Frequency Selecctive Surface Superstraate Antenna

for 79-GH
Hz Automotive Applicattions
Hamsakutty Vettikalladi, Basem Aqlan, and Majeed A.S Alkannhal
Departmeent of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University
Riyadhh 11421, Saudi Arabia, hvettikalladi@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract— A high gain frequency selecctive surface (FSS) made of low-loss/cost mateerial RT-Duroid 5880 with
superstrate antenna at 79 GHz is presenteed. The maximum permittivity 2.23, and a loss
l tangent of tan 0.004
gain of a single antenna with FSS layer is 17.9 dBi at 79 GHz, [5] with a thickness 0.12
27 . This substrate has a
which is near to the gain of a classical 4 × 4 array. It is found
top and bottom metal layer off thickness 18 , where the
that the gain of a single FSS superstrate layyer increases nearly
11.61 dB at 79 GHz over its basic membrrane antenna. The SIW vias is integrated on the same
s substrate. The microstrip
measured 2:1 VSWR bandwidth with FSS layer l is from 75.57 line and the transition to SIW W are developed on the lower
GHz to 84.18 GHz (10.89 %). The radiation patterns are found side of the layer 1, whereas a sllot is etched on the top side of
to be broadside all over the frequency band ofo interest. the same substrate. The SIW parameters
p are calculated from
the guidelines given in [8].
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, automotive radar appplications provides
various functions, which includes the drriver’s safety and
comfort. Due to the European frequenccy regulation for
automotive short range radar (SRR) requiires the shift from
24 GHz band to the 79 GHz band in 2013.. In Europe, the 79
GHz band from 77 GHz to 81 GHz wass identified as the
permanent frequency band for high resollution short range
automotive radars due to its benefits [1].GGenerally, antenna
is the most essential and significant elemeent of any wireless
Fig .1. The side view of the FSS supersstrate antenna, ground plane size is
systems. Different antenna designs have been reported at 79 25 × 25 mm2.
GHz frequency band by using low tem mperature co-fired
ceramics (LTCC) technology, but in these cases the antenna The SIW width ‘ ’, whhich is the inner separation
fabrication is done on high permittivity substrate and not between two sidewalls createdd by via holes can support the
affordable [2]. Hence, membrane antennaas technology are mode , for a cutoff frequeency of 75 GHz for this
still attractive for improving antenna perrformances. A 60 design. is the diameter off via and is the center-to
GHz membrane supported aperture coupled patch antenna center distance between two consecutive
c via holes. A 50Ω
array has been proposed in [3]. At millimeter wave microstrip feeding is connnected to SIW through a
frequencies the substrate-integrated waveguide
w (SIW) microstrip-SIW transition haviing length ‘ ’ and width
technique is used due to the advantaages of ease of ‘ ’calculated in [9]. Juust above the layer 1, FR4
integration, low cost, and reduced sizee [4]. High gain substrate is placed with a thickness of 0.2 , and a
antennas are needed for compact SRR system at 79 GHz permittivity of 4.4. The air
a gap is made by drilling the
band. Adding a superstrate layer at a particcular height above FR4 substrate with an optim mized square dimension of
the ground plane has been explained in [5] [ to enhance the 3 3 . We usedd the FR4 substrate because it
gain. Also by Trentini [6] partially reflecttive surface (PRS) is very cheap and easily avaailable in the markets. FR4
producing a high gain planner anttenna has been substrate acts as only a support, not effecting the
investigated. This technique utilizes the reflection performance of the antenna. The radiating element of a
characteristic obtained from periodic arraysa known as single microstrip patch antennaa (MPA) is located on the top
frequency selective surface (FSS) [7]. In this paper, a of layer 3 (Patch-SUB), which is supported by FR4-SUB,
superstrate membrane antenna with FSS S on the bottom having the same characteristicss of layer 1. The Patch shown
surface of the superstrate layer is designed at the center in Fig. 1 is excited by longitudiinal slot located on the ground
frequency of 79 GHz. The antenna shhows a measured plane of layer 1, having a width ‘ ’ and length ‘ ’
impedance bandwidth of 10.89% from 755.57 GHz to 84.18 determined by antenna resonance frequency at
GHz with a maximum simulated gain of o 17.9 dBi at 79 79 GHz. This slot length ‘ ’ is i equal to ⁄2 1.495
GHz. (where ⁄ 1 ⁄2 ), with a displacement from
the center line of ‘ ’. The couupling distance ‘ ’ from short
II. ANTENNA DESIGN & RESULTS
E
circuit of SIW to center of the slot, which is a distance of
The side view of the aperture-coupled membrane
m antenna /4 or an odd multiple of it, isi taken to be 4.1
with FSS on the bottom surface of a suuperstrate layer is 5 ⁄4 for considering the manufacturing
m easiness. The
shown in Fig. 1. The membrane antennaa consists of three optimized designed antenna paarameter dimensions are listed
dielectric layers, SIW-SUB, FR4-SUB, and Patch-SUB, in Table I.
respectively as shown in Fig .1. The layyer 1 (SIW-SUB) TABL
LE I
 DESIGN PARAMETERS
Parameters Optimized vaalue (mm)
1.34
0.3
0.5
1.34
2
1.5
0.15
0.1255
4.1
1.6
0.75

A superstrate layer of Roger substrate RT-duroid 6010- (aa)

LM with a thickness of 0.254 , and permittivity
10.2 and tan 0.0023 is placed above the ground
plane at a height of 0.5 as show wn in Fig.1. The
superstrate dimension is optimized for maximum
m gain as
explained in [5], and is found to be 3 3 . The
maximum gain obtained is 15.4 dBi at 79 GHz with
impedance bandwidth from 75.6 GHz to t 82.9 GHz (i.e.
9.24%). Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are added on
the bottom surface of the superstrate as depicted
d in Fig .1,
by employing highly reflective conducttive patches. The
optimized unit cell size of a single FSS paatch is found to be
1.7 mm × 0.75 mm with the distance from fr the center to
center of unit cells as 2.4 mm along Y-axiis and 1 mm along
X- axis. The total size of the antenna is takken as 25 mm × 25
mm for measurement purpose. Fig. 2. Show ws the comparison
of reflection coefficient (S11) betweenn simulated and
measured results of the optimized 2 x 7 unit cells FSS
superstrate antenna. It is clear from the figgure that there is a
good agreement between the simulated (HF FSS and CST) and
measured results. The measured results shows impedance
bandwidth of 75.57 GHz - 84.18 GHz (10.89 %).
Fig. 2. Comparison between simulated and measuredd results of S11 vs.
frequency of the antenna with an FSS layer of 2 × 7 unit
u cells
The E-plane and H-plane gain radiatioon patterns of the
patch type FSS superstrate antenna at a three different
frequencies of 77 GHz, 79 GHz, and 81 GHz G are shown in
Figs. 3(a) and (b) respectively. It is noted from radiation
pattern that, at 79 GHz the E-plane half-poower beamwidth is
found to be 16.9° and the H-plane half-poower beamwidth is
17° . It can be seen that a good agreement is achieved
between the CST and HFSS simulationns. The maximum
gain obtained is 17.9 dBi at 79 GH Hz. The radiation
efficiency is estimated to be 65 %.
(bb)
Fig .3. Simulated (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane radiation patterns of the
antenna with an FSS layer of 2 × 7 unitt cells.
ACKNOWLE
EDGMENT
The authors would like to thaank King Abdulaziz City for
Science and Technology (K KACST) for providing fund
through the Project no. ARP 344–137.
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