Co-benefits in Asia’s Transportation Sector: Methods and Applications

Singapore, 8 Nov 2010

Case Study: Bangkok BRT

Thaned Satiennam
Khon Kaen University
y

Sittha Jaensirisak
Ubon Ratchathani

with support from

Nihon University

Bangkok BRT

• Bus Rapid Transit is a new transit system in Bangkok

• Bangkok BRT project belonging to Bangkok Metropolitan Authority
• BKK BRT has its own stations and bus priority lane
• BRT route network planned to feed mass transit systems (Sky train and
Subway)
• Bus controlled by ITS for assuring punctuality and safety

Source: www.bangkokbrt.com
 Corridor Characteristic Bangkok BRT
Target Route: South Route No. of corridor 1
Total length 15.9 km
((Sathorn–Ratchapruek)
p ) Location of bus lane center of roadway
Bus-exclusive and
Bus priority lane
sharing HOV lane
Station Characteristic
No. of station 12
N BRT N
BRT北線North
th A
Aver. Dist.
Di t BBetween
t station
t ti 1 kkm
（計画中） Location of station Median of roadway
High floor bus and
At level boarding and alighting
station
Stopp close to p
platform Arm gguidance
Arrival information Arrival display monitor
高架鉄道 Bus Characteristic
BTS
BTS MRTM Bus length 12 m
地下鉄道
MRT Capacity 80 pas.
RT
MRT
Fuel Type NGV
No. of passenger
Testing operation, no fare 20000 pas./day
Real operation, 10 Baht fare 15000 pas./day
p
Operation Characteristic
5 min:peak, 10 min:off
Frequency
peak
Time schedule 6AM-12PM
Aver. Speed 30 km/hr
BRT南線 Fare Collection
BRT South
（建設中） Fare collection system off-board collection
Fare rate 12-20 Baht
Smart card Contactless smart card
Connecting to BTS at
0 25
2.5 5km Connecting point
Chong Nonsri station
P&R Area 200 cars at terminus
ITS Bus Signal Priority
Feeder Shuttle Bus
3

Future Plan: Long Term

• BRT Master
plan of BMA
• Full network
with 14
corridors in
2022
 Comparison Bangkok BRT with other BRTs

Bogota
Bangkok
86.5km
15.9km
(6 corridor
(1 corridor ith 115
with
with 12 stations)
stations)

Jakarta Beijin
125+km 54km
(8 corridor (3 corridor
with 145 with 60
stations) stations)

Source: http://www.chinabrt.org/en/cities/bangkok.aspx

Scenario Establishment

To evaluate the co-benefit of Bangkok BRT, three

scenarios were established

1. Current network in 2006

2. Future network with BRT in 2011
3. Future network without BRT in 2011
 Study Area (BMR and its 5 neighboring provinces)

