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CHAPTER I (D) why the violin was considered the only

TEXT 1 instrument suitable to be played by
Of all modern instruments, the violin is royalty
apparently one of the simplest. It consists in (E) How many violin the King had
essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound
box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a 2. What is the main idea presented in
fingerboard, along which four strings are paragraph 3?
stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, (A) The violin has been modified to fit its
shape, and decoration is no accident: the evolving musical functions.
proportions of the instrument are determined (B) The violin is probably the best known
almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its and most widely distributed musical
simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 instrument in the world.
parts are involved in the construction of a violin. (C) the king’s 24 violins
Its tone and its outstanding range of (D) The violin had reached the height of its
expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. popularity by the middle of the
No less important, however, is its role as an eighteenth century.
orchestral and chamber instrument. In (E) The technique of playing the violin has
combination with the larger and deeper- remained essentially the same since the
sounding members of the same family, the violins 1600's.
form the nucleus of the modern symphony
orchestra. 3. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in
The violin has been in existence since paragraph 3 as examples of composers
about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its whose music
own right dates from the early 1600's, when it (A) the ones who make violin
first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. (B) inspired more people to play the violin
Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised (C) had to be adapted to the violin
further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France (D) demanded more sophisticated violins
established at his court the orchestra known as (E) could be played only by their students
Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24
Violins), which was to become widely famous 4. The word they in paragraph 3 refers to
later in the century. (A) Civaldi and Tartini
In its early history, the violin had a dull (B) thinner strings and a higher string
and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that tension
the strings were thick and were attached to the (C) small changes
body of the instrument very loosely. During the (D) internal structure and fingerboard
eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting (E) extra strain
technical changes were inspired by such
composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their 5. All of the following are mentioned in the
instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, passage as contributing to the ability to play
clearer, and more brilliant tone that was modern violin music EXCEPT
produced by using thinner strings and a far (A) more complicated techniques for the left
higher string tension. Small changes had to be hand
made to the violin's internal structure and to the (B) different ways to use the fingers to play
fingerboard so that they could withstand the very high notes
extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of (C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and
performance was achieved, in terms of both neck
facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique (D) minor alterations to the structure of the
was considerably elaborated, and new fingering instrument
patterns on the fingerboard were developed for (E) using thinner strings and a far higher
very high notes. string tension

1. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in TEXT 2
paragraph 2 to illustrate People in the United States in the
(A) how the violin became a renowned nineteenth century were haunted by the
instrument prospect that unprecendented change in the
(B) the competition in the 1600's between nation’s economy would bring social chaos. In the
French and Italian orchestras years following 1820, after several decades of
(C) the superiority of French violins relative stability, the economy entered a period of
sustained and extremely rapid growth that
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continued to the end of the nineteenth century. 8. According to the passage, the economy of the
Accompanying that growth that was a structural United States between 1820 and 1900 was ...
change that featured increasing economic (A) Expanding
diversification and a gradual shift in the nation’s (B) In sharp decline
labor force from agriculture to manufacturing (C) Stagnate
and other nonagricultural pursuits. (D) Disorganized
Although the birth rate continued to (E) Unimproved
decline from its high level of the eighteenth and
early nineteenth century. The population roughly 9. Which of the following best describes the
doubled every generation during the rest of the society about which David Donald wrote?
nineteenth centuries. As the population grew, (A) A highly conservative society that was
itsmakeup also changed. Massive waves of resistant to new ideas.
immigration brought new ethnic groups into the (B) A society that was undergoing
country. Geographic and social mobility – fundamental change.
downward of the population – in the North and (C) A society that had been gradually
South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and changing since the early 1700’s.
in the restless rural countries of the west – (D) A nomadic society that was starting
changed their residence each decade. As a permanent settlements.
consequence, historian David Donald has written, (E) People start to group themselves
“Social atomization affectedevery segment of according to their job.
society,” and it seemed to many people that “all
the recognized values of orderly civilization were 10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as
gradually being eroded.” Rapid industrialization an example of the social changes occuring in
and increased geographic mobility in the the United States after 1820?
nineteenth century had special implications for (A) Increased social mobility
woman because these tended magnify social (B) Increased immigration
distincions. As the roles men and women played (C) Significant movement of population
in society became more rigidly defined, so did the (D) Household’s function change.
roles they played in the home. In the context of (E) Strong emphasis on traditional social
extreme competitiveness and dizzying social values
change, the household lost many of its earlier TEXT 3
function and the home came to serve as a heaven Scientists have discovered that for the
of clearly differentiated that ever before. In the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a
middle class especially, men participated in the consistent relationship between the amount of
productive economy while women ruled the carbon dioxide in the air and the average
home and served as the custodians of civility and temperature of the planet. The importance of
culture. The intimacy of marriage that was carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's
common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf temperature was confirmed by scientists
that at times seemed unbridgeable was created working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into
bertween husbands and wives. a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of
ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer
6. What does the passage mainly discuss? upon layer of snow accumulated year after year.
(A) The economic development of the United Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to
States in the eighteenth century. drilling back through time.
(B) Ways in which economic development led The deepest sections of the core are
to social changes in the United States. composed of water that fell as snow 160,000
(C) Population growth in the western United years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France,
States. fractured portions of the core and measured the
(D) The intimacy of marriage in earlier composition of ancient air released from bubbles
periods in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the
(E) The increasing availability of Industrial ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to get
jobs for woman in the United States. an idea of the prevailing atmospheric
temperature at the time when that particular bit
7. The word “prospect” in paragraph 1 is closest of water became locked in the glacier.
in meaning to .... The result is a remarkable unbroken
(A) Regret (D) Theory record of temperature and of atmospheric levels
(B) Value of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of
(C) Possibility (E) Circumstance an ice age descended on the planet, carbon
dioxide levels dropped. When the global
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temperature dropped 9°F (5 °C), carbon dioxide 14. The phrase tantamount to in paragraph 1 is
levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. closest in meaning to
Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth (A) complementary to
basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon (B) practically the same as
dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. (C) especially well suited to
Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the (D) unlikely to be confused with
level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (E) seems imposible
fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per
million, but never rose much higher-until the 15. According to the passage , Grenoble, France,
Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth is the place where
century and continuing today. (A) instruments were developed for
There is indirect evidence that the link measuring certain chemical elements
between carbon dioxide levels and global (B) scientists first recorded atmospheric
temperature change goes back much further than levels of carbon dioxide
the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may (C) scientists studied the contents of an
have been much greater than the current ice core from Antarctica
concentration during the Carboniferous period, (D) the relationship between carbon
360 to 285 million years ago. The period was dioxide and temperature was
named for a profusion of plant life whose buried discovered
remains produced a large fraction of the coal (E) c reating instruments used to measure
deposits that are being brought to the surface and the ratio of certain isotopes
burned today.
TEXT 4
11. Which of the following does the passage People living today in the northwestern
mainly discuss? state of Washington who have many sources of
(A) Chemical causes of ice ages news in addition to newspapers must stretch
(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers their imaginations to understand the importance
of ice in glaciers of the press during much of the state’s history.
(C) Evidence of a relationship between Beginning in 1852 with The Columbian, the first
levels of carbon dioxide and global paper in Washington Territory, News appears
temperature served to connect settlers in frontler
(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide communities with each other and with the major
levels in the atmosphere events of their times.
(E) the objection of carbon dioxide effect Unlike many mid-century papers, The
on the global temperature. Columbian, published evey Saturday in Olympia,
one of Washington’s larger towns, was “neutral in
12. The word accumulated in paragraph 1 is politics”, meaning that it was not the organ of a
closest in meaning to. particular political party or religious group. For
(A) spread out its first few years, it was the only newspaper in
(B) changed the territory, but during the following decades,
(C) became denser enterprising Washington founded many other
(D) calculating papers, few of these papers lasted long. Until the
(E) built up turn of the century, most were the production of
an individual editor, who might begin with
13. According to the passage , the drilling of the insufficient capital of fail to attract a steady
glacier in eastern Antarctica was important readership. Often working with no stuff at all,
because it these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered
(A) allowed scientists to experiment with papers, oversaw billing, and sold advertising.
new drilling techniques Their highly personal journals reflected their
(B) permitted the study of surface own tastes, politics, and known as the “Oregon
temperatures in an ice-covered region style”-graphic, torrid, and potentially libelous.
of Earth Early newspapers were thick with print,
(C) provided insight about climate carrying no illustrations or cartons. Advertising
conditions in earlier periods was generally confined to the back pages and
(D) confirmed earlier findings about how simply listed commodities received by local
glaciers are formed stores. Toward the end of the century,
(E) to extractthe essence of ice from the newspapersin Washington began to carry
hole national advertising, especially from patent
medicine companies, which bought space from
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agencies that brokered ads in papers all over the (B) It focused on local rather than national
country. By 1900, Washington boasted 19 daily products
and 176 weekly papers. Especially in the larger (C) It was printed on entire pages
cities, they reflected less the personal opinions of distributed in local stores
the editor than the interests of the large (D) It eas the only part of the paper
businesses they had become. They subscribed to containing cartoons
the Associated Press and United Press, news (E) It was biased to one political party
services, and new technology permitted
illustrations. Concentrating on features, crime
reporting, and sensationalism they imitated the
new mass-circulation papers that William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were
making popular throughtout the United States.

16. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Ways in which various newspapers were
advertised in Washington
(B) The history of newspapers in
Washington
(C) Editors of the first Washington
newspapers
(D) The illustrations in early Washington
newspapers
(E) Advertising in old newspaper

17. What does the passage imply about early
Washington newspapers?
(A) People relied on them as their primary
source of news
(B) They contained important historical
articles
(C) They were not as informative as today’s
newspapers
(D) They rarely reflected the views of any
particular religion
(E) They had many illustrations

18. Inparagraph 2, the word “it” refers to …
(A) The Columbian
(B) religious group
(C) Olympia
(D) political party
(E) the editor

19. What does the author mention as typical of
early newspaper editors from Washington?
(A) Their capital grew rapidly
(B) Their political opinions changed with
time
(C) They had many types of responsibilities
(D) They were generally members of the
same political party
(E) They get big sponsor from some brokers

20 Which of the following can be inferred from
the passage about advertising in Washington
newspapers of the mid-nineteenth century?
(A) It contained information about parts
medicines
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CHAPTER II (D) Recognize the similarity of Europa to

Jupiter’s other moons
TEXT 1 (E) Explain the crack in Europa
Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s
four largest moons and the second moon out from 2. It can be inferred from the passage that
Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy astronomy textbooks prior to 1979 …
textbook statistic. Then came the close-up images (A) Provided many contradictory statistics
obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager about Europa
2, and within days, Europa was transformed- in (B) Considered Europa the most important
our perception, at least- into one of the solar of Jupiter’s moons
system’s most intriguing world. The biggest (C) Did not emphasize Europa because little
initial surprise was the almost total lack detail, information of interest was available
especially from far way. Even at close range, the (D) Did not mention Europa because it had
only visible features are there, kinked brown not yet been discovered
lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this (E) Had not even known about Europa
analogy is not far off the mark.
The surface of Europa is almost pure water 3. What does the author mean by statting in
ice, but a nearly complete absence of craters paragraph1 that “this analogy is not far off
indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles the mark”?
Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The eggshell analogy (A) The definition is not precise
may be quite accurate since the ice could be as (B) The discussion lacks necessary
little as a few kilometers thick a tree shell around information
what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in (C) The differences are probably significant
turn, encases a rocky core. The interior of Europa (D) The comparison is quite appropriate
has been kept warm over the cons by tidal forces (E) The explanation is out of context
generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the
other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter. 4. It can be inferred from the passage that
The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless Europa and Antartica have in common which
cycle. The resulting internal heat keeps what of the following?
would otherwise be ice melted almost to the (A) Both appear to have a surface with many
surface. The cracklike marks on Europa’s icy face craters
appear to be fractures where water or slush (B) Both may have water beneath a thin,
oozes from below. hard surface
Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with (C) Both have an ice cap that is melting
Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of Europa rapidly
were obtained, researchers advanced the (D) Both have areas encased by a rocky
startling idea that Europa’s subsurface ocean exterior
might harbor life. Like processes could have (E) Both hava thick ice layer
begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of
internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced 5. The word “endless” in paragraph 2 is closest
by the compression of the material forming the in meaning to …
giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant (A) New
today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat (B) temporary
generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its (C) Final
former intensity. During this warm phase, some (D) continuous
4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have (E) alter
been liquid right to surface, making it a crucible
for life. TEXT 2
Naturalists and casual observers alike
1. In paragraph 1, the author mentions “cracks have been struck by the special relationship
in an eggshell” in order to help readers … between squirrels and acorns (the seeds of oak
(A) Visualize Europa as scientists saw it in trees). Ecologists, though, cannot observe these
the Voyager 2 images energetic mammals scurrying up and down oak
(B) Appreciate the extensive and detailed trees and eating and burying acorns without
information available by viewing Europa wondering about their complex relationship with
from far away trees. Are squirrels dispersers and planters of oak
(C) Understand the relationship of Europa to forests or pesky seed predators? The answer is
the solar system not simple. Squirrels may devour many acorns,
but by storing and failing to recover up to 74
121
percent of them as they do when seeds are (E) they eat all of the accorns
abundant, these arboreal rodents can also aid
regeneration and dispersal of the oaks. 8. The word estimated in paragraph 2 is
Their destructive powers are well closest in meaning to
documented. According to one report, squirrels (A) commented
destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from (B) judged
an oak stand on the University of Indiana campus. (C) observed
A professor there estimated that each of the (D) discovered
large white oaks had produced between two and (E) calculated
eight thousand acorns, but within weeks of seed
maturity, hardly an intact acorn could be found 9. According to the passage , which of the
among the fallen leaves. following do squirrels and blue jays have in
Deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also common?
feed heavily on acorns, but do not store them, and (A) They travel long distances to obtain
are therefore of no benefit to the trees. Flying acorns.
squirrels, chipmunks, and mice are also unlikely (B) They promote the reproduction of oak
to promote tree dispersal, as they often store trees.
seeds in tree cavities and underground burrows. (C) They bury acorns under fallen leaves.
Only squirrels — whose behavior of caching (D) They store large quantities of acorns.
(hiding) acorns below the leaf litter — often (E) they left the accord in the tree cavity
promote successful germination of acorns, and
perhaps blue jays, important long-distance 10. According to the passage , scientists cannot
dispersers, seem to help oaks spread and explain which of the following aspects of
reproduce. squirrel behavior?
Among squirrels, though, there is a (A) Where squirrels store their acorn
particularly puzzling behavior pattern. Squirrels caches
pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells (B) Why squirrels prefer acorns over
to get at the nutritious inner kernels, and then other seeds
discard them half-eaten. The ground under (C) Why squirrels eat only a portion of
towering oaks is often littered with thousands of each acorn they retrieve
half-eaten acorns, each one only bitten from the (D) Why squirrels prefer acorns from a
top. Why would any animal waste so much time particular species of oak trees
and energy and risk exposure to such predators (E) why squirrels have fluffy fur
as red-tail hawks only to leave a large part of each
acorn uneaten? While research is not conclusive TEXT 3
at this point, one thing that is certain is that The term “print” has several meanings, so it
squirrels do hide some of the uneaten portions, is important to inderstand exactly what is meant
and these acorn halves, many of which contain of the artistic terminology. A print in the artistic
the seeds, may later germinate. sense is not a reproduction of a work of art done
in some other medium, such as painting or
6. What does the passage mainly discuss? drawing. Thatcan in no sense be considered a
(A) The ecology of oak trees work of art, since the artist had no involvement
(B) Factors that determine the feeding with it. A print is an original work of art created
habits of Squirrels by an indirect method instead of making an image
(C) Various species of animals that directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting,
promote the dispersal of tree seeds the artist works on a method surface, numerous
(D) The relationship between squirrels impressions may be made by linking the surface,
and oak trees laying a sheet of paper on it, and then subjecting
(E) the cycle life of a squrel both surface and paper to pressure, generally by
means of a printing press.
7. According to the passage , what do A print may exist in several versions.
squirrels do when large quantities of acorns Sometimes the printmaker alters the image
are available? between impressions, so that each print is
(A) They do not store acorns. slightly different from the others. Any series of
(B) They eat more than 74 percent of such prints is reformed to as multiples. The
available acorns. number of impressions (known as the edition)
(C) They do not retrieve all the acorns that that are possible from a single original varies
they have stored. with the material. Prnts made from linoleum,
(D) They hide acorns in tree cavities. which wears readily, will be fewer than those
122
made from a metal plate, which is capable of (D) Emotional impact

striking fine-quality prints in the thousands. It is (E) The cut and design
customary to number prints as they come off the
press, the earlier impressions being the finest and TEXT 4
therefore the most desirable. The Moon, which has undergone a
Prints incorporate the same compositional distinct and complex geological history, presents
principles, as paintings. Line, shape, or texture a striking appearance. The moon may be divided
may be the predominant element according to into two major terrains: the Maria (dark
the printing techniques used. Some prints have lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands).
obvious decorative qualities while other may be The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of
filled with emotional impact. Printmaking derives reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to
from two historical sources: early woodblocks many early observers that the two terrains might
into which an image was cut and used to illustrate have different compositions, and this supposition
a book or playing cards, and the medieval was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as
practice of decorating metal with incised designs, Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious
as in armor. Today more techniques fall into one differences between the terrains is the
of four categories: relief (intaglio, lithography, smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the
and serigraphy). However, there are many roughness of the highlands. This roughness is
variations, combinations with photographic mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the
techniques, and considerable overlapping. highlands are completely covered by large
craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter),
11. The word “That” in paragraph 1 refers to … while the craters of the Maria tend to be much
(A) Terminology smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of
(B) reproduction the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of
(C) Sense solid bodies with the lunar surface.
(D) Medium Most of the near side of the Moon was
(E) drawing thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic
pictures years before the age of space
12. Which of the following is mentioned as an exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve
example of a master surface? objects as small as a few hundred meters on the
(A) A drawing or painting lunar surface. Close observation of craters,
(B)A block of stone combined with the way the Moon diffusely
(C) A sheet of paper reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that
(D) A printing press the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or
(E) A blank board regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon.
Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a
13. The word “versions” in paragraph 2 is closest bewildering array of land forms. Craters were
in meaning to … studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy
(A) Ideas marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were
(B) functions observed in the Maria. Although various land
(C) Numbers forms were catalogued, the majority of
(D) Forms astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and
(E) copy their origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly
14. A metal plate is compared favorably with long time that the shape of craters changes as
linoleum as a meter surface because a metal they increase in size. Small craters with
plate … diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively
(A) Lasts longer simple shapes. They have rim crests that are
(B) Is less expensive elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth,
(C) Makes prints more quickly bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about
(D) Produces a greater variety of prints one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of
(E) Less useful shape increases for larger craters.

