PDF Version - Guide To English Vocabulary

THE NO-BS GUIDE TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY
AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

An Interactive Road-Map to Learning Words, Fixing Spellings, and
Building Fluent Pronunciation Skills Forever
- JASON DURHAM, ALSHON TYE
About The Author
Speaking fluent English and having a rich vocabulary was the last thing anybody could
expect of me back in school. I remember how other kids and teachers used to laugh their
heart out when I opened my mouth. They said I had a horrible pronunciation and a non-
existent vocabulary. It used to shatter my self-confidence to smithereens. Now, when I look
back 5 years down the line, I feel I have come a long way. I don’t want to come across as
showy or boast about myself, but I want to make you strongly believe in yourself that even
you can do it. This book really has all the knowledge you need.
I am a really big fan of the 80/20 or the pareto principle and take a keen interest on feeding
my brain with efficiency and productivity hacks. So, I thought it would be a huge waste of
your time and effort if I filled this book up with fluff. That is why, I decided to make a
compressed compilation of everything that worked for me during my journey, rather than a
story book. I would be lying if I said it wasn’t a life changing process. It taught me that really
anything you set your mind to is possible given enough blood and sweat. A rich vocabulary
has helped me immensely in many walks of my life, from being much more confident, to
people taking me seriously. This really made me feel that I should give back to those who
are in the position I used to be, by helping them with all the knowledge I have now. Anyway,
that was my brief story, but this book is not about me. It is about you. It is to help you. So,
let’s not waste any more time, and move forward right away.
Introduction
Okay, let me guess – Do you memorize tons of words, only to forget them? Are you unable
to use these words in your day to day conversations? Or maybe you just don’t know how to
start properly. These are some the major issues people face while trying to build their
vocabulary, other than getting overwhelmed and giving up altogether. I know your problem,
I know it all. I have been there, and I shall help you in your journey by empowering you with
all the knowledge and wisdom I have, in the form of this book.
This isn’t a storybook or a novel. To be aptly described, this is a no-bs instruction manual
that gets you the maximum result in the least amount of time. Some side-effects of this book
are that you’ll get better with spellings, and eventually speak English that is more pleasant
to the ears. I hope they are acceptable. Now, let me tell you how I would want you to use
this guide.
How To Use This Book And Mindset
This book is meant to be interactive. You are supposed to talk back to it and follow along. If
you do this, you are surely, surely going to show improvement. Keeping in mind that building
up vocabulary is not an overnight game, you have to, and need to stay consistent with the
schedule. You need to put in the work and effort every single day. I would like you to make
a promise to yourself that you won’t let loose and give up when you feel it is too hard and
not worth it. I did it, you can do it too. You have no excuse not to. Remember, obstacles will
come. For quitters they are roadblocks, for the winners they are mere speedbumps. I can
tell you for sure that it will be more than worth it and satisfying. You will start feeling it yourself
as you see some results.
Now, let’s jump into a little quiz so that you can test your current level.
Link to the pdf attachment - Additional Resources –
http://bit.ly/Additional_Resources
Table of Contents
Test Your Current Vocabulary And Spelling Game
Lesson 1: The Blueprint: How To Build Vocabulary
Lesson 2: Speak Like A Native: How To Get Better At Pronunciation
Lesson 3: Turn Into An Orthographer: How To Excel At Spellings
Lesson 4: Apply And Learn: Exercises
Lesson 5: Bonus Lesson: Improving Fluency And Communication

Test Your Current Vocabulary And Spelling Game
Rules: Write down the answers to all the 30 questions and then check your score.
1. One who is unsure about god’s existence.

- Agnostic
- Arbitrator
- Nonchalance
- Atheist
2. Untidy appearance
- Fetid
- Laud
- Unkempt
- Peculiar
3. Parry
- Expect
- Ignore
- Hit hard
- Block
4. Ingenuous
- Naive
- Fierce
- Deep
- Different
5. Furtive
- Public
- Fun
- Secret
- Long
6. Innate
- Special
- Natural
- Developed
- Unstoppable
7. Astute
- Shrewd
- Extravagant
- Reprimand
- Opprobrium
8. Expert judge
- Magistrate
- Connoisseur
- Referee
- Autocrat
9. Chastise
- Grind
- Digest
- Commendation
- Criticize
10. Tangible
- Abstract
- Sour
- Palpable
- Discrete
11. Malign
- Good
- Strong
- Evil
- Weak
12. Tyro
- Dominating
- Serious
- Beginner
- Hard working
13. Insouciant
- Brilliant
- Concerned
- Lacking confidence
- Carefree
14. Martinet
- Disciplinarian
- Casual
- Young soldier
- Honest
15. Barbarian
- Impolite
- Uncivilised
- Rude
- Warrior
16. Deplore
- Sacred
- Exile
- Disjunct
- Lament
17. Impeach
- Doubt
- Challenge
- Trust
- Break rule
18. Zenith
- Pinnacle
- Underground
- God
-Powerful
19. Stout
- Irritated
- Angry
- Fat
- Shoot
20. Perplexed
- Sick
- Certain
- Worried
- Puzzled
21. Vehemently
- Forcefully
- Suddenly
- Broadly
- Aimlessly
22. Strident
- Rhythmic
- Melodious
- Pleasant
- Harsh
23. Prognosis
- Plan
- Forecast
- Identification
- Divination
24. Emulate
- Discuss
- Deny
- Question
- Imitate
25. Liberal
- Unreliable
- Tolerant
- Smart
- Accountable
26. Primal
- Vital
- Result
- Execute
- Annoying
27. Redolent
- Automate
- Prospectus
- Evocative
- Replace
28. Succumb
- Non-existent
- Surrender
- Swindler
- Minor
29. Tessellate
- Decorate
- Remove
- Brushed
- Separate
30. Trifle
- Move around
- Inessential
- Chop
- Crumble
Time to see how good your current vocabulary is. Refer to answer key ahead and give
yourself 1 point for each correct answer.
Answer key –
1. Agnostic
2. Unkempt
3. Block
4. Naive
5. Secret
6. Natural
7. Shrewd
8. Connoisseur
9. Criticize
10. Palpable
11. Evil
12. Beginner
13. Carefree
14. Disciplinarian
15. Uncivilised
16. Lament
17. Challenge
18. Pinnacle
19. Fat
20. Puzzled
21. Forcefully
22. Harsh
23. Forecast
24. Imitate
25. Tolerant
26. Vital
27. Evocative
28. Surrender
29. Decorate
30. Inessential
How much did you score? Here is a rough estimate of what your score means.
0-7 -> Below Average

8-15 -> Average
16-20 -> Above Average
21-25 -> Amazing
26-30 -> Godly
Now that you have taken a quick test, let me tell you something. The Human Engineering
Laboratory confirmed in one of their studies that successful people have a strong common
characteristic – Their extraordinary grasp of words. But how can vocabulary have such a
strong correlation with success? Hmm. It is because words are the tools by which humans
grasp each other’s thoughts and do their own thinking. Words are how people express ideas
and communicate with each other. Having a good vocabulary is a powerful weapon to have
in your arsenal.
Don’t worry if you are not a native English speaker, if you are not confident of your range of
words or if you haven’t performed well in the test above. Vocabulary can be developed. In
fact, vocabulary IS developed. It is not something you are born with. I am here to guide you,
take you step-by-step through the process of building a strong, unforgettable vocabulary.
The methods I’ll share are the exact same methods I used to build my very own vocabulary.
But keep this in mind – Anything that is worth having takes real work, time and consistency
above all. Vocabulary is not something that you will build if you just read words and don’t
practice them or actively try to use them in your daily life. So, with that said, let’s get started.
I will lay down a blueprint as to how you should build your vocabulary. Just follow it. Put in
the work and time every day, and you will see results. SUSTAINABLE RESULTS.
Let’s get started with the first lesson.
Lesson 1: The Blueprint: How To Build Vocabulary
Here is a golden rule for vocabulary –
Stop using very. Period. It is very simple. Oops! I used a very there.
So, what you have to do is use ‘phenomenal’ in place of very good. ‘Brief’ in place of very
short. ‘Freezing’ in place of very cold. ‘Sluggish’ in place of very slow. I hope you seem to
understand what I mean. Learning vocabulary is really not all that hard. Just stop using very.
Now, there are thousands and tens of thousands of words in the English language, and
stuffing this book with words won’t be of value to you. It also won’t make any sense as you
can even find them anywhere on the internet for free. Rather, I shall empower you with an
extremely effective method, a blueprint to learn hundreds of thousands of words and actually
use them in your conversations.
However, towards the end of this book, I will list a couple hundred words, their definitions,
their usage and some synonyms and antonyms for each so that you know some important
words. After learning those, you can go to any of the vocabulary lists online and start
munching words from those sources too. You shall become really effective with digesting
words by the end of this book. Consistency is key here, as even science says that set
patterns help your brain remember information better.
Enough talking, let’s dive straight in –
So, vocabulary is built in shifts. Each shift is a 7-day process, where the last day is the shift
review day.
The most effective framework for learning words is the called PLIAR framework.
PLIAR stands for –
Pick
Learn
Imagine
Apply
Revise
This is a lucid 5-step process carried out in shifts, each lasting a week. Refer to the figure
ahead to understand this better. Don’t worry, I’ll explain this figure in detail soon.
How do you get started with a shift?
Well, that is by picking up some words.
So, how do you choose what words to pick?
You can literally pick up words from anywhere. A couple of ways I really like are-Reading
magazines or articles on topics that you are really passionate about, and the other being
selecting synonyms for words you already know. Another method I recommend to people is
going through those vocabulary lists on the internet. This is beneficial for those of you
preparing for examinations like the SAT because they are researched and compiled that
way.
Okay then, as I told you, this book is going to be really interactive. I can only tell you to do
something but you need to take action yourself. So, don’t be lazy, pick up 3 words and write
each of them on a separate flashcard-1, which came attached along with this book in the
pdf “Additional Resources”.
If you don’t have the flashcards or a piece of paper with you right now, just try remembering
the words or save them on your smartphone for now. Keep these words in your mind and
try recalling them over and over again. When you are back home, write each of these 3
words down on separate flashcards (3 copies of flashcard-1).
Say each word out loud twice or thrice. What image comes to your mind? Okay, capture a
mental screenshot of that. That’s it. Your task for day 1 is remembering the 3 words, writing
them down and forming a mental image of each without actually looking up anything. You
don’t even have to memorize any definitions on day 1.
On Day 1-
By heart, write down and visualize these 3 words. This won’t even take you 10 minutes.
On Day 2-
You are supposed to look at the flashcards on which you wrote down these words. Now,
look up Google images for each word. Looking at the images, try to guess what the word
actually means. After you think you have made a fair estimate, look up the definition on
Google.
Grab a visual memory of the picture and draw its image on flashcard-2. After that, memorize
the definition and write it down on flashcard-1. Time yourself as you memorize the definition.
Now, look at some sentences to see how the word is used. With the same sentence structure,
make a sentence which relates to your own life. Be sure that the word has a contextual
meaning in the sentence.
Here is an example to demonstrate what I mean by contextual meaning–
Sentences like – ‘My pen is blue’ don’t help your mind grasp and understand the word “blue”
as much as – ‘My pen is blue, just like the sky’ The word blue has a contextual meaning in
the latter example. In this sentence, your mind relates two quantities – The blue colour of
the sky and the blue colour of the pen. Your mind understands and remembers connections
better.
On flashcard-3, write down your own sentence and also take note of the part of speech the
word is used as. The word “blue” is being used as an adjective here.
Staple all three flashcards together and keep them for future reference. Also, like day 1, pick
up and memorize 3 new words (words 4-6) and try visualizing them without looking at the
definitions or images.
On Day 3-
Look at all the 3 sets of flashcards you created yesterday for words 1-3. Hopefully you would
perfectly remember everything. If not, don’t worry, keep revising everyday until you are
perfect with all these words.
Now for each word, make sentences with your own original sentence structure, different
from the one used yesterday. This should help you gain a much better understanding of the
word. It is really important that you look at all the different ways the word can be used, as in
the different parts of speech. For Example –
My pen is blue, like the sky