N
1,066 1,067
1,0621,063
1,059
1,333
, 1,053 1,058
1 334
1,334 1 068
1,068
1,374 1,339 1,024 1,069
1,0211,022 1,051 1,057 1,064
1,360
1,361 1,372 1,373 1,340
1,341 1,338 1,332 1,331 1,025
1,023
1,028 1,0471,049 1,054
1,044
944943 948 1,026 1,027 1,043
1,029 1,060 1,065 1,070
1,362 1,342 954 940 941
1,363 1,3711,369 1,337 1,329 1,330 899 900 942 947 1,030 1,032 1,031
1,364 1,365 1,020
Prathumthani 1,370 1,367
1,368 1,335 1,317
949 958 955 939 946 1,033
945 1,0351,036
1,034
1,052
1,055
1,061 1,018
1,019
1,385 1,366 1,328 956 959 938
1,336 957 937 935 1,011 990
1,390 1,386 1,3761,375 1,359 1,327 1,319 1,316 951 914936915 934 933 1,037 1,046
1,038 1,0481,050 1,056 1,014
1,045 1,017
1,016
1,015
1,353 1,325 1,318 1,0081,0091,013
1,012
1,377 1,358 1,352 1,323
1,324 1,326 901 950 916 932 1,0421,039
1,356 1,354 1,304 1,321
1,322 952 912 913 918930931 925
917 9241,040 1,0419969979981,0051,0061,010
1,391 1,387 1,378 1,3791,355
1,357
1,348 1,349 1,298 902
953 910 926991 994995 9991,007 984
1,380 1,315 923 929 928 993
992 1,000 985 986
1,388 1,383 1,347 1,299 1,320 1,308 1,314 1,312 897898 890 911 927
919 921 1,004 1,0031,001
1,002
964969972 976 979 982
980 988 989
1,389 1,381 1,3501,2961,297 882 838 903904907 908 920 922 961 960 963 983
Nakhorn Pathom 1,382 1,351
1,294 1,300 1,303
1,301 1,307 1,311
1,310 891 888881 905909 962 966970973974975977
965 987
1 384
1,384 1 2931,302 1,291
1,295 1,293 1 291 1,309 896 886 889 906 821 822 262
261 264325
263 265
967
968 971 978 981
1,089 1,343 1,344 1,345 1,290 1,305 1,306 1,313 1 313
892 885 887 832 834835 829 827 828 823824 260 326 323
258 259 327
1,0901,114 1,346 1,292 1,289 1,287 1,288 833
879878 884883880 836 837 818819 817830 826
831 825255256 266311312 324 472 473
1,091 820 815 254 257 437
Nonthaburi 1,116 1,127 1,269
1,257 1,270 1,277
895 893
894 865 877876875 808 809 810811812814 253 305
783784787789791813 251
816
306
313
310314321
308309 320322 438439
440 441
1,126 1,128 1,286 1,260 873874
872 806 803 250267 304 307
1,087 1,0921,115 1,261 1,2721,271 1,274
1,258
867 864 804 775777
776
785786
778
788
779
790792
781
794246252
793
758247
7757
82
268298 300
299301315316 317319 456 474 475
1,088 1,1171,1251,130
1,097 1,129 1,139 1,259 1,273 1,278 871 863 807805 759 763
764 765 780
769772 248 242
249 269 297302 303417416318
1,093 1,118 1,123
1,124 1,138 1,140 1,262 870 866 861 860800
859 798 797760 766773
767 770
771
774
755756
754 243 240 415 354 442 446 457
1,119 1,131 1,137 1,141
1,132 869 862 801 802 799761 768 753
139138 238237 413 414 342346 353 443
352 447 476477 478
1,0941,098 1,122
1,133
1,1201,135 1,267 1,276 1,275 868 844 795
752
751 140244245239241 418420421343 347 444 451
340348349 445
1,095 1,099
1,100
1,143 1,134
1,121
1,113
1,111
1,106
1,1021,110
1,105
1,104
1,142
1,136
1,112
1,158
1,109
1,108
1,107
1,101 1,163 1,2631,265 1,268
1,2811,282 857 856 853
855 858851 850 796 762 142141
231236 419 344345
234422426 449450 459
460 479
1,078 1,0961,0811,082
1,103
1,083
1,080 1,146
1,145 1,157
1,156
1,155
1,154
1,147
1,144 1,153
1,159
1,160 1,164
1,161 1,1661,264 1,266 1,251 1,2791,280
1,165 852854849 845
846847 842
840 841843 146143
144230 233235423 424
425 283 282338341 350448453 454 480
1,077 1,148
1,149 1,152
1,151 1,1621,1671,241 1,247 8394645 44499 3145 232 427402 481
BMR 1,0721,0761,0791,0841,1501,1701,168 1,243
1,240 1,2461,2541,250
1,252
1,255 1,227 1,283 502503 505 506507 514
51551624 84847
5553 4948108 103
105
100
104
102
106
101159 161428
160
164
270
403271
404272
406
4294430
273274284339 335
334 336351332452455 458
329331 462 482
1,073 1,085 1,169
1,238
1,239 1,245 1,256 1,228
1,253
1,249
1,248 1,229
1,2301,235
1,2191,284 508 509510 51728 2 9254
2526
35
50
75251 109
5
111
110 112
113
162
107
166
167
182
169
165
163
168
431
433
432 35
407 405 279
275
280277
278
285287337
276286
293 328 333 463 465
1,071
1,074
1,075 1,2421,244 1,180 1,231 1,213 1,218
1,217
1,216
1,214
1,215
1,285
1,225 504 512 513511 33 323137
51830 4143621210
3840
613
83914714 114
15
118
183
184
185
148 188
189
186 191
192
187
436409
434
170
190 408 281289 291
412 288290 292
193 411410 295 330 461 464 466
294
1,086 1,171 1,182 1,2321,2341,212
1,233
1,181
1,193 1,211
1,209 1,221
1,224
1,220 1,226 538539 540553 555 3439
55456392
93 9189
9495 90 12
685759
56 201916
5822
147
150
17
21
23
115
116
153
151
149
152 155
154157
156 207
208
158209220221222 376377382 296 389388 470 471
1,1731,172 1,174 1,2371,236 1,183 1,192 1,194
1,191 1,1951,208 1,210 1,223
1,222
, , 591 97
565566 69 60 119
118
121 124 210 219225224
218 223
378 379383387390 391
1,190 1 1991,207
1,196
1,199
1,198
1,197
,1,206
11,459
206 1,448
1,449
1,453
1,457
1,454 590 599541
589593 542543 544 556
545
564
557 567
561562487
98
76
96
78
77
85
70
7579
8674
37261
771
8065646263
6125
67
117
120
194
19201
195
6127
123
1122
196
94199
204
203 206
205
171
211
212
213 214226
215
216 228381
227 380384386392393 394 467 468 469
1,1791,184 1,189
1,178 1,1881,204
1,200
1,205
1,201
1,203
1,458
1,456
1,460
1,450592
1,455
1,452
1,451 594 550 546
598 549
559
547558
560 483488
489
49349087
88
838281
84130
128129126
131
197
198
200
202
136173
137 172611
174
217229 358
356 359363 385 399 717
1,177 1,187
1,1851,186 1,202 1,462 601 595 548551 484 494 132 134135
177 175
176 612 355357
360 364
1,461 1,463 1,464 600 597552
596
486
485
525 491 492
497
495
496 568569133178 180 610
179 365
361362395
367 396
397 400 724 735
1,1751,176 1,4701,468 1,465 602603 524 501 570
500 572 576 571 574604 181 613 366
372373374 369 370 398 718 736
1,483 1,479 1,480 1,471 1,469 522 526531535499 575605609 614 630 654368 371 708 401 714 740
1,4671,466 520 533532498 578573 577 580 608623627628 631 653657
655 659375
661 709 716
737 741
1,484 1,4811,4821,472 1,476 519 523 534 536 579 581 582607 606 622621 625 629 656
664 658
660 727
1,486 1,475 1,404 521 585587 586616 615 626647665
666 662
663707 705
667668 734 726
1,506 1,485 1,487 1,4781,4771,473 1,474 527 529 583
584588 619624645646673
620618 649
648650651
694 669 706 713 715 719 720 742
1,502 1,488 1,490 1,405 652
689 670
671 725
1,500 1,505 1,489
1,410
1,413 1,407 1,406 528 530
617 643644 674691
639637
640 675 692693 672
690
679
710 744 743
1,5031,504 1,414 1,411 1,408 636638678677 680 704 712 711723 738
Samut Prakarn 1,501 1,491 1,493 1,417 1,415
1,416
1,4221,420
1,409 537
632 635 634 641 676681
731 728 739
733730
1,4191,412
1,394 1,392 688687682 703
695
721732 729
1,4951,4941,492 1,432 1,425 1,4241,421
1,423 1,437
1,418 1,440 1,395
1,438
1,439
1,442 686683
684 746
Samut Sakhorn 1,497
1,496
1,427
1,430 1,428
1,443
1,444
1,441
1,426
1,445 1,398
1,399
1,446
1,447
1,4001,397
633
642 685 701699698
700 697 696
722 745
750
1,498 1,499 1,429 1,401 1,396 1,393 702 748749
1 431 1,402
1,434 1,4331,431 747
1,435 1,403
1,436
Road Network 0 10,000 20,000Meters

