Integumentary System

Laboratory Lectures of Doc Bryan

Thick Skin: Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed
mostly of keratinocytes.
• Stratum Corneum:
• Keratinized,
• anucleate cells
• FUNCTION:
• Protection
• water-proofing
• Stratum Lucidum:
• Newly keratinized,
• anucleate cells
• FUNCTION:
• Protection
• waterproofing
• Stratum Granulosum:
• Flattening cells filled with keratohyaline granules
• FUNCTION:
• Keratin fiber organization,
• Fillagrin, keratinocytes
• initiation of keratinization
Thick Skin: Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed
mostly of keratinocytes.
• Stratum Spinosum:
• Mature keratinocytes
• Numerous cytoplasmic processes attached by desmosome
• Site of desmosome is called Node of Bizzozero
• FUNCTION: Keratinocyte maturation
• Stratum Basale:
• Single layer of cuboidal stem cells and melanocytes
• FUNCTION:
• Where skin stem cells and melanocytes reside
• Epidermal cell renewal
• THICK SKIN
• No hair follicles
• No subcutaneous layer
Thick Skin: Dermis
Connective tissue layer divided into 2 types:
• Papillary dermis:
• Loose connective tissue
• Type 1 and type II collagen
• Elastic fibers present
• Includes substances of dermal papillae and dermal ridges
• FUNCTION
• Contain blood and nerve supplies to the epidermis;
• cushion
• shock absorption
• Reticular dermis:
• Dense, irregular connective tissue
• Less cellular
• Type 1 collagen
• Coarser elastic fibers
• FUNCTION:
• Structural support,
• strength and
• elasticity
Thin skin is similar to thick skin except
• Absence of stratum lucidum
• Presence of subcutaneous tissue
• Presence of hair follicles
Sensory Structures of the Skin
Merkel Cells
• Dendritic epidermal cells in the stratum basale;
• associated with afferent nerve fibers
• FUNCTION
• Sensitive mechanoreceptors for fine touch and vibration
• LOCATION
• Stratum basale
• Most abundant in skin area of
acute sensory perception:
• Fingertips
• Lips,
• Clitoris,
• Glans penis
Sensory Structures of the Skin
Pacinian Corpuscle
• Large spherical structures:
• Unmyelinated nerve ending surrounded by thick Schwann cells
and capsular concentric lamellae
• FUNCTION
• Receptors for deep pressure and vibration
• LOCATION
• Reticular dermis and hypodermis throughout body
Sensory Structures of the Skin
Meissner Corpuscles
• Small ovoid structures:
• Unmyelinated nerve endings surrounded by Schwann cells in
spiraling layers
• FUNCTION
• Receptors for low-frequency stimuli deep pressure and
vibration
• LOCATION
• Reticular dermis and hypodermis throughout body
• Papillary layer of hairless skin:
• Lips, palms, and soles
Sensory Structures of the Skin
Ruffini’s Corpuscles
• Fusiform structures
• Thin capsule surrounding unmyelinated nerve endings suspended
in fluid
• FUNCTION
• Receptors for stretch and torque
• LOCATION
• Reticular dermis throughout body
Compact orthokeratosis
• normal 'basket weave' appearance of the stratum
corneum seen in normal skin.
• In acral skin (palms or soles), the stratum corneum
exhibits thickening and compaction
Parakeratosis
• Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by
the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum.
• In mucous membranes, parakeratosis is normal.
• In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal
replacement of annular squames with nucleated cells.
• Parakeratosis is associated with the thinning or loss of the
granular layer and is usually seen in diseases of increased
cell turnover, whether inflammatory or neoplastic
• Parakeratosis is seen in the plaques of psoriasis and in
dandruff.
Bullous empitigo
• highly contagious infection of the superficial layers
of the epidermis is primarily caused by
Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus.
• The bacteria causes a toxin to be produced that
reduces cell-to-cell stickiness (adhesion), causing
for the top layer of skin (epidermis), and lower
layer of skin (dermis) to separate.
Alopecia areata
• Alopecia areata is a common
autoimmune disorder that
often results in unpredictable
hair loss.
• The condition occurs when
white blood cells attack the
cells in hair follicles, causing
them to shrink and
dramatically slow down hair
production.
Hair Growth Cycle
• Anagen (Growing Phase)
• The growing phase lasts 2-7 years
• determines the length of our hair.