Blue is used as an Adjective here.
And
The blue colour of the sky
Blue is used as a Noun here.
You can google-

“ *insert word here* use as *insert one of the 8 parts of speech* ” to see how the word
can be used as different parts of speech.
Try making sentences with each, if it is possible to use the word that way. You can add these
sentences to flashcard-3 for each word and write the corresponding part of speech too.
The most important step on this day is to make a conscious effort throughout the day to use
those 3 learnt words (words 1-3) in your conversations as many times as you can. This will
really help you build your vocabulary.
The last thing you have to do on day 3 is learn definitions, look at images and sentences for
words 4-6 just like you did for words 1-3 on day 2. Also, pick words 7-9 like you picked words
4-6 on day 2. You must have understood the pattern by now. Refer to the figure given a few
pages back to understand this better.
Follow this pattern for each consequent day and keep revising all of the words you learnt on
the previous days. Do this till day 6 following the figure.
Now, I’ll summarize what you have to do in the upcoming days.
On Day 4-
- Revise words 1-3 (Practice their pronunciation too, by saying them out loud.)
- Apply 4-6
- Learn & Visualize 7-9
- Pick 10-12
On Day 5-
- Revise words 1-6
- Apply 7-9
- Pick 13-15
On Day 6-
- Revise words 1-9
- Apply 10-15
By day 7, you would have 18 sets of 3 flashcards. So on that day, set the timer to 5 minutes
and start going through each of the sets, reinforcing all of the words. Trust me, this isn’t that
hard a race against time!
After this, sort these 18 sets into 3 categories – Perfect, Almost Perfect and Needs Practice.
Perfect the words in the two lacking categories by practicing them everyday along with your
regular routine. Repeat everything for the next week and so on. After 4 shifts (4 weeks), sort
all of your flashcard sets into the 3 categories again.
There is a vocabulary word list in the “Exercises-Part A” section of this book. You are
supposed to go through all the 3 chapters and then exercise all of your learnt skills there.
Your end goal in the word memorization process should be 3 words in 1 minute.
Vocabulary building takes consistent effort everyday with the most important part being
making a conscious effort to use the learnt words in everyday conversations. That’s how
you build a truly unforgettable and stupendous vocabulary.
If you are motivated to improve your vocabulary and found this lesson helpful, PLEASE DO
DROP A REVIEW. IT REALLY, REALLY HELPS THE BOOK REACH MORE PEOPLE.
Lesson 2: Speak like a Native: How To Get Better At Pronunciation
Pronunciation is a key component of improving accent and speaking clearly. Good
pronunciation ensures that we are not misunderstood and can communicate effectively. It
makes us a better English speaker.
Pronunciation of English words is a two-step process for our brain. The first step is breaking
down the sound or identifying the syllables in the word. The second step is word stress. We
must teach our brain how to do these two correctly.
Let’s get started with identifying syllables.
How to identify the number of syllables-

First of all, what is a syllable?
Syllable is a unit of speech which includes a vowel sound. Basically, the number of times
you hear the sound of a vowel in the word, is the number of syllables.
For E.g. –
Dog – has 1 syllable
Moon – also has 1 syllable
It is because these words have a single sound with no breaks. Now, I’ll tell you a cool fun
way to count the number of syllables.
Place your hand under your chin, touching it with your palm facing down. Slowly say out the
word. The number of times your chin moves down, is the number of syllables. Cool huh?
Here is a small exercise. Count the number of syllables in each of these words –
1. January
2. Table
3. Unrealistic
4. Size
5. Unexceptional
6. Expensive
Answers –
1. January - 4 syllables (jan-u-ar-y)
2. Table - 2 Syllables (ta-ble)
3. Unrealistic - 4 Syllables (un-rea-lis-tic)
4. Size - 1 syllable (size)
5. Unexceptional - 5 Syllables (un-ex-cep-tio-nal)
6. Expensive - 3 Syllables (ex-pen-sive)
Let’s make this a little more fun with a time constraint. You have 3 seconds to identify the
number of syllables for each word now –
1. California
2. Window
3. Glasses
4. Microwave
5. Rose
6. Doctor
7. Watermelon
8. Zebra
9. Celebration
10. Teacher
11. Number
12. Personality
13. Calculation
14. School
15. Run
16. Butterfly
Answers –
1. California - 4 Syllables
2. Window - 2 Syllables
3. Glasses - 2 Syllables
4. Microwave - 3 syllables
5. Rose -1 Syllable
6. Doctor - 2 Syllables
7. Watermelon - 4 Syllables
8. Zebra - 2 Syllables
9. Celebration - 2 Syllables
10. Teacher - 2 Syllables
11. Number - 2 Syllables
12. Personality - 5 Syllables
13. Calculation - 4 Syllables
14. School -1 Syllable
15. Run - 1 Syllable
16. Butterfly - 3 Syllables
Now that you have got a decent understanding of how to identify the number of syllables in
a word, let us move onto the second part, word stress.
Word stress-
We broke up the syllables, but how do we know which ones to stress on?
Here are the two ultimate rules for word stress –
• Rule 1: For a 2-syllable noun or adjective, the stress is always on the 1st syllable.
• Rule 2: For a 2-syllable verb, the stress is always on the 2nd syllable.
These rules can also be used the other way around. That is, to identify the part of speech of
the word. For example –
Students should have a good conduct in class.

Here the stress is on the first syllable of the word “conduct”. Therefore, it is a noun in this
case.
and
Conduct a meeting.
Here the stress is on the second syllable of the word “conduct”. Therefore, it is a verb in this
case.
So, now we know what to do for 2 syllable nouns, adjectives and verbs. For all other cases,
break up the word into syllables and then try and stress each syllable, one at a time. The
way you do this is you stretch out the stressed part and quickly say the unstressed parts.
The correct word stress can be figured out by feeling what sounds the most natural. Let’s
look at an example –
Decided
First identify the number of syllables. You will find that decided has three syllables –
De-ci-ded.
Now, as decided is a 3-syllable word, the above rules can’t be applied to it. Therefore, we
need to stretch out each syllable one by one and then feel what sounds the most natural.
Now we have 3 options –
- Deeeeee-ci-ded
- De-ciiiiiiiiiiiii-ded
- De-ci-deeeeddd
Say each of them out loud a few times. Which one sounds the most natural?
De-ciiiiiiiiiiiii-ded is the right option. The stress is on the second syllable here.
Here are some for your practice. Identify the stressed syllable.
1. Example
2. Everyday
3. Rational
Answers –
1. E-xxaaaamm-ple. The stress is on the second syllable here.
2. Eve-ry-daayyy. The stress is on the last syllable here.
3. Raaaa-tio-nal. The stress is on the first syllable here.
Don’t worry if you did get some wrong. Word stress comes with listening to good English.
Pronunciation can be improved by practice, by listening more.
Here is another word stress tip - You can try saying the word quickly and the syllable that
took the most time is the stressed syllable.
That’s it, we are now well versed with breaking up the words into syllables and identifying
the stress. Let us have a glance at some pronunciation concepts.
Pronunciation Concepts –
There are two main concepts for pronunciation of the majority of English words. I shall
introduce them to you now.
1. Squeezing words/letters
2. Connecting words
Concept 1 - Squeezing words/letters
In English, some sounds are emphasized, while others are muted. Words and letters are
squeezed and there are no such rules for it. Listening to good English will help you naturally
squeeze words and letters and say them out the right way. Some examples of this concept
are –
Comfortable -> Comf-ta-bl
Interesting -> In-chre-sting
Country -> Coun-ch-ry
Hundred -> Hun-jr-ed
But, when we want to stress or emphasize on words, we say them out the way they are. For
example – Interesting is said out as In-ter-es-ting - while laying emphasis.
Concept 2 - Connecting words

Words are joined together and rolled over at times. Let me explain this concept to you using
some cases and examples.
There are 2 types of cases where this concept works –
Case 1 – When one word ends in a consonant and the other word starts in the same
consonant or a similar sounding consonant. For E.g. – Black Coffee
In such cases, the first word’s consonant/consonant sound is dropped.
Black Coffee -> Bla-Coffee
Case 2 – When one word ends in a consonant and the next word starts with a vowel. For
E.g. – Not at all
In such cases, the consonant is rolled into the vowel and the syllable before it is separated
from it.
Not at all -> No-ta-tall
Those were the two concepts which English pronunciation. Even after all these rules and
concepts, it is a good idea to look at some of the commonly mispronounced words. Here is
a link to a list compiled by IELTS -
https://ielts.com.au/articles/50-commonly-mispronounced-words/
To end this lesson, let us look at some final tips for a better pronunciation.
Tips for better pronunciation-

1. Record yourself. This fixes a common problem – You pronouncing words incorrectly
even when you feel you are doing it right.
2. Try out voice texting on your phone or your laptop. Google Assistant, Siri or Cortana.
3. Singing is a good exercise for good pronunciation. It really helps with intonation and
stress. You can sing to the “Beatles” as their voices are clear in most songs and they
generally sing slowly.
4. Tongue twisters are just an amazing for your tongue. Try saying this fast - She sells sea
shells by the sea shore. Wasn’t that easy, was it? So, do tongue twisters.
5. The University of Iowa has some great resources. Be sure to check this page out –
https://speakingcenter.uiowa.edu/pronunciation-resources
Liking the book? I would absolutely love it if you could take out 5 minutes from your busy
schedule and write a review. It really encourages me to share everything I know and help
you out with your own journey. PLEASE DO ADD A REVIEW.
Lesson 3: Turn into an Orthographer: How To Excel At Spellings
Spellings are tricky, I admit. Even for native English speakers, spellings pose problems. I
present to you this lesson to lay down some fundamentals to getting your spellings right
more often than not.
Here is fun fact – Misspelled is one of the most frequently misspelled word.
Let’s start with some rules. Here are the 5 major spelling rules -
Rule 1: The Double Consonant Rule
This rule explains where we double the consonants and where we don’t. Basically, there are
3 major cases. Here they are –
Case 1-
- If the word has single syllable.
and
- The word ends in short vowel + a consonant, where the stress is on the consonant
Then the consonants are doubled. ‘Run’, ‘cut’, and ‘sad’ are some examples of such words.
Run –> Running
Cut –> Cutting
Sad -> Saddest
All of the words have double consonants. However, there is an exception to this rule.
Exception (to case 1)–
- If final consonant is ‘w’ or ‘y’, don’t double it. For E.g. -
Flaw –> Flawed
‘Flawed’ doesn’t have a double consonant.
That’s case 1 for doubling consonants. Let’s have a look at case 2.
Case 2 –
- If the word has single syllable.
and
- The word ends with two consonants or constant + vowel,
Then, don’t double the consonant. For E.g. –
Stink –> Stinking. (two consonants)
Bite –> Biting. (consonant + vowel)
Thus, stinking and biting both have single consonants.
Let’s move onto the last case now.
Case 3 –
- If the word having two or more syllables
and
- The word ends in a short vowel + consonant, where the stress is on the last syllable.
Then, double the final consonant. For all other cases involving words having two or more
syllables, don’t double the consonant. An example will help you understand this better.
Suppose, we have the word ‘occur’. The word has two syllables (Oc-cur) and ends in a short
vowel + consonant. Also, the stress is on the final syllable. So, in this case, ‘r’ being the final
consonant is doubled.
Occur –> Occurring.
Here are a couple more words –
Permit (Per-mit)
Forget (For-get)
All of the conditions for these cases are satisfied again. Thus, we can be sure that ‘permitting’
and ‘forgetting’ will both have a double t(s).
So, that was rule 1 for spelling. Let me take you through the next rule.
Rule 2: The Common Confusion: IE Vs EI