Rail Transit Route

Totally 1,506 Zones

Framework of estimation

Demand forecasting model based 
BRT Plan
BRT Plan
on 4 step estimation
Travel Speed/  Other 
OD Table
Traffic Volume  /
Policies/ 
BRT Ridership
BRT Ridership
by rink Measures

Micro Traffic Simulation
Land 
d
Use Travel Speed/  Travel Speed 
Location/Time of BRT LCA for  LCA for 
Train  Infrastr
Car ucture
CO2 Emission  CO2 Emission 
Corridor 
from Road
from Road  from Road
from Road 
Development, 
l
Transport Transport
such as TOD

Total CO2 Emission by BRT Introduction
By Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima University
 Network results from User Equilibrium Assignment

Entire network of Bangkok Metropolitan Region

and its Neighboring 5 Provinces
Network surrounding BRT Corridor

Results of Demand Forecasting

Difference
2006 2011 2011 between
Base year Without BRT With BRT Two scenarios
Total vehicle kilometer 240 404 345
240,404,345 249 487 926
249,487,926 247 691 970
247,691,970 -1,795,956
, ,
traveled (km/day) (-0.73%)
Total in-vehicle time 16,296,587 14,647,926 14,572,683 -101,477
((hours/day)
y) (
(-0.69%)
)
Average speed 14.75 17.00 17.00 0
(km/h)
Total link length
g 26 170
26,170 26 383
26,383 26 383
26,383 0
(km)