15. It can be inferred that prints may differ from 16. What does the passage mainly discuss?
other works of art in terms of all of the (A) What astronomers learned from the
following EXCEPT … Surveyor and Apollo space missions.
(A) Compositional principles (B) Characteristics of the major terrains of
(B) Use of line, shape, or texture the Moon.
(C) Decorative qualitie (C) The origin of the Moon's craters.
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(D) Techniques used to catalogue the

Moon's land forms.
(E) the distance between both major
terrains of the moon

17. According to the passage , the Maria differ
from the Terrace mainly in terms of
(A) age
(B) manner of creation
(C) size
(D) composition
(E) distance

18. All of the following are true of the Maria
EXCEPT:
(A) They have small craters.
(B) They have been analyzed by
astronomers.
(C) They have a rough texture.
(D) They tend to be darker than the
terrace.
(E) positioned in the lowland of the moon

19. The author mentions wispy marks in
paragraph 2 as an example of
(A) an aspect of the lunar surface
discovered through lunar missions
(B) a characteristic of large craters
(C) a discovery made through the use of
Earth-based telescopes
(D) features that astronomers observed to
be common to the Earth and the Moon
(E) to discus about telescopic image of
moon

20. The passage probably continues with a
discussion of
(A) the reasons craters are difficult to
study
(B) the different shapes small craters can
have
(C) some features of large craters
(D) some difference in the ways small and
large craters were formed
(E) the reason why moon’s craters can
only be seen by telescope

124
CHAPTER III 2. It can be inferred that the safety valve in

paragraph 2 refers to
TEXT 1 (A) a new kind of machinery
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave heads (B) an alternative for urban workers
of families or individuals aged twenty-one or (C) an area in a factory
older the right to own 160 acres of public land in (D) a procedure designed to protect
the western United States after five years of workers
residence and improvement. This law was (E) a big hole in the factory
intended to provide land for small farmers and to
prevent land from being bought for resale at a 3. According to the passage , why did the
profit or being owned by large landholders. An government pass the Timber Culture Act of
early amendment to the act even prevented 1873?
husbands and wives from filing separate claims. (A) to make larger tracts of land available
The West, land reformers had assumed, would to small farmers
soon contain many 160-acre family farms. (B) to settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the
They were doomed to disappointment. Dakotas
Most landless Americans were too poor to (C) to encourage land speculation west of
become farmers even when they could obtain the Mississippi
land without cost. The expense of moving a family (D) to increase the variety of trees
to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means growing in the western states
of many, and the cost of tools, draft animals, a (E) to plant as much as corps
wagon, a well, fencing, and of building the
simplest house, might come to $1,000 — a 4. The passage mentions all of the following as
formidable barrier. As for the industrial workers reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did not
for whom the free land was supposed to provide achieve its aims EXCEPT:
a safety valve, they had neither the skills nor the (A) Most landless Americans could not
inclination to become farmers. Homesteaders afford the necessary tools and
usually came from districts not far removed from provisions.
frontier conditions. And despite the intent of the (B) Industrial workers lacked the
law, speculators often managed to obtain large necessary farming skills.
tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, (C) The farms were too large for single
falsely swear that they had fulfilled the conditions families to operate successfully.
laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and (D) Homesteaders usually came from
then deed the land over to their employers. areas relatively close to the frontier.
Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough (E) they had neither the skills nor the
for raising livestock or for the kind of commercial inclination to become farmers.
agriculture that was developing west of the
Mississippi. The national government made a 5. Which of the following can be inferred from
feeble attempt to make larger holdings available the passage about the Timber Culture Act of
to homesteaders by passing the Timber Culture 1873?
Act of 1873, which permitted individuals to claim (A) It especially helped farmers with large
an additional 160 acres if they would agree to holdings of land.
plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years. This (B) It was most important to farmers
law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely living in states that had plenty of trees.
treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the (C) The majority of farmers did not benefit
Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of significantly from it.
the 245,000 who took up land under the Act (D) The majority of farmers did not need
obtained final title to the property. the extra 160 acres it provided.
(E) it made the farmer happy and wealthy
1. The word formidable in paragraph 2 is
closest in meaning to TEXT 2
(A) obvious Water projects in the United States gained a
(B) predictable new rationale in the 1930’s as the nantion
(C) difficult suffered its worst economic depression and the
(D) manageable Great Plains region suffered its worst drought in
(E) precious recorded history. As the economy sank into a
deep depression and unemployment rates
increased, the political climate for direct federal
government involvement in water projects
125
improved. President Franklin Roousevin’s first (E) hindrance

100 days in office brought a number of new laws
to deal with the severe economic depression that 8. Which of the following discouraged
became known as the Great Depression, Two of development of the Tennessee Valley prior to
these laws, the Tennesse Valley Authority Act of 1933?
1933 and the National Recovery Act of 1933 (A) Laws imposed by the local government
(NIRA), had particular significance for water (B) The effects of seasonal flows of the river
resource development. (C) The lack of suitable building materials
The natural pattern of the Tennessee River (D) The geographical features of the valley
was characterized by large spring flows that (E) The lack of technology to handle the
produced destructive floods and low summer water
flows that inhibited navigation. The intensity and
frequency of the events discouraged 9. The passage mentions “the authority to build
development and contributed to persistent dams and reservoir” in paragraph 2 as an
poverty in the valley. To counter these natural example of the …
obstacles, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of (A) Wide powerd of the Tennessee valley
1933 created the Tennesse Valley Authority Authority
(TVA), apublic agency with broad powers to (B) Responsibilities of regional
promote development in the region, including the governemnts
authority to build dams and reservoirs and to (C) Federal government’s interests in people
generate and sell hydroelectric power. The TVA is making water projects
a unique institution in that it brings all the water- (D) Development needed to generate
related functions of the federal government hydroelectric power
under a single body. The TVA used its authority (E) No agency to promote development in
to transform the Tennesse River into one of the the region
most highly regulated rivers in the worls within
about two decades. The TVA inherited the Wilson 10. According to the passage, one of the
Dam, and by the beginning of the Second World functions of the Public Works Administration
War it had completed six additional multipurpose was to …
dams with power plants and locks for navigation. (A) Replace the NIRA
Investments in dams and hydropower (B) Regulate federal agencies
Facilities within the Tennesse Valley also (C) Influence presidential policy
received high priority during the war. The NIRA (D) Give financial support to state and local
authoeized the creation of the Public Works governments
Administration to create jobs while undertaking (E) Give necessary suggestions
work of benefit to the community. The NIRA also
gave the United States President unprecedented TEXT 3
powers to initiate public works, including water Pheromones are substances that serve
projects. The Public Works Administration as chemical signals between members of the
provided loans and grants to state and local same species. They are secreted to the outside of
governments and to federal agencies for the body and cause other individuals of the
municipal waterworks, sewage plants, irrigation, species to have specific reactions. Pheromones,
flood control, and waterpower projects. which are sometimes called social hormones,
affect a group of individuals somewhat like
6. All of the following are mentioned as hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones
resulting from the Great Depression EXCEPT are the predominant medium of communication
… among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some
(A) An increase in unemployement species have simple pheromone systems and
(B) change in political thinking produce only a few pheromones, but others
(C) different approach to water projects produce many with various functions.
(D) A new study of the history of droughts Pheromone systems are the most complex in
(E) A decrease in job vacancy some of the so-called social insects, insects that
live in organized groups.
7. The word “significance” in paragraph 2 is Chemical communication differs from
closest in meaning to … that by sight or sound in several ways.
(A) Difference Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical
(B) importance signals are usually airborne), but the signal can
(C) Disturbance be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the
(D) Excellence chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very
126
long range. Localization of the signal is generally 13. The purpose of the second mention of
poorer than localization of a sound or visual hormones in line 4 is to point out
stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's (A) chemical signals that are common
moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The among insects
ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, (B) specific responses of various species
compared with communication by visual or to chemical signals
acoustic means, but some pheromones may (C) similarities between two chemical
convey different meanings and consequently substances
result in different behavioral or physiological (D) how insects produce different
responses, depending on their concentration or chemical substances
when presented in combination. The modulation (E) how insects produce the pheromones
of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of
the number of exocrine glands that produce 14. The word numerous in paragraph 3 is closest
pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to in meaning to
be very articulate creatures, but their medium of (A) several
communication is difficult for humans to study (B) few
and appreciate because of our own olfactory, (C) tiny
insensitivity and the technological difficulties in (D) lack
detecting and analyzing these pheromones. (E) limited
Pheromones play numerous roles in
the activities of insects. They may act as alarm 15. According to paragraph 2, which of the
substances, play a role in individual and group following has made the study of pheromones
recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, difficult?
mediate the formation of aggregations, identify (A) P heromones cannot be easily reproduced
foraging trails, and be involved in caste in chemical laboratories.
determination. For example, pheromones (B) Existing technology cannot fully explore
involved in caste determination include the the properties of pheromones.
queen substance produced by queen honey bees. (C) Pheromones are highly volatile.
Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to (D) Pheromone signals are constantly
predators because of their gregarious habits and changing.
sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone (E) pheromones are too easy to be
when attacked that causes nearby aphids to extracted
respond by moving away.
TEXT 4
11. What does the passage mainly discuss? Many of the most flexible examples of tool
(A) How insects use pheromones to use in animals come from primates (the order
communicate that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For
(B) How pheromones are produced by example, many wild primates use objects to
insects threaten outsiders. But there are many examples
(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds
difficult an dother types of animals.
(D) The different uses of pheromones Tools are used by many species in the
among various insect species capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use
(E) What is the substance in human sticks a dpoles to bring out ants and termites
pheromones from their hidin places. Among the most complex
tool use observed in the wild is the use od stones
12. The word serve in paragraph 1 is closest in by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open.
meaning to They select a large flat stones as an anvil (a heavy
(A) improve block on which to place the nuts) and smaller
(B) function stone as a hammer. Stones suitable for use as
(C) begin anvils are not easy to find, and often a
(D) rely chimpanzees may carry a haul of nuts more than
(E) Rebuke 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of tols
in chimpanzees is especially interesting because
these animals sometimes modify tools to make
them better suited for their intended purpose. To
make a twig more effective for digging out
termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of
its leaves.
127
Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird (C) The finches pick up insects that they find
that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for on leaves
insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the (D) The finches catch insects in the air as
woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, they fly from tree to tree
cactus spind or leaf stem. This primitive tool is (E) The finches pick up the insect from its
then held in the beak and used to probe for nest
insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot
probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen 20. Which of the following can be inferred from
to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for the passage about the behavior of the
prey. Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit woodpecker finch?
crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use (A) It uses its beak as a weapon against it
them as weapons to repel this enemies. Studies senemies
have demonstrated that these crabs significantly (B) It uses the same twig to look for food in
improve their chances against predators such as different trees
octopus by means of this tactic. Also many species (C) It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest
of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by (D) It avoids areas where cactus
throwing objects, including stones at intruders. (E) It uses grass as the weapon and tool to
find food
16. Why does the author mention ants and
termites in paragraph 2?
(A) To give an example of food that
chimpanzees collect by using tools
(B) To emphasize that ants and termites
often hide together in the same place
(C) To identify an important part of the
chimpanzee diet
(D) To mention the animal living in the
jungle
(E) To point out a difference between two
closely related species

