Traffic Engineering assignment

1. A sample two days’ traffic count during the month of November on a section of an urban arterial
street in Addis Ababa has yielded the following results.

Two days’ Sample Traffic Survey Data

Average 14-hours volume 11,672

Average 24-hours volume 13,445

Determine the AADT on this particular road segment if the seven-days 14-hrs average traffic volume
was 11,375 based a survey done during the same month, and if previous studies on similar road
categories indicate that the ADT for the month of November is 90% of the annual average daily
volume?

Solution: Average 24-hours volume = 13,445 ------Given

Average traffic volume for seven-days 14-hrs = 11,375 -------Given

Average total volume for week = 7*13,445 = 94,115

Average volume for seven-days 14-hrs = 7*11,375 = 79,625

Average total volume for week 94,115

DEF = Average volume for 14−hrs seven−days = 79,625 = 1.182

ADT of November = 1.182*13,445 = 15,892

From ADT for the month of November is 90% of AADT

ADT 15,892
AADT = = = 17,658
0.9 0.9

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

2 Traffic flow on a four-lane (one direction) freeway can be described by the Greenshields model.
Two lanes of the four lanes on a section of this freeway will have to be closed to undertake an
emergency bridge repair that is expected to take 2 hr. The mean free speed of the highway is 95 km/h
and the jam density is 88 veh/km/ln. If it is estimated that the demand flow on the highway during
the emergency repairs is 80% of the capacity, using the deterministic approach, determine:

a. The maximum queue length that will be formed

b. The total delay
c. The number of vehicles that will be affected by the incident
d. The average individual delay

Given:

- Four lane (one direction) freeway

- Greenshield Model
- 2 lanes Closed for two Hours TR=2hr
- Uff=95km/r
- Kj=88veh/hr/ln
- (demand flow) =80% of maximum flow

Required:

a) The maximum Queue length

Using Greenshield we calculate the maximum flow (q)
𝑢𝑓𝑘𝑗
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4
95𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟∗88𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟/𝑙𝑛
= 4
= 2090 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟/ln

= 2090 veh/hr/lan * 4 lan

= 8360 veh/hr

Then demand flow is 80% of qmax so,

𝜆 = 0.8𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑒ℎ
= 0.8 ∗ 8360 = 6688 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟
Capacity or service rate (µ) =8360 veh/hr

Since the two lanes are closed for bridge repair the capacity is reduced by half

𝜇 8360 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟
𝜇𝑅 = = = 4180 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟
2 2
Therefore, the maximum queue length (Qm) is

𝑄𝑀 = 𝑡(𝜆 − 𝜇𝑅 )

𝑄𝑀 = 2ℎ𝑟(6688 − 4180)𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

𝑄𝑀 = 5016 𝑉𝑒ℎ

b) Total delay (TD)

𝑡𝑅 𝑡𝑄 (𝜆 − 𝜇𝑅 )
𝑇𝐷 =
2

Where 𝑡𝑄 time duration of queue

𝑡𝑅 (𝜇 − 𝜇𝑅 )
𝑡𝑄 =
𝜇−𝜆

2ℎ𝑟(8360 − 4180)𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟
𝑡𝑄 =
(8360 − 6688)𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟

𝑡𝑄 = 5 ℎ𝑟

Thus,
2ℎ𝑟 ∗ 5ℎ𝑟(6688 − 4180) 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝐷 =
2
𝑇𝐷 = 12540 𝑣𝑒ℎ − ℎ𝑟𝑠

c) The number of vehicles that will be affected by the incident (𝑁𝑄 )

𝑁𝑄 = 𝜆𝑡𝑄
𝑁𝑄 = 6688 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟 ∗ 5ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑄 = 33440 𝑣𝑒ℎ
d) The average individual delay 𝑑̅𝑄
30𝑡𝑅 (𝜆 − 𝜇𝑅 )
𝑑̅𝑄 =
𝜆
30 ∗ 2(6688 − 4180)
𝑑̅𝑄 =
6688
𝑑̅𝑄 = 22.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

