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April’03 1
PCB DESIGN
Dr. P. C. Pandey
EE Dept, IIT Bombay
Rev. Jan’16
Topics
1.General Considerations in Layout Design
2.Layout Design for Analog Circuits
3.Layout Design for Digital Circuits
4. Artwork Considerations
References
W.C. Bosshart, Printed Circuit Boards: Design and Technology, TMH,
1992
C.F. Coombs : Printed Circuits Handbook , McGraw-Hill, 2001
R.S. Khandpur : Printed Circuit Boards : Design, Fabrication, and
Assembly, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
IN LAYOUT DESIGN
Main issues
• Component interconnections • Effects of parasitics
• Physical accessibility of components • Power dissipation
Subtopics
1.1 Parasitic effects
1.2 Supply conductors
1.3 Component placement
Resistance
Resistance of 35 µm thickness, 1 mm wide conductor = 5 mΩ/cm
Change in Cu resistance with temperature = 0.4% / °C
Current carrying capacity of 35 µm thickness Cu conductor (for 10 °C
temperature rise):
Width (mm) 1 4 10
Ic (A) 2 4 11
Capacitance
• Tracks opposite each other
- Run supply lines above each other
- Don’t let signal line tracks overlap for any significant distance
• Tracks next to each other
- Increase spacing between critical conductors
- Run ground between signal lines
Inductance
To be considered in
• High frequency analog circuits
• Fast switching logic circuits
Solutions
• Conductor widths : W (ground) > W (supply) > W(signal)
• Ground plane
• Track configuration for distributed C between Vcc & ground
• Analog & digital ground (&supply) connected at the most stable point
♠♠ • General • Analog Ckts • Digital Ckts • Artwork ♦♦ <<< >>>
PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03 7
• Temp.gradients to be avoided
• Enclosure for stopping free movement of surrounding air
High -Z circuits
If R » 1⁄ jw(Cxy+Cy)
then coupled Vy = Va × [Cxy/(Cy+Cxy)]
Low – Z Circuits
• Voltage induced in ground loops due to external magnetic fields
• Current caused in the low- Z circuit loop due to strong AC currents in
nearby circuits
Vm= - (d/dt) ∫B dA
3.2 Cross-
Cross-talk
• Occurs due to parallel running signal lines
(ECL: 10cm,TTL: 20 cm, CMOS: 50 cm)
• Problem more severe for logic signals flowing in opposite directions
Solutions
• Reduce long parallel paths
• Increase separation
betw. signal lines
• Decrease impedance
betw. signal & ground lines
• Run a ground track
between signal lines
3.3 Reflections
Caused by mismatch between the logic output impedance
& the wave impedance of signal tracks.
• Signal delay (low wave imp.) • Double pulses (high wave imp.)
4. ARTWORK RULES
Conductor orientation
• Orientation for shortest interconnection length.
• Conductor tracks on opposite sides in x-direction & y-
direction to minimize via holes.
• 45° or 30° / 60° orientation for turns.
Conductor Routing
• Begin and end at solder pads, join conductors for reducing
interconnection length.
• Avoid interconnections with internal angle <60°.
• Distribute spacing between conductors .
♠♠ • General • Analog Ckts • Digital Ckts • Artwork ♦♦ <<< >>>
PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03 23
Conductor × √
routing
examples
Solder Pads
Hole dia
• Reduce the number of different sizes.
• 0.2 - 0.5 mm clearance for lead dia.
Solder pad
• Annular ring width
≥ 0.5 mm with PTH
≈ 3 × hole dia without PTH
• Uniformity of ring around the hole.
• Conductor width d > w > d/3.