17. According to the passage, Ivory Coast
chimpanzees are among the most
remarkable of animal tool users because they
…
(A) Use tools to gather food
(B) Use more than one tool to accomplish a
task
(C) Transport tools from one place to
another
(D) Hide their tools from other animals
(E) They can live over 50 years

18. The word “haul” in paragraph 2 is closest in
meaning to …
(A) Diet
(B) load
(C) Type
(D) Branch
(E) food

19. According to the passage, what is
characteristic of the way in which
woodpecker finches of insects?
(A) The finches use different plant parts as
tool to capture insects
(B) The finches make narrow holes in trees
to trap insects
128
CHAPTER IV heating so that it would no longer

support spontaneous generation.
TEXT 1 Pasteur constructed a swan-necked
If food is allowed to stand for flask in which putrefying materials
some time, it putrefies. When the could he heated to boiling, but air could
putrefied material is examined reenter. The bends in the neck
microscopically, it is found to be prevented microorganisms from getting
teeming with bacteria. Where do these in the flask. Material sterilized in such a
bacteria come from, since they are not flask did not putrefy.
seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-
nineteenth century, many people 1. What does the passage mainly
believed that such microorganisms discuss?
originated by spontaneous generation, a (A) Pasteur’s influence on the
hypothetical process by which living development of the microscope
organisms develop from nonliving (B) The origin of the theory of
matter. spontaneous generation
The most powerful opponent of (C) The effects of pasteurization on
the theory of spontaneous generation food
was the French chemist and (D) Pasteur’s argument against the
microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822- theory of spontaneous
1895). Pasteur showed that structures generation
present in air closely resemble the (E) Pasteur hypothesis about germ
microorganisms seen in putrefying and bacteria
materials. He did this by passing air
through guncotton filters, the fibers of 2. The phrase “teeming with” in
which stop solid particles. After the gun paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to …
cotton was dissolved in a mixture of (A) Full of
alcohol and either, the particles that it (B) resistant to
had trapped fell to the bottom of the (C) Developing into
liquid and were examined on a (D) hurt by
microscope slide. (E) going to
Pasteur found that in ordinary
air these exists a variety of solid 3. Which of the following questions
structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm did the theory of spontaneous
to more than 1.0 mm. many of these generation attempt to answer?
bodies resembled the reproductive (A) What is the origin of the living
structure of common molds, single- organisms are seen on some
celled animals, and various other food?
microbial cells. (B) How many types of organisms
As many as 20 to 30 of them were can be found on food?
found in fifteen liters of ordinary air, (C) What is the most effective way
and they could not be distinguished to prepare living organisms for
from the organisms found in much microscopic examination?
larger numbers in putrefying materials. (D) How long can food stand before
Pasteur concluded that the organisms to putrefies?
found n putrefying materials originated (E) How can an organism live in a
from the organized bodies present in the putrefied food?
air. He postulated that these bodies are
constantly being deposited on all 4. The author mention “1.0mm” in
objects. paragraph 2 in describing the …
Pasteur showed that if a nutrient (A) Thickness of a layer of
solution was sealed in a glass flask and organisms that was deposited
heated to boiling to destroy all the on an object
living organisms contaminating it, it (B) Diameter of the fibers that were
never putrefied. The proponents of in the that were used
spontaneous generation declared that (C) Thickness of the microscope
fresh air was necessary for spontaneous slides that were used
generation and that the air inside the (D) S ize of the particles that were
sealed flask was affected in some way by collected
129
(E) The type of microscope that was 6. The word meteoric inparagraph2 is closest in
used meaning to
(A) rapid
5. The word “postulated” in paragraph 4 (B) famous
is closest in meaning to … (C) controversial
(A) Analyzed (D) methodical
(B) persuaded (E) lack
(C) Doubted
(D) S uggested 7. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to
(E) Questioned (A) aqueduct
(B) vision
TEXT 2 (C) water
In 1900 the United States had only three (D) founder
cities with more than a million residents — New (E) agricultural potential
York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had
ten giant metropolises. The newer ones 8. It can be inferred from the passage that in
experienced remarkable growth, which reflected 1930 the greatest number of people in the
basic changes in the economy. Los Angeles area were employed in
The population of Los Angeles (114,000 (A) farming
in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades (B) oil refining
of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic (C) automobile manufacturing
1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of (D) the motion picture industry
circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise (E) Trading and merchandising
of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the
area was enormous if water for irrigation could 9. According to the passage , the Southern
be found, and the city founders had the vision and California oil fields were initially exploited
dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile due to
aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of (A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles'
the Owens River. The city had a superb natural rail system
harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The (B) an increase in the use of gasoline
climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures engines in North America
year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not (C) a desire to put unproductive desert land
only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of to good use
the good life in Southern California on screens all (D) innovative planning on the part of the
across the nation. The most important single city founders
industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, (E) the needs of greedy citizen
however, was directly linked to the automobile.
The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline 10. The phrase apace with in paragraph 3 is
engines led to the opening of the Southern closest in meaning to
California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North (A) a new with
America's greatest refining center. (B) apart from
Los Angeles was a product of the auto (C) as fast as
age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial (D) at the middle of
organization depended on widespread private (E) at the beginning of
ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a
decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the TEXT 3
desert landscape over an area of 400 square There are only a few clues in the rock
miles. It was a city without a real center. The record about climate in the Proterozoic eon.
downtown business district did not grow apace Much of our information about climate in the
with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit more recent periods of geologic history comes
system designed to link the center with outlying from the fossil record, because we have a
areas withered away from disuse. Approximately reasonably good understanding of the types of
800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles environment in which many fossil organisms
County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some flourished. The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic,
visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little
endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles evidence in this regard. However, the rocks
as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. themselves do include the earliest evidence for
But the freedom and mobility of a city built on glaciation, probably a global ice age.
wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.
130
The inference that some types of 12. The word scarce in paragraph 1 is closest in
sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity meaning to
is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, (A) ancient
which posits that natural processes now at work (B) tiny
on and within the Earth operated in the same (C) available
manner in the distant past. The deposits (D) rare
associated with present-day glaciers have been (E) fossil
well studied, and some of their characteristics are
quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in 13. It can be inferred from the passage that the
Canada near Lake Huron (dating from the early principle of uniformitarianism indicates
part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin that
laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble (A) similar conditions produce similar
varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited rock formations
in glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves (B) rock layers in a given region remain
show two-layered annual cycle, one layer undisturbed over time
corresponding to the rapid ice melting and (C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks
sediment transport of the summer season, and may have similar origins
the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to (D) each continent has its own distinctive
slower winter deposition. Although it is not easy pattern of sediment layers
to discern such details in the Proterozoic (E) each layers came from the same place
examples, they are almost certainly glacial in the past
varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments
even contain occasional large pebbles or 14. According to the passage , the presence of
dropstones, a characteristic feature of glacial dropstones indicates that
environments where coarse material is (A) the glacial environment has been
sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped unusually servere
far from its source, into otherwise very fine (B) the fine-grained sediment has built up
grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the very slowly
same age as those in Canada have been found in (C) there has been a global ice age
other parts of North America and in Africa, India, (D) coarse rock material has been carried
and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was great distances
global, and that for a period of time in the early (E) the materials carried on floating ice
Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age. and dropped close to its source
Following the early Proterozoic
glaciation, however, the climate appears to have 15. Why does the author mention Canada,
been fairly benign for a very long time. There is North America, Africa, India, and Europe
no evidence for glaciation for the next 1.5 billion inparagraph 2?
years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record (A) To demonstrate the global spread of
indicates a series of glacial episodes between dropstones
about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end (B) To explain the principles of varve
of the Proterozoic eon. formation
(C) To provide evidence for the theory
11. Which of the following does the passage that there was a global ice age in the
mainly discuss? early Proterozoic eon
(A) How patterns in rock layers have been (D) To illustrate the varied climatic
used to construct theories about the changes of the Proterozoic eon in
climate of the Proterozoic age different parts of the globe
(B) What some rare fossils indicate about (E) To indicates that the glaciation was
glacial conditions during the late regional and not global
Proterozoic age
(C) The varying characteristics of TEXT 4
Proterozoic glacial varves in different Most sources of illumination
parts of the world generate light over an appreciable
(D) The number of glacial episodes that period, and indeed if an object is lit for
the Earth has experienced since the a very brief time (less that 1/25
Proterozoic age second), the human eye will not react in
(E) the late version of Proterozoic time to see the object. A photographic
glaciation emulsion – that is, a light-sensitive
coating on photographic film, paper, or
131
glass- will, however, record, much 17. The word “oxicizable metal” refers
shorter bursts of light. to
A photographic flash can (A) Oxygen difluoride with
therefore be used to capture high-speed magnesium
movement on film as well as to correct (B) Oxygen difluoride with
deficiencies of the normal surrounding aluminium
lightning. Photoflash is now generated (C) Oxygen difluoride with
electronically, but the earliest form, zirconium
first used in 1864, was a paper bag (D) Oxygen difluoride with glass
containing magnesium wire and some (E) Oxygen difluoride with paper
oxygen- rich substance, such as
potassium chlorate. When the bag was 18. According to the passage 1/25
ignited, the metal burned with an second is the minimum amount of
intense flash. A contemporary observer time required for the …
reported that “this quite unsafe device (A) Recording of an image on film
seems to have done nothing worse that (B) Generation of artificial light
engulf the room in dense smoke and lead (C) Creation of a photographic
to picture of dubious quality and odd emulsion
poses.” (D) Human eye to react to light
The evolution of the photoflash (E) Generating light over an
was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine appreciable period
wire made of a metal, such as
magnesium of aluminium, capable of 19. The word “ignited” in paragraph 2 is
being ignited in an atmosphere of pure closest in meaning to …
oxygen at low pressure, were (A) Set on fire
introduced only in the 1920’s. in the (B) opened
earliest type, the metal was separated (C) Cut into
from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The (D) Shaken
flash was fired by piercing the bulb and (E) Start over
allowing the oxygen to come into
contact with the metal, which ignited 20. The word “it” in line paragraph 3
spontaneously. Later bulbs were fired refers to …
by an electric battery, which heated the (A) Oxygen
wire by passing is small current through (B) Wire
it. Other combinations, such as the (C) Battery
pairing of oxygen difluoride with (D) Current
zirconium, have also been used. In each (E) bag
case enough energy is given out to heart
the oxicizable metal momentarily to a
white-hot emission of visible loght. The
smoke participles are so small that they
cool rapidly, but since they are white,
they contribute to the brilliance by
reflecting the light from their still
glowing neighbours. A slightly bigger
form of the metal will burn for a longer
time.