This is one of the most common spelling mistake people make. It is really simple to
remember when to use what. Simply, use the ‘I’ before ‘E’ every single time except for the
case when ‘C’ is a preceding letter.
For E.g. –
‘Niece’ and ‘Grief’ are ‘ie’ words whereas
‘Ceiling’ and ‘Receipt’ have an ‘ei’
However, as English is a complex language, there are some exceptions to the rule.
Exceptions –
If the word has an -ayy- sound, remember that it is “e” before “i” irrespective of the above
rules.
For E.g. -
Eight, Freight, Neighbour all have “ei” in their spellings.
There are some other miscellaneous examples that are exceptions to the rule as well. There
are no patterns for these examples. You just need to remember them –
Species – “ie”
Ancient – “ie”
Leisure – “ei”
Height – “ei”
Caffeine – “ei”
Weird – “ei”
That’s it for the “ie” vs “ei” rule. Time to move forward.
Rule 3: S Vs ES In Plurals
Sometimes, we are just not sure of the plural form. We are confused between adding an “s”
or an “es”. This rule will remove that confusion.
The rule says that –
If the last letter(s) of the word is(are) ‘ch’, ‘s’, ‘ss’, ‘sh’, ‘x’ or ‘z’ then you make the plural by
adding an -es.
For E.g. -
Class –> Classes (ending in ‘ss’)
Quiz –> Quizzes (ending in ‘z’)
Bus –> Buses (ending in ‘s’)
Peach –> Peaches (ending in ‘ch’)
Wish –> Wishes (ending in ‘sh’)
Fox –> Foxes (ending in ‘x’)
What about the words that don’t end in these letters? This is what you do then –
Case 1 –
- If a word ends with a consonant + o
Then, you can make the plural by adding -es again. For E.g. -
Potato –> Potatoes
Motto –> Mottoes

Mosquito –> Mosquitoes
Zero –> Zeroes
Case 2 –
- If the word ends vowel + o
We make the plural by adding an -s.
For E.g. -
Studio –> Studios
Video –> Videos
There are some exceptions to this rule. The most common ones are –
Exceptions –
Logo –> Logos
Piano –> Pianos
It is helpful to keep these exceptions in the back of your mind. So, till now, we have
discussed 3 rules for spellings – ‘the double consonant’, ‘ei vs ie’ and ‘-s vs -es for plurals’.
Here is the 4th and final rule for spellings.
Rule 4: Dropping The Final -E
You might have noticed that sometimes we drop the final -e while adding a suffix to the word,
and sometimes we don’t. This rule shall tell us exactly when to do so and when not to. The
final -e can only disappear in these cases.
Case 1 –
- If a suffix which starts with a vowel is added to the word.
Let us look at some examples –
Pleasure -> Pleasurable
Discriminate -> Discrimination

Active -> Activity
Case 2 –
- If the word ends with -ue, then you can sometimes drop the -e, even if the suffix begins
with a consonant. For E.g.-
True -> Truly
Argue -> Argument
Case 3 –
- If removing the final -e changes the pronunciation of the word, then we don’t remove it in
any case. For E.g.-
In case of ‘Agree’, removing the final -e will change the pronunciation. So, ‘Agreeing’,
‘Agreement’ and ‘Agreeable’ all retain the final -e.
So, those were the three main cases. But what about exceptions? Aren’t there any
exceptions to these rules? There are some.
Exceptions –
- If a word ends with -ce or has a /sea/ sound, then don’t drop the -e even if the added suffix
starts with a vowel. The same goes for any word ending with -ge or the one that has a /j/
sound. For E.g. -
Peace –> Peaceful
Knowledge –> Knowledgeable
Encourage –> Encouragement
Service –> Serviceable
All of these words still have the final -e. This exception rule is valid in every single case
except when the suffix is -ing. If the suffix is -ing, then we sometimes drop the -e. An example
of this is –
Age -> Aging (Though it can also be spelled as “ageing” in British English)
Well, that’s all for the lesson on spellings. Now let’s move onto the next section, where you
would exercise all your learnt skills.
Found this lesson valuable? Do help others get better at English by making this book reach
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Lesson 4: Apply and Learn: Exercises
Now that you know the way to go about learning vocabulary, pronunciation and spellings,
let us dive into some exercises to solidify these concepts.
Part A (Vocabulary and Pronunciation)-