• Catagen (Transition Phase)
• This is the transitional stage that lasts about 10 days.
• The hair follicle shrinks and detaches from the dermal papilla.
• Telogen (Resting Phase)
• This is the resting phase which lasts around three months.
• Around 10-15 percent of hairs are in this phase.
• Whilst the old hair is resting, a new hair begins the growth phase.
• Exogen (New Hair Phase)
• This is part of the resting phase where the old hair sheds and a new hair continues to grow.
• Approximately 50 to 150 hairs can fall out daily, this is considered to be normal hair shedding.
 Digestive II
Esophagus, Stomach, Small
Intestine and Large Intestine
Histology Laboratory
Upper Esophagus
DESCRIPTION
• Long, muscular, flexible tube with collapsed lumen when
not in use
FUNCTION
• Conducting ingested bolus from oral cavity to stomach,
preventing reflux when not in use.
MUCOSA:
• Thrown into longitudinal folds with collapsed lumen
• Epithelium: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
• Lamina propria: Loose connective tissue
• Muscularis mucosa: Smooth muscle tissue
SUBMUCOSA
• Dense irregular connective tissue
• Esophageal glands: Compound tubuloacinar exocrine
• Secreting mucus, lubricating the lumen
Lower Esophagus
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
• Skeletal muscles: Upper 1/3 of the
esophagus
• Skeletal and smooth muscles- Middle 1/3
of the esophagus
• Smooth muscles- Lower 1/3 of the
esophagus
ADVENTITIA OR SEROSA:
• Connective tissue- Anchoring, stabilizing,
supporting the esophagus
Gastroesophageal Junction
EPITHELIUM
- Abrupt transition
• Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
• FUNCTION: Reduction of friction
• LOCATION: Esophagus
• Simple columnar epithelium
• FUNCTION: Protection from acid
• LOCATION: Stomach (cardia)
LAMINA PROPRIA
• Abundant mucous glands in the stomach
• FUNCTION: Coating the epithelium with
mucus to provide protection from acid
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
• Muscularis mucosa is thickened.
• FUNCTION: Providing limited sphincter-like
function, limiting reflux of gastric content
Fundic Stomach
VILLI
• Slightly longer, fingerlike projections lined with
simple columnar goblet cells
• FUNCTION: Increase surface area
GLANDS
• Branched tubular exocrine glands
• PARIETAL CELLS
• Eosinophilic, polygonal cells with central
spherical nuclei
• HCl production, intrinsic factor secretion
• Mid to luminal regions of the galnds
• CHIEF CELLS:
• Smaller basophilic cells with
heterochromatic small nuclei
• Production of pepsinogen
• Deep region of the gland
Duodenum
• First, short segment of small intestine
• PLICAE CIRCULARES:
• Moderate amount
• Compartmentalization
• VILLI:
• Leaf-like, midlength mucosal projections
• Increase surface area
• EPITHELIUM:
• Simple columnar epithelium
• Protection, limited amount of absorption
• BRUNNER GLANDS:
• Branched tubuloacinar glands
• Submucosa
• Secretion of alkaline glycoproteins, bicarbonate ions,
mucus, and zymogens
Jejunum
• Middle, longest portion of the small intestine
• PLICAE CIRCULARES:
• Prominent and numerous
• Compartmentalization
• VILLI:
• Long, finger-like mucosal projections
• Increase surface area
• EPITHELIUM:
• Simple columnar epithelium
• With mostly enterocytes
• Absorption of nutrients
• INTESTINAL GLANDS:
• Simple to branched tubular,
• relatively uniform in size and shape
• Production of seromucous secretions
Ileum
• Last portion of the small intestine
• PLICAE CIRCULARES:
• Decrease in number and height toward distal portion
• Compartmentalization
• VILLI:
• Long, finger-like mucosal projections
• Increase surface area
• EPITHELIUM:
• Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
• Absorption of Vit B12 and nutrients
• INTESTINAL GLANDS:
• Simple to branched tubular,
• relatively uniform in size and shape
• Production of seromucous secretions
• PEYER’S PATCHES
• Large lymphoid follicles with or without germinal centers
• Immune surveillance and response to encountered antigens
• M Cells (microfold cells)
• Antigen transport, engulfing microorganisms, immune function
Large Intestine
• MUCOSA:
• Relatively thin
• Epithelium: Simple columnar
• Lining the lumen, absorption of mostly water
• Lamina propria: Diffuse lymphoid tissue and
lymphoid follicles
• Immunologic surveillance
• Glands: Simple tubular glands
• Production of mucus

• MUSCULARIS MUCOSA:
• Thin strip of smooth muscle layer
• Structural support, delivery of neurovasculature

• MUSCULARIS PROPRIA
• Circular layer:
• Smooth muscle tissue
• Constriction of compartments
• Longitudinal layer:
• Smooth muscle tissue,
• Thickened bands (teniae coli)
• Longitudinal contraction, maintaining HAUSTRA
 Digestive III
Liver, Gall Bladder, and
Pancreas
Gross Anatomy: Liver
• Large, brown, red organ.