16. What is the topic of the passage?
(A) The history of the photoflash
(B) Theories about how the eye
reacts to light
(C) The technology of modern
photography
(D) The dangers of using the early
photoflash
(E) The evolution of magnesium use
in photography

132
CHAPTER V 1. What aspect of art deco does the passage

mainly discuss?
TEXT 1 (A) The influence of art deco on the design
The term art deco has come to of furniture and household accessories
encompass three distinct but related design (B) Ways in which government programs
trends of the 1920's and 1930's. The first was encouraged the development of art
what is frequently referred to as zigzag moderne deco
— the exotically ornamental style of such (C) Architectural manifestations of art
skyscrapers as the Chrysler Building in New York deco during the 1920's and 1930's
City and related structures such as the (D) Reasons for the popularity of art deco
Paramount Theater in Oakland, California. The in New York and California
word zigzag alludes to the geometric and stylized (E) Mission to transform the domestic
ornamentation of zigzags, angular patterns, environment through art
abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts,
astrological imagery, formalized fountains, and 2. The streamlined moderne style is
related themes that were applied in mosaic relief, characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
and mural form to the exterior and interior of the (A) animal motifs
buildings. Many of these buildings were shaped in (B) flat roofs
the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient (C) round windows
Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in (D) speed stripes
progressively smaller stages to the summit,
creating a staircase-like effect. 3. The phrase came to the forefront in
The second manifestation of art deco paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
was the 1930's streamlined moderne style — a (A) grew in complexity
Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded (B) went through a process
corners and horizontal bands known as speed (C) changed its approach
stripes. In architecture, these elements were (D) broke in pieces
frequently accompanied by round windows, (E) became important
extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops.
The third style, referred to as either 4. According to the passage , which of the
international stripped classicism, or simply following statements most accurately
classical moderne, also came to the forefront describes the relationship between art deco
during the Depression, a period of severe and art nouveau?
economic difficult in the 1930's. This was a more (A) They were art forms that competed
conservative style, blending a simplified with each other for government
modernistic style with a more austere form of support during the Depression era.
geometric and stylized relief sculpture and other (B) They were essentially the same art
ornament, including interior murals. Many form.
buildings in this style were erected nationwide (C) Art nouveau preceded art deco and
through government programs during the influenced it.
Depression. (D) Art deco became important in the
Although art deco in its many forms was United States while art nouveau
largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was became popular in England.
strongly influenced by the decorative arts (E) art deco was a more conservative style
movements that immediately preceded it. For while art nouveau was brand new thing
example, like art nouveau (1890-1910), art deco
also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms TEXT 2
into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than The stylistic innovation in
presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage, painting known as impressionism began
like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener in the 1870’s. the impressionists wanted
Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with to depict what they saw in nature, but
exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and they were inspired to portray
colorfully ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the fragmentary moments by the
artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in increasingly fast pace of modern life.
England and the United States, art deco They concentrated on play of light over
practitioners considered it their mission to objects, people, and nature, breaking up
transform the domestic environment through seemingly solid surfaces, stressing
well-designed furniture and household vivid contrast between colors in
accessories. sunlight and shade, and depiction
133
reflected light in all of its possibilities. (C) A technological advance in the

