LINKING AIR POLLUTION TO LIFE EXPECTANCY: A GLOBAL EPIDEMIC

A Research Study Presented to The Faculty of the College of Nursing

University of the Visayas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Subject Nursing Research for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

AUTHORS:

COBARDE, JEREMI I.

DY, JAN RENZO L.

ESPINA, ADRIANNA FAYE R.

MANO, JOHANNES MATTHEW A.

RULETE, CASEY DEMPSTER S.

TIU, KIMBERLY

CO AUTHORS:

YVONNE M. SEVILLA, RN, MAN

VICTOR CHRISTOPHER SENO, RN,

HAIDEE JAYME, RN, MAN

ARMIDA GUTIERREZ, RN, MAN

MAY 2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE 1

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

CHAPTER I 3

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION 3

Theoretical Framework 6

Statement of Purpose 8

Null Hypothesis 8

Significance of Study 8

DEFINITION OF TERMS 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 11

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES 25

Design 25

Data Gathering Procedures 25

Data Understanding 26

Data Preparation 26

Data Cleaning 26

Ethical Considerations 27
REFERENCE

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Transmittal letter addressed to the Dean of the College of Nursing

APPENDIX B: COMPLIANCE FORM ( Proposal)

CURRICULUM VITAE 32
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Life expectancy is a statistical estimate of the average lifespan (that is, years from birth to death)

that individual in a population is expected to live. It takes into account all of the factors that

affect life expectancy in that population including age and gender, underlying health status,

smoking, diet, and other risk factors like air pollution (Apte, 2018). Air pollution has been one of

the greater problems of our society. It affects a lot of aspects in our daily lives; one of which is

our health. Since humans depend so much in the air that we breathe to survive, if is not

impossible that many health problems may arise.

Seeing how air pollution impacts human health and well-being is vital particularly as the World

Health Organization (2019) as of late discovered that 90 percent of the total populace inhales

exceptionally dirty air. The growing burden of disease from air pollution is among the significant

difficulties confronting national governments and public health officials, with broad

ramifications for national economies and human well-being. Research has shown that air

pollution shortens life expectancy and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Children are

the most susceptible to the life-threatening impacts of air pollution, and the report found that

poor air quality can shorten their lifespan by 20 months. In South Asia, air pollution is shortening

life spans by 30 months. In African countries, air pollution shortens average life expectancy by

two years (Vandette, 2019).

According to (Vandette, 2019), One of the most significant problems with air pollution is the

high levels of PM 2.5 or particulate matter that are smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter.

Major PM (Particulate Matter) 2.5 sources in India include household burning of solid fuels; dust

from construction, roads, and other activities; industrial and power plant burning of coal; brick

production; transportation; and diesel-powered equipment. Air pollution in some countries is

such a widespread and toxic problem that governments are turning to extreme measures like

cloud seeding to make it rain or installing outdoor air purifiers.

This research will serve as a pillar for more developments and as a guide for those who are

unaware of this problem about our health and everyday life. We will be able to take suitable

action to prevent or stop our life expectancy from being shortened. It will also benefit people,

students, staff or society as a whole, particularly those who are subjected to air pollution on a

daily basis.

As a citizen involved, seeing our fellow people subjected to dangerous air pollutants is very

alarming. We wanted to give consciousness to those impacted as a student nurse who has the

understanding. We wanted to be of help to the society by assessing how the prolonged exposure

of air pollution affects or what impacts does it have to a person’s life expectancy. That's why we

researchers encouraged studying the impacts of air pollution on people's health.

Theoretical Framework

This study will incorporate the Environmental Theory. The environmental theory was

developed by Florence Nightingale also known as “Lady of the Lamp” when she served as a

nurse in the Crimean War where she observed the correlation between the patients who died and

their environmental conditions. The environmental theory is a patient care theory which focuses

on altering the patient’s environment in order to affect the changes in his or her life. This theory

focuses more on the care of the patient instead of the nursing process, the relationship between

the nurse and the patient, or the individual nurse. This model should be utilized to be suited to

the needs of individuals. The patient’s environment is a big factor in his or her health because it

can affect it in a positive or negative way. A few factors that affect the patients’ health,

according to Florence Nightingale, are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food, efficient drainage,

and light or direct sunlight. If one of these factors is unavailable, the patient’s health will be

diminished. These factors affect different individuals depending on their situations or illnesses. It

is important to know how to alter the environment in order for the health to slowly reach

optimum level of functioning. According to Nightingale, nursing is different from medicine

because the goal of nursing is to bring the individual to the best attainable state in order for

nature to take measures. Florence Nightingale’s observations showed her that unsanitary

environment can be modified to enhance conditions for an individual to enable healing to occur.

The thrust of the study is to assess the linkage of air pollution to life expectancy globally.

In order to ascertain the problem, the discussion is centered on the mortality due to air pollution

from the World Health Statistics: Monitoring Health for the Sustainable Development Goals to

determine if there is a linkage of air pollution to life expectancy globally.

 The throughput of the study is the sourcing of archive data from public domains of WHO

and Geoba where data is prepared, cleaned, and analyzed through (SPS) statistical program for

social sciences by IBM and converted to relevant information which is needed for the output.

The output of the study is to produce a linkage between air pollution index and the life

expectancy index globally.

Florence Nightingale’s
Environmental Theory

People exposed to ambient

air pollution

Life expectancy Index per Increasing ambient air pollution

country given by the GEOBA index emitted per country given
by the WHO

Proposed Recommendations

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the study: utilizing the Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory
Statement of Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between air pollution index and

life expectancy worldwide through archived data from the year 2018 derived from archived

structured data released publicly by World Health Organization through their official website and

Geoba.

Specifically this study will answer the following questions:

1.) What is the air pollution index globally for the year 2018?

2.) What is the life expectancy index globally for the year 2018?

3.) Is there a significant relationship between air pollution index and life expectancy

index globally?

4.) What can be proposed based on the findings?

Statement of Null Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant relationship between air pollution index and life expectancy index

globally.

Significance of the Study

The research assesses how prolonged exposure to air pollution affects a person’s life

expectancy. The findings of this study will be beneficial to the following:

 The Citizens. The people worldwide will be more knowledgeable and aware of how air

pollution affects our health and environment. They will start to make their own proper move for

a better future for all.

Health Care Provider. The information gathered from this study will benefit health care

providers through awareness and understanding more about the effects of long term exposure to

air pollution

Researchers From this study they will greatly benefit knowledge and alertness in

composing their study and be able to help constructing solutions to the people concerned.

Future Researchers They will be able to use this study to provide basis to form their

own study and give judgments.

Policy Makers The findings of the study will serve as a guide in formulating laws in the

future and will help the environment, especially a person’s health.

Definition of Terms

The following words and terms shall be defined in

Air Pollution- Is the presence of particles in the air that are harmful to life/health of its

environment

Air pollution index - Is the index or the measure of the quantity of pollutants and quality of air

in the area.The API is a method and data structure being used to point out the important data in

regards to the pollution in the air and it is sorted by values

Country- A country is a land which is managed by a government and is divided by an imaginary

sovereign border
Global - Pertaining to anything across the globe.