3 Study of freeway flow at a particular site has resulted in a calibrated speed-

density relationship as follows:

-0.015D
S = 61.2e
For this relationship, determine:
a The free flow speed and jam density
b The speed flow relationship
c The flow density relationship
d The capacity

Solution

a. The free-flow speed

S = 61.2e-0.015D , At free flow speed density(D)=0
S= 61.2e-0.015(0)

s =61.2km/hr
The jam density is computed by setting u=0

0=61.2𝑒 −0.015𝐷
s→0= Dj=∞
It is because of the fact that ln0 is mathematically undefined.

b The speed flow relationship

𝑞
S = 61.2e-0.015D ,putting (𝐷 = 𝑠 ) gives:

𝑞 𝑆 𝑞 𝑆 𝑞
S=61.2e-0.015 𝑠  = e-0.015 𝑠  𝑙𝑛( ) = ln(e-0.015 𝑠 )
𝟔𝟏.𝟐 𝟔𝟏.𝟐

𝑞 ln(𝑠) − ln(61.2)
 𝑙𝑛(𝑠) − 𝑙𝑛(61.2) = −0.015  = 𝑞/𝑠
𝑠 −0.015
𝑠𝑙𝑛(𝑠) − 𝑙𝑛(61.2)
𝑞=
−0.015
𝒒 =-66.67sln(s)+274.3s

C The flow density relationship

𝑞
S = 61.2e-0.015D ,putting (𝑆 = ) gives:
𝐷

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 Traffic Engineering assignment
𝑞
𝐷
=61.2e-0.015D

𝒒 =61.2De-0.015D

D The capacity
- Previously we had defined the ‘qu‘ relation as
- 𝒒 = 274.3s -66.67sln(s)

Setting the first derivative of the above relation with respect to speed to zero will give us the
maximum speed.

𝑑𝑞 𝑑(274.3) 𝑑(𝑠)𝐼𝑛 𝑠 +𝑠 𝑑(𝑙𝑛𝑠)

= _
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

=274.3 -66.67(lns+1)

=273.3-66.67-66.67lns\

66.67lns=206.63

S=e3.09

Speed(s) =22.18 km/hr

q Max=274.3*22.18-66.67*22.18 ln22.18

qmax= 1501 veh/hr

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

4 A freeway has a capacity of 4,000 veh/hr and a constant flow of 2,900 veh/hr during the
morning commute to work. At 8:00 a.m. a traffic accident closes the freeway to all flow. At
8:12 a.m the freeway is partially opened with a capacity of 2,000 veh/hr. Finally, the
wreckage is removed and the freeway is restored to full capacity (4,000 veh/hr) at 8:31
a.m. Assume D/D/1 queuing scheme FIFO service pattern determine

a. The total delay

b. The longest queue length

c. Time of queue dissipation

d. Longest wait for a single vehicle

Given:

Capacity of freeway=4000veh/hr

Constant flow of=2900veh/hr.

At 8:00a.m road closed and after 12minutes road opened partially with Capacity of
2000veh/hr

At 8:31a.m the wreckage is removed and the freeway is restored to full capacity 4,000
veh/hr .

Solution:

From 8:00 a.m - 8:12a.m road closed, No departure at all. Thus, R1=0veh/hr.

From 8:12a.m - 8:31a.m, departure is, R2=2000veh/hr.

After 8:31 departure is 4000veh/hr.

Time duration of accident is, tR1=12minutes and tR2= (31-12)=19minutes.

tr1 =0.2hr. tr2=0.32hr.

a. To calculate the total delay:

𝒕𝑹 𝒕𝑸 (𝛌−𝛍𝑹 )
TD= , Where tQ1 and tQ2 calculated under (c).
𝟐
But, the Total delay is the summation of two conditions.