Unlike earlier artists, they did not want materials used by artists
to observe the world from indoors. They (D) a group of artists who had been
abandoned the studio, painting in the working together for a long
open air and recording spontaneous time
Impressions of their subjects instead of (E) A group of artists with a new
making outside sketches and then technique and approach to art
moving indoors to complete the work
form memory. 6. According to the passage, which of
Some of the Impressionists the following was one of the
painting methods were affected by distinguishing characteristics of
technological advances. For example, impressionist painting?
the shift from the studio to the open air (A) The emphasis on people rather
was made possible in part by the advent than nature scenes
of cheap rail travel, which permitted (B) The way the subjects were
easy and quick access to the countryside presented from multiple angles
or seashore, as well as by newly (C) The focus on small objects
developed chemical dyes and oils that (D) The depiction of the effects of
led to collapsible paint tubes, which light and color
enabled artists to finish their paintings (E) They observe the world from
on the spot. indoors
Impressionism acquired its name
not from supporters but from angry art 7. Which of the following is a
lovers who left threatened by the new significant way in which
painting. The term “Impressionism” was impressionists were different from
born in 1874, when a group of artists the artists that preceded them?
who had been working together (A) They began by making sketches
organized an exhibition of their of their subjects
paintings in order to draw public (B) They painted their subjects out-
attention to their work. Reaction from of-doors
the public and press was immediate, and (C) They Preferred to paint from
derisive. Among the 165 paintings memory
exhibited was one called impression. (D) They used subjects drawn from
Sunrise, by Claude Monet (1840-1926). modern life
Viewed through hostile eyes. Monet’s (E) Their methods were not
painting of a rising sun over a misty, affected by technological
watery scene seemed messy, slapdash, advances
and an affront to good taste. Borrowing
Monet’s title, art critics extended the 8. The exhibition of paintings
term “Impressionism” to the entire organized in 1874 resulted all of the
exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 following EXCEPT …
fellow artists in the exhibit adopted the (A) Attracting attention from the
same name as a badge of their unity, public
despite individual differences. From (B) A negative reaction from the
then until 1886 impressionism had all press
the zeal of a “church”, as the painter (C) An immediate demand for the
Renoir put it. Monet was faithful to the paintings exhibited
impressionist creed until his death, (D) Creating a name for a new style
although many of the others moved on of painting
to new styles. (E) Immediate reaction from the
public and press
5. What aspect of painting in the
nineteenth century does the 9. The rejection of the impressionist
passage mainly discuss? exhibition by critics was caused by
(A) The impact of some artists’ which of the following?
resistance to the fast pace of (A) The small number of paintings
life on display
(B) The differences between two (B) Lack of interest in exhibitions
major styles of art by young artists
134
(C) The similarity between all the (B) is transported by ocean currents
paintings exhibited (C) can be measured and analyzed by
(D) The unclearness of the scientists
paintings (D) moves about the Earth's equator
(E) The threat caused by the new of (E) is stored within the atmosphere,
painting
12. The passage mentions that the tropics differ
10. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in from the Earth's polar regions in which of
meaning to the followi ng ways?
(A) Vague (A) The height of cloud formation in the
(B) clear atmosphere.
(C) blurry (B) The amount of heat they receive from
(D) ambiguous the Sun.
(E) imprecise (C) The strength of their large scale winds.
(D) The strength of their oceanic currents.
TEXT 3 (E) The amount of the water precipitation
Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the
areas near the equator, receive more heat than 13. Why does the author mention the stove in
the latitudes near the poles, and because the paragraph 1?
nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is (A) To describe the heat of the Sun.
transported from the tropics to the middle and (B) To illustrate how water vapor is
high latitudes. Some of this heat is moved by stored.
winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets (C) To show how energy is stored.
stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent (D) To give an example of a heat source.
heat. The term latent heat refers to the energy (E) to emphasize the using of fire as
that has to be used to convert liquid water to source of heat
water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of
water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into 14. The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in
vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room meaning to
temperature. We also know that if we hang wet (A) essential
clothes outside in the summertime they will dry (B) dominant
faster than in winter, when temperatures are (C) circular
colder. The energy used in both cases to change (D) closest
liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — (E) Unsuccessful
supplied by the stove in the first case and by the
Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is TEXT 4
stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent The smooth operation of an ant colony
heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the depends on ten to twenty different signals, most
atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the of which are pheromones (chemical signals
energy will be released to the atmosphere. triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the that red fire ants employ at least twelve different
Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate chemical signals. The simplest of these is the
water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant
have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun's cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to
energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, promote aggregation. Workers move toward a
and wind data around the globe, they have source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary
estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme,
square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun's the most complex of the fire ants' signals is
energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the probably colony odor, by which the workers of a
atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to particular colony or nest identify another worker
higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor
Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels as a result of its location, history, and local food
in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on
subsequent storms, which then release the their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but
energy back to the atmosphere. from different nests, have different colony odors.
This allows ants to identify intruders and
11. The passage mainly discusses how heat maintain colony integrity.
(A) is transformed and transported in the Fire ants also make use of an alarm
Earth's atmosphere pheromone to alert workers to an emergency,
135
and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a (C) distinguish foreign ants from resident
guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen ants
emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the (D) signal other inhabitants when foreign
colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to ants attack
gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a (E) find the differences between each
dead ant also generates a signal, to which other nest
workers respond by eliminating the corpse from
the nest. 19. What is the role of pheromones in the mass
Ants provide examples of both public migrations of ants?
(accessible to other species) and private (A) Pheromones are used to create a trail
messages. One of their most important private that directs the ants during
messages concerns food, for a food source is migrations.
worth keeping secret. Each species marks its (B) Pheromones signal the ants that the
trails with signals that are meaningless to others, nest has been invaded and must be
so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant abandoned.
species typically notices nothing. On the other (C) Pheromones control the speed at
hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is which ants move from one location to
unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a another.
natural decomposition product of dead insects (D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify
as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider suitable areas for establishing a new
recognizes this message and moves the body, no nest.
harm is done. (E) pheromones help the ant to feel saved

15. What aspect of ants does the passage 20. Why does the author mention dead insects
mainly discuss? in paragraph 3?
(A) The relationship between the queen (A) To compare the social behaviors of
and the worker ants ants with those of other insects
(B) Ways in which ants use chemical (B) To emphasize the dangers that all
signals insects encounter
(C) Methods ants use to identify food (C) To argue the superiority of ants over
sources other insects
(D) The importance of respiration in the (D) To indicate a behavior that is common
production of ant pheromones among various kinds of ants
(E) Kinds of ants in perceiving a natural (E) to gives example of how pheromones
decomposition work

16. The phrase smooth operation in
paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) daily activity
(B) effective functioning
(C) delicate balance
(D) permanent location
(E) soft and delicate

17. According to the passage , carbon dioxide
serves which of the following functions for
fire ants?
(A) It protects the queen.
(B) It attracts other ant species.
(C) It informs workers of possible danger.
(D) It encourages the ants to gather
together.
(E) it makes them work harder

18. According to the passage , each nest has a
distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to
(A) find the location of the nest in the dark
(B) distinguish worker ants from other
ants
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CHAPTER VI (D) Describing the specialty of ants

around the world
TEXT 1 (E) The information contained in
Many ants forage across the pheromones
countryside in large numbers and
undertake mass migrations; these 2. The word “forage” in paragraph 1 is
activities proceed because of ant lays a closest in meaning to …
trail on the ground for the others to (A) Look up
follow. As a worker ant returns home (B) revolve around
after finding a source of food, it marks (C) Walk toward
the route by intermittently touching its (D) Starve to death
stinger to the ground and depositing a (E) search for food
tiny amount of trail pheromone – a
mixture of chemicals that delivers 3. According to the passage, why do
diverse messages as the context ants use different compounds as
changes. These trails incorporate no trail pheromones?
directional information and may be (A) To reduce their sensitivity to
followed by other ants in either some chemicals
direction. (B) To attract different types of
Unlike some other messages, ants
such as the one arising from a dead ant, (C) To protect their trail from other
a food rail has to be kept secret from species
members of other species. It is not (D) To indicate how far away the
surprising then that ant species use a food is
wide variety of compounds as trail (E) To help them digest their food
pheromones. Ants can be extremely
sensitive to these signals. Investigators 4. The author mentions “the trail
working with the trail pheromone of the pheromone of the leafcutter ant”
leaf cutter ant Atta texana calculated in paragraph 2 to point out …
that one milligram of this substance (A) How little pheromone is needed
would suffice to lead a column of ants to mark a trail
three times around Earth. (B) The different types of
The vapor of the evaporating pheromones ants can produce
pheromone over the trail guides an ant (C) A type of ant that is common in
along the way, and ant detects this any parts of the world
signal with receptors in its antennae. A (D) That certain ants can produce
trail pheromone will evaporate to up to one milligram of
furnish the highest concentration of pheromone
vapor right over the trail, on what is (E) The way leafcutter ant choose
called a vapor space. In following the during their food-hunting
trail, the ant moves to the right and left,
oscillating from side to side across the 5. According to the passage, how are
line of the trail itself, bringing first one ants guided by trail pheromones?
and then the other antenna into the (A) They concentrate on the smell
vapor space. As the ant moves to the of food
right, its left antenna arrives in the (B) They follow an ant who is
vapor space. The signal it receive causes familiar with the trail
it to swing to the left, and the ant then (C) They avoid the vapor spaces by
pursues this new course until its right moving in a straight line
antenna reaches the vapor space. It then (D) They smell the fragrant of their
wings back to the right, and so weaves food
back and forth down the trail. (E) They sense the vapor through
their antennae
1. What is the topic of the paragraph?
(A) The mass migration of ants TEXT 2
(B) How ants mark and follow a Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important
chemical trail changes that took place in the Mesozoic era
(C) Different species of ants around occurred late in that era, among the small
the world organisms that populate the uppermost, sunlit
137
portion of the oceans — the plankton. The term (C) their movement
plankton is a broad one, designating all of the (D) their size
small plants and animals that float about or (E) how they look-like
weakly propel themselves through the sea. In the
late stages of the Mesozoic era, during the 8. The white chalk cliffs of Dover are
Cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of mentioned in paragraph 2 of the passage to
plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells (A) show where the plankton sediment
composed of two types of mineral: silica and first began to build up
calcium carbonate. (B) provide an example of a plankton
This development radically changed the types buildup that scientists cannot explain
of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, (C) provide an example of the buildup of
because, while the organic parts of the plankton plankton sediment
decayed after the organisms died, their (D) indicate the largest single plankton
mineralized skeletons often survived and sank to buildup on Earth
the bottom. For the first time in the Earth's long (E) show material accumulated along the
history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, Mesozoic era
which would eventually harden into rock, began
to pile up in parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits 9. The word ideal in paragraph 3 is closest in
of calcareous ooze made up of the tiny remains of meaning to
the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also (A) common
accumulated as never before. The famous white (B) clear
chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, (C) perfect
are just one example of the huge quantities of (D) immediate
such material that amassed during the (E) unfit
Cretaceous period; there are many more. Just
why the calcareous plankton were so prolific 10. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to
during the latter part of the Cretaceous period is (A) biological productivity
not fully understood. Such massive amounts of (B) oil
chalky sediments have never since been (C) organic material
deposited over a comparable period of time. (D) petroleum
The high biological productivity of the (E) pressures
Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions for
oil accumulation. Oil is formed when organic TEXT 3
material trapped in sediments is slowly buried In eighteenth-century colonial America,
and subjected to increased temperatures and flowers and fruit were typically the province of
pressures, transforming it into petroleum. the botanical artist interested in scientific
Sediments rich in organic material accumulated illustration rather than being the subjects of fine
along the margins of the Tethys Seaway, the art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the
tropical east-west ocean that formed when Peale family of Philadelphia established the still
Earth's single landmass (known as Pangaea) split life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate
apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of today's objects, as a valuable part of the artist's
important oil fields are found in those sediments repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and
— in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a
and in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the few objects, handsomely colored, small in size,
United States. and representing little more than what they are.
In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex
6. The passage indicates that the Cretaceous compositions by Charles Bird King, with their
period occurred biting satire and critical social commentary. Each
(A) in the early part of the Mesozoic era of these strains comminuted into and well past
(B) in the middle part of the Mesozoic era mid-century.
(C) in the later part of the Mesozoic era John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of
(D) after the Mesozoic era the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at
(E) before the Mesozoic era least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of
his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875.
7. The passage mentions all of the following Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales'
aspects of plankton EXCEPT pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity
(A) the length of their lives resulting from the number of objects. It is also
(B) the level of the ocean at which they are indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in
found seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened
138
bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially

consumed suggest a number of unseen guests. 15. All of the following are mentioned as
The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of characteristics of Roesen's still lifes
taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has EXCEPT that they
already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, (A) are symbolic
that is, made up of many different parts, not (B) use simplified representations of
always compositionally integrated, with all flowers and fruit
objects of essentially equal importance. (C) include brilliant colors
About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the (D) are large in size
United States from Germany and settled in New (E) use lush still lifes of flowers
York City, where he began to paint large, lush still
lifes of flowers, fruit, or both, often measuring TEXT 4
over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and Tulips are Old World, rather than New
champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, World, plants, with the origins of the species lying
meticulous rendering of detail, compact in Central Asia. They became an integral part of
composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the
symbolic overtones, the beautifully painted sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of
objects carry additional meanings — butterflies European life as well. Holland, in particular,
or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life, a became famous for its cultivation of the flower.
bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. A tenuous line marked the advance of
Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance the tulip to the New World, where it was
that America symbolized to many of its citizens. unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in
North America had been established in New
11. What is the topic of the passage above? Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in
(A) The artwork of James and Sarah 1624, and one individual who settled in New
Miriam Peale Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New
(B) How Philadelphia became a center York City) in 1642 described the flowers that
for art in the nineteenth century bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They
(C) Nineteenth-century still-life were the same flowers seen in Dutch still-life
paintings in the United States paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses,
(D) How botanical art inspired the first carnations, and of course tulips. They flourished
still-life paintings in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn
(E) how an object can be beautifully received a report of John Tateham's Great and
painted Stately Palace, its garden full of tulips. By 1760,
Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different
12. Which of the following is mentioned as a kinds of mixed tulip roots. But the length of the
characteristic of the still lifes of James and journey between Europe and North America
Sarah Miriam Peale? created many difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an
(A) simplicity English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier
(B) symbolism for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his
(C) smooth texture letter the following year grumbled that they were
(D) social commentary all dead.
(E) Complexity Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan,
with a later wave of early nineteenth-century
13. The word It in paragraph 2refers to Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the
(A) the number of objects plains of Michigan. Together with many other
(B) one of the Peales' pieces Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella, Iowa,
(C) a larger scale they established a regular demand for European
(D) Luncheon Still Life plants. The demand was bravely met by a new
(E) greater complexity kind of tulip entrepreneur, the traveling
salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van der
14. The word meticulous in paragraph3 is Schoot, spent six months in 1849 traveling
closest in meaning to through the United States taking orders for tulip
(A) careful bulbs. While tulip bulbs were traveling from
(B) significant Europe to the United States to satisfy the
(C) appropriate nostalgic longings of homesick English and Dutch
(D) believable settlers, North American plants were traveling in
(E) simple the opposite direction. In England, the
enthusiasm for American plants was one reason
139
why tulips dropped out of fashion in the gardens (A) They were no longer fashionable by the
of the rich and famous. time they arrived.
(B) They often failed to survive the
16. Which of the following questions does the journey.
passage mainly answer? (C) Orders often took six months or longer
(A) What is the difference between an Old to fill.
World and a New World plant? (D) Settlers knew little about how to
(B) Why are tulips grown in many different cultivate them.
parts of the world? (E) they cost low price that the seller got
(C) How did tulips become popular in bankrupt
North America?
(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in
North America located?
(E) why tulips hated by the people in new
world?

17. The author mentions tulip growing in New
Netherlands, Pennsylvania. and Michigan in
order to illustrate how
(A) imported tulips were considered more
valuable than locally grown tulips
(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts
from one family to another
(C) tulips grew progressively more
popular in North America
(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from
one location to another
(E) people admires tulips and other
flowers from around the world

18. The passage mentions that one reason
English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in
their gardens was that tulips
(A) were easy to grow
(B) had become readily available
(C) made them appear fashionable
(D) reminded them of home
(E) had a high price to sell

19. According to the passage , which of the
following changes occurred in English
gardens during the European settlement of
North America?
(A) They grew in size in order to provide
enough plants to export to the New
World.
(B) They contained a wider variety of
tulips than ever before.
(C) They contained many new types of
North American plants.
(D) They decreased in size on the estates
of wealthy people.
(E) they planted many indigenous plants of
th new world

20. The passage mentions which of the
following as a problem associated with the
importation of tulips into North America?
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CHAPTER VII (B) It is likely that they will be buried

