to other people.
- How your actions will affect them.

4. Pray
 Talk- let God know what’s in your mind.
 Listen- pay attention and God will answer
in some way. Be ready.

TYPE OF TEST
1. Multiple Choice – 30 points
2. Classification (Classify whether the bible
verses show Love for God, Love for
Neighbor, or Love for Enemy) – 10 points
3. True or False – 10 points

REFERENCE:
Theology-2 – Modules 1-3

Compiled by: Bryle Zyver Pineda | @zyverxpnd