TD=D1+D2 in which,
𝑡𝑅1 𝑡𝑄1 (λ−μ𝑅1 ) 0.2×0.73(2900−0)
D 1= = = 211.7vehicle.hour.
2 2

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 Traffic Engineering assignment
𝑡𝑅2 𝑡𝑄2 (λ−μ𝑅2 ) 0.32×0.58(2900−2000)
D 2= = = 83.3vehicle.hour.
2 2

Therefore, the total delay will be,

TD=D1+D2 = 295vehicle.hour

b. The longest queue length:

Qm=𝑡𝑅1(𝜆−𝜇𝑅1)+𝑡𝑅2(𝜆−𝜇𝑅2)=0.2(2900-0)+0.32(2900-2000)

Qm= 868 vehicles

c. Time at which queue dissipates can be calculated by:

𝑡𝑅 (μ−μ𝑅 )
𝑡𝑄 = μ−λ

But there are two conditions, so the total queue dissipation is the summation of the two
conditions.

tQ = tQ1+tQ2

𝑡𝑅1 (μ−μ𝑅1 ) 0.2(4000−0)

Then, 𝑡𝑄1 = = =0.73ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 and
μ−λ 4000−2900

𝑡𝑅2 (μ−μ𝑅2 ) 0.32(4000−2000)

𝑡𝑄2 = = =0.58ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
μ−λ 4000−2900

Total time, tQ = tQ1+tQ2= 0.73+0.58=1.3 hour Ans.

d. To calculate longest wait for a single vehicle

60×𝑡𝑅1(𝜆−𝜇𝑅1)𝜆 60×𝑡𝑅2(𝜆−𝜇𝑅2
d𝑀= + )
λ λ

60×0.2(2900−0)2900 60×0.32(2900−2000
d𝑀= + )
2900 2900

d𝑀= 𝟏𝟕.𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

5. You are required to conduct analysis on the queuing performance at the entry of a planned parking
area development in Addis Ababa. It is expected that vehicles arrive at the parking area in a random
manner and an average 125 vehicles are expected to arrive during the peak hour of the day. Sample
data on seven vehicles from a similar parking arrangement in the city shows the service time at the
entry gate (for security check and taking an entry times tag) as shown in table 1. The arrival lane has
only one lane, and you are interested in determining the difference in queue performance between
installations of one service channel (gate) versus two service channels. You may compare the
performance in terms of key indicators discussed in the course lectures. You may make any
assumptions with justification.

Table1. Sample Data on the Service Time of Entering Vehicles

Vehicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Service 13 17 17 22 23 21 15
Time(sec)

Solution:

Assume service is also randomly distributed

13+17+17+22+23+21+15
Service Time = Average service time = =
7
18sec.

= 3600/18 = 200veh/hr

Case-1: Independent channels treated as single channel problem (M/M/1) (∞,

FIFO) with λ = 63veh/hr and µ = 200veh/hr

Case-2: Shared Channels treated as (M/M/2) with λ = 125veh/hr and µ =

200veh/hr (per channel) and µ = 400veh/hr (total, both channels)

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

Table shows Queuing performance Results of two Entry Control Schemes

(Service Channels/Gates)

Queuing Characteristics (M/M/1)(∞,FIFO) Result

Independent Shared
Channels
Symbol Definitions Channels

Ρ Traffic intensity 0.315 0.625

Uf Utilization factor 0.315 0.313

P(0) Probability of empty 0.685 0.375

system

Probability of 0.216 0.234

exactly 1,2 and 3
P(n) 0.068 0.073
units in system
0.021 0.023

E(m) Average number 0.145 0.651

waiting to be served

E(m/m>0) Average number 1.46 1.333

waiting queue is
present

E(n) Average number in 0.46 1.276

system(waiting and
service)

E(v) Average number in 26 37

system(seconds)

E(w) Average waiting 8 19

time only(seconds)

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

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 Traffic Engineering assignment

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