The pattern we would follow throughout this part of the exercise would be the word, followed
by its definition and a sentence to show how it is used. Some synonyms and antonyms for
the word are also given along.
You are supposed to say out the word a couple of times and then look up the internet to see
how it is pronounced. You should then write it down on a flashcard-1 and try to visualize the
word. As said in lesson 1, this will be your task for day 1. I would like you to pick 3 words a
day, though you might do more based on your ability to grasp. You are supposed to write
the number of syllables and mark the stressed syllable too.
Then, you should come back the next day and look up google images for the word. After
that, proceed to learn its definition. You just need to follow lesson 1. A sentence to illustrate
how the word is used is also given. Again, like I explained in the first lesson, make flashcard-
2 then and follow along with the whole process given in the lesson to create flashcard-3 and
go on learning new words. Let’s get started with the word list.
1. Anomaly
Definition - Something that is different or deviates from what is standard.
Usage - The genetic anomaly caused the mouse to have five legs instead of four.
The word is being used as a noun here.
Synonyms – Abnormality, Exception, Deviation, Irregularity, Eccentricity.
Antonyms – Usual, Consistent, Conformity, Regularity, Parity.
2. Benign
Definition – Kind and gentle.
Usage – The interviewer was benign and firm at the same time.
The word is used as an adjective here.
Synonyms – Warm-Hearted, Friendly, Tender, Caring, Gracious.
Antonyms – Harsh, Rough, Malignant, Violent, Hostile.
3. Capitulate
Definition – To surrender.
Usage – The escaped prisoner decided to capitulate to safe himself from being shot down
by the police.
The word is being used as a verb here.
Synonyms – Surrender, Yield, Succumb, Concede Defeat, Give in.
Antonyms – Defend, Fight, Win, Conquer, Vanquish.
4. Colloquial
Definition – Not formal or literary. Used in usual conversation.
Usage – He talked to the director in a very colloquial and everyday manner.
Synonyms – Informal, Casual, Slangy, Unpretentious, Demotic.
Antonyms – Formal, Standard, Stilted, Official, Proper.
5. Congregation
Definition – A gathering of people, specially for a religious purpose.
Usage – The congregation decided to set up a church near the school.
Synonyms – Crowd, Parish, Throng, Meeting, Gathering.
Antonyms – Disperse, Separation, Division, Diffusion, Splitting.
6. Contrite
Definition – Feeling remorse at one’s wrong doings. Eager to be forgiven.
Usage – The robbers are contrite for their actions.
Synonyms – Regretful, Remorseful, Sorry, Penitent, Apologetic.
Antonyms – Indifferent, Mean, Unrepentant, Shameless, Obdurate.
7. Debunk
Definition – To expose the incorrectness of an idea.
Usage – My efforts to debunk my younger brother’s belief in aliens only ended with us having
pointless conversation daily.
Synonyms- Expose, Deflate, Confute, Negate, Controvert.
Antonyms – Flatter, Praise, Uphold, Eulogize, Applaud.
8. Deter
Definition – To discourage someone from doing something by inducing fear of its
consequences.
Usage – Nothing can deter a hungry attacking tiger once it chooses its prey.
Synonyms – Discourage, Dissuade, Check, Prevent, Stop.
Antonyms – Aid, Facilitate, Assist, Promote, Incite.
9. Dirge
Definition – A mournful piece of music, especially for the funeral.
Usage – The singer chanted dirges as the body was lowered to its place of rest.
Synonyms- Funeral Song, Monody, Lament, Elegy, Requiem.
Antonyms – Celebration, Exult, Merrymaking, Festivity, Merriment.
10. Disseminate
Definition – Spread widely.
Usage – The teacher gave the class monitor the responsibility to disseminate the papers
to his classmates.
Synonyms- Circulate, Distribute, Diffuse, Scatter, Broadcast.
Antonyms – Conceal, Gather, Hide, Collect, Cache.
11. Divisive
Definition – Causing disagreement and fights.
Usage – Abortion is a highly divisive issue in today’s world.
Synonyms- Disharmonious, Estranging, Isolating, Alienating, Distance.
Antonyms – Accordant, Concurrence, Friendship, Peaceful, Concordant.
12. Ecstatic
Definition – Immensely happy.
Usage – Seeing a new laptop for his birthday gift, my son was ecstatic.
Synonyms- Blissful, Overjoyed, Euphoric, Super Excited, Gleeful.
Antonyms – Miserable, Dejected, Depressed, Despondent, Melancholic.
13. Edict
Definition – An official order that is issued by a person in authority.
Usage – Phil issued an edict protecting the historical arts museum.
Synonyms- Order, Command, Mandate, Dictate, Decree.
Antonyms – Request, Plea, Player, Invocation, Solicitation.
14. Extant
Definition – Still in existence.
Usage – The extant letter his father gave to him still brings him to tears.
Synonyms- Surviving, Remaining, Enduring, Undestroyed, Existent.
Antonyms – Extinct, Dead, Gone, Defunct, Lost.
15. Expurgate
Definition – Remove offensive or objectionable parts
Usage – The editors had to expurgate parts of the movie which seemed vulgar.
Synonyms- Censor, Cut, Edit, Bowdlerize, Purge.
Antonyms – Permit, Allow, Open, Authorize, Enable.
16. Fatuous
Definition – Foolish and Pointless.
Usage – Jim writes really well most of the times, but he has some of the most fatuous titles
I have ever read.
Synonyms- Childish, Silly, Brainless, Inane, Witless.
Antonyms – Aware, Intelligent, Sensible, Keen, Smart.
17. Fetter
Definition – A chain used a restrain a prisoner.
Usage – After being arrested in a series of bomb blast attack, Ivan found himself bound with
fetters of iron.
Synonyms- Shackle, Manacle, Handcuffs, Leg Irons, Bonds.
Antonyms – Liberate, Release, Free, Let go, Permit.
18. Flabbergasted
Definition – Surprise someone.
Usage – The news of their marriage has left me totally flabbergasted.
Synonyms- Astonish, Amaze, Startle, Shock, Astound.
Antonyms – Bore, Calm, Relax, Soothe, Dull.
19. Flaccid
Definition – Soft and hanging loosely.
Usage – Overcooking food makes it flaccid.
Synonyms- Loose, Flabby, Toneless, Lax, Slack
Antonyms – Firm, Tight, Taut, Dense, Hard.
20. Flout
Definition – To disobey openly.
Usage – A lot of people flout the speed limit causing so many reckless accidents.
Synonyms- Scorn, Disdain, Defy, Violate, Infringe.
Antonyms – Respect, Approve, Regard, Honour, Acclaim
21. Gambit
Definition – A calculated risk taken to gain an advantage later on.
Usage – Him leaving his job to work on his business was a tactical gambit.
Synonyms- Scheme, Plan, Strategy, Tactic, Manoeuvre.
Antonyms – Frankness, Honesty, Straightforward, Sincere, Blunt.
22. Germane
Definition – Relevant and appropriate to the subject under consideration.
Usage – A good speaker always leaves out details that are not germane to the discussion.
Synonyms- Relevant, Pertinent, Applicable, Apposite, Material.
Antonyms – Inappropriate, Unsuitable, Improper, Unfitting, Unrelated.
23. Hackneyed
Definition – Cliched, not original and often overused.
Usage – I am so tired and done with listening to these hackneyed old quotes and
sayings.
Synonyms- Overused, Stale, Vapid, Worn out, Time-Worn.
Antonyms – Fresh, New, Original, Uncommon, Untouched.
24. Hedonistic
Definition – In pursuit of pleasure or pleasure-seeking.
Usage – Alcohol, drugs and celebrations is all Shawn does. He is the perfect example of a
hedonistic person.
Synonyms- Self-Indulgent, Pleasure-Seeking, Sybaritic, Luxurious, Extravagant.
Antonyms – Content, Pleased, Fulfilled, Satisfied, Happy.
25. Heresy
Definition – Unconventional, unorthodox beliefs.
Usage – Heresy in religious places leads to huge disputes.
Synonyms- Unorthodoxy, Dissent, Dissidence, Nonconformity, Blasphemy.
Antonyms – Agreement, Belief, Harmony, Orthodoxy, Accord.
26. Homage
Definition – Respect or admire publicly.
Usage – Villagers pay homage to their leader every morning for everything he has done to
make the village a better place.
Synonyms- Respect, Recognition, Admiration, Esteem, Adulation.
Antonyms – Disloyalty, Censure, Condemnation, Criticism, Treachery.
27. Homogeneous
Definition – Similar or alike
Usage – Our college has a homogeneous crowd, thanks to the entrance exam.
Synonyms- Similar, Comparable, Equivalent, Like, Analogous.
Antonyms – Heterogenous, Different, Dissimilar, Contrasting, Divergent.
28. Hubris
Definition – Over confidence or excessive pride in oneself.
Usage – Her hubris was shattered as soon as she lost to an athlete she thought to be
weaker than her.
Synonyms- Arrogance, Conceit, Haughtiness, Pride, Vanity.
Antonyms – Humility, Modesty, Respect, Timidity, Regard.
29. Hyperbole
Definition – Dramatized statements that aren’t meant to be taken seriously.
Usage – He swore he would take revenge for his birthday bumps with hyperboles.
Synonyms- Exaggeration, Overstatement, Magnification, Amplification, Excess.
Antonyms – Compression, Decrease, Lessening, Understatement, Reduction.
30. Iconoclast
Definition – A person who questions set beliefs or institutions.
Usage – John is an iconoclast, he doesn’t understand why people worship stones.
Synonyms- Critic, Sceptic, Questioner, Heretic, Nonconformist.
Antonyms – Devotee, Disciple, Follower, Supporter, Orthodox.
31. Imbue
Definition – Inspired with a quality.
Usage – All of his books have his sense of humour imbued into them.
Synonyms- Inject, Instil, Permeate, Saturate, Diffuse.
Antonyms – Take out, Drain, Unload, Evacuate, Void.
32. Immutable
Definition – Unshakeable or permanent over time.
Usage – It is an immutable fact that the sun rises in the east.
Synonyms- Unchangeable, Fixed, Set, Rigid, Inflexible.
Antonyms – Alterable, Variable, Mutable, Fluctuating, Vacillating.
33. Impetuous
Definition – Done quickly without much thought.
Usage – Sometimes instead of overthinking too much of trivialities, we should take
impetuous decisions for such matters.
Synonyms- Impulsive, Rash, Hasty, Reckless, Heedless.
Antonyms – Calm, Cautious, Wise, Thoughtful, Considerate.
34. Impromptu
Definition – Done with being planned.
Usage – Aaron was called upon the stage to give an impromptu speech.
The word is being used as an adjective and as an adverb here.
Synonyms- Unrehearsed, Unprepared, Unscripted, Extempore, Spontaneous.
Antonyms – Planned, Deliberate, Organized, Thought-out, Formulated.
35. Inane
Definition – Brainless or lacking sense.
Usage – Ashton acted so stupid in the class yesterday with all his inane questions.
Synonyms- Silly, Foolish, Stupid, Fatuous, Idiotic.
Antonyms – Bright, Intelligent, Smart, Clever, Able.
36. Incendiary
Definition – A device that is meant to cause fires and destruction.
Usage – The terrorists exploded the house completely with all their incendiary grenades.
Synonyms- Combustible, Flammable, Burnable, Explosive, Unstable.
Antonyms – Safe, Secure, Low-risk, Impregnable, Shielded.
37. Incidental
Definition – Happening as a minor addition to something else.
Usage – He fell of his bike and almost killed himself, incidentally breaking his bike too.
Synonyms- Secondary, Subsidiary, Subordinate, Ancillary, Auxiliary.
Antonyms – Decided, Premeditated, Chief, Essential, Vital.
38. Incite
Definition – To stir up or escalate.
Usage – The immature crowd acted stupid and incited the riots.
Synonyms- Encourage, Fuel, Kindle, Ignite, Stimulate.
Antonyms – Block, Calm, Prevent, Delay, Dampen.
39. Incursion
Definition – A sudden and brief invasion or attack.
Usage – The surgical strike led to many incursions in the enemy country.
Synonyms- Aggression, Penetration, Infiltration, Raid, Foray.
Antonyms – Retreat, Withdraw, Retire, Escape, Flee.
40. Indigenous
Definition – Originating naturally or natively in a place.
Usage – The best coffee in the world is indigenous here.
Synonyms- Domestic, Endemic, Primitive, Homegrown, Inbred.
Antonyms – Foreign, Alien, External, Non-Native, Distant.
41. Ineffable
Definition – Can’t be expressed in words or too good to be described in words.
Usage – The coffee this café offers is ineffable.
Synonyms- Ethereal, Heavenly, Indescribable, Transcendent, Unspeakable.
Antonyms – Definable, Determinable, Definite, Specific, Known.
42. Infamous
Definition – Famous for bad deeds.
Usage – Rob is infamous among the police for his robbery.
Synonyms- Shameful, Disgraceful, Hateful, Scandalous, Vicious.
Antonyms – Famous, Kind, Pleasant, Good, Respectable.
43. Infrastructure
Definition – Basic structures and facilities of an enterprise.
Usage – For a company so big, the infrastructure here is too little.
Synonyms- Base, Framework, Root, Support, Foundation.
Antonyms – Details, Trivialities, Oufield, Secondary, Non-essentials.
44. Inherent
Definition – Characteristic, permanent attribute already present in something
Usage – Working as a software developer has its own inherent problems like extended strain
to the eyes and backache.
Synonyms- Intrinsic, Innate, Immanent, Ingrained, Inborn.
Antonyms – Acquired, Learned, Added, Obtained, Gained.
45. Insatiable
Definition – A desire or an appetite that is impossible to satisfy.
Usage – His insatiable desire to succeed as an entrepreneur finally got him there after
endless failures.
Synonyms- Greedy, Hungry, Unquenchable, Unappeasable, Uncontrollable.
Antonyms – Fulfilled, Pleased, Satisfied, Content, Gratified.
46. Insouciant
Definition – Carefree and relaxed, showing a lack of concern.
Usage – It is so fun to be around Khalid. I love his youthful insouciance.
Synonyms- Nonchalant, Untroubled, Unworried, Unruffled, Unconcerned.
Antonyms – Anxious, Nervous, Worried, Uneasy, Agitated.
47. Intemperate
Definition – Having a lack of self-control and showing anger that is not justified or controlled.
Usage – He needs to join some meditation classes to gain some control over his intemperate
outbursts.
Synonyms- Excessive, Immoderate, Undue, Unreasonable, Unjustified.
Antonyms – Average, Non-extreme, Fair, Adequate, Common.
48. Intersperse
Definition – Scattered and mingled.
Usage – Tiny insects were interspersed among the rain grains.
Synonyms- Scatter, Distribute, Disperse, Spread, Strew.
Antonyms – Collect, Gather, Assemble, Congregate, Convene.
49. Invincible
Definition – Too strong to defeat.
Usage – It is funny how all marvel characters are shown to be invincible.
Synonyms- Invulnerable, Indestructible, Unconquerable, Unbeatable, Indomitable.
Antonyms – Beatable, Breakable, Destructible, Conquerable, Vanquishable.
50. Iridescent
Definition – Having or showing shiny colours that seem to change when viewed from