Life Expectancy - Is a measure of distribution of an average lifetime of any living being on how

long they are expected to live as its based on statistical data like its birth date and year, age and

many other factors such as gender and to what kind of species, race and etc.

Life expectancy Index - Is a compounded statistical data representative group of individual data

points on how long an organism lives with or without regard to its specificity.

Geoba.se-is a collection of data that examines statistics, population, weather, and more for

millions of locations around the world.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE STUDIES

An introduction to this study. The topic of this research aims to engage concern for our neglected

impoverished environment. Primarily the air, concentrated pollution in the air could possibly inflict

serious damage to the health of many. Raising awareness and expressing the urgency in regard to this

harmful changes in the environment it is the key to change for a better environment. There are numerous

data and studies correlating the increasing pollutants in the air and its effects to the health of the

population in which it can affect the life expectancy of a person.The research articles and literatures that

have been published grants us the ability to understand more and link the relations of pollution in the air

with life expectancy. This being said this study in linking the will help expand our knowledge and

awareness in regards to this topic in hope of making it a most pressing matter before it will become a

problem that will be difficult to extirpate.

Air Pollution

Air Pollution are minute mixture of both harmful and poisonous substances not only to the

environment but also to living biological beings itself, is deadly even if its little whether in form

of gas for instance such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur oxide and the most common amongst us and

naturally occurring from our very own lungs that is carbon dioxide and burning of fossil fuels

like coal, oil, methane and many more or it can be solid particulates such as carbon monoxide,

lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone particles and sulfur dioxide. These are incontestably hazard to our

subtle human bodies as these pollutants are able to innately penetrate the lungs and to the

bloodstream causing multiple chronic illnesses namely asthma attack and it not only affects our
mere lungs but to many parts of our vital human systems such as the heart that makes our organs

work and maintaining homeostasis (Mackenzie, 2019)

In another article it was stated that the contamination of pollution in the air is the source

of the harmful effects of the health and wellbeing of an individual human being or any other

biological life and is possible to destroy or cause harm to materials, alter the visibility or

generate an obnoxiously unpleasant odor in the air. Other atmospheric pollutants are generated

naturally particularly wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and radon gas emission of the earth. Radon is

a distinguished causative factor in pollution of the air; other than radon tobacco fumes and

smoke from the burning of several known fuels, includes asbestos fiber originates from ancient

insulation and chemical from furnish, rugs, and cleansing substances. A sufficient pollutant

comes from known industrial companies including the electrical company by scorching high-

sulfur coals or oil. (Air Pollution, n.d.)

Ozone- Terra firma-level ozone is an achromatic and immensely irritating gas that

gathers just above the earth's exterior. It is dubbed a "secondary" pollutant because it is formed

when two primary contaminants responds with sunlight and stagnant air. These two primary

pollutants are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Ozone is used to

purify air, decontaminate water, and treat industrial wastes. Ozone is a molecule with three

oxygen molecules. It is in the upper atmosphere and it preserves living organisms by providing

tutelage on earth, against UV rays from reaching the earth's exterior. It is acknowledge having

significant effects on human health. Subjection to ozone has been associated with premature

mortality and a range of morbidity health endpoints such as hospital or health center admissions

and asthma symptom and its incorporation to the detrimental results on human wellbeing.

(Government of Canada, 2016)

 Lead - is an elemental heavy metal exist naturally in nature as well as in fabricated or

processed products. Lead can breakout directly into the atmosphere, as suspended particles.

Major origin of lead air discharges are automobiles, but not only that but also industrial sources.

An automobile emissions has diminished by phasing out the use of leaded gasoline, but lead is

still used in general-aviation gasoline for piston-engine aircraft. Lead that is emitted into the air

can be inhaled or can be ingested, mainly acquired through contact with soils that are

contaminated and any other surfaces where lead can stick. (Texas Commision on Environmental

Quality, n.d.)

Nitrogen Oxide - is an important air pollutant because it contributes to the formation of

photochemical smog, which can have significant impacts on human health. The major source of

nitrogen dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas. NOx is formed when a reaction

of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air during combustion, particularly at. Areas of excessive

automobile traffic, such as huge cities, the number of NOx breakout into the atmosphere as an air

pollutant can be significant. NOx gases are formed whenever combustion occurs in the presence

of nitrogen it also is naturally produced by lightning. (Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Pollution, n.d.)

Carbon Monoxide - is a dangerous, poisonous substance if people are exposed to it in high

quantities. Research shows that it can be harmful, but it is also known that carbon monoxide is

also a gas that can be naturally found and emitted in the environment. It is released into the

atmosphere by volcanoes as they erupt, forest fires, from the natural gases in coal mines, and

from lightning. Other natural sources of carbon monoxide are marsh gases, which are also called

methane and produced by plants decomposing under water and fumes from vehicles exhaust are

the highest emitters of carbon monoxide. (Carbon Monoxide - Uses, n.d.)

 Carbon monoxide is a highly regarded industrial compound. In the form of producer gas

or water gas, it is mainly used as a fuel in the industrial operations. It is also a powerful reducing

agent. For example, when carbon monoxide is moved over searing iron oxides, the oxides are

reduced to metallic iron, while the carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide. (Carbon

Monoxide - Uses, n.d.)

Sulfur Dioxide - is a gas. It is invisible and has a nasty, sharp smell. It reacts easily with

other substances to form harmful compounds, such as sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and sulfate

particles. Most of it in the air comes from man-made sources. The foremost source of the Sulfur

dioxide in our atmosphere is due to the industrial activity that processes the materials containing

sulfuric. Unspecified mineral ores may also contain sulfur, and sulfur dioxide it breaks out into

the atmosphere as it is processed. In some industrial products that burn fossil fuels contains

sulfur and is a possible the principal source of sulfur dioxide. It is also seen or found in the

automobile emissions or smokes due to the combustion of fuel. Sulfur dioxide is one of the chief

ingredients on the majority repeatedly used chemicals all throughout the globe, sulfuric acid.

With over millions of tons of it being manufactured each year, sulfuric acid has applications in

almost in every industrial produce. It is used in the production of steel, fertilizers, medicines,

fuels, batteries, paper, plastics, and in many other applications. Sulfur dioxide is also a widely-

used pest control product, a preservative in many dried foods, and a bleaching agent. It can be

used to disinfect materials and as a fumigating agent to terminate pests.

(Sulfur Dioxide, n.d.)