10
 Users benefits Calculation

V l off Travel
Value T l time
ti for
f Bangkok
B k k Case
C (Unit:
(U it Baht/min)
B ht/ i )
PC MC TRUCK SPBUS
2.01 0.35 1.03 1.03
Source: OTP, 2010

Vehicle Operating Cost for Bangkok Case (Unit: Baht/km)

Speed 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
PC 8.86 6.92 6.12 5.67 5.44 5.31 5.24 5.19 5.17 5.17 5.19 5.21
MC 2 09
2.09 1 63
1.63 1 54
1.54 1 47
1.47 1 42
1.42 1 39
1.39 1 37
1.37 1 37
1.37 1 38
1.38 1 45
1.45 1 45
1.45 1 46
1.46
TRUCK* 17.87 12.94 11.45 10.9 10.76 10.82 10.97 11.15 11.33 11.48 11.61 11.71
BUS 20.55 14.93 13.11 12.33 12.02 11.98 12.13 12.41 12.79 13.25 13.75 14.26
Source: OTP, 2010

Results of User’s Benefit Calculation

2006 2011 2011 Difference

Present Situation Without BRT With BRT between Two
scenario scenario scenario scenarios
Time Cost
467 088 340 223
467,088,340,223 372 519 518 162
372,519,518,162 369 352 291 793
369,352,291,793 -3
3,167,226,369
167 226 369
(Baht/year)
Operating Cost
758,591,194,274 771,676,100,219 766,519,611,334 -5,156,488,885
(Baht/year)
Loss by Accident
143,215,180,809
32 80 809 138,838,420,713
38 838 20 3 137,465,291,897
3 29 89 -1,373,128,816
3 3 28 8
(Baht/year)
12
 Estimation of Emission Reduction
• Emission factors by vehicle type, PC, Bus, Light Duty Truck, MC

400 30
y = 0.0584x2 - 7.4383x + 335.9000 y = -0.0001 x2 - 0.0692 x + 10.8667
R2 = 0.8825 25 R2 = 0.9193
300
20

CO2 (g/km)

CO (g/kkm)
200 15

10
100

ERi = ∑ ( BEi ,k − PEi ,k )

5

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Average speed (km/h) Average speed (km/h)

BEi ,k = ∑ (QBL , j ,k × Lk × EFi , j ,V ) 5

y = 0.0002x2 - 0.0186x + 1.3134
4 R2 = 0.7817

PEi ,k = ∑ (QPJ , j ,k × Lk × EFi , j ,V )

NOx (g/km)

3
Emission factors of
2 passenger car
1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Average speed (km/h)

Source: Study to Promote CDM Projects in Transport Sector in order to Resolve Global
Environmental Problem (Bangkok Metropolitan Area Case), MLIT Japan, 2003

By Atsushi FUKUDA on International Environmental Cooperation Studies I, GELs, Hiroshima University

Results of Estimation of Emission Reductions

Emissions reductions
Pollutants
(t/day for CO2, kg/day for others)
2006
2011 (Without BRT) 327,389
NOx 2011 (With BRT) 325,930
Reduction (Without –With BRT) 1,458
Reduction
d rate ((Without
(( h –With
h BRT)/Without
)/ h BRT)) 0 %
0.45%
2006
2011 (Without BRT) 1,173,604
Air 2011 (With BRT) 1,160,929
CO
pollutants Reduction
d (Without
( h –With
h BRT)) 12,676
Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 1.08
2006
2011 ((Without BRT)) 13,858
,
PM 2011 (With BRT) 13,843
Reduction (Without –With BRT) 15
Reduction rate ((Without –With BRT)/Without BRT) 0.11%
2006
2011 (Without BRT) 67,327
Greenhouse 2011 (With BRT) 66,903
CO2
gas Reduction (Without –With BRT) 424
Reduction rate ((Without –With
With BRT)/Without BRT) 0 63%
0.63%

14
 Conclusions
¾ The benefits are depended on
• Transport demand forecasting model (a number of
parameters are needed)
• Monetary values of the benefits (including VOT
VOT,
VOC, accident cost and emission cost)
¾ In Thailand,
Thailand the monetary values are not
standardised, thus the benefits cannot compare
among projects.
projects
¾ Other values are needed, e.g. value of accessibility
(increasing of land value)
value).
¾ For long term effects, transport and land use
interaction should be taken into account
account.
¾ Further development of the guideline is needed.

Source: Bangkok BRT

BRT St
Station
ti connecting
ti tot Sky
Sk train
t i
Thank you very much for your attention