different angles.
Usage – My new Halloween costume is really cool and exhibits iridescence.
Synonyms – Shimmering, Glittering, Sparkling, Coruscating, Dazzling.
Antonyms – Dull, Washed-out, Pale, Dreary, Drab.
51. Labyrinth
Definition – An irregular passage in which it is difficult to find one’s way.
Usage – It is easy getting lost in a labyrinth of little Italian streets.
Synonyms- Maze, Warren, Network, Complex, Web.
Antonyms – Simplicity, Ease, Lucidity, Directness, Coherence.
52. Laudatory
Definition – Expressing praise. Generally, of writing or speech.
Usage – It was a pleasure reading the laudatory article written by the young writer. It showed
that he was indeed a huge fan of the footballer.
Synonyms – Flattering, Approving, Adulatory, Eulogistic, Acclamatory.
Antonyms – Criticize, Denounce, Attacking, Malign, Condemn.
53. Lavish
Definition – Expensive or impressive.
Usage – The wedding was a lavish affair with mouth-watering food and endless events.
Synonyms – Luxurious, Lush, Gorgeous, Costly, Opulent.
Antonyms – Meagre, Scanty, Paltry, Limited, Modest.
54. Levity
Definition – Taking a serious matter lightly.
Usage – After the operation ended, the commandos tried to add levity to their days by
sharing funny stories with each other.
Synonyms – Liveliness, High Spirits, Laughter, Cheerfulness, Humour.
Antonyms – Seriousness, Gravity, Solemnity, Soberness, Sobriety.
55. Liaison
Definition – Link or communication between people who work together.
Usage – Lack of liaison among the team led to the project’s failure.
Synonyms – Cooperation, Contact, Association, Connection, Collaboration.
Antonyms – Hinderance, Disunity, Division, Disagreement, Discord.
56. Loath
Definition – Unwilling or reluctant.
Usage – The party was so fantastic that I was loath to leave, but had to because of the test
I had to take the next day.
Synonyms- Hesitant, Averse, Disinclined, Resistant, Not in a mood.
Antonyms – Willing, Eager, Ready, Prepared, Keen.
57. Loquacious
Definition – Extremely talkative.
Usage – I considered Arnold to be a quiet boy, who was never loquacious, until I saw him
one day having endless gossips with his elder brother.
Synonyms – Garrulous, Voluble, Over-Talkative, Long-Winded, Wordy.
Antonyms – Reticent, Reserved, Withdrawn, Introverted, Distant.
58. Lucid
Definition – Expressed in a way that is easy to understand.
Usage – I love the way Christian puts across his points. So lucid, so easy to understand.
Synonyms- Intelligible, Comprehensible, Understandable, Cogent, Coherent.
Antonyms – Confusing, Baffling, Bewildering, Perplexing, Puzzling.
59. Ludicrous
Definition – So brainless that it turns amusing.
Usage – It is rather ludicrous that I got fined for driving at 30 miles per hour.
Synonyms – Absurd, Ridiculous, Farcical, Laughable, Risible.
Antonyms – Sensible, Practical, Realistic, Responsible, Sound.
60. Lugubrious
Definition – Sad and unhappy.
Usage – On hearing that she didn’t do well in her exams, her face turned lugubrious.
Synonyms- Mournful, Gloomy, Sad, Unhappy, Doleful.
Antonyms – Happy, Jolly, Merry, Bright, Cheerful.
61. Malleable
Definition – The property of a metal to be able to be hammered into a shape without breaking.
Usage – A malleable metal is one, which can be beaten into a sheet.
Synonyms- Pliable, Ductile, Plastic, Pliant, Soft.
Antonyms – Firm, Solid, Dense, Rigid, Stiff.
62. Marginal
Definition – Limited in significance or extent.
Usage – Till now I have only had marginal success with my business.
Synonyms- Slight, Small, Tiny, Minute, Low.
Antonyms – Huge, Extensive, Expansive, Broad, Wide.
63. Meagre
Definition – Less or lacking in quality or in quantity.
Usage – Young children are forced to beg to supplement their parent’s meagre income.
Synonyms- Inadequate, Scanty, Restricted, Paltry, Limited.
Antonyms – Abundant, Plentiful, Copious, Ample, Profuse.
64. Meander
Definition – Following a curvy path.
Usage – I love the sight of a river meandering though a meadow.
Synonyms- Zigzag, Wind, Twist, Turn, Bend.
Antonyms – Straight, Unswerving, Undeviating, Linear, Direct.
65. Mendicant
Definition – A beggar.
Usage – I don’t like it when able-bodied young people choose to be mendicants.
Synonyms – Hobo, Tramp, Vagrant, Vagabond, Mooch.
Antonyms – Giver, Grantor, Donator, Sponsor, Lender.
66. Mentor
Definition – A trusted guide or consultant.
Usage – Having a mentor guide you cuts the learning curve into half.
Synonyms- Adviser, Guru, Confidant, Counsellor, Master.
Antonyms – Pupil, Student, Scholar, Disciple, Follower.
67. Metaphysical
Definition – Something based on abstract reasoning.
Usage – Sometimes metaphysical view of a law helps us grasp it better.
Synonyms- Abstract, Theoretical, Conceptual, Notional, Philosophical.
Antonyms – Seen, Factual, Actual, Real, Verifiable.
68. Misanthrope
Definition – One who doesn’t like human kind.
Usage – He was such a misanthrope that he laughed when people died of hunger in his own
city.
Synonyms- Cynic, Sceptic, Churl, Grouch, Grump.
Antonyms – Philanthrope, Benefactor, Humanitarian, Patron, Donor.
69. Multifarious
Definition – Large in number and of different types.
Usage – Being a car lover, I love going to vast multifarious car collections.
Synonyms- Diverse, Many, Numerous, Various, Legion.
Antonyms – Homogeneous, Similar, Comparable, Equivalent, Like.
70. Nadir
Definition – The lowest point.
Usage – After failing multiple exams at college, I was at the nadir of my life.
Synonyms- All time low, Rock bottom, Zero, Floor, Base.
Antonyms – Zenith, Acme, Climax, Top, Peak.
71. Narcissist
Definition – A person who admires himself too much.
Usage – Narcissists are egoistic.
Synonyms- Vain, Self-Absorbed, Self-Obsessed, Conceited, Self-Centred.
Antonyms – Humble, Self-Effacing, Self-Deprecating, Humble, Unpretentious.
72. Nefarious
Definition – Wicked actions or activity.
Usage – Nefarious activities of hackers were spotted on this site yesterday.
Synonyms- Wicked, Evil, Sinful, Iniquitous, Villainous.
Antonyms – Admirable, Praiseworthy, Laudable, Estimable, Meritorious.
73. Nexus
Definition – A series of connection linking many things.
Usage – The nexus between the government and the business organisations is really
important for proper economic functioning of the country.
Synonyms – Link, Relationship, Association, Correspondence, Bond.
Antonyms – Dissolution, Separation, Disunion, Parting, Divorce.
74. Noxious
Definition – Poisonous and dangerous.
Usage – There was an emergency alarm and everybody had to evacuate the building due
to noxious fumes.
Synonyms- Toxic, Deadly, Virulent, Harmful, Pernicious.
Antonyms – Safe, Innocuous, Mild, Gentle, Non-injurious.
75. Oblique
Definition – Slanting.
Usage – We sat together, facing each other, on the oblique rocks.
Synonyms- Sloping, Angled, Diagonal, Aslant, Skew.
76. Obliterate
Definition – Completely destroy.
Usage – The memory of the divorce was so clear and painful that she had to obliterate it
from her mind.
Synonyms- Wipe Out, Annihilate, Exterminate, Extirpate, Demolish.
Antonyms – Generate, Produce, Design, Make, Fabricate.
77. Obtuse
Definition – Blunt or slow to understand.
Usage – The class teacher wondered if the student was being deliberately obtuse and
stubborn.
Synonyms- Stupid, Dull, Unintelligent, Slow-Witted, Lumpish.
Antonyms – Smart, Clever, Astute, Shrewd, Bright.
78. Ominous
Definition – Worrying that something inauspicious is going to happen.
Usage – The fans were worried as the cricket match started with some ominous dark clouds
overhead.
Synonyms- Threatening, Menacing, Baleful, Forbidding, Sinister.
Antonyms – Promising, Good, Encouraging, Favourable, Hopeful.
79. Oxymoron
Definition – A figure of speech in which opposite terms occur together.
Usage – Falsely true is an example of an oxymoron.
Synonyms- Contradiction, Inconsistency, Asymmetry, Discrepancy, Contrariety.
Antonyms – Tautology, Uniformity, Equilibrium, Constancy, Stability.
80. Paean
Definition – A song of praise or tribute.
Usage – The king was delighted and wanted a paean of praise for the poet.
Synonyms- Hymn, Psalm, Anthem, Glorification, Eulogy.
Antonyms – Criticize, Denounce, Condemn, Arraign, Attack.
81. Pandemic
Definition – Disease spread over the world.
Usage – The pandemic of plaque in London killed many.
Synonyms- Widespread, Prevalent, Pervasive, Rife, Rampant.
Antonyms – Partial, Limited, Restricted, Imperfect, Fragmentary.
82. Paragon
Definition – A thing or a person viewed as a perfect model of a particular quality.
Usage – That musician is a paragon.
Synonyms- Model, Epitome, Archetype, Ideal, Exemplar.
Antonyms – Flaw, Imperfection, Fail, Defect, Mistake.
83. Parody
Definition – An imitation of something with a comic effect.
Usage – The movie I watched yesterday was a parody of the thriller genre.
Synonyms- Satire, Burlesque, Lampoon, Pastiche, Caricature.
Antonyms – Reality, Truth, Actuality, Formalism, Flattery.
84. Pathology
Definition – Abnormality or malfunction in the mind or socially.
Usage – The victim couldn’t cope with the pathology and he passed away.
Synonyms- Illness, Sickness, Disease, Infection, Malady.
Antonyms – Healthy, Fit, Fine, Strong, Robust.
85. Pedantic
Definition – Over concerned with minor details and trivialities.
Usage – Graham is spot on with his analyses yet again. They are careful, smart and
sometimes a little long, but are never pedantic.
Synonyms- Scrupulous, Precise, Exact, Perfectionist, Precisionist.
Antonyms – Vague, Loose, Indefinite, Imprecise, Indistinct.
86. Penchant
Definition – A tendency to do something or loving something a lot.
Usage – My wife just loves dogs. She has a penchant for even stray ones.
Synonyms- Liking, Fondness, Preference, Taste, Relish.
Antonyms – Hate, Fairness, Disinclination, Antipathy, Indifference.
87. Perfunctory
Definition – An action carried out fast and without real interest so as to finish it quickly.
Usage – Laura kept on asking him questions while he was eating his food and he just gave
her perfunctory nods.
Synonyms- Cursory, Desultory, Quick, Brief, Hasty.
Antonyms – Careful, Cautious, Heedful, Alert, Aware.
88. Perpetuate
Definition – Make something go on endlessly.
Usage – The conceptual question in the paper perpetuated a lot of confusion.
Synonyms- Preserve, Conserve, Sustain, Maintain, Continue.
Antonyms – Discontinue, Give Up, Neglect, Let Go, Cease.
89. Perspicacious
Definition – Having an understanding of things.
Usage – Going through the tapes didn’t help the perspicacious detective much.
Synonyms- Discerning, Shrewd, Perceptive, Astute, Penetrating.
Antonyms – Dull, Stupid, Inattentive, Distracted, Preoccupied.
90. Pertinent
Definition – Relevant to a particular matter.
Usage – The counsellor asked the student a lot of pertinent questions.
Synonyms- Germane, Appropriate, Suitable, Fitting, Apt.
Antonyms – Irrelevant, Unrelated, Peripheral, Tangential, Extraneous.
91. Perturbation
Definition – Worry or mental stress.
Usage – My best friend always reads me so well. He sensed my perturbation and helped
me out.
Synonyms- Concern, Apprehension, Consternation, Uneasiness, Tension.
Antonyms – Calmness, Serenity, Composure, Tranquillity, Poise.
92. Petulant
Definition – A person who is bad tempered and moody.
Usage – I don’t like to be around petulant and immature people.
Synonyms- Peevish, Sour, Pettish, Impatient, Irritable.
Antonyms – Easy-Going, Genial, Friendly, Affable, Cordial.
93. Pilloried
Definition – To attack in public.
Usage – The opposition party pilloried their own member after he spoke against them.
Synonyms – Ridicule, Criticize, Censure, Condemn, Denigrate.
Antonyms – Praised, Loved, Admired, Congratulated, Applauded.
94. Pique
Definition – When one feels offended due to a hit to one’s pride.
Usage – Me and my friend had a fight. He misunderstood me and left in a fit of pride.
Synonyms- Irritation, Annoyance, Resentment, Anger, Displeasure.
Antonyms – Delight, Charm, Gratify, Thrill, Excite.
95. Polemic
Definition – Written or verbal attack on someone, that has a strong effect.
Usage – The opposition’s polemic shook the government.
Synonyms- Critical, Hostile, Bitter, Virulent, Vitriolic.
Antonyms – Friendly, Genial, Hospitable, Cordial, Warm.
96. Precept
Definition – Rules made to regulate behaviour.
Usage – I don’t understand why people preach old moral precepts when they don’t follow
them themselves.
Synonyms- Principle, Rule, Tenet, Canon, Code.
Antonyms – Disorder, Disorganization, Misrule, Chaos, Tumult.
97. Predecessor
Definition – The thing or the person who has been followed or replaced by someone or
something.
Usage – The new chief minister followed the same policies as his predecessor.
Synonyms- Forerunner, Precursor, Antecedent, Former, Ancestor.
Antonyms – Successor, Descendant, Beneficiary, Replacement, Incomer.
98. Preponderance
Definition – Being more in quantity or importance.
Usage – There is a preponderant influence of elderly members on their families in this
culture.
Synonyms- Dominant, Predominant, Prevalent, Supreme, Chief.
Antonyms – Minor, Inferior, Lesser, Subservient, Lowly.
99. Probity
Definition – Having honesty, decency and strong moral principles.
Usage – I love my wife. Her probity is beyond question.
Synonyms- Integrity, Morality, Rectitude, Goodness, Virtue.
Antonyms – Untrustworthiness, Deceit, Wickedness, Iniquity, Perversion.
100. Procure
Definition – To obtain something with a lot of effort or care.
Usage – He works day and night only to procure three square meals for his wife and children.
Synonyms- Get, Obtain, Acquire, Find, Purchase.
Antonyms – Lose, Relinquish, Cede, Abandon, Surrender.
101. Proliferate
Definition – Multiply rapidly in number.
Usage – Sometimes cells proliferate abnormally. This causes cancer.
Synonyms- Snowball, Burgeon, Escalate, Rocket, Mushroom.
Antonyms – Decrease, Dwindle, Reduce, Lessen, Wane.
102. Propensity
Definition – The tendency to behave in some particular fashion.
Usage – Studies say that a child’s propensity for violence increases with watching more
violent content or playing violent games.
Synonyms- Inclination, Predisposition, Readiness, Proneness, Proclivity.
Antonyms – Reluctance, Unwillingness, Aversion, Indisposition, Hesitancy.
103. Propound
Definition – Put forward something, typically an idea which is to be considered by others.
Usage – The head boy began to propound the idea of having a student council.
Synonyms- Offer, Present, Suggest, Tender, Advance.