Correlation of Air pollution to Health

There is another study written by the European physician talks about the effects of long term and

long term exposures of ambient air pollution on COPD. Based on several data from the London
fog on 1952 and the Beijing Haze, there are records that it indicated that a double in the case of

COPD is a major finding compared to any other period. With a short term exposure, it has been

shown that people with COPD experience a decrease in respiratory function after exposure to the

air pollutant. Despite the range of the study it did not include the risk in exacerbation risk. In

higher dose of ambient air pollutant, Increase of symptoms and a higher risk of exacerbation is

noted. The study from the US Framingham Heart Study where spirometry data obtained in 1995-

2011 are linked to a central site of reading of the ozone and NO2 pollution and 3262 former and

never smokers indicated that the effects of pollution were not greater in persons with asthma or

COPD. Despite this data the question whether long term exposure of air pollutants are a direct

factor to the development of COPD is unclear. Additional data is that the evidence that the

chronic particulate air pollution exposure would result in the small airway wall remodeling based

from an autopsy report from non-smoking Mexico city residents and Vancouver residents

without any history of previous lung disease. The airways have increased amounts of muscle and

fibrous tissue which is consistent with remodeling. Schikowski assessed on another paper that

the incidence and prevalence of COPD in a longitudinal study is also clear. Several papers, from

the late and recent studies have found several markers that indicate the direct relationship of

chronic ambient air pollution exposure are co-related to the development and exacerbation of

COPD. While COPD is already characterized as a systemic and pulmonary inflammation, it is

possible that COPD patients are specifically sensitive to the effects of air pollution on promoting

systemic inflammation. In summary, this paper tackled several papers on the development of

COPD from acute and chronic exposure to ambient air pollution. While the findings of the

papers lack any detailed and specific evidence due to imprecision in exposure assessment, the

paper by Schikowski et al. is consistent with past literature that air pollution may result in the
development of COPD while the literature of Dadvand et al. is consistent on how the exposure to

the pollutants promotes systemic inflammation. (Garshick, 2014)

They discussed that chronic respiratory diseases’ onset and exacerbation can be induced

by exposure to air pollutants therefore increasing the risk for morbidity and mortality, provided

that extra measures to limit exposure are not performed. The burdens of air pollution on the

human body are not only limited to the respiratory and cardiovascular system but also has

adverse effects on the nervous system, digestive system, and urinary system. Long term exposure

is reported to increase all-cause mortality. One way to decrease the potential risk of exposure is

to know the components and sources of air pollution in both outdoor and indoor setting. The

major pollutants in the outdoor setting are Particulate matter (PM), Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Lead (Pb). Major sources of the

ambient pollution are from industrial production, forest and brush fire, garbage burning, and

emission of transport. In Indoor air, the same pollutants from the ambient air are still the same

but the concentrations are not the same usually lower. Major sources of indoor air pollution are

from tobacco smoking, fuel consumption, consumer products and construction materials. High

level of air pollutants are harmful to people. Especially to those who have chronic pulmonary

disease and to those who are already at risk of attaining chronic diseases. There are measures for

reducing the adverse effects of air pollution. The detrimental effects of such pollutants are

largely determined on the concentration and length of exposure. Reductions of the exposure to

the pollutants are important especially to those who already have some kind of chronic

pulmonary disease. A change of Lifestyle habits are necessary for patients as long as it has been

consulted to and has received guidance from their physicians. For outdoor ambient air pollution,

people can reduce their exposure to the pollutants by adapting their daily life activity based on
the latest air quality index (AQI). AQI is the daily report of the air quality on a specific location.

Using of personal protective masks could be useful for avoiding the detrimental effects of air

pollution and through some specific masks, even virus transmission. For Indoor air pollution,

maintaining proper air ventilation such as frequent change in the air filtration system and

abstaining smoking tobacco products inside the house. (Martine Dennekamp and Marion Carey,

Monash Centre for Occupational and environmental health, Monash University, 2010) there are

numerous literature that studies the cardiorespiratory impacts of ambient air pollution, providing

a wide range of adverse health outcomes including exacerbation of chronic respiratory and

cardiovascular disease. The study shows that the sensitivity of a person differs with one’s age

and pre-existing health conditions. Sufficient amount of evidence claims that ambient air

pollution can trigger the acute symptoms of, and worsen both cardiac and respiratory disease.

There has been a causal link between asthma in children and exposure to air pollution in the

development and exacerbation of asthma. (Jiang, 2016)

In one literature bySchikowski, this literature by Schikowski reviews the evidence of the

role of ambient air pollution in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Several morbidity and mortality cases were identified, Heterogeneous in design, characterization

of exposure to air pollution and method of outcome definition. The different cases were analyzed

differently however, neither mortality nor hospitalization studies can unambiguously distinguish

of the underlying pathophysiological changes. These studies are based on within-community

exposure contrasts. The results were suggestive but not conclusive on the prevalence and

incidence of COPD on adults despite plausible biological mechanisms and evidence that air

pollution does affect the chances of children during lung development to be more susceptible to

the development of COPD and exacerbation in patients with COPD. Based on this study,
Exposure to air pollutants is eminent and cannot be avoided. But the type of ambient air pollutant

and the duration is the key factor. Long term exposure has been known to increases the risk of

developing COPD but without any sufficient data it is still unclear. The connection between air

pollution and COPD was studied based on past record and data on the number of COPD cases on

relation to the quality of air in the area on cohort data from Canada, Japan, Norway, and the USA

but due to the lack of studies, the role of ambient air pollution in the development of

development of objectively defined COPD in the development of COPD was considered

uncertain. Only a few studies were considered because majority of the sources were inconclusive

and require consideration of a range of complex issues. Cross-sectional analyses from Germany

and Italy and the Greek case-control study suggest that subjects that are exposed near any traffic

related air pollution have a higher risk of COPD. In contrast, another study from England gives

the opposite result on the countryside. On other studies such as in Japan and in the USA, the

result does not provide the similarities. In summary, while there are evidence that does support

that ambient air pollution does have a direct relationship as a causative factor for COPD but the

study is uncertain from several studies that undermines the studies made on other journals.

(Schikowski T, 2014)

According to To, T., Mrs. (2016, April 6).air pollution like fine matter (PM2.5) can

endanger the people’s health especially those with heart disease, diabetes, asthma and chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Air pollutants may boost inflammation, oxidative stress

and endothelial dysfunction that may cause the development of chronic diseases. Coogan (2012)

studied group women 4204 who lived in Los Angeles from 1995 to 2005 and announced

increased incidence rate ratios for hypertension and diabetes per unit (10Ud/m3) increase in fine

particulate matter (PM2.5). Puett (2011) obtained data from two years of a 23-year follow-up of
the Nurses’ Health Study and as a result a significant risk of type 2 diabetes per unit (4ug/m3)

rise of PM2.5). Johnson and Parker (2009) organized and carried out cross-sectional analyses

utilizing the National Health Interview Survey data and announced statistically increased odds of

self-reported prevalent hypertension associated with PM2.5. Used a large population, women

with over 30 years of follow-up data to quantify the prevalence risk of cardiovascular conditions,

cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases in association with PM 2.5 exposure. The Canadian

National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS) recruited 89,835 women between the aged of 40 and

59 between 1980 and 1985. Complete risk factors data were gathered utilizing questionnaires

administered at baseline (1980-1985) and involved smoking, anthropometry, physical activity

levels and diet. (Chen, 2013; van Donkelaar, 2010) Satellite-based was used to estimate the

surface concentration of PM2.5 and was obtained from aerosol optical depth data from the

Moderate Resolution Imaging. Potential initiators were included in the regression model which

includes age at enrolment, marital status, education, occupation, smoking status, and BMI.

Conclusion were presented as prevalence rate ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)

per unit (10 μg/m3 ) increase in PM2.5. ONBSS compared to Ontario female residence with top

five highest chronic conditions: hypertension, ischemic heart disease , angina, diabetes and

COPD. Two most common lifestyle risk factors are smoking and BMI who has hypertension,

diabetes. The highest PRs were seen in congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, diabetes,

stroke and COPD with each flaunting a greater than 20% rise in disease risk with each unit rise

in exposure to PM2.5. Obese individuals and smokers are frequently seen with effects of

exposure PM2.5. Overall conclusions for this study, exposure to PM2.5 are risks for multiple

major chronic cardiovascular conditions, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases.