• LOCATION:
• Right upper quadrant of
peritoneum, superior margin in
contact with diaphragm
• Four lobes:
• Right lobe
• Left lobe
• Quadrate lobe
• Caudate lobe
Histology: Liver
• HEPATIC LOBULE
• Hexagonal structure of the liver
• CENTRAL VEIN
• Endothelium
• Draining blood from the sinusoids
• HEPATIC PORTAL TRIAD
• COMPOSED OF:
• Portal vein
• Hepatic artery
• Common bile duct
• FUNCTION:
• Delivering blood to and draining bile from the
lobule
Hepatic Lobule
Hexagonal structure of the liver
• CENTRAL VEIN
• Endothelium
• Draining blood from the sinusoids
• HEPATIC PORTAL TRIAD
• COMPOSED OF:
• Portal vein
• Hepatic artery
• Common bile duct
• FUNCTION:
• Delivering blood to and draining bile from the
lobule
Hepatic Portal Triad
• HEPATIC ARTERIOLE
• Small lumen
• 1-2 smooth muscles
• Delivering OXYGENATED BLOOD
• HEPATIC VENULE
• Largest of the three channels
• 1-2 smooth muscles
• Delivering DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
• BILE DUCT
• Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Draining bile from canaliculi
Hepatocytes
• Large, polygonal cells that form a cord or plate of hepatic lobule
CYTOPLASM
• Large, eosinophilic
• With lipid and glycogen granules
• FUNCTION:
• Metabolism
NUCLEI
• Large
• Euchromatic
• Spherical
• Distinct nucleoli
• FUNCTION:
• Cellular structure and function
CANALICULI
• Small, narrow channels
• Between neighboring hepatocytes
• Formed by tight junctions
• FUNCTION:
• Draining bile and conducting bile to the ducts
Sinusoids
• Endothelium with large gaps
• Between cells
• Incomplete basement membrane
• FUNCTION:
• Channeling blood from hepatic portal vein and
hepatic artery toward central vein;
• filtering, detoxifying, and regulating the amount
of nutrient
• KUPPFER CELLS
• Resident macrophages of the liver
• stellate to ovoid (black in this figure)
• FUNCTION:
• Phagocytosis of pathogens, debris, damaged
erythrocytes
Gall Bladder
• Bile-stained (green), oval, blind pouch
MUCOSA: Multiple folds project into
the lumen.
• Epithelium:
• Simple Columnar epithelium
• Lamina propria:
• Loose connective tissue
• little to no glands
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA:
• Smooth muscles
SEROSA AND ADVENTITIA:
• Connective tissue with or without
mesothelium
• No muscularis mucosa or sumucosa
Pancreas
• Exocrine glandular unit
SECRETORY ACINI:
• Cuboidal to pyramidal cells
• granular cytoplasm
• spherical nuclei
• Arranged in spherical units
• FUNCTION:
• Secreting peptidases, amylases, lipases, and
nucleolytic enzymes
INTERCALATED DUCT:
• Pale-staining simple cuboidal epithelium
• FUNCTION:
• Draining exocrine acini
CENTROACINAR CELLS
• Intercalated duct cells within acini
• No striated ducts
• FUNCTION:
• Protruding into and draining acini
Pancreas
PANCREATIC ISLETS (OF LANGERHANS):
• Pale-staining endocrine units
• ALPHA CELLS (d)
• Pale staining
• Secretes GLUCAGON
• Peripherally located
• BETA CELLS (e)
• More eosinophilic staining
• Secretes INSULIN
• Centrally located
• DELTA CELLS:
• are indistinct
• Secretes SOMATOSTATIN