Antonyms – Withdraw, Refuse, Withhold, Remove, Retain.
104. Prowess
Definition – Expertise in some particular field.
Usage – The dictator began to show his prowess as a leader.
Synonyms- Skill, Effectiveness, Mastery, Facility, Ability.
Antonyms – Incompetence, Incapacity, Clumsiness, Amateurishness, Insufficiency.
105. Pundit
Definition – One who is an expert in a field or a subject and is often asked for his opinion on
it.
Usage – Nowadays every Tom, Dick and Harry goes around being a pundit, making a fool
out of people.
Synonyms- Expert, Authority, Adviser, Consultant, Master.
Antonyms – Amateur, Layman, Dilettante, Non-Specialist, Dabbler.
106. Putative
Definition – Supposed to be or considered to be.
Usage – The young lad next door is the putative author of the recent fitness bestseller for
men.
Synonyms- Recognized, Acknowledged, Accepted, Reputed, Presumptive.
Antonyms – Refused, Declined, Rejected, Scorn, Spurn.
107. Quasi
Definition – Not really but seemingly.
Usage – Based on his appearance, he is considered a quasi-African.
The word is being used as a combining form, or a prefix.
Synonyms- Supposedly, Apparently, Allegedly, Reportedly, Professedly.
Antonyms – Genuinely, Really, Truly, Honestly, Frankly.
108. Quintessential
Definition – An essential example of a class or a quality.
Usage – He is the quintessential gentleman being the perfect mix of polite, respectful and
chivalrous.
Synonyms- Typical, Prototypical, Stereotypical, Archetypal, Classic.
Antonyms – Unusual, Abnormal, Atypical, Unexpected, Surprising.
109. Rapport
Definition – A close or special relationship in which people understand and care for each
other.
Usage – It is essential for a good speaker to build rapport with his audience.
Synonyms- Affinity, Accord, Empathy, Harmony, Sympathy.
Antonyms – Dislike, Aversion, Hate, Loathe, Abhor.
110. Rebuff
Definition – Dismiss or ignore someone in a bad manner.
Usage – I begged him for forgiveness, but was rebuffed with fury.
Synonyms- Reject, Turn Down, Spurn, Refuse, Decline.
Antonyms – Accept, Welcome, Take, Receive, Greet.
111. Recluse
Definition – One who lives a solitary life, avoiding unnecessary people.
Usage – Ever since he sadly lost his beloved dog, he has turned into a recluse.
Synonyms- Hermit, Ascetic, Monk, Nun, Marabout.
Antonyms – Sybaritic, Luxurious, Extravagant, Pleasure-Seeking, Hedonistic.
112. Rend
Definition – To rip something to pieces.
Usage – The cannibal threatened Tony that he would rend his flesh to shreds.
Synonyms- Tear, Split, Rupture, Sever, Separate.
Antonyms – Converge, Merge, Connect, Join, Unite.
113. Renounce
Definition – Resign a position or a right.
Usage – The student council planned to have forms enabling the post holders to renounce.
Synonyms- Relinquish, Abandon, Resign, Abdicate, Surrender.
Antonyms – Keep, Retain, Continue, Reserve, Save.
114. Residual
Definition – The leftover part or the part which remains after the majority is gone.
Usage – We used the residual heat to dry the container today in the chemistry lab.
Synonyms- Remaining, Unused, Unconsumed, Remnant, Stub.
Antonyms – Main, Principal, Major, Chief, Essential.
115. Resplendent
Definition – Beautifully colourful and impressive.
Usage – Vidula was resplendent at the party yesterday in that bright red dress.
Synonyms- Splendid, Magnificent, Brilliant, Dazzling, Glittering.
Antonyms – Modest, Moderate, Fair, Tolerable, Satisfactory, Unexceptional.
116. Revamp
Definition – To give a new, improved visual appearance or structure to something.
Usage – This café is such a hit now with it’s new and revamped ambience.
Synonyms- Renovate, Redecorate, Refurbish, Recondition, Rehabilitate.
Antonyms – Ruin, Break, Damage, Destroy, Wreck.
117. Salient
Definition – Main or the most important.
Usage – The judge calmly went over all the salient points of the case to give his verdict.
Synonyms- Principal, Major, Chief, Primary, Notable.
Antonyms – Insignificant, Inconsequential, Inconsiderable, Negligible, Trivial.
118. Salutary
Definition – Something that is beneficial or causes improvement.
Usage – The effect of the new scheme for the poor by the government won’t be salutary in
my opinion.
Synonyms- Advantageous, Profitable, Productive, Helpful, Useful.
Antonyms – Undesirable, Disappointing, Upsetting, Distressing, Unpleasant.
119. Satire
Definition – The use of irony to expose people’s stupidity.
Usage – The president seems to be the target of this unpolished satire.
Synonyms- Mockery, Ridicule, Derision, Scorn, Caricature.
Antonyms – Respect, Praise, Eulogize, Compliment, Congratulate.
120. Schism
Definition – A separation between bodies due to a difference in opinion.
Usage – The schism between science and astrology seems to widen even more with time.
Synonyms - Division, Split, Rift, Breach, Rupture.
Antonyms – Incorporation, Unification, Consolidation, Assimilation, Integration.
121. Sedulous
Definition – Putting in a lot of effort or showing dedication.
Usage – He finally realised how important health is and started taking sedulous care.
Synonyms- Diligent, Careful, Meticulous, Thorough, Assiduous.
Antonyms – Nonchalant, Casual, Unworried, Unperturbed, Unruffled.
122. Serene
Definition – Calm, composed and untroubled.
Usage – Alice loves being close to nature. She looked serene and cheerful.
Synonyms- Peaceful, Tranquil, Cool, Collected, Relaxed.
Antonyms – Anxious, Worried, Concerned, Apprehensive, Fearful.
123. Sinuous
Definition – Twisty or having many turns.
Usage – The sinuous trail of the river through the green grassland was such a beautiful sight.
Synonyms- Windy, Serpentine, Curvy, Meandering, Zigzag.
124. Solicit
Definition – Ask for something from someone.
Usage – The Vice-Chancellor called all the directors for a meeting to solicit their views on
the new policy.
Synonyms- Request, Ask, Seek, Appeal, Impetrate.
Antonyms – Answer, Reply, Give, Response, Rejoinder.
125. Specious
Definition – Misleadingly attractive in appearance.
Usage – Editing photographs often gives a specious appearance to them.
Synonyms- Misleading, Deceptive, False, Fallacious, Unsound.
Antonyms – Honest, Truthful, Sincere, Candid, Frank.
126. Squalid
Definition – Exceedingly unpleasant or dirty usually due to poverty or a lack of concern.
Usage – The prison is a squalid and scary place.
Synonyms- Dirty, Filthy, Grubby, Grimy, Mucky.
Antonyms – Clean, Polished, Spotless, Hygienic, Unsullied.
127. Stupor
Definition – The state where one is almost unconscious.
Usage – He continued senselessly blabbering in his drunken stupor.
Synonyms- Numbness, Inertia, Torpor, Insensibility, Daze.
Antonyms – Consciousness, Feeling, Sensation, Awareness, Alertness.
128. Substantiate
Definition – Give evidence to support or to prove something.
Usage – The police couldn’t find anything to substantiate the allegations.
Synonyms- Justify, Support, Validate, Confirm, Vindicate.
Antonyms – Disapprove, Refute, Deny, Debunk, Negate.
129. Succinct
Definition – Something that is written or spoken clearly and briefly.
Usage – The letter had a clear cut message, with short and succinct sentences.
Synonyms- Concise, Short, Brief, Compact, Condensed.
Antonyms – Lengthy, Prolonged, Extended, Extensive, Wordy.
130. Sunder
Definition – Split or tear apart into pieces.
Usage – The heartless hunters sundered the deer’s bones.
Synonyms- Divide, Sever, Cleave, Separate, Rend.
Antonyms – Merge, Fuse, Amalgamate, Coalesce, Combine.
131. Suppress
Definition – Ended by force.
Usage – The king suppressed the rebellious pedlar.
Synonyms- Subdue, Defeat, Conquer, Vanquish, Repress.
Antonyms – Encourage, Incite, Fuel, Kindle, Ignite.
132. Taciturn
Definition – Saying less and being generally reserved.
Usage – She has become taciturn after being yelled at by her father for chatting pointlessly.
Synonyms- Untalkative, Uncommunicative, Reticent, Unforthcoming, Quiet.
Antonyms – Talkative, Chatty, Loquacious, Garrulous, Voluble.
133. Taut
Definition – Tight and stretched.
Usage – This fabric generally stays taut and doesn’t slacken, even without the use of an
adhesive.
Synonyms- Rigid, Stressed, Firm, Hard, Stiff.
Antonyms – Loose, Wobbly, Rickety, Slack, Movable.
134. Tenacious
Definition – Keeping a strong hold of something.
Usage – He is terribly lean, yet strong, and has a tenacious grip on the rope.
Synonyms- Firm, Tight, Fast, Clinging, Strong.
Antonyms – Loose, Weak, Insecure, Unsteady, Free.
135. Transient
Definition – Short term or not lasting for a long time.
Usage – The hot summer day finally got a much-needed transient spell of rain.
Synonyms- Transitory, Temporary, Short-Lived, Ephemeral, Impermanent.
Antonyms – Permanent, Lasting, Enduring, Indefinite, Continuing.
136. Transpire
Definition – Happen or occur.
Usage – The detective was working day and night to find out what had transpired that night.
Synonyms- Arise, Ensue, Befall, Turn Up, Take Place.
Antonyms – Cease, Disappear, Halt, Precede, Stop.
137. Turgid
Definition – Too overbearing or arrogant.
Usage – The Englishman spoke out some turgid verses on the king’s death.
Synonyms- Bombastic, Pompous, Overblown, Overripe, Inflated.
Antonyms – Simple, Plain, Straightforward, Easy, Uncomplicated.
138. Unilateral
Definition – An action or a decision that is performed by or affects only one side in a situation
without the agreement of the other side.
Usage – The organisation wasn’t happy with how its people were taking unilateral, selfish
decisions.
Synonyms- One-Sided, Biased, Partial, Prejudiced, Partisan.
Antonyms – Fair-Minded, Bilateral, Even-Handed, Equitable, Egalitarian.
139. Unkempt
Definition – Shabby or ungroomed appearance.
Usage – The hostages were all unkempt and dirty after being held in a shady area for a
week.
Synonyms- Untidy, Messy, Scruffy, Disordered, Dishevelled.
Antonyms – Tidy, Neat, Organised, Well Kept, Immaculate.
140. Upbraid
Definition – To scold or to find a fault with somebody.
Usage – He was upbraided by the instructor for his unkempt appearance.
Synonyms- Reprimand, Rebuke, Reproach, Scold, Admonish.
Antonyms – Congratulate, Praise, Commend, Applaud, Honour.
141. Vapid
Definition – Bland or lifeless.
Usage – The already boring night ended with a vapid comedy show.
Synonyms- Insipid, Uninspired, Colourless, Uninteresting, Feeble.
Antonyms – Lively, Colourful, Exciting, Animated, Dynamic.
142. Verdant
Definition – Grass-covered or green with thriving rich vegetation.
Usage – The verdant countryside was the most pleasant sight I had seen in a while.
Synonyms- Green, Leafy, Grassy, Lush, Rich.
Antonyms – Barren, Meagre, Arid, Desert, Dry.
143. Vilify
Definition – Abusive manner of speaking or writing.
Usage – The young man was misunderstood for his actions and vilified in the press.
Synonyms- Disparage, Denigrate, Defame, Revile, Berate.
Antonyms – Commend, Praise, Compliment, Congratulate, Applaud.
144. Vituperation
Definition – Bitter and rude language.
Usage – John is a calm and cool-minded guy. I have never ever seen anybody attract such
vituperation from him.
Synonyms- Scolding, Invective, Condemnation, Opprobrium, Rebuke.
Antonyms – Praise, Lionize, Eulogize, Compliment, Congratulate.
145. Voluble
Definition – Talking non-stop and willingly.
Usage – I personally find the voluble hosts of most shows awfully irritating.
Synonyms- Talkative, Loquacious, Garrulous, Verbose.
Antonyms – Taciturn, Untalkative, Uncommunicative, Reticent, Unforthcoming.
146. Render
Definition – Provide a service or some help.
Usage – The owner rewarded the employee with money for all the services he rendered.
Synonyms- Give, Provide, Supply, Furnish, Offer.
Antonyms – Hold, Keep, Take, Withhold, Receive.
147. Infamy
Definition – Being well known for bad deeds.
Usage – After being caught red-handed by the police, he lived the rest of his life in infamy.
Synonyms- Disrepute, Shame, Dishonour, Ill-Fame, Notoriety.
Antonyms – Honour, Virtue, Distinction, Privilege, Glory.
148. Insular
Definition – Uninterested in people and ideas outside one’s personal experience.
Usage – The conventional and insular thinking of my uncle has limited his son’s experiences.
Synonyms- Narrow-Minded, Limited, Blinkered, Restricted, Conventional.
Antonyms – Liberal, Tolerant, Open-Minded, Forbearing, Indulgent.
149. Juxtaposition
Definition – Two contrasting things being seen together as a result of being placed close.
Usage – Steve showed us the juxtaposition of both the edited and unedited images and we
were surprised.
Synonyms- Comparison, Contrast, Disparity, Dissimilitude, Distinction.
Antonyms – Similarity, Resemblance, Likeness, Parallelism, Comparability.
150. Licentious
Definition – Shameless in sexual matters.
Usage – The king was infamous for his licentious behaviour.
Synonyms- Dissolute, Dissipated, Debauched, Degenerate, Salacious.
Antonyms – Moral, Virtuous, Good, Righteous, Upright.
151. Maudlin
Definition – Over-emotional or tearfully sentimental.
Usage – Ashamed of himself, Drake expressed a had an attack of maudlin self-pity.
Synonyms- Sentimental, Emotional, Tearful, Lachrymose, Weepy.
Antonyms – Austere, Stern, Strict, Harsh, Unfeeling.
152. Maverick
Definition – An unorthodox and independent person.
Usage – The tall man in black over there is the maverick of the body.
Synonyms- Individualist, Nonconformist, Free Spirit, Rebel, Dissenter.
Antonyms – Conformist, Stickler, Diehard, Traditionalist, Reactionary.
153. Munificence
Definition – The quality of being benevolent and generous.
Usage – The whole school of underprivileged children thanked the noble woman for her
munificence.
Synonyms- Liberality, Philanthropy, Charity, Generosity, Magnanimity.
Antonyms – Meanness, Parsimony, Cheapness, Penury, Avarice.
154. Neophyte
Definition – Somebody who is new to the activity.
Usage – The course is especially designed for neophytes, to help them build a strong
foundation.
Synonyms- Beginner, Learner, Novice, Newcomer, Tyro.
Antonyms – Expert, Veteran, Specialist, Authority, Maestro.
155. Nonchalant
Definition – A person who is calm and does not exhibit any anxiety or enthusiasm.
Usage – She gave a nonchalant response to the salesperson offering her discounts at the
shopping mall.
Synonyms –Calm, Cool, Unconcerned, Collected, Composed.
Antonyms –Anxious, Worried, Uneasy, Apprehensive, Fearful.
156. Obsequious
Definition – Attentive to an extreme degree.
Usage – All of us absolutely loved the restaurant’s service. They had some really
obsequious waiters.