In the views of (WHO, 2012) , air pollution is a crucial environment-related ultimatum to

children and risk factor of acute and chronic respiratory disease. Certain outdoor pollutants are

risk factors for respiratory infections. The vital contributors to global burden of disease are from

indoor air pollution or known as solid fuels. Since, children have an immature respiratory organ

systems they are very susceptible to acquiring illnesses in the lower respiratory system. In

addition to, women as well are susceptible, because of continuous exposure to indoor cooking,

heating with biomass fuels. Outdoor air pollution is massively growing due to combustion of

fuels used for transportation, power generation and other human activities (home heating and

cooking). In 2012, ambient air pollution was responsible for 3 million deaths worldwide with

169,250 children had deaths under five. The example of several indoor air pollutants, by heating

of biomass fuels (agricultural residues, dung, straw, and wood) or coal containing a variety of

health-damaging pollutants. Evidence shown that prolonged exposure to indoor air pollution can

lead to acute lower respiratory infections, chronic pulmonary disease (COPD) even lung cancer.

Years 2012, household air pollution caused the deaths of 4.3 million deaths worldwide, including

531,190 child deaths under five due to respiratory infection specifically the pneumonia. (To,

2016)

Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health

A study conducted by (Ghorani-Azam, 2016) Investigated on the effects of air pollution the

health of humans and what the different preventive measures are. Sources of Air pollution

include carbon monoxide (a colorless and odorless gas, which is a product of inappropriate

combustion like burnt coal and wood), nitrogen oxides (produced from motor engines hence are
traffic air pollutants), sulfur oxides (colorless, highly reactive gas that is believed to be a

significant pollutant), lead (heavy metal that is toxic, produced from motor engines or battery

plants),particle pollution (particles mixed in air) and ground level ozone (a product from a

chemical reaction of nitrous oxide and VOC’s which are due to human activities).

Acute and Chronic exposure to these substances have a toxic effect on the human body

leading to different diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Air pollution can also

lead to complications in psychiatric and Neurologic systems, skin diseases. Since the skin is the

largest organ in the human body and is the first line of defense against foreign agents then it may

be the first to be in contact with the pollutant, the absorption of the pollutant from the skin is

equal to the respiratory uptake.

Most of the air toxicants or pollutants access through our airway, so it is the respiratory

system that will defend our body from the emergence and advancement of diseases that develop

from air pollutants.

Air pollution is deemed to be a major risk factor in the environment in occurrence of a few

diseases like lung cancer or asthma. There have been studies that show direct connection of air

pollutants and cardiac illnesses. There are changes in the white blood cell count when exposed to

air pollutants, which may have an effect on the function of the cardiovascular system. Other

studies consider the association between hypertension and exposure to air pollutants. Plenty of

studies have shown the correlation between the subjection to poor air condition and the rise of

morbidity and mortality because of diseases in the cardiovascular and respiratory system. This

study enlists that the management of air pollution is of importance and vital. That effective air

pollution control organization requires extensive effort, research, financial help and leadership

from our government officials.

According to State of Global Air (2019) life expectancy is the number of years expected of an

individual to live from the time they are born. It is necessary the brunt of air pollution had

caused a massive effect on life expectancy. Diminishing life expectancy by 1 year and 8 months

on average worldwide. Meaning, when a mother delivers a baby today will die 20 months

sooner, on average, than expected.

According to James E. Bennett, HelenTamuraWIcks, Robbie M. Parks, Richard T. Burnett,

C. Arden Pope III, Matthew J. Bechle, Julian D. Marshall, GoodarzDanaei, MajidEzzati (2019),

they define (PM2.5) as a perilous substance to human health. They had estimated the health

and longevity impacts of present PM2.5 concentrations and decreasing exposure from it basing

from 1999 to 2015. They had acquired data from nationally and at county level for the entire

population of the United States. Using a vital registration and population data with information

on sex, age, cause of death and county of residence, they had acquired different possible

causes but they observed that PM2.5 pollution was culpable for an estimated death of 15,612

deaths in females and 14,757 death in males. These gathered data had lower national life

expectancy by an estimated 0.15 years for females and 0.13 for males. According to their

estimates, a decline in particulate matter pollution in the USA has resulted in public health profit.

However, the estimated prevailing concentrations are affiliated with mortality impacts and loss of

life expectancy.

Past studies by several authors provided enough data and relationship for us to push forward

with this study. Prolonged exposure to ambient air pollution increases risk of exacerbation of

COPD and change in the wall structure of the airway and short term exposure decreases lung

function within exposure (Garshick, 2014)Exposure to ambient air pollution does not simply affect

the respiratory and cardiovascular system but also has adverse effects on the nervous system,

digestive system, and urinary system, increasing risk of developing chronic diseases. Exposure

of ambient air pollution to young children from the age of 3-10 y.o increases the risk of
developing and the exacerbation of asthma (Jiang, 2016). Exposure to air pollutant is imminent

and unavoidable. The type of pollutant is the major factor to the risk of developing COPD, while

there is a link, a clear and proven connection has yet been identified. (Schikowski T, 2014)Fine

matter (PM 2.5) can endanger a person’s health as it can boost inflammation, oxidative stress

and endothelial dysfunction that may cause the development of chronic diseases. Data taken

from the studies of Coogan, Puett, and Johnson and Parker, signifies the prevalence risk of

chronic diseases especially exposure associated to P.M 2.5. (To, T., Mrs. 2016, April 6). The

effects of air pollution to the body are studied from the different elements and compounds found

in the air besides the molecules of pollutant. Such elements and compounds are Carbon

Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Oxides, Lead and ground level Ozone. Exposure to these

elements causes problems in the respiratory, cardiovascular and integumentary system . It can

also cause complications in the nervous and neurologic systems. (Ghorani-Azam, 2016)

According to State of Global Air (2019) life expectancy is the number of years expected

of an individual to live from the time they are born. It is necessary the brunt of air pollution had

caused a massive effect on life expectancy. Diminishing life expectancy by 1 year and 8 months

on average worldwide. Meaning, when a mother delivers a baby today will die 20 months

sooner, on average, than expected.

According to Air Quality Life Index and Energy Policy Institute at the University of

Chicago declares fossil fuel-driven particulate air pollution trims global average life expectancy

by 1.8 years per person. AQLI approved globally that air pollution is the ultimate threat to human

health as it brings effect on life expectancy. MichealGreenstone( Milton Friedman Professor in

Economics and director of EPIC said “Around the world today, people are breathing air that

represents a serious risk to their health. But the way this risk is communicated is very often

opaque and confusing, translating air pollution concentrations into colors, like red , brown,

orange and green. What those colors mean for people’s well-being has always been unclear.”
The AQLI and Greenstone had specify the relationship between long-term human exposure to

particulate pollution and life expectancy based on a pair of peer-reviewed studies. Then the

study are combined with hyper localized, global particulate matter measurements that

concludes the true effect of air pollution in the community and even around the world. An index

shows how air pollution inflate life expectancy based on (WHO) World Health Organization’s

guideline for what is advised protected level of exposure. Seventy-five percent or 5.5 billion

people lives in an area where particulate pollution exceeds in WHO guideline. A total of 73

percent of all years of life lost due to particulate pollution AQLI concludes that India and China

adds up to 36 percent of the world’s population. If India would follow the WHO guidelines it

would greatly affect their life expectancy by 4.3 years longer, the average life expectancy at

birth there from 69 to 73 years. AQLI coveys the estimate of the loss of life expectancy for the

average person, while others reports the number of people who die immaturely, and leaving

with unexplained cut off of their life or if they were more susceptible to other causes.

