CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART

 Transport oxygen,nutrients, cell wastes,  MYOCARDIUM

hormones to and from cells.  ENDOCARDIUM
 2nd Oxygen requirement than the brain  EPICARDIUM
 Circulates blood throughout the body

HEART
 Cone shaped muscle with 4 chambers
 Double pump about the size of a clenched fist
 (< a lb.)

MYOCARDIUM
 Contractile layer
 Branching cells; intercalated disc
 Spiral shape bundles - strong contraction

ENDOCARDIUM
 Thin, glistening sheet of the endothelium
APEX  Lines heart chambers
 5th intercostal space, MCL  Continuous with linings of blood vessels

PERICARDIAL FLUID HEART CHAMBERS

 Lubricating fluid  4 hollow chambers
 Serous pericardial membranes  (2 atria & 2 ventricles)
 Frictionless beating of the heart
ATRIA
 Receiving chambers
PERICARDIUM  “not important in the pumping activity of the
 Doubled walled sac that encloses the heart & heart”
great vessels
 Composed of 2 layers: VENTRICLES
1. FIBROUS PERICARDIUM  Discharging chambers (actual pumps of the
 (outer layer of fibrous connective heart)
tissue)  Left ventricle – Apex
2. SEROUS PERICARDIUM
 Also has 2 layers: SEPTUM
 Outer (parietal layer)  Divides heart longitudinally
 Lines the fibrous tissue  Interatrial septum
 Inner (visceral layer)  Interventricular septum
 Also called the
epicardium

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
2 Main Networks
1. Pulmonary circulation SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
2. Systemic circulation  From left side of the heart & back to the right
 Coronary circulation side of the heart
 Oxygen & nutrient rich blood to body organs
VENTRICLES:
Right
 Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation
Left
 Pumps blood to systemic circulation

HEART VALVES
 Unidirectional blood flow through heart
chambers
 Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
 Semilunar Valves

ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES

 Tricuspid
 Mitral

PULMONARY TRUNK
 Splits into right & left pulmonary arteries SEMILUNAR VALVES
 Carry blood to the lungs  Between ventricle & artery
 Pulmonic
 4 pulmonary veins  Aortic
 Oxygen rich blood from lungs

TRICUSPID VALVE
PULMONARY CIRCULATION  Right AV valve with 3 cusps
 Circulation from the right side of heart to the  Attached by chordae tendeneae to papillary
lungs & back to the left side of the heart muscles
 Carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange &
return to the heart
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE
 Composed of 3 cusps
 Oxygenated blood is pumped out from the left  Valve between right ventricle & main
side of the heart to the systemic arteries. pulmonary artery

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 INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
MITRAL VALVE  Cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously &
 Left AV valve independently of nerve impulses
 2 cusps attached by chordae tendineae to  Spontaneous contractions occur in a regular
papillary muscles and continuous way
 Atrial cells beat 60 times per minute
 Ventricular cells beat 20−40 times per
AORTIC VALVE minute
 Composed of 3 cusps  Need a unifying control system—the
 Valve between left ventricle and aorta intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
 SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE
 Pacemaker
 Located in the right atrium
CORONARY CIRCULATION  Results in atrial contraction
 Responsible for supplying the heart with the O2  ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE
needed  Junction of right atria & ventricle
 Consists of:  Bundle of His (2 branches)
1. RIGHT & LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES 1. Right bundle branch
 1st branches of the aorta 2. Left bundle branch
2. CORONARY SINUS  Interventricular septum
3. CARDIAC VEINS  Purkinje fibers
  Spread within the ventricle wall muscles
 Drain into the coronary sinus, which in  Stimulates the ventricles to contract
turn drains directly into the right atrium

ANGINA PECTORIS
 Crushing pain
 Oxygen deprived myocardium

INFARCT
 Dead cells

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
 “heart attack”

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART

 Two systems regulate heart activity
 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
 INTRINSIC CONDUCTION SYSTEM (Nodal
System) CARDIAC CYCLE
 Sets the heart rhythm  One complete heartbeat
 Composed of special nervous tissue  Both atria & ventricles contract & then relax
 Ensures heart muscle depolarization in  Systole = Contraction
one direction only (atria to ventricles)  Diastole = Relaxation
 Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per  Length - 0.8 second
minute

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 NEURAL (ANS) CONTROLS
HEART SOUNDS  Sympathetic division of the ANS stimulate SA &
 “lub” & “dup,” AV nodes & the cardiac muscle to beat more
 1st heart sound (lub) rapidly
 Longer  Parasympathetic nerve (vagus nerves) slow &
 Louder steady the heart
 Closing of the AV valves
 2nd heart sound (dup) HORMONES & IONS
 Short  Epinephrine - speed HR
 Sharp  Thyroxine - speed HR
 Semilunar  Electrolyte imbalances (calcium, sodium,
 Valves close potassium)

PHYSICAL FACTORS
MURMURS  Age
 Abnormal or unusual heart sounds generated  (fetus 140-160bpm)
by turbulent blood flow  Sex
 females ( 72-80 bpm);
 males (64-72 bpm)
HEART RATE (HR)  Exercise
 75 beats per minute  Body temperature

STROKE VOLUME (SV)

 Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle in
each contraction (heartbeat)
 70 ml / heart beat
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
 Amount of blood pumped out by each side of
the heart in 1 min.
 HR x SV
REGULATION OF STROKE VOLUME
 Starling’s Law of the heart
 The critical factor controlling SV is how
much cardiac muscle is stretched
 More stretch = stronger contraction
 Venous return
 Amount of blood entering the heart
BLOOD VESSELS
 Blood vessels form a closed vascular system
that transports blood to the tissues and back to
the heart
 Vessels that carry blood away from the
heart
 Arteries and arterioles
 Vessels that play a role in exchanges
between tissues and blood
 Capillary beds
 Vessels that return blood toward the heart
 Venules and veins

MUSCULAR PUMP
 Increase venous return
 Squeezing action of skeletal muscles on veins
returning blood to the heart

FACTORS MODIFYING BASIC HEART RATE

 Neural (ANS) controls
 Hormones & ions
 Physical factors

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 CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE (Circle of Willis)
 Protects the brain by providing more than 1
route for blood to reach brain

ARTERIES

 Thick-walled; heavier, stronger, stretchier
tunica
 Transport blood under high pressure
 Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

VEINS
 Thinner tunica media; operate under low
pressure
 Carry O2 depleted blood toward the heart
 Valves - prevent blood backflow
 Lumen larger than arteries
 Dependent on skeletal muscle contraction &
pressure changes in the breathing

CAPILLARIES
 Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima)
 Allow for exchanges between blood & tissue
 Microcirculation - Blood flow through a
capillary bed
HEPATIC PORTAL CIRCULATION
 Formed by veins draining digestive organ,
spleen, pancreas & deliver to the LIVER through
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

FORAMEN OVALE
 Flaplike opening in the interatrial septum
 Fossa ovales

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
 Connects aorta & pulmonary trunk
 Ligamentum arteriosum

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PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

ARTERIAL PULSE
 Pressure wave created by alternating expansion
& recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat
of the left ventricle
 70-76 beats per minute
 Influenced by activity, postural changes,
emotions

BLOOD PRESSURE
 Pressure the blood exerts against the inner
walls of the blood vessels

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
 Pressure of arteries at the peak of ventricular
contraction

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
 Pressure when ventricles are relaxing

PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
 Amount of friction the blood encounters as it
flows through the blood vessels

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