Synonyms- Servile, Ingratiating, Unctuous, Sycophantic, Fawning.
Antonyms – Bossy, Overbearing, Imperious, Masterful, Autocratic.
157. Officious
Definition – Asserting authority, especially in trivial matters.
Usage – The security guards at the airport were extremely officious during the high alert
hour.
Synonyms- Self-Important, Bumptious, Self-Assertive, Overbearing, Overzealous.
Antonyms – Self-Effacing, Humble, Modest, Unpretentious, Unassuming.
158. Opulent
Definition – Splendid and luxurious.
Usage – Bentley’s latest grand touring coupe has an opulent cabin, as expected.
Synonyms- Luxurious, Sumptuous, Palatial, Lavish, Deluxe.
Antonyms – Stark, Spartan, Restrained, Ascetic, Sparse.
159. Pernicious
Definition – Something having an unhealthy and harmful effect in a highly subtle way.
Usage – Mass media should be censored better as people don’t realise its pernicious
influence on small children.
Synonyms- Harmful, Damaging, Destructive, Injurious, Hurtful.
Antonyms – Beneficial, Advantageous, Favourable, Helpful, Useful.
160. Pert
Definition – Cheeky or bold.
Usage – The security officials hinted the young lass to stop being a pert.
Synonyms- Impudent, Impertinent, Cheeky, Irreverent, Forward.
Antonyms – Polite, Well Mannered, Civil, Courteous, Respectful.
161. Renunciation
Definition – Give up a position or a right, especially without assigning it to another person.
Usage – Being sick and tired of all the politics, the minister renounced his rights and was
set to leave the chaos.
Synonyms- Abandonment, Resignation, Abdication, Surrender, Relinquishment.
Antonyms – Assertion, Declaration, Contention, Statement, Claim.
162. Resilient
Definition – A person or an animal able to withstand a difficult situation or recover from it.
Usage – The batsman’s resilience was commendable as he pulled his team out of danger.
Synonyms- Strong, Tough, Hardy, Adaptable, Flexible.
Antonyms – Vulnerable, Sensitive, Delicate, Fragile, Tender.
163. Sagacity
Definition – The quality of having a good judgement or being wise.
Usage – The old man in senate had great administrative sagacity.
Synonyms- Wisdom, Intelligence, Understanding, Judgement, Acuity.
Antonyms – Stupidity, Foolishness, Ignorance, Dullness, Naivety.
164. Surfeit
Definition – Excess or superabundance of something.
Usage – We bought everything we could for the party and thus we had a surfeit of food and
drinks.
Synonyms- Excess, Surplus, Abundance, Oversupply, Superfluity.
Antonyms – Lack, Dearth, Absence, Need, Deficiency.
165. Tractable
Definition – Easy to gain control over or to influence.
Usage – She was a well-mannered, tractable child and the baby sitter didn’t come close to
having a problem.
Synonyms – Controllable, Manageable, Malleable, Amenable, Complaisant.
Antonyms – Obstinate, Defiant, Recalcitrant, Stubborn, Headstrong.
166. Vacillate
Definition – Be unsure and indecisive about opinions or actions.
Usage – Being young and naïve, I wasted my career’s start vacillating between management
and entrepreneurship.
Synonyms- Dither, Teeter, Temporize, Hesitate, Oscillate.
Antonyms – Resolute, Determined, Purposeful, Purposive, Resolved.
167. Obnoxious
Definition – Awfully unpleasant.
Usage – I couldn’t sleep the last night, thanks to the obnoxious odour all around.
Synonyms- Unpleasant, Disagreeable, Nasty, Distasteful, Offensive.
Antonyms – Delightful, Pleasant, Charming, Enjoyable, Congenial.
168. Eloquent
Definition – Fluent and persuasive in writing or in speaking.
Usage – The Ted speaker indeed did have something special as he moved all of the
audience with his eloquent speech.
Synonyms- Persuasive, Expressive, Articulate, Fluent, Strong.
Antonyms – Unintelligible, Incomprehensible, Incoherent, Dumb, Speechless.
169. Ephemeral
Definition – Lasting for a brief moment.
Usage – Trends are ephemeral. New ones drive out the old ones almost everyday.
Synonyms- Transitory, Transient, Fleeting, Short-Lived, Momentary.
Antonyms – Lasting, Enduring, Indefinite, Permanent, Perpetual.
170. Execrable
Definition – Exceedingly unpleasant.
Usage – The new start-up had set high expectations with all their teasers, but ended up
disappointing everybody with execrable cheap drinks.
Synonyms- Appalling, Awful, Dreadful, Terrible, Frightful.
Antonyms – Admirable, Good, Commendable, Exemplary, Meritorious.
171. Figurative
Definition – Metaphorical and not literal.
Usage – Many readers didn’t understand the poem’s figurative nature and use of words.
Synonyms- Metaphorical, Non-Literal, Symbolic, Allegorical, Representative.
Antonyms – Exact, Straightforward, Stark, Unexaggerated, Unembellished.
172. Abstruse
Definition – Hard to understand.
Usage – Shakespeare’s work is too abstruse for most people and is thus not as valued as it
should be.
Synonyms- Obscure, Arcane, Esoteric, Complex, Complicated.
Antonyms – Clear, Obvious, Understandable, Comprehensible, Intelligible.
173. Amiable
Definition – Having a pleasant and likable manner.
Usage – We all long for that enthusiastic amiable best friend, who would pick us up when
we are low.
Synonyms- Friendly, Affable, Amicable, Cordial, Warm.
Antonyms – Unfriendly, Hostile, Disagreeable, Misanthropic, Antagonistic.
174. Calumny
Definition – Making false statements about somebody so as to damage their reputation.
Usage – A bitter fight between two close friends lead to calumny and hated.
Synonyms- Slander, Libel, Muckraking, Denigration, Derogation.
Antonyms – Praise, Applause, Cheers, Ovation, Tribute.
175. Desolate
Definition – A place which is unoccupied and gives the impression of being waste and empty.
Usage – As we continued trekking, we reached a huge desolate plateau and planned on
spending the night there.
The word is being used as an adjective here.
Synonyms- Barren, Bleak, Stark, Bare, Arid.
Antonyms – Fertile, Fecund, Fruitful, Productive, Rich.
176. Enigmatic
Definition – Mysterious and difficult to understand.
Usage – The lottery winner took the check with an enigmatic suspicious smile.
Synonyms- Mysterious, Puzzling, Inexplicable, Baffling, Perplexing.
Antonyms – Straightforward, Uncomplicated, Simple, Easy, Effortless.
177. Feral
Definition – In a wild and savage state.
Usage – Lucy cried as she reached home after running from a pack of feral dogs.]
Synonyms- Wild, Untamed, Undomesticated, Untrained, Fierce.
Antonyms – Tame, Pet, Docile, Mild, Gentle.
178. Abjure
Definition – To reject a belief, claim or action.
Usage – The movie had a great ending and supported compassion while abjuring all forms
of punishment.
Synonyms- Renounce, Relinquish, Spurn, Deny, Abandon.
Antonyms – Accept, Welcome, Take, Receive, Obtain.
179. Propitious
Definition – Favourable or indicating a great chance of success.
Usage – The astrologer confidently said that the year ahead seems propitious.
Synonyms- Favourable, Auspicious, Promising, Providential, Advantageous.
Antonyms – Inauspicious, Adverse, Unfortunate, Infelicitous, Ill-Omened.
180. Rancor
Definition – Showing bitterness or enmity.
Usage – Dwayne has amazing self-control. Even when he is angry, he speaks to the worst
of enemies without rancour.
Synonyms- Bitterness, Spite, Hatred, Malice, Hostility.
Antonyms – Friendliness, Affability, Amiability, Geniality, Warmth.
181. Rescind
Definition – Revoke or cancel a law or an agreement.
Usage – The government had to rescind the policy due to widespread hatred among the
public.
Synonyms- Repeal, Cancel, Reverse, Abrogate, Nullify.
Antonyms – Enforce, Enact, Impose, Apply, Implement.
182. Servile
Definition – Having or showing an excessive will to help or please.
Usage – The friendly crew bowed their head in a servile manner and bid everybody a
goodbye.
Synonyms- Humble, Obsequious, Sycophantic, Subservient, Fawning.
Antonyms – Bossy, Assertive, Overbearing, Imperious, Autocratic.
183. Tacit
Definition – Already implied or understood without specifically stating.
Usage – The military men had tacit official license to kill the troublemakers.
Synonyms- Hinted, Implicit, Understood, Implied, Unstated.
Antonyms – Explicit, Clear, Direct, Plain, Straightforward.
184. Unctuous
Definition – Excessive honey-tongued flattery.
Usage – He sees the good in everybody and praises them genuinely rather than in an
unctuous manner.
Synonyms- Ingratiating, Adulatory, Sycophantic, Ingratiating, Obsequious.
Antonyms – Straightforward, Frank, Blunt, Candid, Direct.
185. Usurp
Definition – Take or steal a position by force.
Usage – The ruler’s cousin shamelessly usurped the throne after he passed away.
Synonyms- Seize, Take, Arrogate, Annex, Expropriate.
Antonyms – Give, Assign, Grant, Bestow, Donate.
186. Variegated
Definition – Exhibiting irregular patches of different colours.
Usage – The unusual house was built with variegated red bricks.
Synonyms- Multicoloured, Polychromatic, Many-Hued, Prismatic, Rainbow.
Antonyms – Plain, Monochrome, Simple, Ordinary, Basic.
187. Wanton
Definition – Deliberate and wicked.
Usage – Wanton acts like bullying small children are not acceptable.
Synonyms- Deliberate, Wilful, Malicious, Malevolent, Spiteful.
Antonyms – Accidental, Unintentional, Benevolent, Kind, Friendly.
188. Winsome
Definition – Attractive in an innocent manner.
Usage – The guy I met at the station today was really charismatic and winsome. He stole
my heart.
Synonyms- Appealing, Engaging, Charming, Winning, Attractive.
Antonyms – Unpleasant, Disagreeable, Offensive, Distasteful, Unsavoury.
189. Scrupulous
Definition – Ultra-careful and through.
Usage – The study on this supplement’s effect on the human body was carried out with
scrupulous attention.
Synonyms- Careful, Meticulous, Painstaking, Thorough, Assiduous.
Antonyms – Careless, Slapdash, Inattentive, Incautious, Negligent.
Part B (Spellings) –
This part of the exercises section has a compilation of the most commonly misspelled words.
Find the attachment “Additional Resources” that you got along with this book. It has all the
instructions and the commonly misspelled word list.
Lesson 5: Bonus Lesson: Improving Fluency And Communication
Many people learn vocabulary and improve pronunciation to get better at spoken English,
to improve fluency and ease up communication. So, not adding a fluency and
communication section would be me not doing justice to my readers. So here it is, in the
form a bonus lesson. Let’s get started with some progress in the fluency section.
Fluency –
For improving fluency and sounding more like a native English speaker, my recommendation
is doing JAMs. JAM stands for just a minute. Doing 3 jams every day on just random topics
will help you get much more fluent with time.
The rules for JAM are that you cannot stop for a minute even if you run out of ideas for the
topic. If you do, you can stray away a little from the topic, but your extempore should still be
related. If you can, you may go over a minute. Basically, your aim is not stopping while not
straying away much.
Set a timer and just start speaking at any topic in your mind right now. Stop after a minute.
Then, collect some ideas on topic you just talked and then go again. It will certainly go better
this time. Now to take this one step further, branch out even more and write down 2-3 points
you’ll touch for each of the ideas you thought on the last time. Set a timer and go again. You
will see the difference for yourself. This final take would be so much better than the 1 st and
2nd attempts.
For getting fluent even faster, it is advisable to record yourself each time and see the
difference. Listen to your recording from a month back and look how far you’ve come. The
results will be motivating and will accelerate your journey to being a more fluent English
speaker.
That was all for fluency. Let’s move on to the communication section now.
Communication –
Many people have this popular misconception that communication skills in English improve
with learning English. Actually, communication has nothing to do with the language. It’s how
you express yourself. English is a language, communication is a skill. For those of you who
aren’t native English speakers, you must get better at communication in your mother tongue
first.
Sure, being better at a language helps the speaker being more confident and thus improves
communication skill in some way, but you need to work on your nonverbal communication
skills too. Here are some resources to help you. Let’s start with the most important
component, body language.
Body language-
Body language is how people see you and think of you. It forms an impression of one’s
personality even without a word spoken.
Here are a couple of videos to guide you through the body language aspect –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFLjudWTuGQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPHFIE1xoX0
Strong body language requires true confidence. So let’s talk about confidence now.
Confidence-
Confidence is ability of a person to truly believe in himself or herself. A person who speaks
confidently inspires others to believe in him too. Here is a video that’ll guide you through
speaking clearly and confidently –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrKmaYyFNOY
A lot of people talk about being confident while speaking but they don’t realise that how
important the tone of their speech is, that is, their voice tonality.
Voice Tonality-
At a subconscious level, the tone of your voice reflects your authority. To demand attention
of your audience, you need the right voice tone. Here is a lesson –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8gU6fcs4tU
One last important quality I would like you to look into is Charisma.
Charisma-
Being likeable and having people love you is a really desirable quality to have for an
influential speaker. This video will teach you how to build a rapport with people and be
charismatic.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sO5F8DulPPk
So, here we are, approaching the end of the book. I hope it really helped you, and you found
it valuable. If you like this book and its no-fluff, no-hype, no-BS attitude towards learning
English, do check out the ENG Wizards book on ‘Grammar and Punctuation’, which would
be released soon. That book compliments this one and would complete your practical
English knowledge. Also, if this book guided you and motivated you in your journey, PLEASE
DO DROP A REVIEW. It would be a pleasure and an encouragement to hear from you. So,
that’s all I have to say. Goodbye and have a good day.
THE END