According to Bert Brunekreef, based on a study looking for a direct relationship between

air pollution (PM 2.5) and the average Life expectancy throughout the United States, on the data

gathered from 151 State metropolitan it has been concluded that there is relatively small effects

of air pollution to life expectancy as the life expectancy ratio of those who are living in polluted

air throughout a 15 year study is 50.39 while on the opposite spectrum of people living in “clean

air” the ratio of average life expectancy is 51.90 this is from a cohort study
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter introduces the research method, the understanding of the data, data

collection, and data analysis.

Design

This study is a descriptive correlational design. This study will be a descriptive

correlational design in order to collect and analyze data and to assess the relationship between air

pollution to chronic illness. The data gathered will be needed in order for researchers to develop

a hypothesis after it has been collected and analyzed. This research design will not be using any

population or sample since archival data will be used. Data mining is the process of analyzing

data according to its categorization into useful information. This data will be collected and

analyzed in order to determine the correlation of air pollution and life expectancy.

Data Gathering Procedures

The data gathering method that the researchers will be using is from the WHO website:

(World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring health for the SDGs.,2018) and from Geoba.se

website: (Gazetteer - The World - Life Expectancy - Top 100+ By Country 2019). Geoba.se

collects and normalizes data from a number of public domain sources. These sources include the

Geonames.org, the U.S. Census, The World Bank, The CIA World Factbook, YR.NO, the

National Weather Service, Google and Yahoo data APIs and webcams.travel.
Data Understanding

The data that will be collected from this study will be relying on archival sources

accessible to the researchers to gather data regarding the topic of the study. Data are in the form

of organized data from World Health Organization and from Gazetteer. The quality of data

procured is reliable and accurate. The most prominent data archive that will be utilized will be

the WHO website: (World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring health for the SDGs.,2018) and

Geoba.se website: (Gazetteer - The World - Life Expectancy - Top 100+ By Country 2019).

Data Preparation

The data that will be acquired is from WHO in 2018 of countries that have the most air

pollution and from Geoba in 2018 of countries with concrete life expectancy. These countries

with most air pollution and with concrete life expectancy are chosen in order to show whether

there is a correlation between air pollution and life expectancy.There were 194 countries for the

air pollution index and 228 countries for the life expectancy index.

Data Cleaning

The researchers will thoroughly check if there are incomplete, inaccurate or irrelevant

data is identified and then either replaced, modified or deleted to compare changes over the same

period of time for more than one group. The missing values for countries in the data set will be

excluded from the study. From the data gathered and prepared, there was a total of 189 countries

all together that had both the air pollution index and life expectancy index.
Data Analysis

Line graphs and bar graphs will be utilized by the researchers in coming up with the

implications on the effects of air pollution to chronic illness globally. IBM (International

Business Machines) and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) will be utilized to

analyze descriptive and inferential statistics mainly Pearson R correlation.

Ethical Considerations:

Risk-Benefit Assessment

Since the study will be utilizing data mining method, there will be no risk. The

researcher will not be utilizing respondents.

Content, comprehension, and documentation of informed consent

Since the study will be utilizing data mining method, there will be no need for an

informed consent.

Authorization to Access Private Information

Since the study will be utilizing data mining method, there will be no need for

authorization to access private information.

Confidentiality Procedures

Since the study will be utilizing data mining method, there will be no need for

confidentiality procedures.
Debriefing, communication, and referrals

Since the study will be utilizing data mining method, there will be no need for

debriefing, communication, and referrals.

Incentives or Compensation

Since the study will be utilizing data mining method, there will be no need for

incentives, compensation, and referrals.

Collaborative study terms and reference

Statement of agreement is signed by student researchers and faculty advisers that

for any utilization or publication of the study, the student researchers will be

acknowledged as co-authors and faculty advisers, Mr. Victor Christopher A. Seno, Mrs.

Armida Gutierrez, Mr. Edward Cacanog will be acknowledged as a principal author for

this study.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This Chapter shows the empirical analysis result of the data being gathered and answers

the objective question indicated in the study.

TABLE 1. Top 20 countries with the highest air pollution index globally in 2018.

120
Nepal
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
100
Egypt
Niger
Bahrain
80 India
Cameroon
Iraq
60 Afghanistan
Kuwait
Bangladesh
Pakistan
40
Central Africa
China
Chad
20 Mongolia
Equatorial
Uganda

0 Sudan
Air Pollution Index
 The table represents the top 20 countries with the highest air pollution index. The top 20

countries are Nepal (99.5), Quatar (91.7), Saudi Arabia (86.7), Egypt (79.6), Niger (73), Bahrain

(69), India (68), Cameroon (65.4, Iraq (60.1), Afghanistan (59.9), Kuwait (58.9),

Bangladesh(58.6), Pakistan (56.2), Central Africa (51.2), China (51), Chad (50.8), Mongolia

(49.5), Equatorial (49.1), Uganda (48.7), Sudan (46.8). The country with the highest air

pollution index is Nepal with an air pollution index of 99.5. Basing on the data, there is a trend

that most countries with the highest air pollution index are countries based in the Middle East

and Central Africa. According to a report by GSDRC Applied Knowledge Services, despite

Nepal being one of the least urbanized countries in the world, It is also one of the fastest

urbanizing countries. It is projected that from 201-2050, Nepal will be one of the top ten fastest

urbanization rates in the world with an annual urbanization rate of 1.9 percent. With this and the

geographic location of the country in between the Himalayas and mountain ranges causing

pollution from neighboring countries to be trapped in the Kathmandu Valley as reported by the

Journal of Environmental and Public Health. With the high rate and of urbanization and the

geographical location of the country made it as one of the most air polluted country in the world.
TABLE 2. 20 countries with the lowest air pollution index globally in 2018.

