Table of Content:

1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Materials and Apparatus
4. Procedure
5. Calculation
6. Discussion

1. Objective
 Our main objective in this experiment is to determine the
alkalinity of the water sample.

2. Introduction
o What is alkalinity?
Alkalinity is a measurement of dissolved alkaline substances
in water (higher than 7.0 pH) Alkalinity is the capacity of
water to resist changes in pH that would make the water
more acidic.it is measure of the buffering capacity of water
to neutralize strong acid.
There are three primary types present in natural waters
-
 Bicarbonate (HCO3 )
 Hydroxide (OH )
-

 Carbonate (CO3 )
-2

o More alkalinity in your water sample

Means more buffering capacity of your water sample.

 Principal of alkalinity:
 The alkalinity can be determinate by titrating water sample with
Sulfuric acid of known of value PH, Volume and concentration.
Based on stoichiometry of the reaction and number of moles of
Sulfuric acid need to reach the end point.

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 3. Materials and Apparatus
Apparatus
1- Burette 2- pipettes 3-conical flask 4-measuring cylinder
5-Volumetric flask 6-wash bottle 7-beakers 8. pipette bulb

Material
1. Standard Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (Our standard solution)
2. Methyl orange (Our indicator)
3. Distilled water (To make Standard Solution)
4. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (To check our result)

 Methyl orange in a base medium is yellow in acid medium

is orange to red as acidity increase it becomes more red
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 4.Procedure
Part A
1. Prepare 0.02N of Sulfuric acid from 1N of Sulfuric acid.
2. Rinse the burette with 0.02N of Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid.
3. Take 10ml of Sulfuric acid H2SO4 with D.W until reaches 500ml of
volumetric flask.
4. Put this solution to the burette.
5. Take 50ml of tap water with a few drops of methyl
orange (Indicator) (Take 3-4 drop) in a conical flask
6. Titrate with H2SO4 solution till the color change from yellow to
orange
7. Calculate the initial and final volume.
 When the color change mean there is no alkaline if you continue
your titration, the color become redder, this red color is acidity of
Sulfuric acid we just need to reach to the end point

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4
 Calculation
Part A
First, we should calculate the N of Sulfuric acid from we need
0.02N from 1N (Prepare 0.02N from 1N of Sulfuric acid)

N1=1 N2=0.02N
V1=?? V2=500ml
𝑵𝟐∗𝑽𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟐∗𝟓𝟎𝟎
V1 = = = 10ml
𝑵𝟏 𝟏

V1=10ml when we take 10ml of Sulfuric acid that’s mean we have

0.02 N of Sulfuric acid

V1=0ml N1=?? N2=0.02N

V2=10.8ml V1=50ml V2=10.8ml
V=v2-v1 Water H2SO4
V=10.8ml

𝑵𝟐∗𝑽𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟐∗𝟏𝟎.𝟖
N1= = = 0.0043
𝑽𝟏 𝟓𝟎

N1=0.0043
Total Alkalinity = N1*53*1000=0.0043=227.9ppm (Mg/l)

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 Part B
 In this part Our standard solution is Na2CO3
1. After that calculate the weight of Na2CO3
2. Mix the Na2CO3 with 500ml of D.W in a volumetric flask
3. Take 10ml of this solution with a few drops of methyl
orange (Indicator) (3-4 drop)
4. Titrate it with H2SO4 until the color change from yellow to orange
 We make a standard solution for us to check that our
0.02N (10ml) Sulfuric acid is correct or not and our
standard solution for this experiment is Na2CO3 that’s
mean we will make a standard solution for our first
standard solution which is Sulfuric acid.

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 Part B
First of all, we should prepare the 0.05N of Na2CO3 using this law
𝑾𝒕∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
N= 𝑬𝒒.𝒘𝒕∗𝑽

N=0.05N v=500ml
How we can calculate the Eq.wt of Na2CO3 ?
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Eq.wt =
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙∗𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

Determine the molecular weight of Na2CO3?

M.wt= (2*22.99) +(1*12.01) +(3*16)

M.wt = 105.99 g/mol

 No of metal mean how many metals you have we have Na but we
2mol of Na mean 2 Na can react to do reaction
 No of charge for example charge of Na is 1 so no of charge is 1
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Eq.wt =
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙∗𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
105.99
Eq.wt = = 52.99 ~ 53
2∗1

Eq.wt = 53
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Know we can calculate the Wt of Na2Co3?
𝑾𝒕∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑬𝒒.𝒘𝒕∗𝑽∗𝑵
N= wt =
𝑬𝒒.𝒘𝒕∗𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑬𝒒.𝒘𝒕∗𝑽∗𝑵 𝟓𝟑∗𝟓𝟎𝟎∗𝟎.𝟎𝟓
wt = = = 1.325g
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Wt = 1.325g when we take 1.325g of Na2CO3 we prepare 0.05N of

Na2CO3

Know we will do the titration that the normality of Sulfuric acid 0.02N
is correct or not this calculation is only to check your work if it’s
correct or not
V1=15ml V2=38ml V=V2 – V1 =38- 15 V=23ml

Now apply the titration law

N1=0.05N N2=??
V1=10ml V2=23ml
Na2CO3 H2SO4

𝑁1∗𝑉1 0.05∗10
N2 = = = 0.02N
𝑉2 23

N2=0.02N

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 Discussion
 In this experiment we know how to determine the alkalinity of
water using titration method 
 and also, we learn how to prepare standard solution for us
 this experiment is used to determine the dissolving alkalinity in
water alkalinity have some advantage and disadvantage the
advantage of this It can help the body manage acidity. It can be
absorbed more easily by the body. 
 The disadvantage of alkalinity, there aren’t official studies that can
back its health benefits. It requires special filters. It is more
expensive.

 The type of titration is Acid-Base Titration


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