rapidly.
TEXT 1 (C) The water environment speeds the
Generally, in order to be preserved in the decay caused by bacteria.
fossil record, organisms must possess hard body (D) It takes longer for them to be
parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy preserved.
structures are quickly destroyed by predators or (E) it should have thick flesh and fur.
decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the
surface for a certain length of time will be 2. According to the passage , why were the
destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried remains of organisms trapped in swamps
rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and better preserved for the fossil record than
to be protected against agents of weathering and those that were not?
erosion. Marine organisms thus are better (A) The swamp environment reduced the
candidates for fossilization than those living on amount of bacterial decay.
the land because the ocean is typically the site of (B) Swamp waters contained higher
sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the amounts of materials such as calcium
site of erosion. carbonate.
The beds of ancient lakes were also (C) There were fewer sediments in
excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains swamps than in other bodies of water.
of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other (D) Swamp vegetation accelerated the
animals, including those of early humans. Ancient decomposition of organisms.
swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific (E) swamp contained high acid
growths of vegetation, which fossilized in concentration that made it preserved.
abundance. Many animals became trapped in
bogs overgrown by vegetation. The environment 3. The word aided in paragraph 2 is closest in
of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a meaning to
minimum, which greatly aided in the (A) reversed
preservation of plants and animals. The rapidly (B) helped
accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, (C) reformed
and stream channels buried freshwater (D) counted
organisms, along with other plants and animals (E) Spoiled
that happened to fall into the water.
Only a small fraction of all the 4. It can be inferred that flood plains, deltas,
organisms that have ever lived are preserved as and stream channels (paragraph 2) are
fossils. Normally, the remains of a plant or animal similar in which of the following ways?
are completely destroyed through predation and (A) Animals rather than plants have been
decay. Although it seems that fossilization is preserved at such locations.
common for some organisms, for others it is (B) Such locations are likely to be rich
almost impossible. For the most part, the remains sources of fossils.
of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is (C) Fossilized human remains are only
fortunate because otherwise soil and water rarely found in such locations.
would soon become depleted of essential (D) Rapid sedimentation in such locations
nutrients. Also, most of the fossils exposed on makes it difficult to locate fossils.
Earth's surface are destroyed by weathering (E) the rapid stream in that area makes the
processes. This makes for an incomplete fossil sedimentation hard to be done.
record with poor or no representation of certain
species. 5. What is the author's main point in
The best fossils are those composed of paragraph 3?
unaltered remains. Generally, it is the inorganic (A) Weathering makes it impossible to
hard parts, composed mostly of calcium identify many fossils.
carbonate, that form the vast majority of (B) Many fossils have been buried forever
unaltered fossils. Calcite and aragonite also under the soil.
contributed to a substantial number of fossils of (C) Fossils provide a limited sample of
certain organisms. ancient organisms.
(D) It is easier to find the remains of plants
1. Why are marine organisms good candidates than animals.
for fossilization? (E) fossil is always impossible to be
(A) They have more fleshy structures than indentified .
land organisms.
141
6. Why does the author mention aragonite in start with the innermost primary
paragraph 4 feathers and work outward. Yet other
(A) To explain why fossils are rare begin in the middle and work outward
(B) To compare aragonite fossils and on both weeks while the replacement
calcite fossils feathers grow.
(C) To argue that certain fossils are more
informative than others 7. The passage mainly discusses how …
(D) to gives example of substance found in (A) A birds prepare for breeding
fossil (B) Bird feathers differ from
(E) To illustrate the kinds of inorganic hard species
parts that can form fossils (C) Birds shed and replace their
feathers
TEXT 2 (D) Birds are affected by seasonal
Molting is one of the most involved changes
processes of a bird’s annual life cycle. (E) Bird migrate every years
Notwithstanding preening and constant
care, the marvelously intricate 8. Which of the following is NOT
structure of a bird’s. Feather inevitably mentioned as a reason that
wears out. All adult birds molt their songbirds molt in the late summer?
feathers at least once a year, and upon (A) Fewer predators are in the
close observation, one can recognize the woods
frayed, ragged appearance of feathers (B) The weathers is still warm
that are nearing the end of their useful (C) The songbirds have finished
life. Two distinct processes are involved breeding
in molting. The first step is when the (D) Food is still available
old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. (E) The weathers is not that cold
The second is when a new feather grows
in its place. when each feather has been 9. It can inferred from the discussion
shed and replaced, then the molt can be about ducks that the molting of
said to be complete. This, however, is an their flight feathers takes …
abstraction that often does not happen: (A) A year
incomplete, overlapping, and arrested (B) several months
molts are quite common. (C) A season
Molt requires that a bird find and (D) a few weeks
process enough protein to rebuild (E) a whole month
approximately one-third of its body
weight. It is not surprising that a bird in TEXT 3
heavy molt often seems listless and The lack of printing regulations and the
unwell. But far from being random, molt unenforceability of British copyright law in the
is controlled by strong evolutionary American colonies made it possible for colonial
forces that have established an optimal printers occasionally to act as publishers.
time and duration. Generally, molt Although they rarely undertook major publishing
occurs at the time of least stress on the project because it was difficult to sell books as
bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt cheaply as they could be imported from Europe,
in late summer, when the hard work of printers in Philadelphia did publish work that
breeding is done but the weather is still required only small amounts of capital, paper,
warm and food still plentiful. This is and type. Broadsides could be published with
why the woods in late summer often minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one
seem so quiet, when compared with the sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of
Exuberant choruses of spring. type, broadsides involved lower investments of
Molt of the flight feathers is the capital than longer works. Furthermore, the
most highly organized part of the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if
process. Some species, for example, temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with
begin by dropping the outermost ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated,
primary feathers on each side (to retain however, and produced a sheet that did not sell,
balance in the air) and wait until the it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer
replacement feathers are about one- would know this immediately, There would be no
third grown before shedding the next agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied
outermost, and so on. Others always
142
up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and (C) were more popular with colonists than
creditors impatient for payment. chapbooks and pamphlets
In addition to broadsides, books and (D) generally dealt with topics of long-term
pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, interest to many colonists
catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were (E) were relatively expensive to print and
relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. to buy
Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually
containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short 13. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in
plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and meaning to
number of pages, they were generally bound (A) predecessor
simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely (B) format
stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of (C) imitation
modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and (D) component
chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great (E) following
deal of type to produce they could thus be printed
in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply. 14. What were steady sellers (mentioned in
By far, the most appealing publishing paragraph 3) means ?
investments were to be found in small books that (A) Printers whose incomes were quite
had proven to be steady sellers, providing a large
reasonably reliable source of income for the (B) People who traveled from town to
publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly town selling Books and pamphlets
topical or political, as such publications would (C) Investors who provided reliable
prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual financial Support for new printers
publications that contained information on (D) Publications whose sales were usually
astronomy and weather patterns arranged consistent from year to year
according to the days, week, and months of a (E) publications which already settled in
given year, provided the perfect steady seller one area
because their information pertained to the locale
in which they would be used. TEXT 4
Ethology is concerned with the study of
10. Which aspect of colonial printing does the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its
passage mainly discuss? evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to
(A) Laws governing the printing industry. be applied to research on children in the 1960's
(B) Competition among printers but has become even more influential today. The
(C) Types of publications produced origins of ethology can be traced back to the work
(D) Advances in printing technology of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by
(E)the information in printing industry two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and
Niko Tinbergen.
11. According to the passage , why did colonial Watching the behaviors diverse animal
printers avoid major publishing projects? species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and
(A) Few colonial printers owned printing Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that
machinery that was large enough to promote survival. The most well-known of these
handle major projects. is imprinting, the early following behavior of
(B) There was inadequate shipping certain baby birds that ensures that the young
available in the colonies. will stay close to their mother and be fed and
(C) Colonial printers could not sell their protected from danger. Imprinting takes place
work for a competitive price. during an early, restricted time period of
(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills development. If the mother goose is not present
necessary to undertake large during this time, but an object resembling her in
publishing projects. important features is, young goslings may
(E) colonial printer get a high price for imprint on it instead.
their work. Observations of imprinting led to major
concept that has been applied in child
12. Broadsides could be published with little development — the critical period. It refers to a
risk to colonial printers because they limited times span during which the child is
(A) required a small financial investment biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive
and sold quickly behaviors but needs the support of suitably
(B) were in great demand in European stimulating environment. Many researchers have
markets conducted studies to find out whether complex
143
cognitive and social behaviors must be learned (E) babling

during restricted time periods. For example, if
children are deprived of adequate food or 18. According to the passage , attachment
physical and social stimulation during the early behaviors of infants are intended to
years of life, will their intelligence be (A) get the physical, emotional and social
permanently impaired? If language is not needs of the infant met
mastered during the preschool years, is the (B) allow the infant to become imprinted
child's capacity to acquire it reduced? on objects that resemble the parent
Inspired by observations of imprinting, (C) provide the infant with a means of self-
in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby stimulation
applied ethological theory to the understanding (D) prepare the infant to cope with
of the relationship between an infant and its separation
parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of (E) help infant to survive in the world
babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and alone
crying, are built-in social signals that encourage
the parents to approach, care for, and interact 19. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is
with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these closest in meaning to
behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, (A) cognitive development
protected from danger, and provided with the (B) emotional attachment
stimulation and affection necessary for healthy (C) psychological need
growth. The development of attachment in (D) behavioral change
human infants is a lengthy process involving (E) psychological attraction
changes in psychological structures that lead to a
deep affectional tie between parent and baby. 20. It can be inferred from the passage that
ethological theory assumes that
15. What was Darwin's contribution to (A) to learn about human behavior only
ethology? human subjects should be studied
(A) Darwin improved on the original (B) failure to imprint has no influence on
principles of ethology. intelligence
(B) Darwin was the professor who taught (C) the notion of critical periods applies
Lorenz and Tinbergen. only to animals
(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for (D) there are similarities between animal
ethology. and human behavior
(D) Darwin was the first person to apply (E) human and animal are different in
ethological theory to children. term of their intelligence
(E) Darwin was the professor in that field

16. According to the passage , if a mother
goose is not present during the time period
when imprinting takes place, which of the
following will most likely occur?
(A) The gosling will not imprint on any
object.
(B) The gosling may not find a mate when
it matures.
(C) The mother will later imprint on the
gosling.
(D) the mother will teach the gosling to
be like her
(E) The gosling may imprint on another
object.

17. The author mentions all of the following as
attachment behaviors of human infants
EXCEPT
(A) grasping
(B) crying
(C) eating
(D) smiling
144

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CHAPTER I (D) why the violin was considered the only

CHAPTER II (D) Recognize the similarity of Europa to

made from a metal plate, which is capable of (D) Emotional impact

(D) Techniques used to catalogue the

CHAPTER III 2. It can be inferred that the safety valve in

improved. President Franklin Roousevin’s first (E) hindrance

CHAPTER IV heating so that it would no longer

CHAPTER V 1. What aspect of art deco does the passage

reflected light in all of its possibilities. (C) A technological advance in the

CHAPTER VI (D) Describing the specialty of ants

bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially

CHAPTER VII (B) It is likely that they will be buried

cognitive and social behaviors must be learned (E) babling

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