12

Brunei Darussalam
New Zealand
10 Iceland
Sweden
Finland
Canada
8
Estonia
Australia
United States
6 Maldives
Norway
Portugal
Uruguay
4
Ireland
Spain
Tonga
2 Denmark
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Fiji
0
Air Pollution Index

This table represents the 20 countries with the lowest air pollution index. The 20

countries are Fiji (10.5), Switzerland (10.4), Luxembourg (10.4), Denmark (10.3), Tonga (10.2),

Spain (9.8), Ireland (8.7), Uruguay (8.7), Portugal (8.1), Norway (7.8), Maldives (7.7), United

States (7.6), Australia (7.3), Estonia (7), Canada (6.7), Finland (6.5), Sweden (6.1), Iceland (5.9),

New Zealand (5.8), Brunei Darussalam (5.8). Basing on the data, there is a trend that most

countries with the lowest air pollution index are countries based in Europe.
According to a report from the ministry for the Environment of New Zealand, the level of

pollutants in New Zealand is declining and that there is continuous improvement in the quality of

air. It has been stated that previous reports have shown that contributing sources of the air

pollution in New Zealand includes burning of wood and coal for home heating during the winter

and vehicle emissions. They have since then made technological and industrial changes like

utilizing electric vehicles and enhancing their wood burners as part of the steps to improving the

quality of air in their country. According to a report from the ASEAN travel, Brunei Darussalam

is rated by many international agencies as one of the most livable places in the world because it

has kept emissions low and maintaining livelihood of forests even with the rapid

industrialization.
TABLE 3. Top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy index globally in 2018.

92
Monaco
Japan
90
Singapore
San Marino
88 Andorra
Australia
Italy
86
Canada
France
84 Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
82
Israel
Iceland
80 Netherland
New Zealand
Ireland
78
Norway
Germany

76 Jordan
Life Expectancy Index

The table represents the top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy index. The top

20 countries are Monaco (89.37), Japan (85.52), Singapore (85.47), San Marino (83.39), Andorra

(82.91), Australia (82.38), Italy (82.35), Canada (82.02), France (81.86), Spain (81.83), Sweden

(81.76), Switzerland (81.75), Israel (81.66), Iceland (81.61), Netherland (81.35), Ireland (81.01),

Norway (81.01), Germany (80.9), Jordan (80.8). Basing on the data, Monaco is the country with

the highest life expectancy because according to reports there is no income tax in Monaco and

they have a healthy diet of fresh vegetables, fish, whole grains, and limit of unhealthy fats.

Monaco’s UK Ambassador Evelyne Genta says “the absence of income tax does not entail an
absence of social conscience. With our state revenue, we are able to fund an excellent health

service, an efficient education system, a good public transport network and comprehensive social

services.” Majority of the people living in Monaco are one of the wealthiest people in the world.

Together with good health-care, proper nutrition, and an abundance of resources obtainable with

their money they are one of the highest life expectancy in the world.

TABLE 4. 20 countries with the lowest life expectancy index globally in 2018.

57
South Africa
56 Chad
Namibia
55 Guinea-Bissau
Afghanistan
54 Gabon
Swaziland
53 Lesotho
Somalia
52 Central Africa
Zambia

51 Mozambique
United Republic of Tanzania

50 Nigeria
Malawi

49 Uganda
Botswana

48 Mali
Burkina Faso
Niger
47
Life Expectancy Index

The table represents the 20 countries with the lowest life expectancy index. The 20

countries are South Africa (50.64), Chad (50.96), Namibia (51.0), Guinea-Bissau (51.3),
Afghanistan (52.07), Gabon (52.21), Swaziland (52.56), Lesotho (53.0), Somalia (53.17), Central

Africa (53.26), Zambia (53.74), Mozambique (54.08), United Republic of Tanzania (54.43),

Nigeria (54.46) , Malawi (54.58), Uganda (54.7), Botswana (55.22), Mali (55.73), Burkina Faso

(56.2), Niger (56.2). Basing on the data, the countries with the lowest life expectancy are

countries in Central Africa. South Africa is considered the country with the lowest life

expectancy. According to reports from Quartz Africa , South Africa’s industrial sector is the

prime contribution to air pollution because South Africa’s national power supplier is Eskom

which produces dozen coal-fired power stations.

TABLE 4. Significant Relationship of Air Pollution Index and Life Expectancy Index

Air Pollution Life Expectancy

Spearman's rho Air Pollution Correlation 1.000 -.517**
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 189 189
Life Expectancy Correlation -.517** 1.000
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 189 189
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

A Spearman's Rank Order Correlation was used to determine if there is a significant

relationship between air pollution and life expectancy because the data did not follow a normal

distribution which is why a nonparametric statistical analysis method was used.

Results show that there is a SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION between air pollution

and life expectancy as signified by the -.517 correlation coefficient and a significance level of

0.000.

This means that as air pollution increases, life expectancy decreases and as air pollution

decreases, life expectancy increases.

The statement of the null hypothesis is Ho: There is no significant relationship between

air pollution index and life expectancy index globally. The null hypothesis is rejected because

there is a significant negative correlation between air pollution and life expectancy.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations

which shows a clear and complete result of this research and could serve as a guide for the future

researchers to continually assess the correlation between the air pollution index and life

expectancy index globally in 2018.

Summary of Findings

The following were the findings of the study.

Air pollution index

Based on the results, Nepal has the highest ambient air pollution index with an exceeding

amount of 99.5 followed by Qatar at 91.7 then as followed by Saudi Arabia (86.7), Egypt (79.6).

While on the other side of the spectrum, based on the data collected is has been shown that

Brunei Darussalam and New Zealand is the lowest in the air pollution index with only 5.8

followed by Iceland (5.9), Sweden (6.1), and Finland at 6.5. Based on the data that has been

acquired together with the life expectancy index, a negative correlation has been identified.

Life expectancy index

Based on the data gathered, Monaco has the highest life expectancy with 89.37, comes

next Japan with 85.52, then Singapore (85.47), lastly San Marino (83.39). On the other hand, the

lowest life expectancy is South Africa with 50.64, succeeded by Chad with 50.96, then Namibia

(51.0) and lastly Guinea-Bissau (51.3).

The results obtained upon correlating the air pollution index and life expectancy index showed

that there is significant negative correlation between air pollution and life expectancy as signified

by the -.517 correlation coefficient and a significance level of 0.000 and rejects the null

hypothesis.

Conclusion

Based on the findings gathered, most countries that have the highest life expectancy are

in Europe it is due to many various factors not only limited to the quality of air but it is also

affected by many supporting factors that improve the quality of life to an individual such as

wealth, the wealth of an individual affects the quality of food, healthcare, and the ability to

afford a time to relax or have leisure. One of many is the access and quality to food and

healthcare it is known in European counties to have one of the highest ratios of Doctor to Patient

and one of the Top Country that is a high ranker for health care effectiveness by WHO (Aetna

International, 2020). The economy of the country also is a factor because a better economy of the

country means better supplies and level of living can be offered (Duffin, 2019) and the countries

that have the lowest life expectancy are in Central Africa and neighbouring countries and it is

due to various things such as in Europe but the opposite most of what Europe has, Central Africa

doesn’t such as a good food and water source and health care. Africa is also still in midst of

chaos and war (Labuda, 2019) hence also affecting the life expectancy of the country

Pollution index negatively affects life expectancy; meaning that an increase of air pollution index

would indicate decrease in life expectancy while a decrease of pollution index indicates a

increase of life expectancy. Although this finding is important to note that life expectancy is
affected also by other factors like economic status, access to health care services by the

government, or countries at war. Since the Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient is-.517

proposes that there is a negative relationship and rejects the null hypothesis. Going back to the

Environmental Theory by Florence Nightingale, elevation of environmental status, based on the

air pollution index, is crucial for improving overall health of a person and their expected life

expectancy. A decline in air pollution index is one of the ways to promote health and life

expectancy. Improving the air pollution index can be done by limiting emission produced by

large factories, automobiles, and households.