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THE NO-BS GUIDE TO ENGLISH VOCABULARY

AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Test Your Current Vocabulary And Spelling Game

Lesson 1: The Blueprint: How To Build Vocabulary

Lesson 2: Speak Like A Native: How To Get Better At Pronunciation

Lesson 3: Turn Into An Orthographer: How To Excel At Spellings

Lesson 4: Apply And Learn: Exercises

Lesson 5: Bonus Lesson: Improving Fluency And Communication

1. One who is unsure about god’s existence.

0-7 -> Below Average

My pen is blue, like the sky

You can google-

How to identify the number of syllables-

Students should have a good conduct in class.

Concept 2 - Connecting words

Tips for better pronunciation-

Rule 2: The Common Confusion: IE Vs EI

Bus –> Buses (ending in ‘s’)

Peach –> Peaches (ending in ‘ch’)

Wish –> Wishes (ending in ‘sh’)

Fox –> Foxes (ending in ‘x’)

- If a word ends with a consonant + o

Potato –> Potatoes

Motto –> Mottoes

Zero –> Zeroes

- If the word ends vowel + o

We make the plural by adding an -s.

Studio –> Studios

Video –> Videos

Logo –> Logos

Piano –> Pianos

Rule 4: Dropping The Final -E

- If a suffix which starts with a vowel is added to the word.

Let us look at some examples –

Pleasure -> Pleasurable

Discriminate -> Discrimination

True -> Truly

Argue -> Argument

Peace –> Peaceful

Knowledge –> Knowledgeable

Encourage –> Encouragement

Service –> Serviceable

Part A (Vocabulary and Pronunciation)-

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