Recommendations

The researchers would like to recommend the following:

I. The Citizens on a worldwide scale will be able to increase the awareness of how

an possible epidemic air pollution will become if left alone and with the growth or

increasing awareness the population will perform an independent or a community

actions, movements and or managements on its own household, community and

environment on what they have been aware of that will help reduce the increasing

pollutions in the air.

II. Provide further insights and awareness to our healthcare providers on air

pollution. Possibly assisting and providing them an increase in the information

gathered in regards to the possible causes of air pollution and its effects and be

able to formulate a better improved health management and be suggestive to what

 they can improve in the use of facilities that is able to cause an increase in air

pollution.

III. The Researchers having done this research inadvertently increase the knowledge

and awareness in the effects of the air pollution making the researchers do

multiple more possible researches and actions creating a possible solution to the

people, community, groups who are concerned of the problem

IV. Researchers will be able to construct multiple solutions and will be able to do

more research in closeness or likeness to the topic created assisting the genesis of

a solution a.Air Pollution a Risk in Global Health b. Air Pollution and Chronic

Illness c. Death due to Air Pollution

V. The Policy makers will make use of the guide in a possible creation of a law

against the increasing air pollution or an strict adherence to the laws that already

exist that promotes growth of trees or negates the increasing pollution

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 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Jeremi I. Cobarde

Nickname: Mimi

Birthdate: February 23, 1998

Place of Birth: Cebu City

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Female

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Banilad, Cebu City

Educational Background

Elementary: Banilad, Cebu City

March 2011, graduated

High School: Talamban National High School

March 2015, graduated

College: University of the Visayas

Currently- BSN 3rd year level student

“Be happy for this moment. This moment is your life”

 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Dy, Jan Renzo L.

Nickname: Jan

Birthdate: May 8, 1997

Place of Birth: Cebu City

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Male

Religion: Christian

Address: Talisay City, Cebu

Educational Background

Elementary: PEPT 2014

High School: ALS 2016

College: University of the VisayasBanilad Campus

Currently - 3rd year BSN

 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Kimberly Tiu

Nickname: Kim

Birthdate: June 12, 1994

Place of Birth: Cebu City

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Female

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Pilit, Cabancalan, Mandaue City, Cebu

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Marie Ernestine Elementary School

March 2006, Graduated

High school: Marie Ernestine Science High School

March 2010, Graduated

College: University of Visayas

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Currently - 3rd Year Level Student

 PERSONAL INFORMATION

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Nickname: Matt, Hannes

Birthdate: September 25, 1998

Place of Birth: MarandingLala, Lanao Del Norte

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Male

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Address: JTH 2 Dormitory Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City

Educational Background

Elementary: Pagadian City Montessori Center Inc.

March 2012, GRADUATED

Highschool: Saint Columban College High-School Department

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College: University of the Visayas

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Currently- 3rd Year Student

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Nickname: Adrie

Birthdate: May 18, 1998

Place of Birth: United States of America

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Female

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: SubangdakuMandaue City

Educational Background

Elementary: PAREF Southcrest School 2012, GRADUATED

High School: PAREF Southcrest School 2016, GRADUATED

College: University of the VisayasBanilad Campus

Currently: 3rd year BSN

 PERSONAL INFORMSTION

Name: Rulete, Casey S. Dempster

Nickname: Kise

Birthdate: December 15, 1997

Place of Birth: Cebu City

Civil Status: Single

Sex: Male

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Consolacion, Cebu City

Educational Background

Elementary:SanNarciso School Consolacion, Cebu - GRADUATED

High School: Samar College, Catbalogan City - GRADUATED

College: University of the VisayasBanilad Campus Currently: 4th year B

SN

“ People die when they are killed”

CURRICULUM VITAE OF
VICTOR CHRISTOPHER A. SENO
Profession: Registered Nurse
Mobile Phone No. (063) 9561383643 E-Mail: bikoyseno@outlook.ph

Personal Mission
 Be a positive instrument in the uplift of health care and
services in whatever field of Nursing work I will be
assigned.

PERSONAL DATA
NAME Seno, Victor Christopher SEX Male
AdaponBIRTH DATE 27 May 1984 AGE 35 Years Old
NATIONALITY Filipino HEIGHT 1.67 Meters
WEIGHT70 Kg CIVIL STATUS Married
RELIGION Catholic
BLOOD TYPE B
PRC LICENSE #0382426

CONTACT DETAILS:
PERMANENT M. Selma St., Lower Calajo-an, Minglanilla, Cebu
ADDRESS
E-MAIL ADDRESS Bikoyseno@outlook.ph
MOBILE PHONE (0063) 956-1383643

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

ELEMENTARY 1997 Stella Maris Philippines

Academy of Davao
HIGH SCHOOL 2001 Stella Maris Philippines
Academy of Davao
COLLEGE 2005 Ateneo de Davao Philippines
 Graduated April 2005 in Bachelor of University
Science in Nursing (BSN) and consequently
passed the Philippine Nurse Licensure
Exam in June 2005
POST- 2018 University of the Philippines
GRADUATE 30 units MA in Nursing major in Medical Visayas
Surgical Nursing (ongoing Thesis)

TRAININGS
Operating Room Maharlika Charity Nov. 05 to Feb. 06 Maharlika Charity
Foundation Inc. is a non-
Nurse Foundation Inc.
profit organization which
(MCFI) is also an ambulatory
surgery Clinic that caters
to indigent people and
lesser for tunate citizens
of Davao. They offer an
intensive training in the
operating room area
covering Ophthalmology,
Reconstructive/ Plastic
and General surgery
departments.
Medical Surgical Maharlika Charity Jan 16-20, 2006 Balingoan, Misamis
Outreach Foundation Inc. Oriental, Phils.
(MCFI) May 21-26, 2006 Marihatag, Surigao
MCFI supports
del Sur, Phils.
ambulatory surgery
missions. These Dec 9-14, 2007 Dapitan, Zamboanga
outreach activities del Norte, Phils.
include surgeries by Aug 19-23, 2008 Mlang, North
expert doctors on
Cotabato, Phils.
patients with cleft lip,
cataract, pterygium, May 10-15, 2009 Marawi, Lanao del
strabismus, benign Sur, Phils.
tumors, etc in makeshift Jan 16- 21, 2011 Alabel, Sarangani
operating rooms set up
in the local venues of the
Province, Phils.
areas visited.
Clinical Instructor/ Vicente Sotto April-May 2008 Cebu City, Phils.
Operating Room Memorial Medical
Nurse Preceptorship Center
training

WORK EXPERIENCE
Clinical University of June 2006 to Unversity of the Visayas is one of the leading
Nursing schools in Cebu City. It has about
Instructor the Visayas June 2010
5,000 Nursing students. It has its own Hospital
as well as being host to a CancerCenter (Tam
Kim Ching Cancer Center). As Clinical
 Instructor, I bring my students to various
Hospitals, expose and teach them actual
nursing care activities. Being a Clinical
Instructor also means that I also do lectures, I
have handled concepts for Medical-Surgical
Nursing ( Neurologic, Musculoskeletal,
Immunologic, Oncologic, Geriatric, Emergency
nursing) and also Nursing research. I also
handle nursing management and leadership
concepts.
Facilitator University of June 2008 to Nursing research is a vital subject in the
nursing Curriculum. Tasked and recognized as
the Visayas June 2010
a research Instructor/ adviser, handling 7
Nursing sections and Guiding them in conceptualizing
Research and implementing their proposed study.
Technical Convergys March 2013- Convergys Phils. is one of the biggest BPO
company in the industry. It boasts of more
Support Phils.- October 2014
than 32,000 employees in all of its sites.
Engineer Microsoft Microsoft is one of their biggest clients and it
(Tier 2) Answer Desk caters to all products from hard ware to
software providing customer and technical
support for their global customers.
Technical 24-7 Customer October 24-7 Customer Phils. is a fast growing BPO
company catering to an array of clients in the
Support Phils.- Time 2014- June
ISP industry, one of which is Time Warner
Representative Warner Cable 2015 Cable. It provides Technical support for intenet
(Tier 2) troubleshooting for customers in North
America and some other states in the US.
Research University of June 2015 University of the Visayas is one of the leading
universities in Cebu catering to 15 schools of
Instructor the Visayas until present
thought. Maritime college being one of those
College of colleges is an internationally recognized
Maritime program with certifications from Marina and
Education CHED and also Det Norske Veritas (DNV) as
one of only 2 recognized schools for maritime
education in Cebu.
Ethical Board University of July 2015 Institutional Review Board is the ethics
committee which oversees technical and
Primary the Visayas- until Present
ethical soundness of research outputs for all
Reviewer Institutional undergraduate and graduate programs for the
Review Board university. It is currently the only review board
of its kind in Metro Cebu universities.
Copy Editor University of February UV Journal of Research is a Category A2
publication internationally recognized and
the Visayas- 2016 until
distributed by the Center of Research and
Journal of Present development office of UV.
Research
Research University of April 2016 University of the Visayas is one of the leading
universities in Cebu catering to 15 schools of
Coordinator the Visayas until June
thought. Maritime college being one of those
College of 2017 colleges is an internationally recognized
Maritime program with certifications from Marina and
Education CHED and also Det Norske Veritas (DNV) as
 one of only 2 recognized schools for maritime
education in Cebu.
Research University of June Unversity of the Visayas is one of the leading
Nursing schools in Cebu City. It has about
Coordinator the Visayas 2017until
5,000 Nursing students. It has its own Hospital
College of present as well as being host to a CancerCenter (Tam
Nursing Kim Ching Cancer Center). As Clinical
Instructor, I bring my students to various
Hospitals, expose and teach them actual
nursing care activities. Being a Clinical
Instructor also means that I also do lectures, I
have handled concepts for Medical-Surgical
Nursing ( Neurologic, Musculoskeletal,
Immunologic, Oncologic, Geriatric, Emergency
nursing) and also Nursing research. I also
handle nursing management and leadership
concepts.

SEMINARS/LECTURES ATTENDED
Jun 2003 Red Cross Lay Rescuer Basic Life Support Davao City, Philippines
Feb 2005 Innovative Herbal Medicines Davao City, Philippines
Mar 2005 Natural and Artificial Family Planning Davao City, Philippines
Mar 2006 Lecture on ECG reading Davao City, Philippines
Mar 2006 Global partnership for a preferred future in Davao City, Philippines
healthcare
June 2007 Professionalism in the Workplace Cebu City, Philippines
June 2007 Financial Management Cebu City, Philippines
Sept 2007 Nurse’s Life Ahead Cebu City, Philippines
Oct 2007 Value Reorientation & Personality Development Cebu City, Philippines
Feb 2008 Nursing Then and Now: Morality Cebu City, Philippines
May 2008 Transcultural Nursing/ Organ Transplant Cebu City, Philippines
Aug 2008 Thesis/ Dissertation Advising Cebu City, Philippines
Oct 2009 Updates on Dengue and Breast Cancer Cebu City, Philippines
Treatments
Nov 2009 Prioritization of Health Research Workshop- Cebu City, Philippines
DOST
Jul 2015 Workshop on Book Authorship Cebu City, Philippines
Jul 2015 Quality Management System Orientation based Cebu City, Philippines
on ISO 9001 Standard
Aug 2015 Clinical Research Web training- National Cebu City, Philippines
institute of Health
Jul 2015 Seminar-Writeshop on Writing a Publishable Cebu City, Philippines
Paper
Aug 2015 Seminar-Writeshop on Modelling and Cebu City, Philippines
Simulation Part 1
Sept 2015 Seminar-Writeshop on Modelling and Cebu City, Philippines
Simulation Part 2
Sept 2015 Research Forum on National Maritime Polytechnic Cebu City, Philippines
Completed Researches

Oct 2015 Seminar-Workshop on Data Mining Cebu City, Philippines

March 2016 IRB Ethics Workshop (PHREB/ GCP lecture) Cebu City, Philippines
March 2016 UV Students’ Research Congress 2016 Cebu City, Philippines
Dec 2016 PHREB-IRB Ethics in Research Seminar Cebu City, Philippines
Feb 2017 Multidisciplinary Research Conference 2017 Cebu City, Phillippines
April 2017 #Healthxph Philippine Healthcare and Social Cebu City, Philippines
Media summit 2017
July 31, 2017 Research Writeshops 2017 (Beta Nu Delta HRM Function Hall,
Nursing Society Inc.) university of the Visayas
main Campus, Cebu
City
August 17, 1st DOH Regional research Congress Grand Convention
2017 Center of Cebu, Cebu
City
October 14, Nursing Research: The innovative Strategy Cebu Normal university-
2017 (Philippine Nurses Association- Cebu Chapter, TandangSora Hall
Inc./ Cebu normal University)
April 18, 2018 UP Centennial Faculty research Symposium Performing Arts hall of
the University of the
Philippines Cebu
May 7, 2018 3rd Annual Central Visayas Health research and Cebu Normal university-
innovation Conference TandangSora Hall
March 9, 2018 University of the Visayas 2018 Multidisciplinary Inday Pining Teatro-
Research Conference University of the
Visayas Main Campus,
Cebu City
July 31, 2018 PNA Cebu Research Congress Cebu institute of
technology University,
N. Bacalso Ave. Cebu
City

Publication
Variation analysis of the top 100 University of the Visayas- Cebu City, Philippines
high lead content lipstick brands Journal of research Vol. 9

EXPERTISE / OTHER SKILLS

NURSING & HEALTH CARE, MS OFFICE, GRAPHIC ARTS
LANGUAGES & DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY
ENGLISH Very Proficient (IELTS passer April 2006- Band 8.0)
FILIPINO Very Proficient
VISAYAN Very Proficient
AFFILIATIONS
MEMBER Professional Regulation Commission
MEMBER Philippine Nurses Association

REFERENCES:

DR. BENEDICT EDWARD P. VALDEZ Consultant Doctor, Mission Director

Maharlika Charity Foundation, Inc.
Davao City, Philippines
Mobile Phone No. (917) 702-9408

MRS. NATIVIDAD PALOMO Chief Nurse,

Vicente Gullas Medical Hospital
Gullas Drive, Banilad, MandaueCity
Cebu, Philippines
Tel. No.: (032) 416-1538